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  • Engineering  (787)
  • Geophysics
  • 1995-1999  (942)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1995  (942)
  • 1
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    ARIM-1: The Atmospheric Refractive Index Measurements Sounding Rocket Mission (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: A conceptual design study of the ARIM-1 sounding rocket mission, whose goal is to study atmospheric turbulence in the tropopause region of the atmosphere, is presented. The study was conducted by an interdisciplinary team of students at the University of Alaska Fairbanks who were enrolled in a Space Systems Engineering course. The implementation of the ARIM-1 mission will be carried out by students participating in the Alaska Student Rocket Program (ASRP), with a projected launch date of August 1997. The ARIM-1 vehicle is a single stage sounding rocket with a 3:1 ogive nose cone, a payload diameter of 8 in., a motor diameter of 7.6 in., and an overall height of 17.0 ft including the four fins. Emphasis is placed on standardization of payload support systems. The thermosonde payload will measure the atmospheric turbulence by direct measurement of the temperature difference over a distance of one meter using two 3.45-micron 'hot-wire' probes. The recovery system consists of a 6 ft. diameter ribless guide surface drogue chute and a 33 ft. diameter main cross parachute designed to recover a payload of 31 pounds and slow its descent rate to 5 m/s through an altitude of 15 km. This document discusses the science objectives, mission analysis, payload mechanical configuration and structural design, recovery system, payload electronics, ground station, testing plans, and mission implementation.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-200741 , NAS 1.26:200741
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  • 2
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    Magnetospheric filter effect for Pc 3 Alfven mode waves (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: We present a ray-tracing study of the propagation of Pc 3 Alfven mode waves originating at the dayside magnetopause. This study reveals interesting features of magnetospheric filter effect for these waves. Pc 3 Alfven mode waves cannot penetrate to low Earth altitudes unless the wave frequency is below approximately 30 mHz. Configurations of the dispersion curves and the refractive index show that the gyroresonance and pseudo-cutoff introduced by the heavy ion O(+) block the waves. When the O(+) concentration is removed from the plasma composition, the barriers caused by the O(+) no longer exist, and waves with much higher frequencies than 30 mHz can penetrate to low altitudes. The result that the 30 mHz or lower frequency Alfven waves can be guided to low altitudes agrees with ground-based power spectrum observation at high altitudes.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-199998 , Paper 95JA00276 , NAS 1.26:199998
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  • 3
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    Data Report of Hydrographic Observations: Geomagnetic Observations at the Hatizyo Hydrographic Observatory for the Year 1993 (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: The Hatizyo Hydrographic Observatory, which is one of the essential magnetic observatories in Japan, was established in 1979 and is currently operated by the Hydrographic Department, Maritime Safety Agency. This is the annual report compiled from the results of magnetic observations carried out at the observatory in 1993. As to the instruments used for magnetic observations, the digital recording variometer was replaced by a fluxgate magnetometer in 1986, and one set each of the proton and fluxgate magnetometers was additionally installed in January and October 1992, respectively.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-203899 , NAS 1.26:203899 , (ISSN 0910-9102)
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  • 4
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    Penetration of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field B(sub y) into Earth's Plasma Sheet (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: There has been considerable recent interest in the relationship between the cross-tail magnetic field component B(sub y) and tail dynamics. The purpose of this paper is to give an overall description of the penetration of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B(sub y) into the near-Earth plasma sheet. We show that plasma sheet B(sub y) may be generated by the differential shear motion of field lines and enhanced by flux tube compression. The latter mechanism leads to a B(sub y) analogue of the pressure-balance inconsistency as flux tubes move from the far tail toward the Earth. The growth of B(sub y), however, may be limited by the dawn-dusk asymmetry in the shear velocity as a result of plasma sheet tilting. B(sub y) penetration into the plasma sheet implies field-aligned currents flowing between hemispheres. These currents together with the IMF B(sub y) related mantle field-aligned currents effectively shield the lobe from the IMF B(sub y).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-205125 , NAS 1.26:205125 , Paper-95JA01935 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; A11; 21,745-21,751
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  • 5
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    Gravity Waves Near 300 km Over the Polar Caps (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: Distinctive wave forms in the distributions of vertical velocity and temperature of both neutral particles and ions are frequently observed from Dynamics Explorer 2 at altitudes above 250 km over the polar caps. These are interpreted as being due to internal gravity waves propagating in the neutral atmosphere. The disturbances characterized by vertical velocity perturbations of the order of 100 m/s and horizontal wave lengths along the satellite path of about 500 km. They often extend across the entire polar cap. The associated temperature perturbations indicate that the horizontal phase progression is from the nightside to the dayside. Vertical displacements are inferred to be of the order of 10 km and the periods to be of the order of 10(exp 3) s. The waves must propagate in the neutral atmosphere, but they usually are most clearly recognizable in the observations of ion vertical velocity and ion temperature. By combining the neutral pressure calculated from the observed neutral concentration and temperature with the vertical component of the neutral velocity, an upward energy flux of the order of 0.04 erg/sq cm-s at 250 km has been calculated, which is about equal to the maximum total solar ultraviolet heat input above that altitude. Upward energy fluxes calculated from observations on orbital passes at altitudes from 250 to 560 km indicate relatively little attenuation with altitude.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-204921 , NAS 1.26:204921 , Paper-95JA02858 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; A12; 23,993-24,002
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  • 6
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    A Transmission Electron Microscope Study of Experimentally Shocked Pregraphitic Carbon (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: A transmission electron microscope study of experimental shock metamorphism in natural pre-graphitic carbon simulates the response of the most common natural carbons to increased shock pressure. The d-spacings of this carbon are insensitive to the shock pressure and have no apparent diagnostic value, but progressive comminution occurs in response to increased shock pressure up to 59.6 GPa. The function, P = 869.1 x (size(sub minimum )(exp -0.83), describes the relationship between the minimum root-mean-square subgrain size (nm) and shock pressure (GPa). While a subgrain texture of natural pregraphitic carbons carries little information when pre-shock textures are unknown, this texture may go unnoticed as a shock metamorphic feature.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Carbon (ISSN 0008-6223); 33; 6; 827-831
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  • 7
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    Lagrangian Transport Calculations Using UARS Data (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: Trajectory calculations are used to examine ozone transport in the polar winter stratosphere during periods of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) observations. The value of these calculations for determining mass transport was demonstrated previously using UARS observations of long-lived tracers, In the middle stratosphere, the overall ozone behavior observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder in the polar vortex is reproduced by this purely dynamical model. Calculations show the evolution of ozone in the lower stratosphere during early winter to be dominated by dynamics in December 1992 in the Arctic. Calculations for June 1992 in the Antarctic show evidence of chemical ozone destruction and indicate that approx. 50% of the chemical destruction may be masked by dynamical effects, mainly diabatic descent, which bring higher ozone into the lower-stratospheric vortex. Estimating differences between calculated and observed fields suggests that dynamical changes masked approx. 20% - 35% of chemical ozone loss during late February and early March 1993 in the Arctic. In the Antarctic late winter, in late August and early September 1992, below approx. 520 K, the evolution of vortex-averaged ozone is entirely dominated by chemical effects; above this level, however, chemical ozone depletion can be partially or completely masked by dynamical effects. Our calculations for 1992 showed that chemical loss was nearly completely compensated by increases due to diabatic descent at 655 K.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 52; 17; 3069-3081
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  • 8
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    Plate Motion and Crustal Deformation Estimated with Geodetic Data from the Global Positioning System (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: We use geodetic data taken over four years with the Global Positioning System (GPS) to estimate: (1) motion between six major plates and (2) motion relative to these plates of ten sites in plate boundary zones. The degree of consistency between geodetic velocities and rigid plates requires the (one-dimensional) standard errors in horizontal velocities to be approx. 2 mm/yr. Each of the 15 angular velocities describing motion between plate pairs that we estimate with GPS differs insignificantly from the corresponding angular velocity in global plate motion model NUVEL-1A, which averages motion over the past 3 m.y. The motion of the Pacific plate relative to both the Eurasian and North American plates is observed to be faster than predicted by NUVEL-1A, supporting the inference from Very Long B ase- line Interferometry (VLBI) that motion of the Pacific plate has speed up over the past few m.y. The Eurasia-North America pole of rotation is estimated to be north of NUVEL-1A, consistent with the independent hypothesis that the pole has recently migrated northward across northeast Asia to near the Lena River delta. Victoria, which lies above the main thrust at the Cascadia subduction zone, moves relative to the interior of the overriding plate at 30% of the velocity of the subducting plate, reinforcing the conclusion that the thrust there is locked beneath the continental shelf and slope.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Paper-95GL02006 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8534); 22; 15; 1973-1976
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  • 9
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    Evidence for Regional Basin Formation in Early Post-Tessera Venus History: Geology of the Lavinia Planitia Area (V55) (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: On Venus, global topography shows the presence of highs and lows including regional highly deformed plateaus (tesserae), broad rifted volcanic rises, linear lows flanking uplands, and more equidimensional lowlands (e.g. Lavinia and Atalanta planitiae) Each of these terrain types on Venus has relatively distinctive characteristics, but origins are uncertain in terms of mode of formation, time of formation, and potential evolutionary links. There is a high level of uncertainty about the formation and evolution of lowlands on Venus. We have undertaken the mapping of a specific lowlands region of Venus to address several of these major questions. Using geologic mapping we have tried to establish: What is the sequence of events in the formation and evolution of large-scale equidimensional basins on Venus? When do the compressional features typical of basin interiors occur? What is the total volume of lava that occurs in the basins and is this similar to other non-basin areas? How much subsidence and downwarping has occurred after the last major plains units? WE have undertaken an analysis of the geology of the V55 Lavinia Planitia quadrangle in order to address many of these issues and we report on the results here.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-1995-208197 , NAS 1.26:208197
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  • 10
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    Emplacement of Xenolith Nodules in the Kaupulehu Lava Flow, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: The basaltic Kaupulehu 1800-1801 lava flow of Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii contains abundant ultramafic xenoliths. Many of these xenoliths occur as bedded layers of semi-rounded nodules, each thinly coated with a veneer (typically 1 mm thick) of lava. The nodule beds are analogous to cobble deposits of fluvial sedimentary systems. Although several mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of the nodule beds, it was found that, at more than one locality, the nodule beds are overbank levee deposits. The geological occurrence of the nodules, certain diagnostic aspects of the flow morphology and consideration of the inferred emplacement process indicate that the Kaupulehu flow had an exceptionally low viscosity on eruption and that the flow of the lava stream was extremely rapid, with flow velocities of at least 10 m/s (more than 40 km/h. This flow is the youngest on Hualalai Volcano and future eruptions of a similar type would pose considerable hazard to life as well as property.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-203227 , NAS 1.26:203227 , LPI-Contrib-854 , UH-SOEST-Contrib-3829 , UH-HIGP-Contrib-798 , Bull Volcanol; 57; 179-184
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