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  • Books
  • Other Sources  (130)
  • PHYSICAL SCIENCES  (130)
  • 1995-1999  (130)
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  • 1995  (130)
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  • Books
  • Other Sources  (130)
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  • 1995-1999  (130)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
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    Real-Time, Holographic, Dynamic Image-Storage Device (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Solid-state device developed for high-speed acquisition, dynamic storage, and amplification of three-dimensional holographic images. Holograms generated via four-wave mixing in two or more photorefractive crystals (or subelements of single crystal) to create single-crystal or multicrystal oscillator. Apparatus provides dynamic storage of holographic image of object after electronic shutter closed to turn off object beam. Provides capability to store, amplify, process, and transmit time-varying, two-dimensional, spatial information. Developments include sensors, actuators, and optical computers operating at speeds on order of speed of light. Potential in applications in which need for high-speed acquisition and storage of three-dimensional holographic images.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-13989 , Laser Tech. Brief.; 1; P. 86
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  • 2
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    Comparison Of Infrared Astronomical Observatories (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Report presents comparative study of several proposed astronomical observatories intended to operate in infrared and submillimeter wavelength range. Observatories would be, spaceborne, airborne, and Earth-based.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19318 , Laser Tech. Brief.; 1; P. 86
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  • 3
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    Improved Optics For Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Improved optical train devised for use in light-scattering measurements of quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) and laser spectroscopy. Measurements performed on solutions, microemulsions, micellular solutions, and colloidal dispersions. Simultaneous measurements of total intensity and fluctuations in total intensity of light scattered from sample at various angles provides data used, in conjunction with diffusion coefficients, to compute sizes of particles in sample.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15621 , Laser Tech. Brief.; 1; P. 86
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  • 4
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    Small-Modulation Ellipsometer (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Small-modulation ellipsometer contains no moving parts and insensitive to small misalignments. Provides real-time, simultaneous measurements of both ellipsometric parameters, without need for separate calibration measurement or tedious adjustments. Can be made compact and rugged for operation in harsh environments.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-26235 , Laser Tech. Brief.; 1; P. 86
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  • 5
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    Improved Raman-Scattering Gas-Species Monitor (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Improved Raman-scattering instrument provides real-time measurements of concentration of gas species of interest mixed with other gases. High efficiency achieved by multiple passes of laser beam, fast collection optics. Costs less, weighs less, and operates more easily. In original application, instrument used to determine whether flammable or explosive concentration of leaking hydrogen present in atmosphere that contains varying concentrations of helium, air, and possibly other gases in addition to hydrogen.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: KSC-11566 , Laser Tech. Brief.; 1; P. 86
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  • 6
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    Field Of View Of A Spacecraft Antenna: Analysis And Software (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report summarizes computational analysis of field of view of rotating elliptical-cross-section parabolic-reflector antenna for SeaWinds spacecraft. Issues considered include blockage and diffraction by other objects near antenna, related concerns about electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility, and how far and in which configuration other objects positioned with respect to antenna to achieve required performance.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19549 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 92
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  • 7
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    Pressure And Thermal Modeling Of Rocket Launches (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report presents mathematical model for use in designing rocket-launching stand. Predicts pressure and thermal environment, as well as thermal responses of structures to impinging rocket-exhaust plumes. Enables relatively inexperienced analyst to determine time-varying distributions and absolute levels of pressure and heat loads on structures.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-26283 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 92
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  • 8
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    Temperature And Density Measurements Using O(2) Fluorescence (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report presents theoretical and experimental study of use of laser-induced fluorescence in oxygen to measure temperatures and densities in air flowing in hypersonic wind tunnel.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: ARC-12856 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 20a
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  • 9
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    Determination Of LETs Of SRAMs By Use Of A Laser (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report describes experimental study of use of microelectronic advanced laser scanner (MEALS) to cause single-event upsets (SEUs) in integrated logic circuits. Basic concepts of SEU testing by use of MEALS described in "Laser Scanner Tests for Single-Event Upsets" (NPO-18216), "Single-Event-Upset Laser Scanner With Optical Bias" (NPO-18217), and "More About Laser Scanner Tests for Single-Event Upsets" (NPO-18494). Study part of continuing effort to study SEU effects of ionizing radiation on such circuits and to use MEALS as relatively inexpensive SEU-prescreening laboratory apparatus serving as alternative to heavy-ion acclerator.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19315 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 20a
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  • 10
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    Microchemical Analysis Of Space Operation Debris (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report discusses techniques used in analyzing debris relative to space shuttle operations. Debris collected from space shuttle, expendable launch vehicles, payloads carried by space shuttle, and payloads carried by expendable launch vehicles. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry, analytical electron microscopy with wavelength-dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction chosen as techniques used in examining samples of debris.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: KSC-11695 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 19a
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  • 11
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    Experiments On No-Vent Filling Of A Tank With Liquid H(2) (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report describes experiments on no-vent filling of insulated, vacuum-jacketed tank with liquid hydrogen. Experiments conducted to ascertain feasibility of no-vent filling of tanks with cryogenic liquids in zero gravity, where filling with venting as in normal gravity could cause substantial loss of liquids.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-16161 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 19a
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  • 12
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    Techniques For Topographical Mapping Via Interferometric SAR (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Two techniques for processing data acquired by airborne interferometric synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR) system yield terrain-height maps. Predicated on availability of accurate navigational system that yields data on motion and orientation of airplane that carries SAR system and, also effectively gives orientation of baseline between two radar antennas of system. Three-dimensional coordinates of target point on terrain determined from (1) position and orientation of airplane as given by navigational system and (2) slant range gamma and phase shift phase as measured by SAR system.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-18840 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 10; P. 56
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  • 13
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    Verifying Dissolution Of Wax From Hardware Surfaces (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Wax removed by cleaning solvent revealed by cooling solution with liquid nitrogen. Such improved procedure and test needed in case of hardware that must be protected by wax during machining or plating but required to be free of wax during subsequent use. Improved cleaning procedure and test take less than 5 minutes. Does not require special skill or equipment and performs at cleaning site. In addition, enables recovery of all cleaning solvent.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-29978 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 10; P. 58
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  • 14
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    Improved Bakeout Chambers Within Vacuum Chambers (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Improved bakeout chamber incorporates hardware features that, in conjunction with improved bakeout procedure, reduce spurious contamination and increase accuracy of contamination measurements. When operated according to revised bakeout procedure, they yield measurements of contamination on vacuum-bake test articles more accurate than available previously, and potential for post-bake recontamination of vacuum-baked articles reduced. These chambers improved versions of one described in "Bakeout Chamber Within Vacuum Chamber" (NPO-18959). By enclosing test article in enclave and keeping walls of enclave hotter than test article during bakeout, one prevents condensation of contaminants on inner walls of enclave.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19015 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 10; P. 54
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  • 15
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    Thermoelectric Control Of Temperatures Of Pressure Sensors (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Prototype controlled-temperature enclosure containing thermoelectric devices developed to house electronically scanned array of pressure sensors. Enclosure needed because (1) temperatures of transducers in sensors must be maintained at specified set point to ensure proper operation and calibration and (2) sensors sometimes used to measure pressure in hostile environments (wind tunnels in original application) that are hotter or colder than set point. Thus, depending on temperature of pressure-measurement environment, thermoelectric devices in enclosure used to heat or cool transducers to keep them at set point.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-15389 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 8; P. 46
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  • 16
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    Stabilizing Optical Path Length On A Vibrating Structure (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Prototype apparatus constructed to test feasibility of feedback control concept for stabilization of length of optical path between two points on vibrating flexible structure. In original intended application, structure is truss having dimensions of order of meters and supports optical components of stellar interferometer. Interferometry and feedback control reduce path-length disturbances. Some aspects of present feedback control concept and prototype apparatus described in "Controllable Optical Delay Line for Stellar Interferometry" (NPO-18686), and "Test Bed for Control of Optical-Path Lengths" (NPO-18487).
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19040 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 8; P. 48
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  • 17
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    Enhanced Boiling-Metal Cooling Of Vanes Exposed To Hot Gases (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Incorporation of automatic, self-powered jet pumps proposed to enhance boiling-liquid-metal cooling of vanes exposed to hot gases. In original intended application, vanes and probes thrust-vector-control devices inserted in supersonic flows of hot gases in rocket-engine nozzles; this cooling concept also applicable to vanes and blades in high-performance turbine engines. In further improvement, additional axial and transverse slots added to coolant passages in vane or probe and to coolant reservoir. Slots reduce stresses caused by thermal expansion and contraction of solid coolant.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-26210 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 54
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  • 18
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    Study Of Nondestructive Techniques For Testing Composites (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Study evaluates some nondestructive methods for characterizing ceramic-, metal-, and polymer-matrix composite materials. Results demonstrated utility of two ultrasonic methods for obtaining quantitative data on microstructural anomalies in composite materials.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15996 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 59
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  • 19
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    Fiber-Optic Photoelastic Device Senses Pressure Of Hot Gas (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Fiber-optic/photoelastic device measures gas pressures up to 600 psi at operating temperatures as high as 1,100 degrees C. Pressure on fused-silica sensing element gives rise to birefringence via photoelastic effect. Polarization of light changed by birefringence; change in polarization measured and used to infer pressure causing it. Device prototype of gas-pressure sensor for aircraft engine. Mounted in engine at or near desired measurement point, where it responds to both time-varying and steady components of pressure.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15433 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 25a
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  • 20
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    Four-Spot Time-Of-Flight Laser Anemometer For Turbomachinery (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Two-color, four-spot time-of-flight laser anemometer designed for measuring flow velocity within narrow confines of small centrifugal compressor. Apparatus well suited for measuring fast (typical speeds 160 to 700 m/s), highly turbulent gas flows in turbomachinery. Other potential applications include measurement of gas flows in pipelines and in flows from explosions.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15867 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 20a
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  • 21
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    X-Ray Measurements Of Displacements In Hostile Environments (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Developmental method of noncontact extensometry of objects in hot or otherwise hostile environments based on focusing and scanning of x rays. Principal advantage: ability to make measurements through stratified and/or flowing gases, smoke, and flames, as well as through solid layers of x-ray-transparent materials.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15905 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 18a
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  • 22
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    Program For Tracking The Sun From The Moon (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: SUNTRACKER program computes azimuth and elevation angles of Sun, as viewed from given position on Moon, during time defined by user. Program gets selenographic (moon-centered) position of Sun at given Julian date, then converts selenographic position of Sun into azimuth and elevation at given position on Moon. Written in FORTRAN 77.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-28939 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 5; P. 68
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  • 23
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    Imaging Inhomogeneities From Dry-Coupled Ultrasonic Scans (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Method of imaging spatial distribution of selected physical properties and microstructure of specimen of material based on dry-coupled contact ultrasonic pulse/echo scanning. Ultrasonic transducer scanned across top surface of specimen. At each of many positions on two-dimensional grid on top surface, ultrasonic pulse/echo measurements taken and processed. Offers rapid, nondestructive alternative to destructive metallographic sectioning to obtain picture of inhomogeneity of specimen.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15733 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 58
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  • 24
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    Increasing Precision Of Temperature Sensors Of Liquid H2 (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Commercial silicon-diode temperature sensors intended for use in boiling or nearly boiling liquid hydrogen at temperatures near 37 degrees R recalibrated to greater precision by method involving careful attention to details of design, operation, and computation. Method based on fundamental electrical and thermodynamic principles and good engineering practice, also applicable to recalibration of other temperature sensors intended for use in other boiling or nearly boiling liquids.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15912 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 5; P. 54
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  • 25
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    Dual Telecentric Lens System For Projection Onto Tilted Toroidal Screen (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: System of two optical assemblies for projecting image onto tilted toroidal screen. One projection lens optimized for red and green spectral region; other for blue. Dual-channel approach offers several advantages which include: simplified color filtering, simplified chromatic aberration corrections, less complex polarizing prism arrangement, and increased throughput of blue light energy. Used in conjunction with any source of imagery, designed especially to project images formed by reflection of light from liquid-crystal light valve (LCLV).
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MSC-22443 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 4; P. 24
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  • 26
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    Flow Splitter For Measuring Large Leaks (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Flow splitter increases size of leak measured by helium mass-spectrometer leak detector. Multiplies maximum measurable rate of leakage by factor of 1,000. Leaking gas flows into manifold, where small fraction of flow diverted to leak detector. Bulk of flow removed by mechanical vacuum pump.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MSC-22042 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 3; P. 55
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  • 27
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    Improved Linear-Ion-Trap Frequency Standard (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Improved design concept for linear-ion-trap (LIT) frequency-standard apparatus proposed. Apparatus contains lengthened linear ion trap, and ions processed alternately in two regions: ions prepared in upper region of trap, then transported to lower region for exposure to microwave radiation, then returned to upper region for optical interrogation. Improved design intended to increase long-term frequency stability of apparatus while reducing size, mass, and cost.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19081 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 3; P. 54
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  • 28
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    Liquid-Feed Methanol Fuel Cell With Membrane Electrolyte (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Fuel cell generates electricity from direct liquid feed stream of methanol/water solution circulated in contact with anode, plus direct gaseous feed stream of air or oxygen in contact with cathode. Advantages include relative simplicity and elimination of corrosive electrolytic solutions. Offers potential for reductions in size, weight, and complexity, and for increases in safety of fuel-cell systems.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19046 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 3; P. 52
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  • 29
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    Instruments Sniff Organic Surface Contaminants (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Portable instruments detecting both nonvolatile and volatile organic surface contaminants in real time developed. Instruments easy to use: operate under ordinary ambient atmospheric conditions, without need to use messy liquid solvents or install and remove witness plates, and without need to cut specimens from surfaces to be inspected. Principle of detection involves sweeping pure, activated gas across surface spot inspected, then monitoring light emitted at wavelengths characteristic of excited molecules formed by chemical reactions between activated gas and contaminants. Gas activated by dc discharge, radio-frequency induction, microwave radiation, laser beam, hot filaments, or any other suitable means that excites some of gas molecules.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: KSC-11660 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 2; P. 51
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  • 30
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    Phase-Insensitive Ultrasonic Testing System (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ultrasonic testing system developed for use in revealing hidden disbonds at rough, inaccessible interfaces between layers of material. Includes array of small piezoelectric transducers, receiving outputs electronically processed individually and combined in such way as to make system phase-insensitive, overcoming limitations imposed by phase-sensitivity. Development of present ultrasonic system and phase-insensitive-array technique which based motivated by need to detect disbonds under conditions of bondline inhibitor, liner, and fuel at ends of segments of solid rocket motor of space shuttle. Here, liner-to-fuel bondline very rough with respect to ultrasonic wavelength.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-13980 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 2; P. 28
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  • 31
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    Computing Microwave Force Via Boltzmann-Ehrenfest Principle (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report describes first application of Boltzmann-Ehrenfest principle of adiabatic invariance to prediction of restoring force on dielectric sphere levitated in microwave resonant cavity in absence of gravitation.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19220 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 2; P. 86
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  • 32
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    Capacitive Sensing Of Gaseous Fraction In Two-Phase Flow (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Instrument makes nonintrusive, real-time capacitive measurements to determine volume fraction of vapor or other gas in flowing, electrically nonconductive liquid/gas mixture. Works even with liquids having relatively low permittivities. Useful for measuring proportions of vapor in boiling, condensing, and flowing heat-transfer fluids and in cryogenic fluids.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15607 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 24
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  • 33
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    Better Gas-Gap Thermal Switches For Sorption Compressors (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Gas-gap thermal switches associated with sorption compressors of some heat pumps and cryogenic systems designed for higher performance, according to proposal, by introducing controlled turbulent flows into gas gaps. Utilizes convection in turbulent flow to transfer heat at greater rate. Design takes advantage of flow of working fluid. Working fluid also serve as heat transfer medium in gas gap.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-18826 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 54
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  • 34
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    Program Processes Thermocouple Readings (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Digital Signal Processor for Thermocouples (DART) computer program implements precise and fast method of converting voltage to temperature for large-temperature-range thermocouple applications. Written using LabVIEW software. DART available only as object code for use on Macintosh II FX or higher-series computers running System 7.0 or later and IBM PC-series and compatible computers running Microsoft Windows 3.1. Macintosh version of DART (SSC-00032) requires LabVIEW 2.2.1 or 3.0 for execution. IBM PC version (SSC-00031) requires LabVIEW 3.0 for Windows 3.1. LabVIEW software product of National Instruments and not included with program.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: SSC-00031 , SSC-00032 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 60
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  • 35
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    Thermodynamic Data For 50 Chemical Elements (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report presents data on thermo-dynamic properties of 50 chemical elements, isotope (deuterium) of one of elements, and electron gas, all in standard reference states. Data tabulated as functions of temperature; also given in form of least-squares-fit coefficients of two functional forms for heat capacities at constant pressure in standard states, with constants of integration for enthalpy and entropy.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15978 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 9; P. 122
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    Flight-Test Fixture For Aerodynamic Research (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Second-generation flight-test fixture (FTF-II) developed to be used as generic test bed for research in aerodynamics and fluid mechanics. Highly instrumented finlike structure mounted on lower fuselage surface of F-15B airplane. Modular configuration makes possible to modify FTF-II to satisfy variety of flight-test requirements. Fixture used at airspeeds up to mach 2.0.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: DRC-95-27 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 9; P. 84
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    Ho:Tm:Lu(3)Al(5)O(12) As An Infrared-Laser Material (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Material selected on basis of quantum-mechanical modeling of lasing properties. Ho:Tm:Lu(3)Al(5)O(12) features relatively low thermal occupation of lower laser level because this level higher than corresponding levels of most other available laser materials. In addition, it has reasonably large effective cross section for stimulated emission because of contribution of several transitions around central strong transition. Yet another desirable property is its calculated rate of upconversion is lower than those of other laser materials. Inasmuch as upconversion detracts from efficiency of laser, this lower rate of upconversion is highly desirable.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-15105 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 8; P. 8a
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    Preheating Water In The Covers Of Solar Water Heaters (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Solar water heaters that include glass covers over absorber plates redesigned to increase efficiencies according to proposal. Redesign includes modification of single-layer glass cover into double-layer glass cover and addition of plumbing so cool water to be heated made to flow between layers of cover before entering absorber plate.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19142 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 7; P. 51
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    Structure/Permeability Relationships Of Polyimide Membranes (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report describes experimental study of permeabilities, by each of five gases, of membranes made of four different polyimides. Conducted to gain understanding of effects of molecular structures of membranes on permeabilities and to assess potential for exploitation of selective permeability in gas-separation processes. Gases used: H2, O2, N2, CO2, and CH4.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-14600 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 88
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    Polaradiometric Pyrometer (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Polaradiometric pyrometer provides measurements from which one calculates temperature of specimen, without having to measure or account explicitly for polarization-dependent emissivities and reflectivities of specimen. Provides measurements of spectral intensities in two perpendicular polarizations. When brightness of lamp set so two measured intensities equal, measurements used to compute temperature.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19064 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 13a
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    Fixture For Sampling Volatile Materials In Containers (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Fixture based on T-connector enables mass-spectrometric analysis of volatile contents of cylindrical containers without exposing contents to ambient conditions. Used to sample volatile contents of pressurized containers, contents of such enclosed processing systems as gas-phase reactors, gases in automotive emission systems, and gas in hostile environments.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-28843 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 7; P. 49
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    Software For Numerical Simulation Of Geophysical Flows (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Program verified by comparisons with both experimental and numerical studies. GEOSIM implements numerical model simulating geophysical fluid flow for wide range of problems. Allows for more accurate control over experimental conditions and provides complete data source for performing diagnostic studies. Used by experienced and/or professional fluid dynamicists. Written in FORTRAN 77.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-28751 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 68
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    Characterizing SOI Wafers By Use Of AOTF-PHI (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Developmental nondestructive method of characterizing layers of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer involves combination of polarimetric hyperspectral imaging by use of acousto-optical tunable filters (AOTF-PHI) and computational resources for extracting pertinent data on SOI wafers from polarimetric hyperspectral images. Offers high spectral resolution and both ease and rapidity of optical-wavelength tuning. Further efforts to implement all of processing of polarimetric spectral image data in special-purpose hardware for sake of procesing speed. Enables characterization of SOI wafers in real time for online monitoring and adjustment of production. Also accelerates application of AOTF-PHI to other applications in which need for high-resolution spectral imaging, both with and without polarimetry.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19445 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 56
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    Assessment Of C60 As A Propellant Material For Ion Thrusters (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report presents analyses and data to support proposed use of C60 (buckminsterfullerene) as alternative to Xe, current propellent material of choice for use in ion thrusters. Concept of using C60 for this purpose described in "Electrostatic Propulsion Using C60 Molecules" (NPO-18526).
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19100 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 100
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    Increasing Range Of Apparent Depth In A Stereoscopic Display (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Optical configuration conceived for increasing range of apparent depth provided by stereoscopic display system, without imposing concomitant reduction in field of view. Observer wears shuttered goggles synchronized with alternating left- and right-eye views on display. However, instead of looking directly at display screen, observer looks at screen via reflection in mirror collimating light emitted by screen.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-14531 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 23a
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    pH Optrode Instrumentation (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: pH-sensitive chromophoric reagents immobilized in porous optical fibers. Optoelectronic instrumentation system measures acidity or alkalinity of aqueous nutrient solution. Includes one or more optrodes, which are optical-fiber chemical sensors, in sense, analogous to electrodes but not subject to some of spurious effects distorting readings taken by pH electrodes. Concept of optrodes also described in "Ethylene-Vapor Optrodes" (KSC-11579). pH optrode sensor head, with lead-in and lead-out optical fibers, convenient for monitoring solutions located away from supporting electronic equipment.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: KSC-11623 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 22a
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    Measuring Temperature By Laser-Induced-Grating Spectroscopy (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Temperature computed from speed of laser-induced counter-propagating acoustic waves. Interference between intersecting pumping laser beams gives rise to spatially periodic heating, which in turn, creates oscillating diffraction grating probed by another laser beam. Oscillations in diffracted probe-laser intensity correspond to oscillations of counter-propagating acoustic waves generated by spatially periodic heating.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-16081 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 59
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    Hydrogen/Oxygen Torch Ignitor (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Reliable device used to ignite variety of fuels. Used as general-purpose ignitor in other applications, or as hydrogen/oxygen torch. Operation of device straight-forward. Hydrogen and oxygen flow through separate ports into combustion chamber in device, where they ignite by use of surface-gap spark plug. Hot gases flow from this combustion chamber, through injector tube, into larger combustion chamber containing fuel-oxidizer mixture to be ignited.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-16080 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 58
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    Chelation And Extraction Of Metals For GC-MS Analysis (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Chelation followed by supercritical-fluid extraction enables mass-spectrometric analysis. When fully developed, method implemented in field-portable apparatus for detection and quantification of metals in various matrices without need for elaborate preparation of samples. Used to analyze soil samples for toxic metals.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19002 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 56
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    Graphite-Fiber Heat Radiators (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Heat radiators of proposed type feature thermally conductive fibers protruding from metallic surfaces to provide increased heat-dissipation surface areas. Free of leaks and more reliable than radiators incorporating heat pipes. Also lightweight and relatively inexpensive. Radial graphite fibers carry heat away from spherical shell and radiate heat into space. Radiators prove useful on Earth in special industrial and scientific applications involving dissipation of heat in vacuum or in relatively still air.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19298 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 57
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    Computing Instability In Combustion Of Liquid Propellants (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code developed for use in design analyses of flow instabilities associated with combustion of sprayed liquid propellants in rocket engines. Code also contributes to design of improved commercial sprayed-fuel combustors in furnaces and jet engines. Proves robust, user-friendly software tool with comprehensive analysis capability. Enables characterization of stability or instability of engine in terms of such physically meaningful parameters as initial conditions of spray, spatial distribution of ratio between concentrations of fuel and oxidizer at injector faces, geometry of combustor, and configurations of baffles.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-26268 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 54
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    Algorithm For Computation Of Chemically Reacting Flow (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Efficient algorithm developed for use in solving differential equations of transient, chemically reacting flows at all speeds from zero to high mach numbers. Mathematical models represent coupling of thermal, chemical, and dynamical effects. Original intended application is numerical simulation of flows in rocket engines; also applicable to other complex flows affected by finite-rate chemistry - for example, flows in turbines and in internal-combustion engines.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-26267 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 54
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    Dual Wall Angles Would Enhance Performance Of A Solar Pond (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Proposed dual-angle design for Sun-facing wall of solar pond enhances solar-energy-storage performance of pond; increase in performance over that of similar pond with conventional (single-angle) wall estimated to be 25 percent. Design compromises between maximizing heating and minimizing convection. Top part of Sun-facing wall optimized for top colder layer of water, less tendency toward convective mixing. Bottom part of wall optimized for bottom, warmer layer of water, greater tendency towards convection. Optimization involves consideration of both anticipated temperature-vs.-depth profile (affects tendency toward convection) and latitude (affects angle of incidence of solar radiation and rate of heating).
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-28917 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 52
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    Electrostatic Separation Of Layers In Thermal Insulation (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Layers in multilayer insulation charged to keep them separated by electrostatic repulsion, eliminating need for spacer nets. Removal of spacer nets reduces conduction of heat between layers. Insulation in question type used to slow leakage of heat into Dewar flasks containing liquid helium. Proposal originally applied to insulation in cryogenic cooling subsystems of infrared-detector systems in outer space, also appears applicable to small panels of insulation for terrestrial cryogenic equipment, provided layers contained in evacuated spaces and weight of each layer small fraction of electrostatic force upon it.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-18559 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 4; P. 50
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    Measuring Thickness Of Ice When Liquid Is Present (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Proposed capacitive ice-thickness gauge gives reliable measurement even when water or other liquid present within or over layer of ice. Capability important for measuring thickness of ice on airplane wing or other surface because some liquid water present during formation of ice and even when deicing fluid or heat applied, still need to measure thickness of remaining ice.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-15061 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 4; P. 47
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    Gas Chromatic Mass Spectrometer (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) used to measure and identify combustion species present in trace concentration. Advanced extractive diagnostic method measures to parts per billion (PPB), as well as differentiates between different types of hydrocarbons. Applicable for petrochemical, waste incinerator, diesel transporation, and electric utility companies in accurately monitoring types of hydrocarbon emissions generated by fuel combustion, in order to meet stricter environmental requirements. Other potential applications include manufacturing processes requiring precise detection of toxic gaseous chemicals, biomedical applications requiring precise identification of accumulative gaseous species, and gas utility operations requiring high-sensitivity leak detection.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-16142 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 5; P. 4a
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    Glass-Ampoule Breaker (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Device breaks glass ampoule in repeatable manner and retains gaseous content so pressure of gas measured accurately. In addition, protects technician from gaseous contents, which can be hazardous. Broken glass and sample materials easily removed for disposal or analysis. Apparatus developed for use in experiments on compatibility of materials.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MSC-22101 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 5; P. 56
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    Carbon/Carbon Grids For Ion Sources (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ion-extraction grids made of carbon/carbon composites used in spacecraft ion engines and industrial ion sources in place of molybdenum grids. In principle, carbon/carbon grids offer greater extraction efficiency and longer life. Grid fabricated by mechanical drilling, laser drilling, or electrical-discharge machining of array of holes in sheet of carbon/carbon. Advantages; better alignment and slower erosion.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19174 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 5; P. 48
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    Probes For Measuring Changing Internal Temperatures (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Improved thermocouple probes devised for measuring rapidly changing temperatures within layers of solid materials. In original application, layers in question are carbon-cloth phenolic liners in solid-rocket motor nozzles, and probes inserted in layers to various depths of order of 0.5 in. measure changing temperatures in layers during hot-fire tests. Probe concept adapted to measurements of temperatures inside various other layers, materials, and components, including material test specimens.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-28840 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 5; P. 50
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    Computing Interactions Of Free-Space Radiation With Matter (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: High Charge and Energy Transport (HZETRN) computer program computationally efficient, user-friendly package of software adressing problem of transport of, and shielding against, radiation in free space. Designed as "black box" for design engineers not concerned with physics of underlying atomic and nuclear radiation processes in free-space environment, but rather primarily interested in obtaining fast and accurate dosimetric information for design and construction of modules and devices for use in free space. Computational efficiency achieved by unique algorithm based on deterministic approach to solution of Boltzmann equation rather than computationally intensive statistical Monte Carlo method. Written in FORTRAN.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-15225 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 3; P. 78
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    Method-Of-Moments Code For Electromagnetic Scattering (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: MOM3D computer program implementing method-of-moments algorithm for analysis of electromagnetic waves on open or closed three-dimensional, perfectly conducting or resistive surfaces. Primary emphasis in analysis upon computation of radar cross section under plane-wave illumination. Also provides for excitation via local ports for computation of gain patterns and input impedances of antennas. Written in FORTRAN 77. Two machine versions available. One, UNIX version (LAR-15074). Other, IBM PC version (LAR-15130). UNIX version also available as part of package, COS-10048, includes EM-ANIMATE, IRIS program capable of displaying and animating MOM3D results.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-15074 , LAR-15130 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 3; P. 78
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    Program For Displaying Computed Electromagnetic Fields (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: EM-ANIMATE computer program specialized visualization displays and animates output data on near fields and surface currents computed by electromagnetic-field program - in particular MOM3D (LAR-15074). Program based on windows and contains user-friendly, graphical interface for setting viewing options, selecting cases, manipulating files, and like. Written in FORTRAN 77. EM-ANIMATE also available as part of package, COS-10048, includes MOM3D, IRIS program computing near-field and surface-current solutions of electromagnetic-field equations.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-15075 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 3; P. 76
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    Higher-Sensitivity Ionization Trace-Species Detector (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Electron source and electron optics of reversal electron-attachment detector modified to increase sensitivity. Original version described in "High-Sensitivity Ionization Trace-Species Detector" (NPO-17596). Used to detect molecules of particular chemical species of interest (e.g., narcotics, explosives, or organic wastes) present in air at low concentrations, and known to attach extremely low-energy electrons. Apparatus does this by ionizing molecules from sampled atmosphere, then detecting ions of species of interest. Detector features indirectly heated spherical cathode and redesigned electron optics, together, deliver more electrons at low kinetic energy to reversal plane, R. Greater electron current generates more ions for detection.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-18870 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 3; P. 59
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    Generation Of 369.4-Nanometers Second Harmonic From A Diode Laser (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Experimental laser system features polarization feedback scheme maintaining frequency lock. Generates light at wavelength of 369.4 nanometers by second-harmonic generation from 738.8-nanometers laser diode. System prototype of source of 369.4-nanometers radiation used to optically pump 2S1/2 ' 2P1/2 transition in 171Yb+ ions in lightweight, low-power trapped-ion frequency-standard apparatus.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19096 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 56
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    Bolt-Tension Sensor (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In technique for measuring tensile force of bolt, specially fabricated magnetostrictive washer used as force transducer. Compact, portable inductive electronic sensor placed against washer to measure tension force. New system provides accurate, economical, and convenient way to measure bolt tension in field. Measurements on test assembly shows that tension can be measured to accuracy of about plus or minus 1 percent of load capacity of typical bolt.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MSC-21948 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 26
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    High-Temperature/Vacuum Fiber-Pushout Apparatus (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Fiber-pushout tests performed at temperatures up to 1,100 degrees C. Apparatus performs fiber-pushout tests using radiant heating in vacuum. Vacuum maintained by turbopump prevents significant specimen oxidation during test. Successfully applied to metal and ceramic matrix composites being developed for jet engines. Applicable to many industrial applications, such as automotive components and energy-conversion devices. Previous Brief, "New Testing Tool for Composite Interfaces" (LEW-15297), describes apparatus designed to perform fiber-pushout testing at room temperature.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15770 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 50
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    Measuring Interfacial Tension Between Immiscible Liquids (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Glass capillary tube technique measures interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids. Yields useful data over fairly wide range of interfacial tensions, both for pairs of liquids having equal densities and pairs of liquids having unequal densities. Data on interfacial tensions important in diverse industrial chemical applications, including enhanced extraction of oil; printing; processing foods; and manufacture of paper, emulsions, foams, aerosols, detergents, gel encapsulants, coating materials, fertilizers, pesticides, and cosmetics.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15855 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 60
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    Laser-Based Instrument Measures Propagation Of Cracks (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report describes use of commerical laser displacement meter to measure propagation of cracks in stainless-steel specimens in stress tests in corrosive (salt-spray) environment. Measurements directed toward determining time from beginning of each test until onset of propagation of crack.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: KSC-11697 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 20a
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    Molecular Beams To Simulate Impinging Rocket Exhaust (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report discusses development of small-scale apparatus to generate molecular beams for use in simulating impingement of rocket-engine exhaust on nearby spacecraft surfaces.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-26292 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 20a
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    Computing Equilibrium Chemical Compositions (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Chemical Equilibrium With Transport Properties, 1993 (CET93) computer program provides data on chemical-equilibrium compositions. Aids calculation of thermodynamic properties of chemical systems. Information essential in design and analysis of such equipment as compressors, turbines, nozzles, engines, shock tubes, heat exchangers, and chemical-processing equipment. CET93/PC is version of CET93 specifically designed to run within 640K memory limit of MS-DOS operating system. CET93/PC written in FORTRAN.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-16017 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 59
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    Spectroscopic Measurement Of Temperature And Pressure of O(2) (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Spectroscopic technique useful in measuring temperature and pressure of oxygen in laboratory experiments involving high temperatures and/or high pressures. Devised for use in experiments in which oxygen or gas containing oxygen subjected to sudden adiabatic compression, as in shock tube. Also useful in combustion experiments and other experiments in which gaseous oxygen plays role.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MSC-21908 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 10a
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    Optical Detection Of Fractures In Ceramic Diaphragms (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Simple optical technique enables quick, nondestructive inspection of surfaces of ceramic diaphragms and disks for fractures and discontinuities. Involves reflecting beam of light from laser at glancing angle of about 20 degrees to 25 degrees off surface inspected and examining pattern of reflected light on suitable viewing surface as beam swept across surface. When fracture present, reflection pattern separates into two or more speckled spots. Technique applied in inspection of ceramic diaphragms bearing electronic circuits. Also useful in detection of fatigue cracks on aircraft.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19131 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 48
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    Scattering Of Nonplanar Acoustic Waves (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report presents theoretical study of scattering of nonplanar acoustic waves by rigid bodies. Study performed as part of effort to develop means of predicting scattering, from aircraft fuselages, of noise made by rotating blades. Basic approach was to model acoustic scattering by use of boundary integral equation to solve equation by the Galerkin method.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: ARC-12837 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 10; P. 101
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    Dynamic Light Scattering With Improved Fiber-Optic Probes (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Improved fiber-optic probes developed for use in dynamic light-scattering measurements. Intended for measuring dynamic backscattering of laser light from concentrated suspensions of particles in liquids, for purpose of determining statistical distributions of sizes of particles. Offers advantages of compactness and ruggedness, and more suitable for industrial environments. Probes immersed in suspensions characterized. Associated lasers, photodetectors, and signal-processing circuits located remotely in safer environments, coupled to probes via optical fibers.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15461 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 9; P. 86
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    Measuring Thicknesses With In Situ Ultrasonic Transducers (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Several pulsed ultrasonic transducers attached to workpiece for measurement of changes in thicknesses of workpiece at transducer locations during grinding and polishing, according to proposal. Once attached, each transducer remains attached at original position until all grinding and polishing operations complete. In typical application, workpiece glass or ceramic blank destined to become component of optical system.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MFS-28892 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 9; P. 53
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    More About Measuring Interfacial Tension Between Liquids (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report presents additional discussion of technique for measuring interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids. Technique described in "Measuring Interfacial Tension Between Immiscible Liquids" (LEW-15855).
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15811 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 8; P. 94
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    Measuring Fluxes Of Heat To A Plasma-Arc Anode (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Three probes constructed to provide measurements indicative of conductive, convective, and radiative transfer of heat from free-burning plasma arc to water-cooled copper anode used in generating arc. Each probe consists mainly of copper body with two thermocouples embedded at locations 4 mm apart along length. Thermocouples provide measure of rate of conduction of heat along probe and transfers of heat from plasma to sensing surface at tip of probe. Probes identical except sensing surface of one uncoated and other two coated with different materials to make them sensitive to different components of overall flux of heat.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-16076 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 9; P. 88
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    Fiber-Optic/Photoelastic Flow Sensors (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Simple, rugged, lightweight transducers detect periodic vortices. Fiber-optic-coupled transducers developed to measure flows over wide dynamic ranges and over wide temperature ranges in severe environments. Used to measure flows of fuel in advanced aircraft engines. Feasibility of sensors demonstrated in tests of prototype sensor in water flowing at various temperatures and speeds. Particularly attractive for aircraft applications because optical fibers compact and make possible transmission of sensor signals at high rates with immunity from electromagnetic interference at suboptical frequencies. Sensors utilize optical-to-optical conversion via photoelastic effect.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15536 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 9; P. 46
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    Improved Solid-State Microanemometer (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Improved solid-state microanemometer suitable for measuring flows in variety of biomedical, industrial, and other applications. Small size, unique design, and one-piece construction provides combination of short response time, structural rigidity, optimal dissipation of heat, and versatility in application. Device includes four integral sensing resistors exposed to flow measured and serves as hot-film anemometer subunits. Sensing resistors connected to external excitation-and-measurement circuits operating in any of standard hot-film-anemometer modes; constant input voltage, constant input current, or constant resistance with feedback.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15172 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 7; P. 50
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    Computing Properties Of Chemical Mixtures At Equilibrium (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Scientists and engineers need data on chemical equilibrium compositions to calculate theoretical thermodynamic properties of chemical systems. Information essential in design and analysis of such equipment as compressors, turbines, nozzles, engines, shock tubes, heat exchangers, and chemical-processing equipment. CET93 is general program that calculates chemical equilibrium compositions and properties of mixtures for any chemical system for which thermodynamic data are available. Includes thermodynamic data for more than 1,300 gaseous and condensed species and thermal-transport data for 151 gases. Written in FORTRAN 77.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-16153 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 65
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    Software Helps Extract Information From Astronomical Images (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: PAC Skyview 2.0 is interactive program for display and analysis of astronomical images. Includes large set of functions for display, analysis and manipulation of images. "Man" pages with descriptions of functions and examples of usage included. Skyview used interactively or in "server" mode, in which another program calls Skyview and executes commands itself. Skyview capable of reading image data files of four types, including those in FITS, S, IRAF, and Z formats. Written in C.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19059 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 65
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    Program For Finite-Element Analyses Of Phase-Change Fluids (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: PHASTRAN analyzes heat-transfer and flow behaviors of materials undergoing phase changes. Many phase changes operate over range of accelerations or effective gravitational fields. To analyze such thermal systems, it is necessary to obtain simultaneous solutions for equations of conservation of energy, momentum, and mass, and for equation of state. Written in APL2.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-16131 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 65
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    Thermo-Oxidative Degradation Of SiC/Si3N4 Composites (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Experimental study conducted on thermo-oxidative degradation of composite-material specimens made of silicon carbide fibers in matrices of reaction-bonded silicon nitride. In SiC/Si3N4 composites of study, interphase is 3-micrometers-thick carbon-rich coat on surface of each SiC fiber. Thermo-oxidative degradation of these composites involves diffusion of oxygen through pores of composites to interphases damaged by oxidation. Nondestructive tests reveal critical exposure times.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15997 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 12; P. 58
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    Frequency-Channelized SAR Processing For Multiple Angle Looks (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Technique for processing synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR) signals exploits fact that center frequency of frequency channel of data being processed linked directly to squint angle and to azimuth angle. Also exploits fact in multilook SAR data processing, total bandwidth of each SAR polarization channel divided into N (typically, N = 16) equal frequency channels, data in each of which processed separately. Technique has yielded data on directionality of radar back scatter from agricultural fields.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-18899 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 6; P. 54
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    Program Helps To Determine Chemical-Reaction Mechanisms (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: General Chemical Kinetics and Sensitivity Analysis (LSENS) computer code developed for use in solving complex, homogeneous, gas-phase, chemical-kinetics problems. Provides for efficient and accurate chemical-kinetics computations and provides for sensitivity analysis for variety of problems, including problems involving honisothermal conditions. Incorporates mathematical models for static system, steady one-dimensional inviscid flow, reaction behind incident shock wave (with boundary-layer correction), and perfectly stirred reactor. Computations of equilibrium properties performed for following assigned states: enthalpy and pressure, temperature and pressure, internal energy and volume, and temperature and volume. Written in FORTRAN 77 with exception of NAMELIST extensions used for input.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15758 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 5; P. 66
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    Bakeout Chamber Within Vacuum Chamber (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Vacuum-bakeout apparatus for decontaminating and measuring outgassing from pieces of equipment constructed by mounting bakeout chamber within conventional vacuum chamber. Upgrade cost effective: fabrication and installation of bakeout chamber simple, installation performed quickly and without major changes in older vacuum chamber, and provides quantitative data on outgassing from pieces of equipment placed in bakeout chamber.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-18959 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 5; P. 52
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    Device For Ultrasonic Scanning Of Curved Object (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Bristles couple ultrasound into and out of object. Ultrasonic brush is device proposed to overcome major difficulties encountered in ultrasonic scanning of interior of object having curved surface. Insonifies object with uniform-phase wavefronts propagating into interior from relatively large area on surface. As result, ultrasonic image of subsurface flaws throughout interior generated much faster and more easily.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-14621 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 2; P. 50
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    Estimating Slopes In Images Of Terrain By Use Of BRDF (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Proposed method of estimating slopes of terrain features based on use of bidirectional reflectivity distribution function (BRDF) in analyzing aerial photographs, satellite video images, or other images produced by remote sensors. Estimated slopes integrated along horizontal coordinates to obtain estimated heights; generating three-dimensional terrain maps. Method does not require coregistration of terrain features in pairs of images acquired from slightly different perspectives nor requires Sun or other source of illumination to be low in sky over terrain of interest. On contrary, best when Sun is high. Works at almost all combinations of illumination and viewing angles.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19133 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 58
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    Apparatus Tests Thermocouples For Seebeck Inhomogeneity (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Automated apparatus reveals sources of error not revealed in calibration. Computer-controlled apparatus detects and measures Seebeck inhomogeneities in sheathed thermocouples. Measures thermocouple output voltage as function of position of probe along sharp gradient of temperature. Abnormal variations in voltage-versus-position data indicative of Seebeck inhomogeneities. Prototype for development of standard method and equipment for routine acceptance/rejection testing of sheathed thermocouples in industrial and research laboratories.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-15198 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 59
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    Magnetic Levitators With Superconductive Components (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Magnetic noncontact levitators that include superconductive components provide vibration-damping suspension for cryogenic instruments, according to proposal. Because superconductive components attached to levitated cryogenic instruments, no additional coolant liquid or refrigeration power needed. Also because vibration-damping components of levitators located outside cold chambers, in ambient environment, not necessary to waste coolant liquid or refrigeration power on dissipation of vibrational energy. At least three levitating magnets and three superconductors necessary for stable levitation.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-18458 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 53
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    Apparatus Measures Permeation Of Gases Through Coupons (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Apparatus measures permeation of any variety of commercially available pure or mixed gases through polymeric or other material coupons of various thicknesses. Permeability measured at wide range of temperatures and pressures. Includes residual-gas-analyzer (RGA) sensor head and associated circuitry, and vacuum system. Also includes manifold with valves, through which gas of interest allowed to permeate through test coupon before traveling downstream to evacuated RGA sensor head. Temperature of test coupon monitored by thermocouple and maintained at specified value above ambient by use of electrical heating mantle or below ambient by use of bath of ethylene glycol, water, and dry ice.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: MSC-22051 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 2; P. 27
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    Shades Would Keep Infrared Telescope Cold (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report proposes use of multiple shades to prevent solar heating of infrared telescope in high orbit around Earth. Shades part of lightweight stowable structure deployed by inflating it. Shades oriented so as not to interfere with field of view of telescope. In conjunction with telescope design providing for passive self-cooling by radiation to outer space in directions away from sun, multilayer shade design with provision for similar radiative cooling enables telescope to reach low temperature in range of 10 to 30 K.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19076 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 1; P. 99
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    Predictions Of Accretion Of Ice On A Commercial Airplane (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Report presents computational study of accretion of ice on wings and on horizontal tail surfaces of simplified version of Boeing 737 airplane. Calculations performed by use of LEWICE3D computer code, which incorporates panel-method mathematical model of three-dimensional potential flow and mathematical models of trajectories of drops of water entrained in flow, impingement of drops on surfaces, and transfer of heat.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15975 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 20a
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    Double-Knudsen-Cell Apparatus Measures Alloy-Component Activities (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Double-Knudsen-cell apparatus provides molecular beam from selected one of two Knudsen cells. Both cells maintained at same temperature. Molecular beam directed into mass spectrometer for measurement of vapor pressure of selected material component. Designed to minimize undesired thermal gradients, provides appropriate translation to place selected cell in position for sampling, and minimizes mixing of molecular beams from cells.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-16075 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 17a
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    Measuring Traces Of Oxygen By Resonant Electron Attachment (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Method of detecting trace amounts of oxygen based on dissociative attachment of electrons to oxygen molecules followed by measurement of resulting flux of negative oxygen ions in mass spectrometer. High sensitivity achieved in method by exploiting resonance in dissociative attachment of electrons to oxygen molecules: electron-attachment cross section rises to high peak at incident electron kinetic energy of 6.2 eV. Relative concentrations below 1 ppb detected. Devised to increase sensitivity of detection of oxygen in processing chambers in which oxygen regarded as contaminant; for example, chambers used in making semiconductor devices and in growing high-purity crystals.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19098 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 14a
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    Revolving Eddy-Current Probe Detects Cracks Near Rivets (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Scanning eddy-current probe in circular pattern increases sensitivity with which probe indicates fatigue cracks and other defects in metal surfaces in vicinity of rivets. Technique devised to facilitate inspection of riveted joints in aircraft. Eddy-current probe in question described in "Electro-magnetic Flaw Detector Is Easier To Use" (LAR-15046).
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LAR-15231 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 8a
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    Calibrating Polarimetric Radar With Only Natural Targets (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Method of calibrating polarimetric radar images involves use of natural, distributed targets only; no need to place artificial point calibration targets like corner-cube reflectors in target scene. Method based on few simplifying mathematical assumptions that, in turn, based on known electromagnetic-scattering characteristics of natural targets.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: NPO-19192 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 6a
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    Using Ultrasonic Lamb Waves To Measure Moduli Of Composites (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements of broad-band ultrasonic Lamb waves in plate specimens of ceramic-matrix/fiber and metal-matrix/fiber composite materials used to determine moduli of elasticity of materials. In one class of potential applications of concept, Lamb-wave responses of specimens measured and analyzed at various stages of thermal and/or mechanical processing to determine effects of processing, without having to dissect specimens. In another class, structural components having shapes supporting propagation of Lamb waves monitored ultrasonically to identify signs of deterioration and impending failure.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15907 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 13a
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    Apparent Thermal Conductivity Of Multilayer Insulation (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Mathematical model of apparent or effective thermal conductivity between two successive layers of multilayer thermal insulation (MLI) offers potential for optimizing performance of insulation. One gains understanding of how each physical mechanism contributes to overall flow of heat through MLI blanket. Model helps analyze engineering tradeoffs among such parameters as number of layers, thicknesses of gaps between layers, types of spacers placed in gaps, weight, overall thickness, and effects of foregoing on apparent thermal conductivity through blanket.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: LEW-15594 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 50
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    Eddy-Current Detection Of Cracks In Reinforced Carbon/Carbon (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Investigations of failures of components made of reinforced carbon/carbon show eddy-current flaw-detection techniques applicable to these components. Investigation focused on space shuttle parts, but applicable to other parts made of carbon/carbon materials. Techniques reveal cracks, too small to be detected visually, in carbon/carbon matrix substrates and in silicon carbide coates on substrates. Also reveals delaminations in carbon/carbon matrices. Used to characterize extents and locations of discontinuities in substrates in situations in which ultrasonic techniques and destructive techniques not practical.
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    Type: MSC-22479 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 19; 11; P. 48
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