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  • oxidation
  • Springer  (41)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Wiley
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (41)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1965-1969
  • 1995  (41)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (41)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Wiley
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (5)
Years
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (41)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1965-1969
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemiluminescence in evaluating thermal oxidative stability of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers. III. Emulsion-grade products (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; oxidation ; stability ; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal oxidative stability of various formulations based on emulsion-grade ABS was studied by the chemiluminescence technique. Emulsion products were found to be essentially less stable than ionic mass polymerization resins. Among the antioxidants studied, Santonox R is clearly more efficient than Irganox 1076 and Irganox 3114, and its superiority is reflected primarily in improved induction period values. The introduction of Tinuvin 770 and Tinuvin 328 UV stabilizers into emulsion resins does not change the durability of the products. In mixtures where both Irganox 1076 and UV stabilizers are present, a certain antagonistic effect was noted at high UV stabilizer concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02068674
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of Pd/γ-alumina and Pd foil after catalytic methane oxidation (1995)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 34 (1995), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: palladium ; PdO ; alumina ; methane ; oxidation ; carbon ; XPS ; ellipsometry ; structure sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Samples of palladium supported onγ-alumina and a palladium foil were used as catalysts for methane oxidation at 550° C. The samples were quenched quickly in the reaction chamber to room temperature in flowing Ar and then transferred in vacuo for XPS analysis. Structure sensitivity was manifest from an increase in PdO stability and a decrease in carbon deposition relative to Pd with increasing particle size. The results were compared with recent ellipsometric data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00808319
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photocatalytic oxidation of substituted toluenes with irradiated TiO2 semiconductor. Effect of zeolite (1995)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 33 (1995), S. 395-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: TiO2 ; heterogeneous photocatalysis ; oxidation ; substituted toluenes ; zeolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Photocatalytic oxidation of substituted toluenes was investigated on irradiated TiO2 and TiO2 combined with HY15 and HY20 zeolites. In all cases the oxidation occurred in the first step exclusively on either one substituent or the other, but never on both simultaneously. In the presence of a zeolite, photooxidation conversion was higher than that obtained without zeolite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00814241
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Study of the deactivation mechanism of Al2O3-supported cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts (1995)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 34 (1995), S. 269-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; cobalt catalysts ; deactivation ; oxidation ; reduction ; promoters ; rhenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of water on alumina-supported cobalt catalysts has been studied. The deactivation of supported Co catalysts was studied in a fixed-bed reactor using synthesis gas feeds containing different concentrations of water vapour. Supporting model studies were carried out using H2O/H2 feeds in conjunction with XPS and gravimetry. Rapid deactivation occurs on Re-promoted CO/Al2O3 catalysts when H2/CO/H2O feeds are used, whereas unpromoted CO/Al2O3 shows more stable activity. The results from the gravimetric studies suggest that only a small fraction of the bulk cobalt metal initially present reoxidizes to cobalt oxide during reaction. However, the XPS results indicate significant reoxidation of surface cobalt atoms or highly dispersed cobalt phases, which is likely to be the cause of the observed deactivation. Rhenium is shown to have a marked effect on the extent of reoxidation of alumina-supported cobalt catalysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00806876
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bleaching of cellulose by hydrogen peroxide (1995)
    Springer
    Cellulose 2 (1995), S. 265-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: Hydrogen peroxide ; oxycellulose ; bleaching ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Peroxides are important bleaching agents, industrially, for cellulosic products. They are also used in detergents. Peroxides can degrade cellulose as well as decolorize it and remove stains. Both free radicals and perhydroxyl anions have been suggested as the intermediates in the reactions occurring between cellulosic products and hydrogen peroxide. The proposed mechanisms are reviewed with emphasis primarily on cotton cellulose. Further work is required to establish unequivocally the mechanism of degradation and decolorization of cellulose products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00811817
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  • 6
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    The oxidation behaviour of niobium containing γ-TiAl based intermetallics in air and argon/oxygen (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 23-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium aluminide ; SNMS ; niobium effect ; oxygen tracer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behaviour of γ-TiAl based alloys with different Nb contents (2–10 At.%) was investigated in air and in argon-20% oxygen at 900 °C using thermogravimetric analysis. The oxide scales were characterized by a combination of optical microscopy, SEM/EDX and X-ray diffraction analyses. Although in all studied cases the presence of niobium improves the oxidation resistance of γ-TiAl, the oxidation kinetics, scale morphology and composition in air differed strongly from that in argon-oxygen. In air the oxidation resistance increases with increasing niobium-content. In Ar/O2 the niobium dependence is far more complex because internal oxidation occurs which is favoured by the presence of niobium. SNMS analysis revealed that the differences in behaviour in the two atmospheres are related to the formation of Ti-rich nitride at the scale/alloy interface during air oxidation. The positive effect of niobium on the oxidation resistance of γ-TiAl is mainly caused by a decrease of the transport processes in the heterogeneous TiO2/Al2O3-surface scale. Nitride formation and/or niobium enrichment at the scale/alloy interface also affect the oxidation behaviour, however these factors are believed to be the result of the decreased transport processes rather than the main reason for the niobium effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244851
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Sulfur colloids as temporary energy reservoirs for Thiobacillus ferrooxidans during pyrite oxidation (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 352-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsThiobacillus ferrooxidans ; Sulfide ; oxidation ; Sulfur colloids ; Bioleaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was cultivated on 100-nm-thick synthetic pyrite (FeS2) films. The steps of biooxidation were studied with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The crystallized sulfide was transformed into colloidal sulfur (4–70 nm, depending on the age of the cell and the degree of substrate oxidation; 70 nm initially and 4 nm after oxidation of the pyrite substrate), which was taken up and distributed over an organic capsule around the bacteria. This colloidal sulfur acted as intermediate energy storage and was transferred by contact to daughter cells not directly attached to the sulfide substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404208
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  • 8
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    A new obligately chemolithoautotrophic, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, Nitrospira moscoviensis sp. nov. and its phylogenetic relationship (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 164 (1995), S. 16-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsNitrospira moscoviensis ; Non-marine ; bacteria ; Obligate chemolithoautotroph ; Nitrite ; oxidation ; Nitrate reduction ; 16S rRNA gene sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gram-negative, non-motile, non-marine, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from an enrichment culture initiated with a sample from a partially corroded area of an iron pipe of a heating system in Moscow, Russia. The cells were 0.9–2.2 μm × 0.2–0.4 μm in size. They were helical- to vibroid-shaped and often formed spirals with up to three turns 0.8–1.0 μm in width. The organism possessed an enlarged periplasmic space and lacked intracytoplasmic membranes and carboxysomes. The cells tended to excrete extracellular polymers, forming aggregates. The bacterium grew optimally at 39°C and pH 7.6– 8.0 in a mineral medium with nitrite as sole energy source and carbon dioxide as sole carbon source. The optimal nitrite concentration was 0.35 mM. Nitrite was oxidized to nitrate stoichiometrically. The doubling time was 12 h in a mineral medium with 7.5 mM nitrite. The cell yield was low; only 0.9 mg protein/l was formed during oxidation of 7.5 mM nitrite. Under anoxic conditions, hydrogen was used as electron donor with nitrate as electron acceptor. Organic matter (yeast extract, meat extract, peptone) supported neither mixotrophic nor heterotrophic growth. At concentrations as low as 0.75 g organic matter/l or higher, growth of nitrite-oxidizing cells was inhibited. The cells contained cytochromes of the b- and c-type. The G+C content of DNA was 56.9 ± 0.4 mol%. The chemolithoautotrophic nitrite-oxidizer differed from the terrestrial members of the genus Nitrobacter with regard to morphology and substrate range and equaled Nitrospira marina in both characteristics. The isolated bacterium is designated as a new species of the genus Nitrospira. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a moderate phylogenetic relationship to Nitrospira marina, leptospirilla, Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii, "Magnetobacterium bavaricum," and the isolate OPI-2. Initial evidence is given that these organisms represent a new phylum of the domain bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050230
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Current limitations of high-temperature alloys in practical applications (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 265-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; corrosion ; high temperatures ; erosion ; wear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract There are several engineering systems which require materials of construction to tolerate elevated temperatures, and aggressive environments of one kind or another; and where, furthermore, the performance of the system is limited by the materials capability. This paper reviews a number of these systems, drawn principally from the electric power industry, and describes both the current approaches to improving the materials capability, and potential directions for research and development for the future. Particular emphasis is given to cases where the problems related to oxidation and high-temperature corrosion are of major importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046730
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  • 10
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    Analytical techniques in high temperature corrosion (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 339-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: analytical techniques ; Fe, Cr, Fe−Cr alloys, Ni, Al, β-NiAl ; oxidation ; transport processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the application of analytical techniques (particularly AES, SIMS, RHEED, laser Raman, Mössbauer, TEM, EELS) to high-temperature oxidation studies. Specific systems reviewed include NiO on Ni, oxides on Fe, Cr and their alloys, and Al2O3 on Al and β-NiAl. The often complementary information provided by the various techniques leads to a better understanding of oxide growth mechanisms on an atomic sale, interfacial segregation phenomena, and the role of reactive elements in modifying transport processes in oxides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046732
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  • 11
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    High-temperature corrosion in mixed gas environments (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 239-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carburization ; sulfidation ; scaling ; internal precipitation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Scaling reactions between pure metals and multiple oxidant gases are reviewed briefly. It is recognized that elemental oxidant activities are usually so low that the actual reactant species are heteronuclear molecules such as SO2, CO2, etc. The formation of duplex, sulfide-oxide scales on iron and manganese, even when sulfide is unstable with respect to oxide, is attributed to direct reaction with SO2. The persistence of the metastable sulfide is due to its preservation by the rapidly growing scale. The reaction of pure chromium with a number of mixed gases is also discussed. The continued formation of carbides and nitrides beneath an external Cr2O3 scale layer indicates that the latter material is permeable to gas species. Interaction among different gas species is observed, and is attributed to selective adsorption on internal surfaces within the chromium oxide. New work on the reaction of alloys with mixed gases is reported. Several austenitic heat-resistant alloys were exposed at 1000°C to gases containing one, two or all of the oxidants carbon, sulfur and oxygen. Gases containing two or more oxidants produced multiple zones of internal precipitation. The precipitates were chromium-rich oxides, sulfides and carbides arranged in order of thermodynamic stability: oxides beneath the external scale, carbides deepest within the alloys and sulfides in an intermediate zone overlapping the oxide zone. Each precipitate zone widened according to parabolic kinetics. This finding confirms the as yet untested prediction made by J. L. Meijering in 1971. However, the rate at which a particular zone grows changes according to presence of other oxidants. Interactions between the oxidants can be large and reaction rates are currently not predictable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046729
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  • 12
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    The effect of Y-ion implantation on the oxidation of β-NiAl (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 157-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; NiAl ; ion implantation ; TEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of Y-ion implantation on the oxidation of β-NiAl single crystals has been investigated using SEM, TEM, and STEM. Y ions having an energy of 70 keV were implanted with a concentration of 5×1016 ions/cm2. The oxidation experiments were performed in air at 1223 K. Y-ion implantation resulted in a 45-nm disordered layer. Oxidation of Y-implanted β-NiAl leads to the formation of a fine-grain layer, consisting of γ-Al2O3 containing Y and a θ-Al2O3 layer. After further oxidation the metastable Al2O3 transformed into α-Al2O3, which started at the metal-oxide interface. Y-Al-garnet (YAG) particles were observed and Y segregation to α-Al2O3 grain boundaries has been detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046752
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  • 13
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    Reactive-element effect of electrodeposited Y2O3 oxide films on the oxidation of Fe−25Cr and Fe−25Cr−10Al alloys (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 217-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; reactive-element effects ; electrodeposition ; Y2O3 ; oxide film
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thin Y2O3 films were deposited by the electrochemical deposition-pyrolysis process on Fe−25Cr and Fe−25Cr−10Al alloys. The influence of the films on the oxidation behavior of the alloys was studied at 850°C and 1000°C. The results showed that Y2O3 films remarkably decreased the oxidation rate of Cr2O3-forming alloys and spallation of the scales, but they did not decrease the oxidation rate of the Al2O3-forming alloys, although they do reduce the spallation of Al2O3 scales. Y2O3 films remarkably change the morphology of the scales on both alloys, depending on the oxidation temperatures. These results show that the reactive-element effects of Y2O3 films on the Cr2O3 formers and Al2O3 formers are different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047028
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  • 14
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    Oxidation behavior of copper at high temperatures under two different modes of direct-current applications (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 185-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: copper ; oxidation ; direct current ; uninterrupted mode ; interrupted mode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation kinetics of copper in the temperature range of 973–1173 K atP O 2=21.27 kPa exhibit enhancement and deceleration in the rates with changing polarity compared to normal oxidation under interrupted mode of directcurrent application. These conditions are achieved by connecting the oxidizing copper covered with an initially formed thin oxide film to the positive and negative terminal of a dc source, respectively. However, the influence of direction of the current is found to be opposite under uninterrupted mode of impressed current flow in the same temperature range. The effect of short-circuiting the metal to the outer oxide/air interface on the reaction kinetics is also reported. The rate of oxide-scale growth under normal condition, and two different modes of current applications as well as with shorting circuitry attachment conform to the parabolic growth law. The results pertaining to the two different modes of impressed current have been discussed considering both the phenomena of electrolysis of the oxide electrolyte and the polarization at the two phase boundaries. The enhancement and the reduction in rates under uninterrupted impressed current conditions are explained on the basis of increased and decreased average defect concentrations, respectively, within the oxide layer. The acceleration and deceleration in the rates under interrupted mode of current flow have been explained in the light of sustenance of a steeper and flatter electrochemical-potential gradient of defects, respectively, across the growing-oxide layer. The possible different responses of the metal/oxide and oxide/air interfaces to the impressed current brought into play by two different modes of current application, have enabled to display a better insight on the mechanistic aspects of scale growth under the influence of an externally applied current.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047027
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  • 15
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    The influence of ceria surface additions on manganese oxidation at high temperatures (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 237-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: manganese ; oxidation ; ceria ; coating ; air ; low oxygen pressure ; high temperature ; manganosite ; transport mechanism ; iron ; CeFeO3 structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics, scale composition, and growth mechanism of ceria-coated and blank specimens of manganese oxidation in air were examined. The scale growth obeys the parabolic rate law at 700°C for all specimens. Lower parabolic rate constants for coated specimens are attributed to the presence of a CeO2 external scale. It constitutes a limiting factor of the oxygen activity at the gas-oxide interface. This lower-oxygen activity leads to a less-metal-deficient state of the scale. Due to this, the inner-MnO scale becomes more adherent to the substrate. Preheating at 700°C, in hydrogen (PO 2=10−24 atm), was performed in order to be placed in the MnO stability domain and try to introduce cerium in the manganese-oxide scale. This pretreatment promotes macroscopic bonding in the layer formed during subsequent oxidation in air. It ensures a better scale adherence. A new diffusional-transport mechanism in manganosite is proposed in accordance with all experimental observations of the literature and with the cerium-manganese-oxygen system studied in the present work. This model considers the high Mn3+ stability in octahedral sites of the MnO oxygen ion body. Low-oxygen partial pressure conditions permit the formation of an adherent inner-MnO scale on coated specimens. A CeO2 scale formed above the MnO scale; MnO is present as a minor component in this scale and it is located mainly at the internal interface. The difficulties in forming the cerium-orthomanganite are attributed to the very high stability of MnO related to this wide range of nonstoichiometry and to the low manganese diffusivity through the cerium-containing scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047029
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  • 16
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    Comparison of classical oxidation and laser oxidation of a chromium PVD coating on a pure-iron substrate (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 279-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; chromium coating ; laser ; oxygen diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of a chromium PVD coating on pure iron by a continuous 5-kW CO2 laser beam in pure oxygen at 700°C for 20 min was compared with classical furnace oxidation. Laser oxidation induces faster oxidation kinetics, especially at the beginning of oxidation, without modifying the oxide nature (Cr2O3) and morphology. Oxygen-isotopic-exchange tests show that oxygen grain-boundary diffusion does not depend on the oxidation conditions, at least after 12 min oxidation. The effec of the laser treatment is discussed with respect to oxide nucleation, metastable-oxide formation, and oxide-formation-entropy evolution. The oxidation kinetics follow a parabolic law, and the oxide-growth mechanism was attributed to countercurrent oxygen and chromium diffusion along grain boundaries. Oxygen diffusion occurred by oxygen interstitials. The oxidation constant calculated from grain-boundary diffusion in the chromia scale is smaller than the experimental oxidation constant, suggesting the presence of particular short circuits (e.g., microcracks).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047031
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  • 17
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    Rehealing ability of oxide scales formed on microcrystalline K38G coatings (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 317-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: microcrystalline ; rehealing ; oxide scales ; superalloys ; coating ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The rehealing ability of the protective oxide scales formed on a microcrystalline coating of the Ni-base superalloy K38G has been studied. The results indicated that the oxide scales on the coating may be rehealed when the original scales are destroyed, and the coating still has excellent resistance against high-temperature oxidation. When the original Al2O3 oxide scales spall, mixed-oxide scales of both (Al, Cr)2O3 and TiO2 can form on the surface. The mixed scales are very protective and adherent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047033
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  • 18
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    Alloy-grain-size dependence of the effectiveness of silica coatings as oxidation barriers on stainless steel (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 263-277 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe−Cr−Ni alloy ; oxidation ; silica ; spallation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In order to determine the effect of alloy grain size on the oxidation properties of silica-coated austenitic Fe-18Cr-20Ni stainless steel, both coarse-grain (100-μm grain size) and fine-grain (5-μm grain size) forms of the alloy were produced. A 1-μm-thick vitreous silica coating was deposited by chemicalvapor deposition on the alloys, which were subjected to isothermal and cyclic oxidation in air at 900°C. The coarse-grain alloys underwent widespread oxidation below the silica coating, leading to extensive coating spallation. This was attributed to the inability of the alloy to supply a sufficient outward flux of chromium to prevent oxygen penetration through microcracks in the silica coating. Due to an abundance of chromium available at the surface of the finegrain alloy, chromia formed in the microcracks within the silica layer. As a result, the silica-coated, fine-grain alloy demonstrated superior oxidation resistance and excellent adhesion of the coating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047030
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  • 19
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    Phase stability, oxidation, and interdiffusion of a novel Ni−Cr−Al−Ti−Si bond-coating alloy between 900 and 1100°C (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 329-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni−Cr−Al−Ti−Si bond-coating alloy ; phase stability ; oxidation ; interdiffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A novel, low-expansion experimental Ni−Cr−Al−Ti−Si bond-coating alloy was investigated in the as-cast state concerning its phase stability, oxidation resistance in air, and interdiffusion with single-crystal IN-100 at 900, 1000, and 1100°C. Isothermal oxidative thermogravimetry was employed up to 500 hr. Interdiffusion was compared to a commercial Ni−Co−Cr−Al−Y alloy on IN-100. Oxidized Ni−Cr−Al−Ti−Si specimens and diffusion couples were characterized by metallography, SEM, EDX, XRD, and XRF. The Ni−Cr−Al−Ti−Si alloy provides good oxidation resistance in air at least up to 1000°C. The alloy is an alumina former. Due to its coarse microstructure, other oxides (e.g., rutile) may form and considerably dominate the oxidation behavior. The kinetics of oxidation were correlated with temperature, formation of phases, and morphology of oxides. Interdiffusion fluxes between Ni−Cr−Al−Ti−Si and IN-100 were mainly directed to the superalloy. They were faster than in Ni−Co−Cr−Al−Y/IN-100 diffusion couples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047034
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  • 20
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    Possible scaling modes in high-temperature oxidation of two-phase binary alloys. II: Low oxidant pressures (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 379-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: two-phase alloys ; oxidation ; scale structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The main possible modes of the high-temperature corrosion of binary two-phase alloys by a single oxidant under gas-phase pressures sufficient to corrode only the most-reactive alloy component are examined to compare their behavior with that of single-phase alloys. In the absence of important diffusion processes of the metal components in the alloy, the scale structures expected are different from those typical of single-phase alloys. Moreover, when diffusion in the alloy becomes important, these systems may develop an outer single-phase layer depleted in the most-reactive component, which may lead to different possible scale structures. The conditions for the transition between the various oxidation modes as well as the effect of the various parameters of kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural nature over the corrosion behavior of two-phase alloys are also examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047037
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    Characterization of Ni-25 wt.% Cr alloys containing reactive elements and the oxide scales grown on them at high temperatures using transmission electron microscopy (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 435-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; reactive-element effect ; reactive-element oxysulfide ; reactive-element oxide ; reactive-element orthochromite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Nickel-base alloys of nominal composition Ni-25 Wt.% Cr-(0-0.6 Wt.%) RE (RE=Y, La, and Ce) were prepared by conventional arc-melting Ni, Cr, and Y metal. The microstructure of the alloys was characterized by using electron diffraction and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) to determine the structure, morphology, and distribution of second-phase particles. Selected alloys were oxidized at 900°C and 1000°C in 1-atm air, and the resultant oxide scales were characterized using the same analytical techniques. The experimentally determined electron-diffraction data were compared with a JCPDF-EDD database, and several compounds were matched. The observed phases were RE oxysulfide, cerium orthochromite-CeCrO3, yttria-Y2O3, yttrium orthochromite-YCrO3, and Ni5Y. The significance of these observations is discussed with respect to the current level of knowledge on the role of sulfur in the reactive-element effect. The ability of the reactive elements to getter sulfur is examined with respect to the thermodynamic stability of the oxysulfide species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046892
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    The oxidation resistance of a sputtered, microcrystalline TiAl-intermetallic-compound film (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 395-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: microcrystalline film ; TiAl intermetallic compound ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of a cast TiAl intermetallic compound and its sputtered microcrystalline film was investigated at 700–900°C in static air. At 700°C, both the cast alloy and its sputtered microcrystalline film exhibited excellent oxidation resistance. No scale spallation was observed. However, at 800–900°C, the oxidation kinetics for the cast TiAl alloy followed approximately a linear rate law, which indicates that it has poor oxidation resistance over this temperature range. The poor oxidation resistance of TiAl was due to the formation of an Al2O3+TiO2 scale which spalled extensively during cooling. Nevertheless, the sputtered, TiAl-microcrystalline film exhibited very good oxidation resistance. The oxidation kinetics followed approximately the parabolic rate law at all temperatures. Although the composition of the scales was the same as that of scales formed on the cast alloy, the scales formed on the sputtered microcrystalline-TiAl film are adherent strongly to the substrate. No scale spallation was found at 700–850°C, while a small amount of spallation was observed only at 900°C. This indicates that microcrystallization can improve the oxidation resistance of the TiAl alloy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046890
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    High-temperature oxidation of tantalum of different purity (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 509-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; kinetics ; tantalum ; oxide ; suboxide ; impurities ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics, structural aspects, and phase morphologies were studied for tantalum oxidation in air from 600 to 1000°C for samples of different purity (99.15%, 99.76%, and 99.95% Ta). Regardless of purity, tantalum oxidation in the temperature range of 600–800°C as a rule is governed by a linear rate law. From 900 to 1000°C the initial-stage oxidation is governed by the parabolic rate law, which changes to the linear rate law with time. TGA, XRD, SEM, and AES methods were used. The, effect of purity on tantalum oxidation was shown to be determined by the mechanism of intermediate-oxide formation. They are TaO z (Ta2O) at 600–800°C and TaO at 900–1000°C. The final product of oxidation was β-Ta2O5.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046896
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    The oxidation of Co−Nb alloys under low oxygen pressures at 600–800°C (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 527-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Co−Nb alloys ; high temperature ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of two Co−Nb alloys containing 15 and 30 wt.% Nb has been studied at 600–800° C in H2−CO2 mixtures providing an oxygen pressure of 10−24 atm at 600°C and 10−20 atm at 700 and 800°C, below the dissociation pressure of cobalt oxide. At 600 and 700°C both alloys showed only a region of internal oxidation composed, of a mixture of alpha cobalt and of niobium oxides (NbO2 and Nb2O5) and at 700°C also the double oxide CoNb2O6, which formed from the Nb-rich Co3Nb phase. No Nb-depleted layer formed in the alloy at the interface with the region of internal oxidation at these temperatures. Upon oxidation at 800°C a transition between internal and external oxidation of niobium was observed, especially for Co−30Nb. This corrosion mode is associated with the development of a single-phase, Nb-depleted region at the surface of the alloy. The corrosion mechanism of these alloys is examined with special reference to the effect of the low solubility of niobium in cobalt and to the relation between the microstructures of the alloys and of the scales.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046897
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    The problem of sulfur in high-temperature corrosion (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 177-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; oxidation ; common and refractory metals and alloys ; amorphous alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The role of defect and transport properties of transition metal sulfides on the kinetics and mechanism of high-temperature sulfide corrosion of metals and alloys is discussed. It has been shown, that due to the very high concentration of defects in common metal sulfides, not only pure metals but also conventional high-temperature alloys (chromia and alumina formers) undergo very rapid degradation in highly sulfidizing environments. Refractory metals, on the other hand, are highly resistant to sulfide corrosion, their sulfidation rates being comparable with the oxidation rate of chromium. Pioneering work of Douglasset al. has shown that alloying of common metals by niobium or molybdenum, and in particular combined alloying by molybdenumand aluminum, dramatically decreases the sulfidation rate. A novel Fe−30Mo−9Al alloy has been proved to be highly resistant to sulfide corrosion, its sulfidation rate being comparable with that of pure molybdenum. Even better resistance to highly-sulfidizing environments show new amorphous Al−Mo and Al−Mo−Si alloys, these materials also being simultaneously oxidation resistant. Thus, new prospects have been created for the development of a new generation of coating materials, resistant to multicomponent sulfidizing-oxidizing atmospheres, often encountered in many branches of modern technology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046727
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    Early stages of silicon oxidation (1995)
    Springer
    Interface science 3 (1995), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: silicon ; Si/oxide interface ; oxidation ; Monte-Carlo ; thin-films
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments have shown that the early stages of silicon oxidation proceed layer by layer, so that one layer is essentially complete before another develops. Other experiments show that the mechanism does not involve step growth, the most obvious mechanism. We use a new approach to modelling the growth to show that these two observations can be understood when there is a rate-determining step which depends strongly on the local oxide thickness. The rate in question might be the sticking probability, or the rate of incorporation of adsorbed oxygen species into the oxide network. Such mechanisms are possible when transport by an ionic species dominates, contrary to the situation for thicker films. Our modelling suggests the mechanisms are driven by the image interaction, as in earlier suggestions by Stoneham and Tasker, rather than an effect of the electric field central to the Mott-Cabrera mechanism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207015
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    Numerical modeling of high-temperature corrosion processes (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 309-338 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: modeling ; numerical modeling ; numerical techniques ; finite-difference techniques ; oxidation ; corrosion ; carburization ; nitridation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical modeling of the diffusional transport associated with high-temperature corrosion processes is reviewed. These corrosion processes include external scale formation and internal subscale formation during oxidation, coating degradation by oxidation and substrate interdiffusion, carburization, sulfidation and nitridation. The studies that are reviewed cover such complexities as concentration-dependent diffusivities, cross-term effects in ternary alloys, and internal precipitation where several compounds of the same element may form (e.g., carbides of Cr) or several compounds exist simultaneously (e.g., carbides containing varying amounts of Ni, Cr, Fe or Mo). In addition, the studies involve a variety of boundary conditions that vary with time and temperature. Finite-difference (F-D) techniques have been applied almost exclusively to model either the solute or corrodant transport in each of these studies. Hence, the paper first reviews the use of F-D techniques to develop solutions to the diffusion equations with various boundary conditions appropriate to high-temperature corrosion processes. The bulk of the paper then reviews various F-D modeling studies of diffusional transport associated with high-temperature corrosion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046731
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    The oxidation of Ni-Nb alloys at low-oxygen pressures at 600–800°C (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 399-415 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni−Nb alloys ; high temperature ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of two Ni−Nb alloys containing 15 and 30 wt.% Nb has been studied at 600–800° C in H2−CO2 mixtures providing an oxygen pressure of 10−24 atm at 600° C and 10−20 atm O2 at 700 and 800° C, these pressures being less than the dissociation pressure of nickel oxide. The scales formed on both alloys at 600 and 700° C show only a region of internal oxidation composed of a mixture of alpha nickel and niobium oxides (Nb2O5 or/and NbO2), which formed from both the metal phases present, i.e., Ni8Nb and Ni3Nb. Only small, or even no, Nb depletion was observed in the alloys close to the interface with the zone of internal oxidation at these temperatures. On the contrary, samples of both alloys corroded at 800° C produced a continuous external scale of niobium oxides without internal oxidation. The corrosion mechanism of these alloys is examined with special reference to the effect of the low solubility of niobium in nickel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058244
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    Oxidation behavior of three commercial ODS alloys at 1200°C (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 505-525 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: ODS alloys ; oxidation ; scale adherence ; surface roughness ; porosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The isothermal-oxidation behavior of three oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys, viz., MA 956, ODM 751, and PM 2000, has been examined in air at 1200°C for exposure times up to 4800 hr. During exposure all the alloys formed an external scale of alpha alumina (α-Al2O3). The growth rate of alumina on MA 956 was significantly faster than that formed on ODM 751 resulting in an oxide layer which was about twice as thick after 4800 hr. The oxide-grain morphology on MA 956 was essentially equiaxed containing irregularly shaped, titanium-rich particles, whereas the oxide formed on ODM 751 was slightly finer, distinctly columnar and contained elongated yttrium-rich particles. Spalling of the oxide layer occurred after approximately 2400 hr on MA 956, whereas only slight spalling occurred on ODM 751 even after the longest exposure time. Experiments revealed that the initial surface roughness of PM 2000 can contribute significantly to spalling by enabling the growth of highly convoluted scale layers which are mechanically unstable under compressive stresses (buckling). Internal porosity is also observed in all three alloys after exposure. The pores were generally spherical with small Ti-, Al-, Y-rich particles distributed over their internal surfaces. The amount of porosity increases to a maximum and then slowly decreases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051041
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    Photochemical transformations of 1-arylcyanomethyl-9,10-anthraquinones (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 1907-1913 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: photochemical transformations ; 1-arylcyanomethyl-9 ; 10-anthraquinones ; nucleophilic addition ; oxidation ; kinetics ; quantum-chemical calculations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Photochemical transformations of 1-arylcyanomethyl-9,10-anthraquinones were studied. It was established that under irradiation, the hydrogen atom of the substituted methyl group is transferred to aperi-quinoid oxygen atom to form the corresponding 9-hydroxy1, 10-anthraquinone-1-arylcyanomethides. Dark transformations of photoinduced quinonemethides result from three competing parallel processes: intramolecular transfer of the hydrogen atom, a reaction with a solvent (alcohol), and oxidation by dissolved oxygen. The kinetics of these reactions were studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707225
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    Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by vanadium(v) compounds: the pathways for the formation of ozone (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 584-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: hydrogen peroxide ; vanadium(v) complexes ; ozone ; catalysis ; oxidation ; alkanes ; arenes ; perfluoroolefins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Reactions of H2O2 in trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed by vanadium(v) compounds were studied. The system under study exhibits unusual behavior: along with oxygen, large quantitaties (10–15 %) of ozone are found in the products of hydrogen peroxide decomposition; difficultly oxidizable compounds (alkanes, arenes, and perfluoroalkenes) are oxidized under mild conditions. The rates of the oxidation of individual substrates are commensurable. However, when two compounds are simultaneously present in the reaction mixture, cyclohexane stops the oxidation of all of the other substrates, arenes suppress the oxidation of perfluoroolefins, and perfluoro-1-octene stops the consumption of internal perfluoroolefins. The effect of the oxidizable substrates on the amount of ozone evolved was studied. Based on the kinetic data obtained, a mechanism that involves the consecutive formation of several active complexes of vanadium(v) responsible for the oxidation of substrates and for the formation of ozone is suggested. In terms of the scheme suggested, the inner-sphere oxidation of the peroxo ligand by the coordinated peroxotrifluoroacetic acid affords a complex incorporating O 3 2− as a ligand. The latter acts as the precursor of the ozone. A mathematical model that adequately describes the experimental data is proposed.
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    Synthesis of phosphorus (silicon, tin)-containing derivatives of mercaptoketenes and some of their properties (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 345-349 
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    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: α-mercaptoketones ; phosphorylation ; silylation ; stannylation ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Some newS-phosphorylated,S-silylated, andS-stannylated derivatives of α-mercaptoketones were obtained. The reactions of some of these compounds induced by the temperature and by molecular oxygen as well as the phosphorylation of the Si- and Sn-containing derivatives were studied.
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    An unusual pathway of the oxidation of diethyl ether by bismuth(v) derivatives (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 764-765 
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    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: diethyl ether ; ethoxyacetic aldehyde ; triphenylbismuth ; tert-butyl hydroperoxide ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Di(tert-butylperoxy)triphenylbismuth and the triphenylbismuth-tert-butyl hydroperoxide system transform diethyl ether into ethoxyacetic aldehyde. The latter undergoes further conversions under these reaction conditions to give the corresponding hydroxyperoxide, ethoxyacetic acid, and bismuth(III) acylates.
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    Oxidation of isomeric η6- and η5-fluorenylchromiumtricarbonyl anions (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 1306-1310 
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    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: transition metal complexes ; free radicals ; oxidation ; dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of the carbon-centered [(η6-C13H9)Cr(CO)3]− anion (1 −) results in formation of (μ-η6:η6-9,9′-bifluorenyl)bis-chromiumtricarbonyl (3) due to coupling of the intermediate carbon-centered radical (1.). The oxidation of the metal-centered anion [(η5-C13H9)Cr(CO)3]− (2 −), which is isomeric to the 1− anion, gives an equilibrium mixture of the chromium-centered radical {(η5-C13H9)Cr(CO)3}. (2 .) and its dimer [(η5-C13H9)Cr(CO)3]2 (6). Radical2 . readily reacts with MeI and the solvent (THF); the resulting derivatives, (η5-C13H9)Cr(CO)3R (R=Me (10); R=H (7)), undergo fast ricochet inter-ring η5→η6 rearrangements into (η6-9R-C13H9)Cr(CO)3 (R=CH3 (9); R=H (4)).
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    Interactions of calcium sulfite with soils and plants (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium sulfite ; flue gas desulfurization residue ; oxidation ; sulfur dioxide ; toxicity ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract CaSO3 is a by-product formed by several of the processes used for scrubbing SO2 from flue gas produced by coal-burning power generators. Using CaSO3 to improve the calcium status of acid soils would be a beneficial alternative to disposal in landfills. CaSO3 has biocidal properties and is used as a disinfectant and food and drink preservative. It is important to evaluate under what conditions application to soils would not harm plant growth. Laboratory experiments confirmed that two transformations of CaSO3 occurred in soil systems: (1) decomposition to produce SO2 gas, and (2) oxidation to calcium sulfate. Conversion to SO2 occurred in solution and soil at low pH, and acid soils treated with CaSO3 were initially toxic to seedling root growth. The degree of toxicity was time-dependent, with reduction in toxicity occurring as CaSO3 oxidized to calcium sulfate. Soil reaction also influenced toxicity, and at soil pH levels above 6, little seedling toxicity was evident.
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    The oxidation of S(IV) during riming by cloud droplets (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 21 (1995), S. 97-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Sulphur dioxide ; oxidation ; clouds ; riming ; freezing potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Experiments have been performed to investigate whether the process of freezing during riming in clouds may induce oxidation of dissolved SO2 to SO 4 2− . The experiments were conducted in a cold room at varying temperatures between −6 and −15 °C. Solutions containing dissolved SO2 and NH4OH in various proportions, in the range of concentrations between 3×10−5 and 10−3 M, were sprayed. Rime was collected on a rotating cylinder and analyzed. Absorption of oxygen from laboratory air was prevented, except in the spray, to avoid spurious oxidation. Blank experiments were made at +3 to +6 °C. The results indicate clearly that, as the dominant cation becomes NH 4 + rather than H+, substantial oxidation of S(IV) occurs during riming. This is consistent with redox reactions taking place as a result of charge separation at the ice-water interface during freezing.
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    Effect of oxidation on transport properties of zirconium-1% niobium alloy (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1481-1487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: electrical resistivity ; high temperature ; thermal conductivity ; oxidation ; zirconium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of zirconium-1 wt% niobium samples were measured before and after the process of their oxidation in air. A special procedure was used to dissolve the gas and to smooth out its concentration in the alloy. The basic experiments were performed under high vacuum under steady-state temperature conditions. The temperature range was 300–1600 K. for the pure alloy and 300–1100 K for the samples containing oxygen. It was found that the thermal conductivity—oxygen concentration relation reverses its sign from negative at low and middle temperatures to positive at temperatures above 900 K. The relation between the electrical resistivity and the oxygen content does not show this feature. The Lorenz function was found to have an anomalous temperature dependence.
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    Air oxidation of S(IV) in cloud-water samples (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1985-1990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cloud-water ; sulphur dioxide ; oxidation ; catalysis ; trace metals ; iron ; acidity ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Aerobic oxidation of S(IV) was investigated in cloud-water samples collected at Great Dun Fell,U.K., as part of a wider project into cloud-water chemistry. The rate was found to be first-order in S(IV) concentration, and the reaction rate constant. kS(IV), was found to vary from 10−5 to 10−3 s−1. The rate constant was highly correlated with H+ concentration (pH 3.5 to 6.5) and Fe concentration (〈0.02 to 3×10−6 mol dm−3). The aerobic oxidation of S(IV) does not contribute significantly to SO2 oxidation in clouds at Great Dun Fell, however, the reaction may be of consequence in clouds and fogs at polluted or urban sites with elevated trace metal concentrations. Also, this reaction may be responsible for the oxidation of S(IV) in cloud-water samples during storage.
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    Cyclodextrin-accelerated oxidation of iodide by oxygen in aqueous solutions containing HClO4 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 23 (1995), S. 245-253 
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    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: α-Cyclodextrin ; iodide ; oxidation ; oxygen ; HClO4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of iodide to I 3 − by oxygen dissolved in water containing HClO4 has been found to be accelerated by α-cyclodextrin (α-CD). Among α-, β-, and γ-CDs, α-CD is the most effective mediator for the oxidation reaction of iodide by oxygen. The oxidation rate of iodide is first order in the concentrations of α-CD and HClO4, whereas it is second order in the KI concentration.
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    A new approach to the synthesis of cilastatin, an inhibitor of renal dipeptidase (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: cilastatin ; (R)-cysteine ; 7-chloroheptanoic acid ; 2-amino-7-chloro-2-heptenoic acid ; 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarbonyl chloride ; oxidation ; bromination ; amination ; cyclopropanation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A convenient preparative synthesis of cilastatin, an inhibitor of renal dipeptidase used in drugs with the antibiotic imipenem, has been elaborated. The key intermediate in this synthesis is 2-amino-7-chloroheptanoic acid prepared by oxidative cleavage of cycloheptanone followed by bromination of 7-chloroheptanoyl chloride with subsequent amination of the 2-bromo-7-chloroheptanoic acid thus formed. All of the stages of the new synthesis are easily performed, as is the isolation of the intermediate products, and they do not require any organometallic reagents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696982
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyfluorinated hydrazones in organic synthesis (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 2361-2363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: oxidation ; X-ray structural analysis ; bromine ; sulfuryl chloride ; 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-trifluoromethylpentane-2,3-dione bishydrazone, 1-amino-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl)-1,2,3-triazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation ofN,N′-unsubstituted 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-trifIuoromethylpentane-2,3-dione bishydrazone with sulfuryl chloride or bromine in CCl4 gives 1-amino-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl)-1,2,3-triazole in high yield. Its structure has been confirmed by X-ray structural analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713608
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