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  • Cartilage
  • Innervation
  • Springer  (12)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (12)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
  • 1995  (12)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (12)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 376-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chondrocyte differentiation ; Cartilage ; TGF-β ; IGF-I osteochondrosis ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Osteochondrosis and dyschondroplasia are common multifocal disturbances of endochondral ossification in many species of domestic animals, and are characterized by the retention of avascular cartilage. These cartilage disorders are characterized by a failure of chondrocyte differentiation, matrix mineralisation and its replacement by bone. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were used to detect the two growth factors in normal and osteo-chondrotic porcine epiphyses. In the normal pig epiphyses IGF-I and TGF-β were present in the chondrocytes of the epiphyseal hyaline cartilage and IGF-I was readily localised to the hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth cartilage adjacent to the epiphyseal ossification centre. Both growth factors were found to be deficient in chondrocytes at sites of osteochondrosis. Both these growth factors are thought to be involved in the cascade of events associated with chondrocyte function during endochondral ossification. Deficiencies in TGF-β and IGF-I demonstrated in porcine osteochondrosis and previously shown in avian dyschondroplasia suggest further similarities in the pathogenesis of these conditions.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; Transgenic animals ; Keratin ; Innervation ; Hyperinnervation ; Olfactory epithelium ; Taste buds ; Vomeronasal organ ; Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Mouse (Rodentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in neurotrophic support for the extrinsic innervation of the nasal and oral mucosae was investigated in keratin 14 (K14)-NGF transgenic mice in which NGF was over-expressed in K14-synthesizing cells. K14 immunoreactivity was localized in the epithelial basal cells of the whisker pad skin, the hard palate, the floor of the ventral meatus, and the anterior tongue that are stratified squamous epithelia, and also in basal cells of the vomeronasal, olfactory, and respiratory epithelia that are non-stratified epithelia. In transgenic mice, NGF expression was identified and confined primarily to the basal cells of stratified epithelia. The nasal mucosae including the vomeronasal, olfactory, and respiratory mucosae, and the glands associated with the vomeronasal organ received a greater innervation of protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive extrinsic fibers in transgenic animals than nontransgenic controls. An increased density of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive extrinsic fibers was observed in the nonsensory epithelia of the vomeronasal organ, the olfactory sensory and respiratory epithelia in transgenic animals. Our results indicated that the hyperinnervation of the nasal and oral mucosae by extrinsic neurons is due at least partially to target-derived NGF synthesis and release by K14-expressing basal cells.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Enkephalin ; Opioid peptides ; Spleen ; Innervation ; Neuro-immunology ; Species differences ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow ; Pig ; Guinea-pig ; Mouse ; Rat ; Dsungarian hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The opioidergic innervation of the mammalian spleen and possible species differences were investigated. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that splenic nerves of bovine and porcine spleen, but not of rat, mouse, hamster and guinea-pig spleen contained proenkephalin-derived opioidergic innervation. Immunoreactivity to both prodynorphin and pro-opiomelanocortin was absent from splenic nerves. In bovine and porcine spleen, fibers immunoreactive for met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, leu-enkephalin and peptide F formed perivascular plexus, traveled in trabecular connective tissue, and extended into the capsule. Spatial relationships with immune cells were apparent in the white and red pulp, excluding lymphoid follicles. Colocalization of enkephalin immunoreactivity with immunoreactivities for tyrosin hydroxylase, dopamin-β-hydroxylase, and neuropeptide Y, but not for substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide were found. Our results provide evidence that opioid expression in splenic innervation is strongly species-dependent and exclusively proenkephalin-derived. Colocalization with marker enzymes of noradrenergic neurons indicates a mainly postganglionic sympathetic origin of proenkephalinergic splenic innervation. Opioidergic perivascular nerves probably control the splenic blood flow. A close interrelationship of opioidergic fibers with immune cells provides the anatomical basis for direct effects of neurally released opioids on splenic immune functions.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Larynx ; Irradiation ; Innervation ; Neuropeptides ; Plasticity ; Substance P ; Enkephalin ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of radiotherapy on neuropeptide expression in the rat larynx were studied. Irradiation was given for five days, 6 or 8 Gray daily. Ten days after the end of irradiation, the larynx, the laryngeal nerves and different ganglia related to the larynx were dissected out from irradiated and control animals and processed for neuropeptide immunohistochemistry. There was an increased immunolabelling for two of the neuropeptides tested, substance P and enkephalin, in the innervation of the subglottic glands and in the acetylcholinesterase-positive ganglionic cells of the local ganglia. These cells were interpreted as representing postganglionic parasympathetic ganglionic cells. The changes seen in the subglottic glands were interpreted as most likely being related to the changing pattern of staining seen in the local ganglia. No changes in substance P-and enkephalin expression were observed in other laryngeal structures, the nodose ganglia, superior cervical ganglia or laryngeal nerve paraganglia. Thus, in certain respects neuropeptide expression in the larynx is modulated by radiotherapy. Since neuropeptides have both neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator effects in airway tissue and since they show effects as growth factors, the occurrence of this plasticity in neuropeptide expression should be taken into consideration in future studies examining the effects of irradiation on normal/diseased airway tissues.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Endolymphatic duct ; Endolymphatic sac ; Vascular supply ; Innervation ; Protein-gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) ; Peptides ; Dopamine-β-hydroxylase ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A study of the ultrastructure, vascularization, and innervation of the endolymphatic duct and sac of the rat has been performed by means of light- and electron-microscopic and immunocytochemical methods. Two different types of epithelial cells have been identified: the ribosome-rich cell and the mitochondria-rich cell. These two cell types make up the epithelium of the complete endolymphatic duct and sac, although differences in their quantitative distribution exist. The morphology of the ribosome-rich cells varies between the different parts of the endolymphatic duct and sac; the morphology of the mitochondria-rich cells remains constant. According to the epithelial composition, vascularization, and structural organization of the lamina propria, both duct and sac are subdivided into three different parts. A graphic reconstruction of the vascular network supplying the endolymphatic duct and sac shows that the vascular pattern varies among the different parts. In addition, the capillaries of the duct are of the continuous type, whereas those supplying the sac are of the fenestrated type. Nerve fibers do not occur within the epithelium of the endolymphatic duct and sac. A few nerve fibers regularly occur in the subepithelial compartment close to the blood vessels; these fibers have been demonstrated in whole-mount preparations by the application of the neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5. Single beaded fibers immunoreactive to substance P and calcitonin-gene related peptide are observed within the same compartment. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons are restricted to the walls of arterioles. Morphological differences between the different portions of the endolymphatic duct and sac are discussed with regard to possible roles in fluid absorption and immunocompetence.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin ; Opioid peptides ; Spleen ; Innervation ; Neuro-immunology ; Species differences ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow ; Pig ; Guinea-pig ; Mouse ; Rat ; Dsungarian hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The opioidergic innervation of the mammalian spleen and possible species differences were investigated. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that splenic nerves of bovine and porcine spleen, but not of rat, mouse, hamster and guinea-pig spleen contained proenkephalin-derived opioidergic innervation. Immunoreactivity to both prodynorphin and pro-opiomelanocortin was absent from splenic nerves. In bovine and porcine spleen, fibers immunoreactive for met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, leu-enkephalin and peptide F formed perivascular plexus, traveled in trabecular connective tissue, and extended into the capsule. Spatial relationships with immune cells were apparent in the white and red pulp, excluding lymphoid follicles. Colocalization of enkephalin immunoreactivity with immunoreactivities for tyrosin hydroxylase, dopamin-β-hydroxylase, and neuropeptide Y, but not for substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide were found. Our results provide evidence that opioid expression in splenic innervation is strongly species-dependent and exclusively proenkephalin-derived. Colocalization with marker enzymes of noradrenergic neurons indicates a mainly postganglionic sympathetic origin of proenkephalinergic splenic innervation. Opioidergic perivascular nerves probably control the splenic blood flow. A close interrelationship of opioidergic fibers with immune cells provides the anatomical basis for direct effects of neurally released opioids on splenic immune functions.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 197-199 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Innervation ; Axon ; Schwann cell ; Differentiation ; Three-dimensional ; Reconstruction ; Mouse-embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electron micrographs from serial cross-sections of 12-day-old mouse forelegs were digitized and three-dimensional reconstruction of the data was carried out on an Apple Macintosh Quadra 700 computer using a program especially designed for this purpose. Two nerve endings of the palmar net of the median nerve were visualized together with their accompanying Schwann cells and the surrounding processes of fibroblasts. Naked axons invade straightly into the embryonic connective tissue and serve as contact guidance for the Schwann cells to follow. Fibroblasts with long processes extend around the axons with a parallel orientation. Contacts between axons and fibroblasts are occasionally observed. It is unclear whether the parallel orientation of nerve endings and fibroblast extensions have any biological significance.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 503-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatophore ; Muscle fibre ; Innervation ; Synapse ; Squid, Loligo vulgaris (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Squid chromatophores are organs of colour change, consisting of a pigment sac opened by contraction of 10–24 radial muscle fibres. The ultrastructure and innervation of these muscle fibres were examined by electron microscopy and diagramatic reconstructions made on the basis of serial ultra-thin sections. At the proximal end of the fibre, nearest the pigment sac a cortical myofilament zone surrounds 2 cores containing mitochrondria; further along the fibre these merge to form one central core. The myofilament zone forms a groove containing a nerve bundle consisting of 2 to 4 axons per muscle fibre. The axons are surrounded by glial cell processes, and either originate from a neighbouring fibre, or join the fibre at some point along its length. Axons twist around each other, forming a series of synapses with the muscle fibre. As many as 6–37 synapses exist along the length of each muscle fibre; the mean synapse interval is 9.05 μm, but the largest may be 123 μm. At the distal end of the muscles, the nerve is located towards the middle of the fibre, which it penetrates as the muscle splits up. Electron-lucent vesicles are present in all synaptic regions, but electron-dense vesicles are only found towards the distal end of the fibre. There is thus a possibility that more than one neurotransmitter is present in the nerves innervating chromatophores. Electron-lucent and dense-cored vesicles are not colocalised.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endolymphatic duct ; Endolymphatic sac ; Vascular supply ; Innervation ; Protein-gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) ; Peptides ; Dopamine-β-hydroxylase ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A study of the ultrastructure, vascularization, and innervation of the endolymphatic duct and sac of the rat has been performed by means of light- and electron-microscopic and immunocytochemical methods. Two different types of epithelial cells have been identified: the ribosome-rich cell and the mitochondria-rich cell. These two cell types make up the epithelium of the complete endolymphatic duct and sac, although differences in their quantitative distribution exist. The morphology of the ribosome-rich cells varies between the different parts of the endolymphatic duct and sac; the morphology of the mitochondria-rich cells remains constant. According to the epithelial composition, vascularization, and structural organization of the lamina propria, both duct and sac are subdivided into three different parts. A graphic reconstruction of the vascular network supplying the endolymphatic duct and sac shows that the vascular pattern varies among the different parts. In addition, the capillaries of the duct are of the continuous type, whereas those supplying the sac are of the fenestrated type. Nerve fibers do not occur within the epithelium of the endolymphatic duct and sac. A few nerve fibers regularly occur in the subepithelial compartment close to the blood vessels; these fibers have been demonstrated in whole-mount preparations by the application of the neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5. Single beaded fibers immunoreactive to substance P and calcitonin-gene related peptide are observed within the same compartment. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons are restricted to the walls of arterioles. Morphological differences between the different portions of the endolymphatic duct and sac are discussed with regard to possible roles in fluid absorption and immunocompetence.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Nerve growth factor ; Transgenic animals ; Keratin ; Innervation ; Hyperinnervation ; Olfactory epithelium ; Taste buds ; Vomeronasal organ ; Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Mouse (Rodentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in neurotrophic support for the extrinsic innervation of the nasal and oral mucosae was investigated in keratin 14 (K14) – NGF transgenic mice in which NGF was overexpressed in K14-synthesizing cells. K14 immunoreactivity was localized in the epithelial basal cells of the whisker pad skin, the hard palate, the floor of the ventral meatus, and the anterior tongue that are stratified squamous epithelia, and also in basal cells of the vomeronasal, olfactory, and respiratory epithelia that are non-stratified epithelia. In transgenic mice, NGF expression was identified and confined primarily to the basal cells of stratified epithelia. The nasal mucosae including the vomeronasal, olfactory, and respiratory mucosae, and the glands associated with the vomeronasal organ received a greater innervation of protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive extrinsic fibers in transgenic animals than nontransgenic controls. An increased density of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive extrinsic fibers was observed in the nonsensory epithelia of the vomeronasal organ, the olfactory sensory and respiratory epithelia in transgenic animals. Our results indicated that the hyperinnervation of the nasal and oral mucosae by extrinsic neurons is due at least partially to target-derived NGF synthesis and release by K14-expressing basal cells.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 503-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Chromatophore ; Muscle fibre ; Innervation ; Synapse - Squid ; Loligo vulgaris (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Squid chromatophores are organs of colour change, consisting of a pigment sac opened by contraction of 10–24 radial muscle fibres. The ultrastructure and innervation of these muscle fibres were examined by electron microscopy and diagramatic reconstructions made on the basis of serial ultra-thin sections. At the proximal end of the fibre, nearest the pigment sac a cortical myofilament zone surrounds 2 cores containing mitochrondria; further along the fibre these merge to form one central core. The myofilament zone forms a groove containing a nerve bundle consisting of 2 to 4 axons per muscle fibre. The axons are surrounded by glial cell processes, and either originate from a neighbouring fibre, or join the fibre at some point along its length. Axons twist around each other, forming a series of synapses with the muscle fibre. As many as 6–37 synapses exist along the length of each muscle fibre; the mean synapse interval is 9.05 μm, but the largest may be 123 μm. At the distal end of the muscles, the nerve is located towards the middle of the fibre, which it penetrates as the muscle splits up. Electron-lucent vesicles are present in all synaptic regions, but electron-dense vesicles are only found towards the distal end of the fibre. There is thus a possibility that more than one neurotransmitter is present in the nerves innervating chromatophores. Electron-lucent and dense-cored vesicles are not colocalised.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Female genital tract ; Innervation ; NADPH-diaphorase ; Nitric oxide ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Pig ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive (NOS-IR) axons and their relationship to structures immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied by means of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) technique or double-labelling immunofluorescence in the genital organs of cow and pig. Relevant neurons were also investigated in the pig. NOS-containing neural structures were TH-immunonegative in bovine or porcine genital organs, or in the studied ganglia. In the bovine ovary, NOS-IR nerves were neither VIP-IR nor SP-IR, whereas in the pig, most NOS-containing axons were also VIP-IR. The oviduct was supplied by single NOS/VIP- or NOS/SP-containing nerves, whereas in the uterus, NOS-IR axons were moderate in number, often being immunoreactive for VIP or SP. Numerous NOS/VIP-IR and NOS/SP-IR nerves were found in the vagina of both species. In all tissues studied, NOS-IR axons were mainly related to vascular smooth muscle. Most of the neurons of the paracervical ganglia and some neurons in dorsal root ganglia exhibited strong NOS activity. Only single neurons in sympathetic ganglia were NADPH-d-positive. Most nitrergic neurons in the autonomic ganglia were VIP-IR but SP-immunonegative. The sensory neurons were mostly NOS/SP-IR, whereas only single neurons co-expressed NOS and VIP immunoreactivity.
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