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  • Coleoptera
  • Springer  (34)
  • Institute of Physics
  • 1995-1999  (34)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1996  (34)
  • 1993
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Keywords
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  • Springer  (34)
  • Institute of Physics
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field trapping of Metamasius hemipterus with synthetic aggregation pheromone (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 453-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Metamasius hemipterus ; aggregation pheromone ; redundancy ; field trapping ; sex-ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The five synthetic pheromone components of the West Indian sugarcane borer (WISB), Metamasius hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were tested in the field. The combination of sugarcane (SC) and the major pheromone compound, 4-methyl-5-nonanol (1) was attractive. However, the addition of 2-methyl-4-heptanol (2) or 2-methyl-4-octanol (3) was required to reach high catch levels while 5-nonanol (4) or 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-nonanone (5) did not enhance WISB attraction. The redundancy phenomenon, here reported for the first time in rhynchophorinous species, was observed between compounds 2 and 3. SC +1 +3 was more attractive than living male baits, however, the sex-ratio of the catches was equivalent between both treatments. The sex-ratio of catches was affected by the qualitative composition of the pheromone formulation. Compound 3 had a sexual role, attracting more females while 5 seemed to play an aggregation role, luring both sexes in the same proportion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343468
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mortality in Oryzaephilus surinamensis following short-term exposure to conditioned kernels by high-density culture (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 555-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Coleoptera ; Cucijidae ; population density ; semiochemicals ; lethal secretions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343481
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Avoidance of willows from moderately polluted area by leaf beetle, Melasoma lapponica: effects of emission or induced resistance? (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aerial pollution ; heavy metals ; sulphur dioxide ; feeding preference ; Salix ; Melasoma lapponica ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; population density ; induced resistance ; plant communication ; Kola Peninsula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied preference for willows along a pollution gradient on the Kola Peninsula, Russia, by the leaf beetle, Melasoma lapponica. Multiple tests with leaf disks demonstrated low preference for Salix borealis, S. caprea and S. phylicifolia from the plot situated 14 km from the smelter, in comparison with conspecific plants from plots situated at 1 and 29 km distances. This pattern was observed when testing beetles orginating from any plot both in 1993 and 1994, using both young and mature leaves of S. borealis. Although fumigation of S. borealis with realistic SO2 concentration (100 μg/m3) increased plant palatability, preference for plants from our study plots did not correlate with plot-specific mean SO2 concentrations. Furthermore, no correlation with foliar concentrations of the main metal pollutants (Ni and Cu) was found. Palatability of plants was negatively correlated with population density of M. lapponica, which peaked in the moderately polluted plot 14 km from the smelter. Within this plot, beetles clearly preferred non-damaged bushes of S. borealis to previously damaged bushes. We therefore conclude that low preference of S. borealis from the moderately polluted area was caused by plant resistance induced by severe damage from M. lapponica in previous years rather than by pollution impact. However, S. caprea and S. phylicifolia had little damage from M. lapponica, and low palatability of these species in the moderately polluted plot suggests changes in plant quality similar to changes in heavily damaged bushes of S. borealis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186294
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraspecific variability in adult flea beetle behaviour and larval performance on an atypical host plant (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 160-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phyllotreta nemorum ; Barbarea vulgaris ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Cruciferae ; resistance ; genetics of insects ; inheritance ; Y-linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194748
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiology and costs of resistance to herbivory and disease in Brassica (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptosphaeria maculans ; Peronospora parasitica ; fungal pathogens ; Phyllotreta cruciferae ; flea beetles ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Cruciferae ; chitinase ; myrosinase ; allocation costs ; plant defense mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used artificial selection experiments to study genetic allocation costs and physiological mechanisms of resistance to herbivory and fungal disease. Genetic costs to resistance were present in some instances and absent in others. Genetic resistance to the fungal pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans was cost-free, while resistance to Peronospora parasitica showed a negative genetic correlation between disease resistance and growth rate. Leptosphaeria resistant genotypes had 13% higher chitinase activity. Genetic increases in myrosinase activity were correlated with increased resistance to flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae), but resulted in lower plant fecundity, presumably due to production costs of myrosinase. Genetic costs of resistance may maintain genetic variation in natural plant populations. These studies demonstrate the predictive and explanatory power of a functional approach to plant-herbivore and plant-pathogen interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194764
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tritrophic interactions among larval parasitoids, bruchids and Leguminosae seeds; influence of pre-and post-emergence learning on parasitoids' response to host and host-plant cues (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 293-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ectoparasitoids ; semiochemicals ; parasite host-selection ; Eupelmus vuilleti ; Hymenoptera ; Eupelmidae ; Dinarmus basalis ; Pteromalidae ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Bruchidius atrolineatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194778
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographic variation in feeding and mating preferences in the Phratora tibialis complex (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 311-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: leaf beetles ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding preference ; mating ; willows ; Salix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194781
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of host plant and cucurbitacin on growth of larval Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 81 (1996), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: southern corn rootworm ; plant-insect interaction ; plant chemistry ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of host plant and dietary cucurbitacin on the growth of larval southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Chrysomelidae: Luperini), were investigated. SCR were reared on four hosts: corn, Zea mays; peanuts, Arachis hypogaea; and two squash varieties, Cucurbita pepo cv. Ambassador (containing cucurbitacin D (0.08 mg g−1 fr.wt.) = bitter), and C. pepo cv. Early Yellow Crookneck (lacking cucurbitacin = non-bitter). Larval growth was significantly greater on corn and peanuts than on either squash variety. After four weeks, adults had emerged from corn and peanut plants, while squash-reared larvae had not yet entered the pupal stage. There was no difference in larval growth on the two varieties of squash. Primary metabolite measurements showed no nutritional differences between the two squash varieties. Artificial diet experiments were used to test the effect of three concentrations of cucurbitacin D (0.0, 0.1, and 0.6 mg g−1 diet) on growth of larval SCR. Larvae reared on diet containing 0.6 mg g−1 cucurbitacin weighed significantly less than larvae reared on diet containing 0.1 mg g−1 or no cucurbitacin after 10 d. No significant difference in growth was measured between the 0.1 mg g−1 diet and the 0.0 mg g−1 diet. Results are discussed relative to theories about the relationship between diabroticites and cucurbitacins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187837
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spring behavioral patterns of the apple blossom weevil (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diel cycle ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual pairs of overwintered adult apple blossom weevils, Anthonomus pomorum (L.), confined with apple twigs under different ambient temperatures in the laboratory and on apple trees in the field, were observed through day and night for their spring activities. Flight behavior in relation to ambient temperature was also investigated under laboratory conditions using flight stands. Both sexes displayed predominantly nocturnal behavior patterns in both the laboratory and the field. Feeding, crawling, and mating activities increased following sunset in the field or onset of scotophase in the laboratory while resting occurred most frequently during daylight hours. Results of the laboratory experiments showed that temperature affected significantly the activity patterns. The diel pattern of activities became less distinctive at higher temperatures (above 15°C), and total activities in crawling, feeding, and mating were suppressed significantly at lower temperatures (below 5°C). Over 97% of the test weevils initiated take-off response from flight stands at 20°C within the 30 min trial period; however, flight initiation rarely occurred at temperatures 12°C or below. Overall, results of the laboratory and field experiments indicate that A. pomorum is a remarkably cold-adapted insect with ability to crawl, feed, and mate at a few degrees above freezing, a physiological attribute necessary for the exploitation of early stages of apple bud development in the cold early spring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333816
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Snowdrop and wheatgerm lectins and avidin as antimetabolites for the control of sugarcane whitegrubs (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 409-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Antitrogus consanguineus ; Antitrogus parvulus ; avidin ; snowdrop lectin ; wheatgerm lectin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Snowdrop and wheatgerm lectins were found to be insecticidal and growth inhibiting dietary proteins for larvae of the sugarcane whitegrub Antitrogus parvulus. At concentrations as low as 0.5 mg of snowdrop lectin per gram of semi-artificial diet, growth was inhibited by 21 days of feeding and significant mortality was apparent by 28 days. Wheatgerm lectin was active at similar concentrations, although expression of the effects was slower. Avidin was found to be a growth inhibiting dietary protein for larvae of Antitrogus consanguineus. At levels as low as 0.01 mg g-1 of diet, growth was inhibited by 28 days of feeding. Avidin caused no significant mortality after 35 days of feeding. Snowdrop and wheatgerm lectins and avidin are insect growth-inhibiting proteins whose genes potentially could be manipulated into sugarcane and improve host-plant resistance to whitegrubs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188033
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flight activity ofProstephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in relation to population density, resource quality, age, and sex (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 339-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Prostephanus truncatus ; larger grain borer ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; flight ; stored product insect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Higher flight activity has been observed in aged, high-density cultures ofProstephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), but adults in new, lowdensity culture jars showed less flight activity. In order to understand this change in behavior, the effects of population density, age, resource quality, and sex on the flight ofP. truncatus were studied in a wind tunnel. While an immediate density on the release platform had no significant effect on flight, beetles from high-density cultures were more inclined to fly than those from low-density cultures. Resource quality exerted a major influence on flight; insects in food suitable for boring and oviposition seldomly exhibited flight, however, when food was absent or of inferior quality for boring and oviposition, the dominant behavior was flight. Also, insects maintained for a week in food suitable for boring and oviposition were less ready to fly than those maintained in food unsuitable for boring and oviposition. The optimum age range for flight activity was before the peak of reproduction and insects rarely flew before 4 days or after 32 days of emergence. There were no significant differences between the flight activity of males and that of females. Based on these results, we conclude that age and resource quality are major influences on the flight activity ofP. truncatus and a hypothesis is proposed in which reproductively active male and female beetles disperse from habitats of low resource quality to those that support their reproductive behavior. The practical implications of these results and the possible role of the male-produced aggregation pheromone are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02213876
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  • 12
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    Nα-quinaldyl-L-arginine·HCl, a new defensive alkaloid fromSubcoccinella-24-punctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 628-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Subcoccinella-24-punctata ; chemical defense ; quinoline alkaloid ; Nα-quinaldyl-L-arginine·HCl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The isolation of Nα-quinaldyl-L-arginine·HCl (1) from the CoccinellidaeSubcoccinella-24-punctata is reported. The structure, first established on the basis of the analysis of the spectral properties of1, has been confirmed by synthesis. The alkaloid is of endogenous origin and markedly deterrent to ants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01969744
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Performance of first instarChrysophtharta bimaculata larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on nine families ofEucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae) (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 94-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: herbivory ; plant resistance ; leaf colour ; leaf toughness ; tree growth rate ; leaf nutrients ; terpenes ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Paropsinae ; Chrysophtharta bimaculata ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus regnans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In bagged and unbagged shoot experiments, we investigated the survival and growth rate of first instar larvae ofChrysophtharta bimaculata on 9 families of a natural host,Eucalyptus regnans. Families used had been previously assessed as being either of low or high susceptibility toC. bimaculata damage. In conjunction with larval experiments, we measured 24 tree and leaf characteristics (including foliar elemental concentrations, foliar terpenes, leaf toughness and tree growth rates) and attempted to correlate the plant characters measured with differences in larval performance and previous scorings ofE. regnans family susceptibility. First instar larval growth and survival did not differ significantly across families or between low and high susceptibility family groups (=susceptibility classes), although survival was significantly greater in bagged than unbagged treatments. As predators were in low abundance at the study site, we attribute higher survival rates of larvae in bagged treatments to increased protection from adverse weather conditions. Only one plant character measured, an unidentified foliar phlorglucinol, was significantly negatively correlated with larval survival. Of the 24 plant characters measured, 11 were significantly different between families and 10 were signficantly different between susceptibility classes. Only 4 plant characters were significantly different at both the family and susceptibility class levels;viz. proportion red leaves, tree height at end of season, trunk volume at end of season and relative growth rate based on tree height. Principle Component Analysis using all plant characters measured, or subsets of them, could not separate individual families or susceptibility classes. Our results suggest that herbivore resistance mechanisms inE. regnans do not affectC. bimaculata larvae, but may influence adult feeding and/or oviposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239486
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    The use of the tergal gland defensive secretion in male intrasexual aggression of the rove beetle,Aleochara curtula (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), measured by closed-loop-stripping-analyses and tandem bioassay — mass fragmentography (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 24-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: male aggression ; defensive secretion ; tergal gland ; closed-loop-stripping-analyses ; tandem bioassay ; mass fragmentography ; 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Aleochara curtula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone as a target compound of the tergal gland secretion of the rove beetle,Aleochara curtula, was quantified from the reservoirs of individual beetles. Males store less secretion than females, and they evaporate more of the secretion as measured by adsorption from the air (closed-loop-stripping-analysis). The amount of emitted quinone is increased during aggressive interactions of rival males. The pulsed emission of the secretion during aggression is demonstrated by a novel technique combining observation of behavior with the on-line measurement of target fragment ions by mass-spectrometry (tandem bioassay — mass fragmentography). The emission of the secretion is used as a weapon in combats between males and may result in the repulsion of subordinate males from the mating site, but may also serve to mimic females chemically in order to avoid aggressive encounters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240634
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: kairomone ; behavior ; cucurbitacin ; Cucurbitaceae ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Luperini ; Aulacophora ; Diabrotica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245968
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  • 16
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    Odour profile congruity in two closely related desert tenebrionid beetles: Homology as the basis for a cleptoparasitic relationship? (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 156-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: subsociality ; cleptoparasitism ; mimetism ; odour congruity ; homology ; defensive secretions ; Kalahari desert ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; Parastizopus armaticeps ; Eremostibes opacus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Parastizopus armaticeps andEremostibes opacus are two closely related desert tenebrionids which also live in close association, the former having biparental brood care and the latter cleptoparasitising the brood.E. opacus is unable to discriminate between the conspecific and host odour even in the absence of physical contact. Gas chromatographic analysis of headspace volatiles of resting animals showed almost complete qualitative and quantitative odour congruity between them. Comparison of these odour profiles with those of two other tenebrionids sharing the same ecological niche,Gonopus agrestis andHerpiscius sp. (damaralis?) showed that congruity was independent of common foodplant utilisation. It is also independent of common defensive gland secretions. Parallels between resting odour spectra, defensive secretion spectra and systematic status suggest that the origins of congruity lie in odour homology, by means of which the cleptoparasite was able to exploit its host.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245969
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  • 17
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    Volatile substances in the pygidial secretion of gyrinid beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 191-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: volatile substances ; pygidial secretion ; defence ; communication ; species differences ; Coleoptera ; Gyrinidae ; Gyrinus spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gyrinid beetles are common in freshwater habitats. They have paired pygidial glands with a secretion that contains high molecular weight substances rendering them toxic for predatory fish. In this paper we report on a laboratory study on volatile components released by three different gyrinid species when irritated. The volatile pattern had a clear difference between the different species.Gyrinus substriatus andG. aeratus, both produced 3-methyl-1-butanal and 3-methyl-1-butanol when irritated, but in quite different amounts. The third tested species,G. minutus, did not produce any substances above the detection level. It is suggested that the volatile compounds may be part of the beetles' communication and/or defence system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01266313
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Grain weevil,Sitophilus granarius (L.): Antennal and behavioral responses to male-produced volatiles (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1639-1654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus granarius ; grain weevil ; Coleoptera ; aggregation pheromone ; electroantennogram ; coupled GC-EAG ; behavioral bioassay ; circular dichroism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Coupled GC-EAG techniques have been applied to the study of volatiles from the grain weevil,Sitophilus granarius. for the first time. The size of EAG response was independent of the sex of the responding insect but was consistently larger to extracts of males than those of females. This difference was reflected in a behavioral preference for the male extracts by mated adults of both sexes tested together and virgin adults of both sexes tested separately. The GC-EAG results provide evidence for two materials that are released specifically by the males. Using circular dichroism. one has been found to be identical stereochemically with the (2S,3R)-sitophilate reported by others as the aggregation pheromone in a different strain. This enhances the prospects for the development of a single pheromone lure that would be generally applicable whatever the origin of the strain. The small amount of sitophilate found in the males suggests that it is not stored in large amounts. The other material, present in such a small amount that it has yet to be fully characterized, elicits a higher antennal activity than sitophilate and may have a significant role to play in enhancing the trap catch of this economically important pest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272404
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  • 19
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    What factors influence the diversity of saproxylic beetles? A multiscaled study from a spruce forest in southern Norway (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 75-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: saproxylic ; Coleoptera ; spruce forest ; spatial scale ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The diversity in different groups of obligate saproxylic beetles was related to ecological variables at three levels of spatial scale in mature spruce-dominated forest. The variables were connected to: (i) decaying wood, (ii) wood-inhabiting fungi, (iii) the level of disturbance, (iv) landscape ecology, and (v) vegetational structure. Several strong relationships were found at medium (1 km2) and large scales (4 km2), while only weak relationships were found at a small scale (0.16 ha; 1 ha=104 m2). This may be explained by the local variations in habitat parameters and the high mobilities of many beetle species. Factors connected to decaying wood and wood-inhabiting fungi were clearly the most important factors at all scale levels. In particular, the variables diversity of dead tree parts, number of dead trees of large diameter and number of polypore fungi species increased the species richness of many groups and increased the abundance of many species. Eight species were absent below a certain density of decaying wood per 1 or 4 km2. Former extensive cutting was a negative factor at large scale, probably because of decreasing recolonization with increasing distance to the source habitats. Thinning reduced the diversity of species associated with birch. The development of guidelines favouring the diversity of saproxylic beetles are discussed below.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00056293
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  • 20
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    Multiple-chromosome sex systems in the darkling beetles Blaps gigas and Blaps gibba (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Genetica 97 (1996), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: karyology ; banded chromosomes ; Coleoptera ; darkling beetles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied mitotic and meiotic chromosomes in the males of two species of Blaps: B. gigas and B. gibba. Karyological characteristics such as the occurrence of a multivalent configuration at diakinesis and two types of metaphase-II spreads support the notion that multiple-chromosome sex systems involving five chromosomes in B. gigas and eight chromosomes in B. gibba have developed in these species. Results obtained by means of silver staining and C-banding techniques suggest that the complex sex systems occurring in B. gigas and B. gibba may have originated from exchanges of terminal ribosomal genes among the Y chromosome and some autosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054629
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    Green leaf volatiles as antiaggregants for the mountain pine beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1861-1875 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mountain pine beetle ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; antiaggregant ; verbenone ; green leaf volatiles ; 1-hexanol ; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (E)-3-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that green leaf volatiles act as antiaggregants for the mountain pine beetle (MPB),Dendroctonus ponderosac Hopkins. In coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis MPB antennae responded to 30 ng doses of all six-carbon green leaf alcohols tested [1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol], but not to the aldehydes, hexanal or (E)-2-hexenal, or to alcohol or aldehyde homologues with more or fewer than six carbon atoms. In field trapping experiments a blend of green leaf alcohols [1-hexanol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol] effectively disrupted the response to attractive semiochemicals; a blend of the aldehydes hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal was inactive. The two best disruptants. (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, reduced catches of both sexes to levels not significantly different from catches in unbaited control traps. They also reduced the attack on trees baited with attractive MBP pheromones to a level not significantly different from that on unbaited control trees. Neither of the clerid predators captured,Enoclerus sphegeus (F.) norThanasimus undatulus (Say), was repelled by green leaf volatiles. Our results suggest that green leaf alcohols are promising disruptants which may be used to supplement the antiaggregation pheromone, verbenone, in protecting single high-value trees as well as carefully selected stands with low-level populations of MPBs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02028509
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    Scarab beetleAnomala albopilosa albopilosa utilizes a more complex sex pheromone system than a similar speciesA. cuprea (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2001-2010 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; GC-EAD ; methyl benzoate ; 2-(E)-nonenal ; 2-(E)-nonenol ; (R, Z)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four compounds have been identified as sex pheromone constituents of the scarab beetleAnomala albopilosa albopilosa, namely (R, Z)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one (buibuilactone), 2-(E)-nonenol, 2-(E)-nonenal, and methyl benzoate (in the ratio 10:3:3:1). The diel rhythm of pheromone release inA. a. albopilosa showed a peak at the beginning of the scotophase, which is also a peak of mating activity. On the other hand, the similar speciesA. cuprea utilizes a two-constituent sex pheromone, having a common major component, but the pheromone is released both during scoto-and photophase. Temporal difference in mating activity and pheromone release along with chemical diversity seem to form the basis for maintaining species specificity in pheromonal communication betweenA. a. albopilosa andA. cuprea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040091
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    Effect of ethanol and α-pinene on response of ambrosia beetle,Trypodendron lineatum, to lineatin-baited funnel and drainpipe traps (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2187-2196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; Scolytidae ; ambrosia beetle ; lineatin ; ethanol ; α-pinene ; pheromone ; semiochemical ; Coleoptera ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofT. lineatum to ethanol and α-pinene, when used with the pheromone lineatin, was tested for two trap types. Funnel traps, which are passive barrier traps, caught significantly more beetles than drainpipe traps, which require an active response by the beetle to enter the trap. However, the response ofT. lineatum to the semiochemical treatments did not significantly differ for the two trap types. Treatments that included α-pinene with the pheromone, either with or without ethanol, caught significantly moreT. lineatin than those with the pheromone alone. When ethanol and or α-pinene were added to the pheromone significantly more female beetles were trapped than with pheromone alone. Male-female ratios were significantly lower for both types of traps when ethanol was included in the bait than for lineatin alone or with α-pinene. A higher percentage of male beetles entered the drainpipe traps than was captured with funnel traps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029539
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    Reproductive biology of the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle,Psacothea hilaris (pascoe) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). III. Identification of contact sex pheromone on female body surface (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 259-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular hydrocarbon ; contact pheromone ; sex pheromone ; mating behavior ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; Psacothea hilaris ; (Z)-21-methyl-8-pentatriacontene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A major component of female contact sex pheromone of the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle,Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe), was isolated from the elytra and identified as (Z)-21-methyl-8-pentatriacontene. The synthetic compound released the typical mating behavior including holding, mounting, and abdominal bending in males, although its activity was considerably lower than the extract of female elytra when treated on a gelatin capsule as an artificial female model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055097
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    Stereoselective synthesis of dominicalure 1 and 2: Components of aggregation pheromone from male lesser grain borerRhyzopertha dominica (F.) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; dominicalure ; (S)-(+)-2-pentanol ; asymmetric reduction ; (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid ; (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dominicalure 1 (9a) and dominicalure 2 (9b), were synthesized by esterification of α,β-unsaturated acids4a and4b with (S)-(+)-2-pentanol (8). The key step was the asymmetric reduction of 3-penten-2-one (5) to give the chiral intermediate6, which, upon diimide reduction, DNB derivatization, recrystallization, and hydrolysis, yielded8 in 63% ee. Acids4a and4b were prepared in a simple and efficient three-step synthesis with an overall yield of 54% and 62%, respectively, in stereoisomerically pure form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033577
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    Corn volatiles as attractants for northern and western corn rootworm beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae:Diabrotica spp.) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1237-1253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Diabrotica barberi ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Zea mays ; corn rootworm ; host finding ; monoterpene ; isoprenoid ; attractant ; kairomone ; synergism ; geranylacetone ; α-terpineol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic corn volatiles and selected analogs were tested in commercial corn fields for attractiveness to feral northern (NCR,Diabrotica barberi) and western corn rootworm beetles (WCR,D. virgifera virgifera). Two new attractants, geranylacetone and α-terpineol, were identified among corn terpenes and compared at four stages in crop development with the phenylpropanoid standards cinnamyl alcohol and 4-methoxy-cinnamaldehyde, with each component at 30 mg/trap. Dose-response relationships (0.1–100 mg/trap) and efficacy of two-component blends (30 mg/component) were also examined. More beetles were captured on traps baited with (+)- than (−)-α-terpineol, but the difference was statistically significant only for WCR. Captures with geranylacetone or (+)-α-terpineol were directly proportional to the logarithm of the attractant dose. WCR females were attracted to as little as 0.1 mg of either compound. WCR males required ≥ 1.0 mg of (+)-α-terpineol and were not attracted to geranylacetone at any dose. NCR required ≥0.3 mg of either attractant and showed less marked response differences between the sexes than did WCR. Geranylacetone and cinnamyl alcohol were equally effective attractants, whereas (+)-α-terpineol was significantly less attractive to WCR but more attractive to NCR than was 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde. Corn terpenes and phenylpropanoid standards produced similar seasonal response patterns in that captures tended to rise in each case as the season progressed, except during silking when no compound was attractive. Mixing corn terpenes or phenylpropanoid standards synergized responses of WCR females, but (+)-α-terpineol suppressed attraction of NCR females to geranylacetone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02266963
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    Volatile compounds from crabapple (Malus spp.) cultivars differing in susceptibility to the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1295-1305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Poplillia japonica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; crabapple ; Malus spp. ; semiochemical ; linalool ; attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The volatile compounds emitted by leaves of four crabapple cultivars susceptible to damage by Japanese beetles and four relatively resistant cultivars were examined. Twelve compounds, mostly terpene hydrocarbons, were identified from intact leaves. The terpenes (E)-β-ocimene, caryophylene, germacrene D and (E,E)-α-farnesene occurred in significantly higher levels in susceptible cultivars, whereas resistant cultivars produced greater amounts of (E)-4,8-dimethyl 1,3,7-nonatriene and linalool. The relative attractiveness of the cultivars as determined in a pitfall bioassay, however, was not related to their susceptibility to the Japanese beetle as previously determined by defoliation sustained in the field. The attractiveness of individual cultivars was found to be positiviely correlated with linalool as a percent of the total volatile blend emitted by leaves. This study and previous work suggest that variation in susceptibility of crabapple cultivars to defoliation by Japanese beetles is not due to the attractiveness of the individual cultivars but rather to nonvolatile components of susceptibility and/or resistance. A scenario for host location by the Japanese beetle is presented.
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    Dichloromethane attracts diabroticite larvae in a laboratory behavioral bioassay (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1331-1344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi ; Diabrotica balteata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomeljdae ; semiochemical ; structure-activity ; host-finding ; carbon dioxide ; corn ; soybeans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A two-choice laboratory behavioral bioassay was used to demonstrate that dichloromethane elicits the dose-dependent attraction of secondinstar western and southern corn rootworms. Preliminary data suggest that second-instar banded cucumber beetles are also attracted to dichloromethane. An eluotropic series of 10 materials, including distilled water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, ethyl dichloroacetate, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, benzene, hexadecane, and hexane, was tested for attraction of western corn rootworm larvae. Dichloromethane was the only one attractive at all doses tested, and orthogonal comparisons revealed a quadratic trend (convex) for responses of larvae to increasing dose. Benzene and hexadecane also attracted larvae, but significantly fewer than dichloromethane, and only at three doses and one dose, respectively. Orthogonal comparisons revealed no linear or quadratic trend for responses of larvae to increasing doses of either compound. Dichloromethane is the first organic compound demonstrated to attract western corn rootworm larvae in the absence of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide has previously been reported to attract western corn rootworm larvae either independently or when combined with other organic compounds, and the sensitivity of our bioassay was tested by demonstrating the dose-dependent attraction of western corn rootworm larvae to carbonated water as a carbon dioxide source. We have also demonstrated the attraction of southern corn rootworm larvae to carbon dioxide and propose that carbon dioxide and dichloromethane behave analogously when they interact with chemoreceptor sites on larvae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02266970
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    Aggregation of the scarab beetleHolotrichia consanguinea in response to female-released pheromone suggests secondary function hypothesis for semiochemical (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1557-1566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; anisole ; indole ; phenol ; aggregation behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pheromone system of the scarab beetleH. consanguinea, an agricultural pest native to India, was investigated by extracting abdominal glands of females with dichloromethane and ether and analyzing them by GC-MS. Indoor bioassays with the natural product separated on a silica gel column showed that males responded to the hexane-ether (80:20) fraction by displaying a clear sexual behavior. Although the indoor bioassay-oriented approach did not lead to the identification of the active compound(s), field tests of candidate chemicals—anisole, indole, and phenol—showed that beetles responded strongly to anisole. Males and females were captured in anisolebaited traps in a ratio close to 1:1. Nearly the same sex ratio was also observed in beetles captured over the time during the flight activity of the beetles in the field. Because no clear evolutionary basis exists for why competing females are attracted to the semiochemical, it was simply referred to as a “female-released pheromone.”
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    Pheromone chirality of asian palm weevils,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) andR. vulneratus (Panz.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 357-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rhynchophorus ; aggregation pheromone ; pheromone chirality ; 4-methyl-5-nonanol and 4-methyl-5-nonanone ; Asian palm weevils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Production of 4-methyl-5-nonanol, and 4-methyl-5-nonanone by two sympatric Asian palm weevils,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) andR. vulneratus (Panz.) suggested that enantiospecificity of either compound could impart species specificity of pheromone communication. Weevil-produced, racemic 4-methyl-5-nonanol and 4-methyl-5-nonanone and their stereoselectively synthesized optical isomers were subjected to gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS) on a chiral Cyclodex-B column. Only theS,S stereoisomer of 4-methyl-5-nonanol was EAD active and was produced by bothR. ferrugineus andR. vulneratus. Production and EAD activity of (S)-4-methyl-5-nonanone exceeded that of its antipode in both weevils. In field experiments in Java. (4S, 5S)-4-methyl-5-nonanol and the stereoisomeric mixture were equally attractive. The 4R,5R stereoisomer was inactive. The corresponding ketone enantiomers neither enhanced nor reduced attraction to (4S,5S)-4-methyl-5-nonanol. Lack of apparent differences betweenR. ferrugineus andR. vulneratus pheromones suggests that synonomy of both weevils should be considered unless other pre- or postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms are disclosed in future studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055104
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    Olfactory responses ofIps plastographus maritimus lanier (coleoptera: Scolytidae) to insect and host-associated volatiles in the laboratory (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2299-2316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips plastographus maritimus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Pinus radiata ; host volatiles ; aggregation pheromone ; sex-specific response ; attraction ; interruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Attraction of both sexes ofIps plastographus maritimus Lanier to bark-phloem-xylem discs of Monterey pine,Pinus radiata D. Don, was demonstrated in the laboratory. Increasing concentrations of male and female volatiles trapped separately and released in a one-to-one ratio decreased attraction for both sexes combined. Attraction of both sexes to volatiles derived from males and females tunneling together in a one-to-one ratio increased with increasing concentration of extract. Attraction of males and females to male-infested discs and to trapped male volatiles increased with increasing dose of males or male extract. Attraction of males and females to female-infested discs and to trapped female volatiles was also demonstrated. The presence of females in male galleries reduced the attractiveness of infested disks to both sexes combined. Increasing numbers of females, tunneling separately from males in the same disc, reduced attraction of males, but not females. When a constant attractive dose of male volatiles was released with increasing doses of female volatiles, there was no difference in response of either sex when female volatiles were present compared with the response to male volatiles alone. When a constant attractive dose of male volatiles was released with increasing concentrations of volatiles derived from males and females tunneling together in a one-to-one ratio, attraction ofI. p. maritimus decreased. Response of females was frequently higher than that of males to the same attractant source. Hence, both sexes produce an attractant, and both sexes tunneling together in the same gallery reduce attraction of males and females to an attractive dose of male attractant.
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    Mass-trapping ofCarpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in stone fruit orchards using synthetic aggregation pheromones and a coattractant: Development of a strategy for population suppression (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1541-1556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus mutilatus ; Carpophilus davidsoni ; Carpophilus hemipterus ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; aggregation pheromones ; mass-trapping ; stone fruit ; population suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted in southern New South Wales to evaluate the potential of mass-trapping using synthetic aggregation pheromones and a coattractant as a control option forCarpophilus spp. in stone fruit orchards. A cordon of 54 pipe and 54 funnel traps (one trap of each type per perimeter tree) baited with pheromones ofC. mutilatus andC. davidsoni and coattractant (fermenting bread dough) was maintained around an apricot orchard for three weeks prior to harvest. The incidence ofCarpophilus spp. in ripe fruit in the center of the orchard was significantly reduced compared to a nearby orchard or the perimeter trees containing traps. A cordon of 16 water-filled Magnet funnel traps baited with pheromones ofC. mutilatus andC. davidsoni and coattractant was placed around a 9 × 9 block of trees in a peach orchard (single traps on alternate perimeter trees). This trapping regime significantly reduced infestation of fruit baits byCarpophilus spp. in the center tree over a period of six weeks compared to fruit baits in trap trees and distant (100 m) control trees. However, cordons of eight pheromone traps within 1 m of single trees or a single trap adjacent to a tree increasedCarpophilus spp. infestation of fruit baits by up to 7.5 × compared to trees without pheromone traps. Mass-trapping based on perimeter positioning of pheromone traps (at a yet to be determined distance from protected trees) appears to show potential as a control strategy forCarpophilus spp. in stone fruit orchards during fruit ripening and harvest but traps too close to trees must be avoided. Development of a strategy for population suppression is discussed with respect to trap type, efficacy, positioning, and density; pheromone and coattractant delivery systems; and orchard sanitation.
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    Temporal clumping of bark beetle arrival at pheromone traps: Modeling anemotaxis in chaotic plumes (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2133-2155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Orientation ; attraction ; odor-modulated anemotaxis ; pheromone plumes ; casting ; simulation models ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Lepidoptera ; Anemotaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sequence of arrival of the bark beetlesIps typographus andPityogenes chalcographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) at traps baited with their synthetic pheromones was monitored with a portable fraction collector. Histograms of the natural arrival patterns of both species were nonrandom and clumped at shorter time scales (1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, or 6-min cells) but appeared random at larger time scales (10, 20 or 30 min). Monte Carlo generation of similar histograms showed them to be random at all of these time scales. A stochastic computer model could graphically simulate insect orientation to odor sources based on present theories of odor-modulated anemotaxis and casting. Although this model was used throughout, since it assumes only that insects cast perpendicular to the current wind direction, a second model could slightly improve orientation success. However, the second model requires that the insect remember its ground path (upwind) prior to losing the plume (after an abrupt wind direction change). The effects of casting and flight parameters on orientation success and randomness of arrival sequence within various plumes were determined by simulation. Similarly, the effects of random walks in plume direction, plume width, and wind speed were explored. The results showed that dynamic random variations in plume direction and especially wind speed could cause an otherwise random arrival sequence (e.g., under constant wind) to become clumped and nonrandom. Therefore, the clumped arrival patterns of bark beetles and other insects, includingSpodoptera litura, at pheromone sources could result from random-walk fluctuations in wind speed and wind direction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040099
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    Identification of sex pheromones from cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus, and related studies withC. analis (coleoptera: Bruchidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2233-2249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carboxylic acids ; Leguminosae ; pulses ; stored products ; seed weevils ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; Coleoptera ; cowpea weevil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female cowpea weevils,Callosobruchus maculatus, produce a sex pheromone that elicits orientation and sexual behavior in males. Bioassay-directed isolation of the sex pheromone was conducted and compounds in the active fraction were identified and synthesized. Volatiles were collected from individual virgin females by adsorption on filter paper dises and hexane extraction. A bioassay was used in which the locomotory response of single males in glass vials was recorded upon exposure to treatments or controls. Crude extracts were subjected to silica gel column chromatography with solvents of increasing polarity; all activity eluted with methanol. Activity in the highly polar methanol fraction suggested a carboxylic acid or a compound with multiple polar functionality. Acid-base partitioning of the crude extract isolated all activity in the acid fraction, confirming that the pheromone was a carboxylic acid. The acid fraction was further fractionated by preparative GC with a Carbowax column. The most active GC fraction contained the following five 8-carbon acids identified by GC-MS and comparison with synthetic candidates: 3-methyleneheptanoic acid, (Z)-3-methyl-3-heptenoic acid, (E)-3-methyl-3-heptenoic acid, (Z)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid, and (E)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid. Each of the synthetic acids was active individually for males, and combinations of two or more of the acid pheromones had an additive effect. Upwind flight responses to natural and synthetic pheromones were observed in a flight tunnel. (Z)-3-Methyl-2-heptenoic acid was previously identified as the sex pheromone for the relatedC. analis, but this and the other four acid pheromones fromC. maculatus were inactive for maleC. analis. There was no cross-attraction betweenC. maculatus andC. analis in reciprocal studies using extracted volatiles from females of both species, GC-MS analysis ofC. analis female volatiles failed to detect any of theC. maculatus compounds but did find an unidentified C-8 acid with a GC retention time different from any of theC. maculatus pheromones.
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