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  • 101
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 185-207 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The maximum principle of deterministic optimal control, which has proved to be a very useful tool in theoretical bioeconomics, is extended in this article to cover the optimal exploitation of a biological resource vulnerable to catastrophic collapse, the probability of which may depend in general on the state of the resource, the current control and time. A general formulation of the maximum principle for such stochastic problems is presented and a number of applications are outlined. These include: optimal harvesting of a fishery vulnerable to catastrophic collapse; optimal thinning of a forest vulnerable to fire; optimal expenditure and investment in forest fire protection and optimal consumption-pollution tradeoffs in an ecosystem vulnerable to pollution-related collapse. In addition an application of the method to a highly stylized behavioral ecology model is given.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 219-239 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) is a highly migratory fish occupying the continental shelf and slope off the west coast of North America. The species spawns in January off southern California and northern Mexico. During spring and summer the older and larger fish will migrate as far north as central Vancouver Island. Recruitment is highlys variable, with strong year classes often supporting the commercial fishery during several years of low recruitment. The level of recruitment appears to be independent of the size of the spawning population. A simple bioeconomic model of the Pacific whiting is constructed with independent recruitment. Fishery production functions are estimated from data on U.S. catch, average annual biomass and the number of vessels in the U.S. fleet. A stochastic optimization problem, seeking to maximize the expected value of industry profit, is formulated. Its solution would require a joint distribution on future recruiment and other bioeconomic parameters. Such a distribution is problematic. As an alternative, the certainty-equivalent problem is solved yielding solution values for the stochastic equilibrium and an approximately-optimal rule that sets allowable catch based on an estimate of current-year biomass. Adaptive management can result in large changes in fleet size and allowable catch from year to year. The whiting fishery might be characterized as an opportunistic fishery, requiring a generalist fleet to expand or contract as bioeconomic conditions warrant. It is possible that longrun conditions would not support a profitable fishery, but that short-run fishing is profitable based on previous years of strong recruitment. The situation is not dissimilar to that facing the owner of a marginal gold mine that opens or closes depending on the price of gold. In the case of the whiting fishery, the optimal level of short-run fishing will depend not only on price, but on current biomass, the annual cost of fishing, the discount rate and vessel productivity. A simple interactive program is provided for would-be managers.
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  • 103
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 275-293 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract I explore the nonlinear behavior of a model in which the number of adults in each year is the sum of recruitment (which depends nonlinearly on adult abundanceT years in the past) and a constant fraction (survival) of adults in the previous year. Adding even a small amount of age structure to the semelparous version of this model (by increasing adult survival from zero) is stabilizing in that: (1) it shifts the value of slope at which the linearized model becomes unstable about the equilibrium to a lower value; and (2) it stretches the pattern of period doubling bifurcations so that bifurcations occur at much lower values of the slope. For the iteroparous case with a maturation and survival pattern reasonably typical of long-lived organisms, the period of cycles or quasi-cycles produced increases continuously as the slope of the stock-recruitment function decreases. The possibility of arbitrarily long cycles is not predicted by the linear theory, and has important practical implictions for analyses of cyclic populations. Both truncation of the age structure and an upper limit on recruitment seem to remove this gradual increase in period. However, the former can give rise to doubling of the period. Although the nonlinear behavior is not analysed in detail, a qualitative interpretation of the behavior of this model in terms of population inertia seems to explain the behavior observed in these numerical simulations.
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  • 104
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 355-378 
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  • 105
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 313-334 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Studies of plant and animal populations have demonstrated the occurrence of multiple and mixed life history strategies such as polymodal timing of germination and emergence from dormancy. We present the results of a simulation model used to test whether between-year variance in mortality can lead to the persistence of multiple hatching strategies considered over an ecological time scale (50 years). The model is based on the general life history characteristics of a population of planktonic copepods (Diaptomus sanguineus) in Bullhead Pond, Rhode Island. Our model results demonstrate that, given a range of between-year variance in mortality, multiple strategies for timing of emergence can persist in a common environment for ecologically relevant periods of time. A qualitative test of the model comparing field estimates of mean and variance of mortality in Bullhead Pond with the region of persistence indicates that the model results are in approximate agreement with field estimates. The results suggest that variability in year-to-year selection pressures, such as predation or harsh winters, may play an important role in determining the evolution of life histories.
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  • 106
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 379-400 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract We here report the results of a dynamic programming model of the breeding season of a bird, patterned after the Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus) nesting near Ithaca, New York. Optimal breeding seasons fall largely before the peak in food distribution, and this shift appears to be because peak metabolic demands of the brood are coordinated with the peak in food density and because the risk of adult mortality selects for earlier breeding than would otherwise be favored. This latter effect, first proposed by Fisher, may explain the nearly universal observation that early breeding appears to be favored in birds from a wide range of habitats and phylogenies.
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  • 107
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 423-443 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Two standard assumptions in analytical work on the iterated prisoner's dilemma are that the population is infinite, and that opponents—though randomly selected—are fixed for the duration of the game. This paper explores the consequences of relaxing both assumptions. It is shown in particular that if opponents are drawn at random throughout the game, then stable cooperation via reciprocity requires both that the probability of a further interaction be sufficiently high—higher than when opponents are fixed—and that the population not exceed a certain critical size, which depends on the probability of further interaction.
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  • 108
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 465-476 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract We model the behaviour of a solitary parasitoid that can either eat a host or lay an egg on it. When the parasitoid does not die as a result of starvation, it should always lay an egg on a host. We compute the parasitoid's lifetime reproductive success in this case, and illustrate the effects of the mean time to find hosts and the variance in this time. We then develop a state-dependent model in which the decision to eat the host or lay an egg on it depend on the parasitoid's state. This model is used to explore the effects of variability in the time to find hosts on the parasitoid's lifetime reproductive success. It is shown that there can be a non-monotonic relationship between reproductive success and variability.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 477-502 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract We develop a multitype branching-process model for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). We apply the model to a comparison of three methods for estimating the initial number of molecules of target present in a PCR. These three methods are: one which uses a coamplified, internal control; one which uses an external control series; and one which uses simple extrapolation of log outputvs time (no control). We identify assumptions for each method which permit mathematical analysis of bias and precision. All three methods perform well if: (1) replication efficiencies are stable among reactions; (2) other method-specific conditions on efficiencies are met; and (3) product accumulates exponentially throughout the range where it is observed. When replication efficiencies vary among reactions but other optimal conditions for each method hold, the no-control and external-control methods lose precision relative to the internal control method, but they may still perform satisfactorily for many applications. The internal control method continues to perform well even if accumulation of product plateaus. This method depends, however, on a condition we call equivalence of replication efficiencies, the attainability of which in practice remains to be proven.
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  • 110
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 521-536 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic programming algorithm to find all optimal alignments of DNA subsequences is described. The alignments use not only substitutions, insertions and deletions of nucleotides but also inversions (reversed complements) of substrings of the sequences. The inversion alignments themselves contain substitutions, insertions and deletions of nucleotides. We study the problem of alignment with non-intersecting inversions. To provide a computationally efficient algorithm we restrict candidate inversions to theK highest scoring inversions. An algorithm to find theJ best non-intersecting alignments with inversions is also described. The new algorithm is applied to the regions of mitochondrial DNA ofDrosophila yakuba and mouse coding for URF6 and cytochrome b and the inversion of the URF6 gene is found. The open problem of intersecting inversions is discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 599-618 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present anO(R logP) time,O(M+P 2 ) space algorithm for searching a restriction map withM sites for the best matches to a shorter map withP sites, whereR, the number of matching site pairs, is bounded byMP. As first proposed by Watermanet al. (1984,Nucl. Acids Res. 12, 237–242) the objective function used to score matches is additive in the number of unaligned sites and the discrepancies in the distances between adjacent aligned sites. Our algorithm is basically a sparse dynamic programming computation in which “candidate lists” are used to model the future contribution of all previously computed entries to those yet to be computed. A simple modification to the algorithm computes the distance between two restriction maps withM andN sites, respectively, inO(MN(logM+logN)) time.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 563-598 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Multiple sequence comparison refers to the search for similarity in three or more sequences. This article presents a survey of the exhaustive (optimal) and heuristic (possibly sub-optimal) methods developed for the comparison of multiple macromolecular sequences. Emphasis is given to the different approaches of the heuristic methods. Four distance measures derived from information engineering and genetic studies are introduced for the comparison between two alignments of sequences. The use ofentropy, which plays a central role in information theory as measures of information, choice and uncertainty, is proposed as a simple measure for the evaluation of the optimality of an alignment in the absence of anya priori knowledge about the structures of the sequences being compared. This article also gives two examples of comparison between alternative alignments of the same set of 5SRNAs as obtained by several different heuristic methods.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 619-648 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The forced double-Monod model (for a chemostat with a predator, a prey and periodically forced inflowing substrate) displays quasiperiodicity, phase locking, period doubling and chaotic dynamics. Stroboscopic sections reveal circle maps for the quasiperiodic regimes and noninvertible maps of the interval for the chaotic regimes. Criticality in the circle maps sets the stage for chaos in the model. This criticality may arise with an increase in the period or amplitude of forcing.
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  • 114
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 695-695 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 697-698 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 699-726 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Jerne's idiotypic network was previously modelled using simple proliferation dynamics and a homogeneous tree as a connection structure. The present paper studies analytically and numerically the genericity of the previous results when the network connection structure is randomized, e.g. with loops and varying connection intensities. The main feature of the dynamics is the existence of different localized attractors that can be interpreted in terms of vaccination and tolerance. This feature is preserved when loops are added to the network, with a few exceptions concerning some regular lattices. Localized attractors might be destroyed by the introduction of a continuous distribution of connection intensities. We conclude by discussing possible modifications of the elementary model that preserve localization of the attractors and functionality of the network.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 733-758 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the effect of vaccination for an epidemic model where the death rate depends on the number of individuals in the population. The basic model which is described is based on measles or other childhood diseases in developing countries or viral diseases such as rabies in animal populations. An equilibrium analysis of the model and the local stability of small perturbations about the equilibrium values are discussed. The biological implications of these results are examined and similar results presented for modifications of the basic model.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 827-837 
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    Notes: Abstract We obtain conditions for the existence of an invariant distribution on (0, ∞) for stochastic growth models of Ito type. We interpret the results in the case where the intrinsic growth rate is adjusted to account for the impact of a toxicant on the population. Comparisons with related results for ODE models by Hallamet al. are given, and consequences of taking the Stratonovich interpretation for the stochastic models are mentioned.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 813-826 
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    Notes: Abstract Although graphic surfaces have been used routinely in the study of combined action of agents, they are mainly used for display purposes. In this paper, it is shown that useful mechanistic information can be obtained from an analytical study of these surfaces using the tools of differential geometry. From the analysis of some simple dose-effect surfaces, it is proposed that the intrinsic curvature, referred to in differential geometry as the Gaussian curvature, of a dose-effect surface can be used as a general criterion for the classification of interaction between different agents. This is analogous to the interpretation of the line curvature of a dose-effect curve as an indication of self-interaction between doses for an agent. In this framework, the dose-effect surface would have basic uniform fabric with zero curvature in the absence of interaction, tentatively referred to as null-interaction. Pictorially speaking, this fabric is distorted locally or globally like the stretching and shrinking of a rubber sheet by the presence of interaction mechanisms between different agents. Since self-interaction with dilution dummies does not generate intrinsic curvature, this criterion of null-interaction would describe the interaction between two trulydifferent agents. It is shown that many of the published interaction mechanisms give rise to dose-effect surfaces with characteristic curvatures. This possible correlation between the intrinsic geometric curvature of dose-effect surfaces and the biophysical mechanism of interaction presents an interesting philosophical viewpoint for the study of combined action of agents.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 903-903 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 875-894 
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    Notes: Abstract In order to account for the time courses of both evoked release and facilitation, in the framework of the Ca2+ hypothesis, Fogelson and Zucker (1985,Biophys. J. 48, 1003–1017) suggested treating diffusion of Ca2+, once it enters through the Ca2+ channels, as a three-dimensional process (three-dimensional diffusion model). This model is examined here as a refined version of the “Ca2+-theory” for neurotransmitter release. The three-dimensional model was suggested to account for both the time course of release and that of facilitation. As such, it has been examined here as to its ability to predict the dependence of the amplitude and time course of facilitation under various experimental conditions. It is demonstrated that the three-dimensional diffusion model predicts the time course of facilitation to be insensitive to temperature. It also predicts the amplitude and time course of facilitation to be independent of extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Moreover, it predicts that inhibition of the [Na+]o↔[Ca2+]i exchange does not alter facilitation. These predictions are not upheld by the experimental results. Facilitation is prolonged upon reduction in temperature. The amplitude of facilitation declines and its duration is prolonged upon increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Finally, inhibition of the [Na+]o↔[Ca2+]i exchange prolongs facilitation but does not alter the time course of evoked release after an impulse.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 905-928 
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    Notes: Abstract A detailed morphometric analysis of a Lucifer yellow-filled Cb amacrine cell was undertaken to provide raw data for the construction of a neuronal cable model. The cable model was employed to determine whether distal input-output regions of dendrites were electrically isolated from the soma and each other. Calculations of steady state electrotonic current spread suggested reasonable electrical communication between cell body and dendrites. In particular, the centripetal voltage attenuation revealed that a synaptic signal introduced at the distal end of the equivalent dendrite could spread passively along the dendrite and reach the soma with little loss in amplitude. A functional interpretation of this results could favour a postsynaptic rather than a presynaptic scheme for the operation of directional selectivity in the rabbit retina. On the other hand, dendrites of starburst amacrine cells process information electrotonically with a bias towards the centrifugal direction and for a restricted range of membrane resistance values the voltage attenuation in the centripetal direction suggests that the action of these dendrites can be confined locally. A functional interpretation of this result favours a presynaptic version of Vaney's cotransmission model which attempts to explain how the neural network of starburst amacrine cells might account for directionally selective responses observed in the rabbit retina.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 957-976 
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    Notes: Abstract Current models on protandry in butterflies assume that females mate only once, yet for many species this assumption is not realistic. In this paper a model is formulated to study how polyandry, i.e. repeated mating of females, affects protandry. Moreover, the model is elaborated to describe the probability distribution of the number of matings per female. Field data on this distribution are well described by the model, which supports the use of the law of mass action to describe the encounter rate between males and females. Finally, a weight factor is derived, taking into account the decline in oviposition rate with age, as well as the chance that a female is remated. In comparison with the situation that all matings contribute equally to a male's reproductive success, the application of the weight factor enhances protandry. This suggests that mate competition is not the sole cause of protandry.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 977-997 
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    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of a cavity during an injection of fluid into biological tissue is considered. High cavity pressure drives fluid into the neighbouring tissue where it is absorbed by capillaries and lymphatics. The tissue is modelled as a nonlinear deformable porous medium with the injected fluid absorbed by the tissue at a rate proportional to the local pressure. A model with a spherical cavity in an infinite medium is used to find the pressure and displacement of the tissue as a function of time and radial distance. Analytical and numerical solutions for a step change in cavity pressure show that the flow induces a radial compression in the medium together with an annular expansion, the net result being an overall expansion of the medium. Thus any flow induced deformation of the material will aid in the absorption of fluid.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 1057-1068 
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    Notes: Abstract We apply concepts of social choice theory, in particular those concerning median and plurality rules, to investigate the problem of finding a consensus of aligned molecular sequences. Our model of consensus permits consensus elements at each aligned position to denote ambiguity codes if several alternatives are equally-preferred candidates for consensus. Our results concern plurality rules which are median rules are characterized by the Condorcet properties, and are efficient to calculate. Our approach is axiomatic.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 1083-1094 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 443-454 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For large-array processing problems there is a need for decentralized methods that are computationally efficient. A decentralized variant of the MUSIC algorithm, proposed in the literature, is here analysed from a statistical viewpoint, assuming that a large number of snapshots is available. As intuitively expected, the centralized MUSIC algorithm is more accurate than both the local and decentralized versions of MUSIC. More surprisingly, the decentralized variant of MUSIC is not always more accurate than the local MUSIC estimates. The theoretical analysis is supported by numerical examples.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 7-45 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Within the last two decades a small group of researchers has built a useful, nontrivial theory of nonlinear signal processing around the median-related filters known as rank-order filters, order-statistic filters, weighted median filters, and stack filters. This required significant effort to overcome the bias, both in education and research, toward linear theory, which has been dominant since the days of Fourier, Laplace, and “Convolute.” We trace the development of this theory of nonlinear filtering from its beginnings in the study of noise-removal properties and structural behavior of the median filter to the recently developed theory of optimal stack filtering. The theory of stack filtering provides a point of view which unifies many different filter classes, including morphological filters, so it is discussed in detail. Of particular importance is the way this theory has brought together, in a single analytical framework, both the estimation-based and the structural-based approaches to the design of these filters. Some recent applications of median and stack filters are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach to nonlinear filtering. They include: the design of an optimal stack filter for image restoration; the use of vector median filters to attenuate impulsive noise in color images and to eliminate cross luminance and cross color in TV images; and the use of median-based filters for image sequence coding, reconstruction, and scan rate conversion in normal TV and HDTV systems.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 171-193 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The four different types of stack filters, type-0 through type-3, are determined by four different shapes of the on-set of the positive Boolean function from which the stack filter is constructed. Under all three appending strategies commonly considered in the literature-first and last value carry-on strategy, constant value carry-on strategy, and the circular approach-stack filters of type-0 through type-2 possess the convergence property, while type-3 stack filters do not all share this property. Examples of cyclic behavior in type-3 stack filters are given. Conditions under which certain operations on stack filters which possess the convergence property produce other filters with this property are provided. In perhaps the most important result in this paper, it is shown that the root signal set of any type-3 stack filter is the intersection of the root sets of the type-1 and type-2 stack filters from which the type-3 filter is constructed. This should simplify the task of finding the set of roots of type-3 stack filters. The rates of convergence for stack filters of type-1 and type-2 are determined for each appending approach. The convergence behavior and rates of convergence of stack filters of type-1 and type-2 are then generalized to include type-1 and type-2 filters with indexi.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 195-228 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The present paper introduces a digital gray-scale morphological filtering technique that is based on postfiltering a given filter so the invariant class of the new filter is larger than the invariant class of the original filter. More specifically, the invariant class of the new filter contains the original invariant class together with all signals whose variation is below a chosen threshold. The postfiltering includes a single erosion and a single dilation by a one-parameter structuring element, the choice of parameter determining the resulting invariant class. While the methodology is quite general, the two applications considered pertain to moving averages with nonnegative weights and moving medians, both of which are morphological filters. Both suppress noise in a signal and each possesses specific advantages and disadvantages. In brief, means tend to give better noise suppression while blurring edges, whereas medians preserve edges, while at the same time flattening small background variation in the underlying signal. The new one-parameter family of filters derived from moving averages are called pseudomeans. The filters derived from medians are called pseudomedians. Both preserve uncorrupted low background variation, as well as steps. Because they preserve small variation while at the same time behaving like the original filters, both filters are especially effective when the noise occurs in bursts, rather than uniformly across the signal.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 281-281 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. ii 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 229-252 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new class of morphological filters is proposed for image enhancement. The filter, known as the generalized morphological filter (GMF), uses multiple structuring elements and combines linear and morphological operations. The GMF can be designed to suppress various types of noise yet preserve geometrical structure in an image. A study of several aspects of the performance of the filter is presented. The study includes geometrical feature preservation, noise suppression, structuring element selection, and the root signal structure. For the sake of comparison, averaging and median filters are also used in the experiments and corresponding figures of merit of the performance of the filter. The empirical study shows that the generalized morphological filter possesses effective noise suppression with reduced geometrical feature blurring.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 253-280 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the analysis and the implementation algorithms of the morphological skeleton transform (MST) of binary images. A general MST algorithm is provided from which different subclasses of MSTs can be derived by choosing different structuring elements. Three subclasses of MSTs are discussed in this paper: the uniform-step-distance MST (USDMST), the periodically-uniform-step-distance MST (PUSDMST) and the pseudo-Euclidean MST (PEMST). A general discrete distance called morphological distance relates distance measures to the definitions of structuring elements. The PEMST is proposed which uses isotropic discrete structuring elements called quasi-circular structuring elements (QCSE). The QCSEs of all integer sizes are composed by a dilation interpolation method so that they can be decomposed into simplest elements in order to reduce computation. The PEMST has better performance in terms of rotation-invariance than any existing MSTs. The algorithm has an approximately linear computational complexity. Finally, the implementation of the three MSTs are discussed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 309-324 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dual time-scale sampling with intermediate discrete filtering, called moving-average skip sampling, is introduced to overcome the problem of unstable zeros of the sampled system. The new scheme proves easy to implement and efficiently recovers the minimum-phase property of the continuous system at major sampling intervals. An example illustrates the effect of moving-average skip sampling on the nonminimum-phase zeros.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 47-108 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper consists of a tutorial overview of morphological filtering, a theory introduced in 1988 in the context of mathematical morphology. Its first section is devoted to the presentation of the lattice framework. Emphasis is put on the lattices of numerical functions in digital and continuous spaces. The basic filters, namely the openings and the closings, are then described and their various versions are listed. In the third section morphological filters are defined as increasing idempotent operators, and their laws of composition are proved. The last sections are concerned with two special classes of filters and their derivations: first, the alternating sequential filters allow us to bring into play families of operators depending on a positive scale parameter. Finally, the center and the toggle mappings modify the function under study by comparing it, at each point, with a few reference transforms.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 109-114 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract LetX 1,X 2,... be a stationary sequence of random variables with Pr{X t, ≤x}=F(x),t=1, 2,... Also let i ∶n,(t) ,i=1,...,n, denote the ith order statistic (OS) in the moving sample (X t−N ,...,X t,...,X t+N) of odd sizen=2N+1. ThenY t=∑a i X i ∶n(t) with ∑a i=1 is an order-statistics filter. In practicea i≥0,i=1,...,n. Fort〉N, the sequence {Y t} is also stationary. IfX 1 X 2, ... are independent, the autocorrelation function ρ(r)=corr(Y t,Y t+r) is zero forr 〉n − 1 and forr ≤n − 1 can be evaluated directly in terms of the means, variances, and covariances of the OS in random samples of sizen +r fromF(x). In special cases several authors have observed that the spectral density functionf(ω) of {Y t} is initially decreasing for ω 〉 0. This result is made more precise and shown to hold generally under white noise. The effect of outliers (impulses) is also discussed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 353-362 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the sequence ofs-numbers {sn},n=0, 1,..., of a compact operator, and particularly a compact Hankel operator Γ=[h j+k −1], converges monotonically to zero. Since the (n + 1)sts-number sn measures the error ofL ∞(¦z¦=1) approximation, modulo an additive H∞ function, by nth degree proper rational functions whose poles are restricted to ¦z¦ 〈 1, it is very important to study how fast {s n } converges to zero. It is not difficult to see that ifh n =O(n −α), for someα 〉 1, thens n =O(n −α). In this paper we construct, for any given sequenceɛ n ↓ 0, a compact Hankel operator Γ such thats n ≥ɛ n for alln.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. i 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 365-376 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper addresses the problem of robust linear estimations of systems perturbed by noise with a wide sense stationary (WSS) process, with its spectral density known only to be in a neighborhood of some specified spectral density. The asymptotic efficiency of the least-square (LS) estimator relative to the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is known to depend upon the degree of the variance of the spread of the noise spectral density at the frequencies where the spectral mass of the system's impulse response function is concentrated. A signal estimator in the frequency domain is considered and it is demonstrated that where the Fourier transform is applied to the observed data, robust estimation occurs.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 377-385 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fast progressive reconstruction (FPR) of images based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) has been developed by Takikawa [3]. This technique is now extended to the discrete cosine transform (DCT). The quality of reconstructed images during the intermediate stages based on these transforms is analyzed. This comparison is both subjective and objective. The feasibility of the DCT in this FPR scheme is discussed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 399-419 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to 1-D systems, the 2-D systems have no natural notion of “causality.” An artificial restriction traditionally imposed to allow recursive solution of these systems is that of “recursibility.” In this paper we study 2-Dsingular systems, taking advantage of the nonoriented or noncausal nature of these systems to provide a solution even if the requirement of recursibility does not hold. It is shown thatnonrecursible masks may be described using singular 2-D systems. The analysis approach relies on thefundamental matrix.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 77-851 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Preventive Investment ; Employment Level ; Occupational Injuries ; Compensation ; Firm Strategy
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper an economic model of the firm's behaviour is presented, examining the interrelationship between prevention activities and employment level. A competitive firm with a fixed capital stock is considered. Two decisions must be made: the level of employment of homogeneous workers (L) and the level of prevention activities (I). Although many simplifying assumptions are adopted, the impact of wage rate and compensation level on both decision variables is sign ambiguous. Moreover the case where injured workers are irreplaceable is more difficult than its counterpart with perfect substitutability.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 137-145 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Insurance ; Commitment ; Subsidy
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Consumers who believe that government will provide them with some public medical care, even if they did not purchase medical insurance, may choose to purchase no such insurance. The amount of medical care consumed will then be less than the first-best optimum. Under specified conditions government can then increase the welfare of consumers by subsidizing insurance, or by providing public health care at a more generous level than the minimum it would otherwise give.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Self-Protection ; Expected Utility
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the possibility of ordering expected utility-of-wealth maximizers according to their propensities to purchase self-protection. We define one agent as “more cautious” than another (toward a loss of specific size given a specific initial wealth) if the first agent would spend more on self-protection than the other, so long- as the technological relationship between spending and loss probability belongs to a broad class of functions. We show that the expected-utility-of-wealth model does not allow for the possibility that one agent could be “more cautious” than another.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 93-136 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Reinsurance ; Exchange Equilibrium ; Intertemporal Economic Model ; Market Marginal Utility Process ; Densities for Stochastic Processes ; Random Measure ; Marked Point Processes ; Dynamic Optimization ; Term Structure of Interest Rates ; Incomplete Models ; Non-Proportional Treaties
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present an economic equilibrium analysis of a reinsurance market. The continuous-time model contains the principal components of uncertainty; about the time instants at which accidents take place, and about claim sizes given that accidents have occurred. We give sufficient conditions on preferences for a general equilibrium to exist, with a Pareto optimal allocation, and derive the premium functional via a representative agent pricing theory. The marginal utility process of the reinsurance market is represented by the density process for random measures, which opens up for numerous applications to premium calculations, some of which are presented in the last section. The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations of individual dynamic optimization are established for proportional treaties, and the term structure of interest rates is found in this reinsurance syndicate. The paper attempts to reach a synthesis between the classical actuarial risk theory of insurance, in which virtually no economic reasoning takes place but where the net reserve is represented by a stochastic process, and the theory of equilibrium price formation at the heart of the economics of uncertainty.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 159-169 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Multivariate Risk Aversion ; Intertemporal Substitution
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Researchers often assume that preferences over uncertain consumption streams are representable by $$E\left[ {\left( {{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 \gamma }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \gamma }} \right)\sum\limits_{t = 0}^x {\delta ^t \tilde c_t^\gamma } } \right]$$ , where $$\tilde c_t $$ , is (random) period t consumption. It is moreover often asserted that estimates of γ cannot be unambiguously interpreted, since the quantity 1 − γ measures both relative risk aversion and the reciprocal of the elasticity of substitution. Clearly, this ambiguity arises only if 1 − γ indeed measures risk aversion. Although changes in γ cannot reflect changes in risk aversion according to standard definitions of comparative multivariate risk aversion, we show that γ is rationalizable as a risk aversion measure provided that the “acceptance set” of sure prospects is restricted. We also show, however, that there is essentially no relationship between changes in γ and optimal consumption, even in a simple two period model; this finding casts doubt upon the interpretation of γ as a risk aversion measure.
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    The Geneva risk and insurance review 17 (1992), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: Demand for Insurance ; Risk Aversion ; First-Degree Stochastic Dominance Shifts ; Mean-Preserving Shifts
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is an extension of Jack Meyer's paper titled “Beneficial Changes in Random Variables Under Multiple Sources of Risk and Their Comparative Statics” published in the June 1992 issue of this journal. The extension consists of showing which of the sufficient conditions in Meyer's Theorems 1 and 3 are also necessary, and which are not. In addition, conditions are provided which are necessary and sufficient for general beneficial changes to imply a decrease in the demand for insurance.
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    European journal of wildlife research 38 (1992), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 5-25 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Solute transport ; Heterogeneity ; Dispersion
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Macrodispersion is spreading of a substance induced by spatial variations in local advective velocity at field scales. Consider the case that the steady-state seepage velocity and the local dispersion coefficients in a heterogeneous formation may be modeled as periodic in all directions in an unbounded domain. The equations satisfied by the first two spatial moments of the concentration are derived for the case of a conservative non-reacting solute. It is shown that the moments can be calculated from the solution of well-defined deterministic boundary value problems. Then, it is described how the rate of increase of the first two moments can be calculated at large times using a Taylor-Aris analysis as generalized by Brenner. It is demonstrated that the second-order tensor of macrodispersion (or effective dispersion) can be computed through the solution of steady-state boundary-value problems followed by the determination of volume averages. The analysis is based solely on volume averaging and is not limited by the assumption that the fluctuations are small. The large-time results are valid when the system is in a form of equilibrium in which a tagged particle samples all locations in an appropriately defined “phase space” with equal probability.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Detention storage ; Pollution control ; Non-point pollutant runoff
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A simple expression is presented on the capability of storage-treatment systems to reduce non-point pollutant runoff load to natural waters. Their efficiency depends on the capacities of the facilities and probabilistic properties of runoff, such as interval, duration, volume, and concentration of runoff events. Assuming the compound Poisson process for runoff time series, the exact expressions of the ratio of treated load in terms of storage and treatment capacities are theoretically derived on the neighbourhoods of all boundaries of the domain on which the problem is defined. Then, an approximate expression over the whole domain is presented, of which the value and the first-order derivative coincide with those of the exact derived expressions near the boundaries. Accuracy is checked by Monte Carlo simulations.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 55-68 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Drought severity ; Drought duration ; Renewal-reward process
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This research study focused on the hypothesis that extreme drought and high streamflow events come from different independent populations with different probability distributions which need to be studied separately, rather than considering the streamflow population as a whole. The inability of traditional streamflow generator models to consistently reproduce the frequency of occurrence of severe droughts observed in the historical record has been questioned by many researchers. Our study focused on the development of astochastic event generator model which would be capable of doing so. This was accomplished in a two-step process by first generating the drought event, and then deriving the streamflows which comprised that event. The model considered for this analysis was an alternating renewal-reward procedure that cycles between eventon andoff times, and is representative of drought or high streamflow event duration. The reward gained while the event ison oroff represents drought severity or high streamflow surplus. Geometric and gamma distributions were considered for drought duration and deficit respectively. Model validation was performed using calculated required capacities from the sequent peak algorithm.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 103-121 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Probabilistic model ; Sensitivity ; Contaminant transport
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A reliability approach is used to develop a probabilistic model of two-dimensional non-reactive and reactive contaminant transport in porous media. The reliability approach provides two important quantitative results: an estimate of the probability that contaminant concentration is exceeded at some location and time, and measures of the sensitivity of the probabilistic outcome to likely changes in the uncertain variables. The method requires that each uncertain variable be assigned at least a mean and variance; in this work we also incorporate and investigate the influence of marginal probability distributions. Uncertain variables includex andy components of average groundwater flow velocity,x andy components of dispersivity, diffusion coefficient, distribution coefficient, porosity and bulk density. The objective is to examine the relative importance of each uncertain variable, the marginal distribution assigned to each variable, and possible correlation between the variables. Results utilizing a two-dimensional analytical solution indicate that the probabilistic outcome is generally very sensitive to likely changes in the uncertain flow velocity. Uncertainty associated with dispersivity and diffusion coefficient is often not a significant issue with respect to the probabilistic analysis; therefore, dispersivity and diffusion coefficient can often be treated for practical analysis as deterministic constants. The probabilistic outcome is sensitive to the uncertainty of the reaction terms for early times in the flow event. At later times, when source contaminants are released at constant rate throughout the study period, the probabilistic outcome may not be sensitive to changes in the reaction terms. These results, although limited at present by assumptions and conceptual restrictions inherent to the closed-form analytical solution, provide insight into the critical issues to consider in a probabilistic analysis of contaminant transport. Such information concerning the most important uncertain parameters can be used to guide field and laboratory investigations.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 191-207 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic dispersion ; Fokker-Planck equation ; backward equation ; boundary layer ; complex potential function ; fraction of contaminated particles that enter a well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe the transport of pollution in groundwater in the neighbourhood of a well in a uniform background flow. We compute the rate at which contaminated particles reach the well as a function of the place of the source of pollution. The motion of a particle in a dispersive flow is seen as a random walk process. The Fokker-Planck equation for the random motion of a particle is transformed using the complex potential for the advective flow field. The resulting equation is solved asymptotically after a stretching transformation. Finally, the analytical solution is compared with results from Monte Carlo simulations with the random walk model. The method can be extended to arbitrary flow fields. Then by a numerical coordinate transformation the analytical results can still be employed.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 255-269 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Emprical Orthogonal Functions ; interpolating runoff ; kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The method of Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF method) is combined with an objective interpolation technique, kriging, to generate runoff series at ungauged locations. In a case study the results are compared to series interpolated by a combination of EOF analysis and regression using catchment characteristics as independent variables. The results are also compared to linear weighting of an existing runoff series, a commonly used method for spatial interpolation. The influence of altitude on the runoff is studied comparing kriging based on 2 and 3 coordinates. The study showed that the capacity of EOF analysis combined with kriging is as good as the traditionally used linear weighting. The results, when altitude is included in the kriging, are improved.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 270-288 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Periodicities ; hydraulic cycle ; spectral methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Periodicites in hydrologic data are frequently estimated and studied. In some cases the periodic components are subtracted from the data to obtain the stochastic components. In other cases the physical reasons for the occurrence of these periodicities are investigated. Apart from the annual cycle in the hydrologic data, periods corresponding to the 11 year sunspot cycle, the Hale cycle and others have been detected. The conclusions from most of these studies depend on the reliability and robustness of the methods used to detect these periodicities. Several spectral analysis methods have been proposed to investigate periodicities in time series data. Several of these have been compared to each other. The methods by Siddiqui and Wang and by Damsleth and Spjotvoll, which are stepwise procedures of spectrum estimation, have not been evaluated. Two of the methods of spectral analysis proposed by Siddiqui and Wang and by Damsleth and Spjotvoll are investigated in this study by using generated and observed data. Siddiqui and Wang's method is found to be superior to the Damsleth and Spjotvoll's method.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 289-303 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stream flow series ; shot-noise model ; sadolle-point approximation
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the shot-noise model of streamflow series. We show how design discharge can be obtained by the stochastic intensity of thinned Poisson processes describing the peaks over a threshold. The main result concerns the stationary distribution of peaks. We derive an explicit expression for this limit distribution in terms of its Laplace transform. Approximation formulas are developed making use of the saddle point method for the asymptotic evaluation of contour integrals and the Post-Widder formula for inversion of Laplace transforms. We illustrate this methods on the case of Gamma-distributed shots. The stationary peak distribution is used to approximate the maximum value distribution for larger time intervals.
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    Mathematical programming 53 (1992), S. 63-78 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Quadratic assignment problem ; relaxation ; lower bounds ; eigenvalue decomposition ; steepest ascent
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate new bounding strategies based on different relaxations of the quadratic assignment problem. In particular, we improve the lower bound found by using an eigenvalue decomposition of the quadratic part and by solving a linear program for the linear part. The improvement is accomplished by applying a steepest ascent algorithm to the sum of the two bounds.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 127-153 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Local minimization ; knapsack ; indefinite ; quadratic knapsack ; complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the complexity of finding a local minimum for the nonconvex Quadratic Knapsack Problem. Global minimization for this example of quadratic programming is NP-hard. Moré and Vavasis have investigated the complexity of local minimization for the strictly concave case of QKP; here we extend their algorithm to the general indefinite case. Our main result is an algorithm that computes a local minimum in O(n(logn)2) steps. Our approach involves eliminating all but one of the convex variables through parametrization, yielding a nondifferentiable problem. We use a technique from computational geometry to address the nondifferentiable problem.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 155-176 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Barrier function methods ; interior penalty methods ; minimax algorithms ; engineering design ; nondifferentiable optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an algorithm based on barrier functions for solving semi-infinite minimax problems which arise in an engineering design setting. The algorithm bears a resemblance to some of the current interior penalty function methods used to solve constrained minimization problems. Global convergence is proven, and numerical results are reported which show that the algorithm is exceptionally robust, and that its performance is comparable, while its structure is simpler than that of current first-order minimax algorithms.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 223-232 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Global optimization ; Lipschitz functions
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a best and worst case analysis of convergence rates for a deterministic global optimization algorithm. Superlinear convergence is proved for Lipschitz functions which are convex in the direction of the global maximum (concave in the direction of the global minimum). Computer results are given, which confirm the theoretical convergence rates.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 177-222 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear rescaling ; modified barrier functions ; multipliers method ; simultaneous solution ; dual problems
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The nonlinear rescaling principle employs monotone and sufficiently smooth functions to transform the constraints and/or the objective function into an equivalent problem, the classical Lagrangian which has important properties on the primal and the dual spaces. The application of the nonlinear rescaling principle to constrained optimization problems leads to a class of modified barrier functions (MBF's) and MBF Methods (MBFM's). Being classical Lagrangians (CL's) for an equivalent problem, the MBF's combine the best properties of the CL's and classical barrier functions (CBF's) but at the same time are free of their most essential deficiencies. Due to the excellent MBF properties, new characteristics of the dual pair convex programming problems have been found and the duality theory for nonconvex constrained optimization has been developed. The MBFM have up to a superlinear rate of convergence and are to the classical barrier functions (CBF's) method as the Multipliers Method for Augmented Lagrangians is to the Classical Penalty Function Method. Based on the dual theory associated with MBF, the method for the simultaneous solution of the dual pair convex programming problems with up to quadratic rates of convergence have been developed. The application of the MBF to linear (LP) and quadratic (QP) programming leads to a new type of multipliers methods which have a much better rate of convergence under lower computational complexity at each step as compared to the CBF methods. The numerical realization of the MBFM leads to the Newton Modified Barrier Method (NMBM). The excellent MBF properties allow us to discover that for any nondegenerate constrained optimization problem, there exists a “hot” start, from which the NMBM has a better rate of convergence, a better complexity bound, and is more stable than the interior point methods, which are based on the classical barrier functions.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 251-265 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Linear programming ; Karmarkar's algorithm ; potential function ; standard form ; modified method ; rank-one updates
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    Notes: Abstract We consider partial updating in Ye's affine potential reduction algorithm for linear programming. We show that using a Goldstein—Armijo rule to safeguard a linesearch of the potential function during primal steps is sufficient to control the number of updates. We also generalize the dual step construction to apply with partial updating. The result is the first O(n 3 L) algorithm for linear programming whose steps are not constrained by the need to remain approximately centered. The fact that the algorithm has a rigorous “primal-only” initialization actually reduces the complexity to less than O(m 1.5 n 1.5 L).
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 233-249 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Hit and run methods ; redundancy ; linear inequalities ; coupon collector's problem
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    Notes: Abstract The hit and run methods are probabilistic algorithms that can be used to detect necessary (nonredundant) constraints in systems of linear constraints. These methods construct random sequences of lines that pass through the feasible region. These lines intersect the boundary of the region at twohit-points, each identifying a necessary constraint. In order to study the statistical performance of such methods it is assumed that the probabilities of hitting particular constraints are the same for every iteration. An indication of the best case performance of these methods can be determined by minimizing, with respect to the hit probabilities, the expected value of the number of iterations required to detect all necessary constraints. We give a set of isolated strong local minimizers and prove that for two, three and four necessary constraints the set of local minimizers is the complete set of global minimizers. We conjecture that this is also the case for any number of necessary constraints. The results in this paper also apply to sampling problems (e.g., balls from an urn) and to the coupon collector's problem.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 267-279 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Linear complementarity ; P-matrix ; interior point ; potential function ; linear programming ; quadratic programming
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    Notes: Abstract The linear complementarity problem (LCP) can be viewed as the problem of minimizingx T y subject toy=Mx+q andx, y⩾0. We are interested in finding a point withx T y 〈ε for a givenε 〉 0. The algorithm proceeds by iteratively reducing the potential function $$f(x,y) = \rho \ln x^T y - \Sigma \ln x_j y_j ,$$ where, for example,ρ=2n. The direction of movement in the original space can be viewed as follows. First, apply alinear scaling transformation to make the coordinates of the current point all equal to 1. Take a gradient step in the transformed space using the gradient of the transformed potential function, where the step size is either predetermined by the algorithm or decided by line search to minimize the value of the potential. Finally, map the point back to the original space. A bound on the worst-case performance of the algorithm depends on the parameterλ *=λ*(M, ε), which is defined as the minimum of the smallest eigenvalue of a matrix of the form $$(I + Y^{ - 1} MX)(I + M^T Y^{ - 2} MX)^{ - 1} (I + XM^T Y^{ - 1} )$$ whereX andY vary over the nonnegative diagonal matrices such thate T XYe ⩾ε andX jj Y jj⩽n 2. IfM is a P-matrix,λ * is positive and the algorithm solves the problem in polynomial time in terms of the input size, |log ε|, and 1/λ *. It is also shown that whenM is positive semi-definite, the choice ofρ = 2n+ $$\sqrt {2n} $$ yields a polynomial-time algorithm. This covers the convex quadratic minimization problem.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Linear complementarity problem ; Lemke's algorithm ; matroid intersection
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of finding a maximum-weight complementary basis of anm × 2m matrix. The problem arises naturally, for example, when a complementary set of columns is proposed as an initial basis for a “warm start” of Lemke's algorithm, but the set of columns is rank-deficient. We show that the problem is a special case of the problem of finding a maximum-weight common base of two matroids. Furthermore, we show how to efficiently implement an algorithm for the general problem in the present context. Finally, we give computational results demonstrating the practicality of our algorithm in a typical application.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 295-305 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Interior-point method ; linear programming ; Karmarkar's method ; polynomial-time algorithm ; logarithmic barrier function ; path-following method
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present a path-following algorithm for the linear programming problem with a surprisingly simple and elegant proof of its polynomial behaviour. This is done both for the problem in standard form and for its dual problem. We also discuss some implementation strategies.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 335-351 
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    Keywords: Adjacency ; convex game ; extreme point ; monotone path ; path length ; polymatroid ; submodular function
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    Notes: Abstract This paper establishes bounds on the length of certain strictly monotone paths, relative to a given linear objective function, on a polymatroid or on the base of a polymatroid. Specialized bounds are given for a strict polymatroid and for a matroid polyhedron. Bounds on the diameter are included.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 307-333 
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    Keywords: Value convergence ; reachability ; solution set convergence ; tie-breaking ; stopping rule ; infinite horizon optimization ; production planning
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of approximating an optimal solution to a separable, doubly infinite mathematical program (P) with lower staircase structure by solutions to the programs (P(N)) obtained by truncating after the firstN variables andN constraints of (P). Viewing the surplus vector variable associated with theNth constraint as a state, and assuming that all feasible states are eventually reachable from any feasible state, we show that the efficient set of all solutions optimal to all possible feasible surplus states for (P(N)) converges to the set of optimal solutions to (P). A tie-breaking algorithm which selects a nearest-point efficient solution for (P(N)) is shown (for convex programs) to converge to an optimal solution to (P). A stopping rule is provided for discovering a value ofN sufficiently large to guarantee any prespecified level of accuracy. The theory is illustrated by an application to production planning.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 353-367 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the formulation of non-preemptive single machine scheduling problems using time-indexed variables. This approach leads to very large models, but gives better lower bounds than other mixed integer programming formulations. We derive a variety of valid inequalities, and show the role of constraint aggregation and the knapsack problem with generalised upper bound constraints as a way of generating such inequalities. A cutting plane/branch-and-bound algorithm based on these inequalities has been implemented. Computational experience on small problems with 20/30 jobs and various constraints and objective functions is presented.
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    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 81-98 
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    Keywords: Quasiconvex function ; saddle point theorem ; duality ; Lagrangians
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we show how saddle point theorems for a quasiconvex—quasiconcave function can be derived from duality theory. A symmetric duality framework that provides the machinery for deriving saddle point theorems is presented. Generating the theorems,via the framework, provides a deeper understanding of assumptions employed in existing theorems which do not utilize duality theory.
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    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 1-15 
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    Keywords: Linear programming ; interior-point method ; projective algorithm ; combining phase I–phase II
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    Notes: Abstract Anstreicher has proposed a variant of Karmarkar's projective algorithm that handles standard-form linear programming problems nicely. We suggest modifications to his method that we suspect will lead to better search directions and a more useful algorithm. Much of the analysis depends on a two-constraint linear programming problem that is a relaxation of the scaled original problem.
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    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 183-191 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Chinese Postman problem ; integral LP duality ; integral packing ; plane integral multicommodity flows ; T-cuts
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    Notes: Abstract LetG = (V, E) be a graph and letw be a weight functionw:E →Z +. Let $$T \subseteq V$$ be an even subset of the vertices ofG. AT-cut is an edge-cutset of the graph which dividesT into two odd sets. AT-join is a minimal subset of edges that meets everyT-cut (a generalization of solutions to the Chinese Postman problem). The main theorem of this paper gives a tight upper bound on the difference between the minimum weightT-join and the maximum weight integral packing ofT-cuts. This difference is called the (T-join) integral duality gap. Letτ w be the minimum weight of aT-join, and letv w be the maximum weight of an integral packing ofT-cuts. IfF is a non-empty minimum weightT-join, andn F is the number of components ofF, then we prove thatτ w —v w ≤n F −1. This result unifies and generalizes Fulkerson's result for |T|=2 and Seymour's result for |T|= 4. For a certain integral multicommodity flow problem in the plane, which was recently proved to be NP-complete, the above result gives a solution such that for every commodity the flow is less than the demand by at most one unit.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 121-160 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Max-cut problem ; cone ; polytope ; facet ; lifting ; hypermetric inequality
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We study facets of the cut coneC n , i.e., the cone of dimension 1/2n(n − 1) generated by the cuts of the complete graph onn vertices. Actually, the study of the facets of the cut cone is equivalent in some sense to the study of the facets of the cut polytope. We present several operations on facets and, in particular, a “lifting” procedure for constructing facets ofC n+1 from given facets of the lower dimensional coneC n . After reviewing hypermetric valid inequalities, we describe the new class of cycle inequalities and prove the facet property for several subclasses. The new class of parachute facets is developed and other known facets and valid inequalities are presented.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 161-188 
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    Keywords: Cone ; polytope ; facet ; antiweb ; cut ; hypermetric inequality
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    Notes: Abstract We study new classes of facets for the cut coneC n generated by the cuts of the complete graph onn vertices. This cone can also be interpreted as the cone of all semi-metrics onn points that are isometricallyl 1-embeddable and, in fact, the study of the facets of the cut polytope is in some sense equivalent to the study of the facets ofC n . These new facets belong to the class of clique-web inequalities which generalize the hypermetric and cycle inequalities as well as the bicycle odd wheel inequalities.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 223-232 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Convexity ; pseudoconvexity ; affine subspace ; potential function
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    Notes: Abstract Second order conditions for the (pseudo-) convexity of a function restricted to an affine subspace are obtained by extending those already known for functions on ℝ n . These results are then used to analyse the (pseudo-) convexity of potential functions of the type introduced by Karmarkar.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 189-222 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: 65H10 ; 65K05 ; 65K10 ; Linearℓ 1 estimation ; linear programming ; interior-point algorithm ; simplex method ; least absolute value regression ; affine scaling method ; Karmarkar
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    Notes: Abstract Recently, various interior point algorithms related to the Karmarkar algorithm have been developed for linear programming. In this paper, we first show how this “interior point” philosophy can be adapted to the linear ℓ1 problem (in which there are no feasibility constraints) to yield a globally and linearly convergent algorithm. We then show that the linear algorithm can be modified to provide aglobally and ultimatelyquadratically convergent algorithm. This modified algorithm appears to be significantly more efficient in practise than a more straightforward interior point approach via a linear programming formulation: we present numerical results to support this claim.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 233-243 
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    Keywords: Convex programming problems ; exact penalty functions ; ε-solutions
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we presentε-optimality criteria for convex programming problems associated with exact penalty functions. Several authors have given various criteria under the assumption that such convex problems and the associated dual problems can be solved. We assume the solvability of neither the convex problem nor the dual problem. To derive our criteria, we estimate the size of the penalty parameter in terms of anε-solution for the dual problem.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 245-284 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Combinatorial optimization ; integer programming ; Karmarkar's method
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    Notes: Abstract We describe a cutting plane algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. The primal projective standard-form variant of Karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming is applied to the duals of a sequence of linear programming relaxations of the combinatorial optimization problem.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 337-341 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: 90C25 ; 65K05 ; Lagrange dualization ; existence theorems ; numerical aspects
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    Notes: Abstract In this note partially separable convex programs are dualized in such a way that, under certain assumptions, unconstrained concave duals arise. A return formula is given by which the solution of the primal is directly computed if a solution of the dual is known. Further, the solvability of both the primal and the dual is shown to depend essentially on the behaviour of the lower dimensional programs for determining the Fenchel conjugates.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 321-335 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Network flow problems ; interior point method ; negative circuit method
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    Notes: Abstract For solving minimum cost flow problems, we develop a combinatorial interior point method based on a variant of the algorithm of Karmarkar, described in Gonzaga [3, 4]. Gonzaga proposes search directions generated by projecting certain directions onto the nullspace ofA. By the special combinatorial structure of networks any projection onto the nullspace ofA can be interpreted as a flow in the incremental graph ofG. In particular, to evaluate the new search direction, it is sufficient to choose a negative circuit subject to costs on the arcs depending on the current solution. That approach results in an O(mn 2 L) algorithm wherem denotes the number of vertices,n denotes the number of arcs, andL denotes the total length of the input data.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 301-319 
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    Keywords: Linear program ; affine-scaling ; ergodic convergence
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    Notes: Abstract The affine-scaling algorithm, first proposed by Dikin, is presently enjoying great popularity as a potentially effective means of solving linear programs. An outstanding question about this algorithm concerns its convergence in the presence of degeneracy. In this paper, we give new convergence results for this algorithm that do not require any non-degeneracy assumption on the problem. In particular, we show that if the stepsize choice of either Dikin or Barnes or Vanderbei, et al. is used, then the algorithm generates iterates that converge at least linearly with a convergence ratio of $$1 - \beta /\sqrt n $$ , wheren is the number of variables andβ ∈ (0,1] is a certain stepsize ratio. For one particular stepsize choice which is an extension of that of Barnes, we show that the cost of the limit point is within O(β/(1−β)) of the optimal cost and, forβ sufficiently small (roughly, proportional to how close the cost of the nonoptimal vertices are to the optimal cost), is exactly optimal. We prove the latter result by using an unusual proof technique, that of analyzing the ergodic convergence of the corresponding dual vectors. For the special case of network flow problems with integer data, we show that it suffices to takeβ = 1/(6mC), wherem is the number of constraints andC is the sum of the cost coefficients, to attain exact optimality.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 343-360 
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    Keywords: Multiextremal optimization ; adaptive partition strategies ; necessary and sufficient convergence conditions ; examples
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    Notes: Abstract Following the presentation of a general partition algorithm scheme for seeking the globally best solution in multiextremal optimization problems, necessary and sufficient convergence conditions are formulated, in terms of respectively implied or postulated properties of the partition operator. The convergence results obtained are pertinent to a number of deterministic algorithms in global optimization, permitting their diverse modifications and generalizations.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 361-364 
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    Keywords: Affine scaling ; semi-infinite linear programming ; free variables
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    Notes: Abstract We consider an extension of the affine scaling algorithm for linear programming problems with free variables to problems having infinitely many constraints, and explore the relationship between this algorithm and the finite affine scaling method applied to a discretization of the problem.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 215-238 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Inductive inference ; Boolean function synthesis ; satisfiability ; artificial intelligence ; integer programming ; interior point method ; Riemannian geometry
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe an interior point mathematical programming approach to inductive inference. We list several versions of this problem and study in detail the formulation based on hidden Boolean logic. We consider the problem of identifying a hidden Boolean functionℱ:{0, 1} n → {0, 1} using outputs obtained by applying a limited number of random inputs to the hidden function. Given this input—output sample, we give a method to synthesize a Boolean function that describes the sample. We pose the Boolean Function Synthesis Problem as a particular type of Satisfiability Problem. The Satisfiability Problem is translated into an integer programming feasibility problem, that is solved with an interior point algorithm for integer programming. A similar integer programming implementation has been used in a previous study to solve randomly generated instances of the Satisfiability Problem. In this paper we introduce a new variant of this algorithm, where the Riemannian metric used for defining the search region is dynamically modified. Computational results on 8-, 16- and 32-input, 1-output functions are presented. Our implementation successfully identified the majority of hidden functions in the experiment.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 279-311 
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    Notes: Abstract We considerε-approximation schemes for indefinite quadratic programming. We argue that such an approximation can be found in polynomial time for fixedε andt, wheret denotes the number of negative eigenvalues of the quadratic term. Our algorithm is polynomial in 1/ε for fixedt, and exponential int for fixedε. We next look at the special case of knapsack problems, showing that a more efficient (polynomial int) approximation algorithm exists.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 239-257 
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    Keywords: Complexity of algorithms ; convergence analysis ; interior point algorithms ; Newton's methods
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    Notes: Abstract We present a theoretical result on a path-following algorithm for convex programs. The algorithm employs a nonsmooth Newton subroutine. It starts from a near center of a restricted constraint set, performs a partial nonsmooth Newton step in each iteration, and converges to a point whose cost is withinε accuracy of the optimal cost in $$O(\sqrt m \left| {\ln \varepsilon } \right|)$$ iterations, wherem is the number of constraints in the problem. Unlike other interior point methods, the analyzed algorithm only requires a first-order Lipschitzian condition and a generalized Hessian similarity condition on the objective and constraint functions. Therefore, our result indicates the theoretical feasibility of applying interior point methods to certainC 1-optimization problems instead ofC 2-problems. Since the complexity bound is unchanged compared with similar algorithms forC 2-convex programming, the result shows that the smoothness of functions may not be a factor affecting the complexity of interior point methods.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 337-339 
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Strict complementarity ; interior point algorithms ; linear programming ; optimal face
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    Notes: Abstract It has been shown [8] that numerous interior-point algorithms for linear programming (LP) generate solution sequences that converge to strict complementarity solutions, or interior solutions on the optimal face. In this note we further establish a theoretical base for Gay's test (Gay, 1989) to identify the optimal face, and develop a new termination procedure to obtain an exact solution on the optimal face. We also report some numerical results for solving a set of LP test problems, each of which has a highly degenerate and unbounded optimal face.
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 313-324 
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    Notes: Abstract We discuss the average case complexity of global optimization problems. By the average complexity, we roughly mean the amount of work needed to solve the problem with the expected error not exceeding a preassigned error demand. The expectation is taken with respect to a probability measure on a classF of objective functions. Since the distribution of the maximum, max x f (x), is known only for a few nontrivial probability measures, the average case complexity of optimization is still unknown. Although only preliminary results are available, they indicate that on the average, optimization is not as hard as in the worst case setting. In particular, there are instances, where global optimization is intractable in the worst case, whereas it is tractable on the average. We stress, that the power of the average case approach is proven by exhibiting upper bounds on the average complexity, since the actual complexity is not known even for relatively simple instances of global optimization problems. Thus, we do not know how much easier global optimization becomes when the average case approach is utilized.
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    Computing 47 (1992), S. 323-336 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 26C10 ; 26C15 ; 65H05 ; Multiplicity ; Zero identification ; Global optimination
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir zeigen, daß man mit Hilfe gewisser Integrale die Anzahl der Nullstellen einer gegebenen Vielfachheit für eine Funktion einer Veränderlichen in einem beliebigen Intervall bestimmen kann. Das Vorgeben wird durch typische Beispiele erläutert.
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that certain simple integrals determine the number of zeros with a certain multiplicity of a function of one variable in an arbitrary interval. Several typical numerical examples are given.
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    Computing 47 (1992), S. 337-353 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65G10 ; 65F05 ; Interval iteration ; linear interval systems ; standard simplices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Literatur werden eine Reihe effizienter Algorithmen beschrieben zur Berechnung garantierter Einschließungen der Lösung numerischer Standardprobleme [3,4,8,11,12,13]. Die Einschließungen werden in Form von Mengen gegeben. In [12, 13] wird diese Menge mit Hilfe einer affinen Transformation berechnet, die stoppt, wenn eine nichtleere kompakte Menge in sich selbst abgebildet wird. Für Punkteingabedaten wurde gezeigt, daß diese Iteration genau dann stoppt, wenn die Iterationsmatrix konvergent ist [13]. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden notwendige und hinreichende Stop-Bedingungen angegeben für Intervalleingabedaten und Intervalloperationen im reellen und im komplexen. Stoppen heißt hierbei, daß der Algorithmus aus [12] für Intervallgleichungssysteme eine Einschließung liefert. Ein Algorithmus von Neumaier wird diskutiert, und es wird ein Hybrid-Algorithmus vorgeschlagen, der die Vorteile Neumaiers und unseres Algorithmus kombiniert. Unter Benutzung einer Arbeit von Jansson [6, 7] wird eine interessante geometrische Interpretation von Einschließungsalgorithmen gegeben. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Einschließungsalgorithmen in bestimmtem Sinne optimal sind. für eine andere Klasse von Mengen, für Standardsimplexe, geben wir einige interessante Beispiele.
    Notes: Abstract In the literature efficient algorithms have been described for calculating guaranteed inclusions for the solution of a number of standard numerical problems [3,4,8,11,12,13]. The inclusions are given by means of a set containing the solution. In [12,13] this set is calculated using an affine iteration which is stopped when a nonempty and compact set is mapped into itself. For exactly given input data (point data) it has been shown that this iteration stops if and only if the iteration matrix is convergent (cf. [13]). In this paper we give a necessary and sufficient stopping criterion for the above mentioned iteration for interval input data and interval operations. Stopping is equivalent to the fact that the algorithm presented in [12] for solving interval linear systems computes an inclusion of the solution. An algorithm given by Neumaier is discussed and an algorithm is proposed combining the advantages of our algorithm and a modification of Neumaier's. The combined algorithm yields tight bounds for input intervals of small and large diameter. Using a paper by Jansson [6,7] we give a quite different geometrical interpretation of inclusion methods. It can be shown that our inclusion methods are optimal in a specified geometrical sense. For another class of sets, for standard simplices, we give some interesting examples.
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 177-189 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Primary 65D30 ; Secondary 44A15 ; Strongly singular integrals ; finite-part integrals ; numerical approximation ; quadrature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit beschäftigen wir uns mit der numerischen Auswertung von singulären Integralen im Sinne von Hadamard mit Hilfe von einfachen Integrationsmethoden. Die entsprechenden Fehlerabschätzungen sowie Beispielrechnungen werden angegeben. Weiterhin wird die Optimalität der betrachteten Integrationsmethoden untersucht.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we deal with the numerical calculation of singular integrals in the sense of Hadamard by simple integration methods. Error estimates and numerical examples are given. The optimality of the quadrature rules will be examined.
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 68U05 ; Euclidean shortest path ; polyhedral obstacles ; computation geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird folgendes Problem untersucht: Gegeben sei eine Menge von einfachen Polyedern und zwei Punkte außerhalb dieser Polyeder; gesucht ist ein fast-optimaler Polygonzug der die beiden Punkte verbindet und dessen Durchschnitt mit allen Polyedern leer ist. Zur Lösung dieses Problems wird ein Algorithmus angegeben, durch den eine Menge von zulässigen Polygonzügen generiert werden kann. Ausgehend von dieser Menge wird mittels einer auf der ψ-Transformation basierenden Optimierungsprozedur ein fast-optimaler Polygonzug bestimmt.
    Notes: Abstract The problem can be stated as follows: Given a set of simple polyhedra and two points belonging to the exterior domain of the given polyhedra, determine a near-optimal polygonal line connecting the two points so that the intersection of this polygonal line and the given polyhedra is an empty set. To solve this problem an algorithm is formed for generation of a set of admissible polygonal lines. On the basis of this set, using the optimisation procedure based on ψ-transform, a near-optimal polygonal line is determined.
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  • 196
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 319-336 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Global optimization ; interval arithmetic ; inclusion function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vorgestellt wird eine Methode zum Auffinden aller globalen Minimierer einer reellwertigen Zielfunktion mehrerer Veränderlicher. Dabei wird ein problemorientierter Zahlentyp verwendet: der Bereich der reellen kompakten Intervalle. Der Wertebereich der Zielfunktion über einem rechteckigen Gebiet wird durch natürliche Intervallerweiterung einer geeigneten Modellfunktion abgeschätzt. Es wird ein Algorithmus zur Interpolation und Approximation in mehrdimensionalen Räumen entwickelt. Diese Optimierungsmethode kann auf herkömmliche, das heißt mit reeller Arithmetik programmierte, Funktionen erfolgreich angewendet werden.
    Notes: Abstract A method for finding all global minimizers of a real-valued objective function of several variables is presented. For this purpose a problem-oriented type of number is used: the set of real compact intervals. The range of the objective function over a rectangular set is estimated by natural interval extension of a suitable modelling function. An algorithm for interpolation and approximation in multidimensional spaces is developed. This optimization method can be applied successfully to conventionally, e.g. with real arithmetic, programmed functions.
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  • 197
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    Computing 48 (1992), S. 373-380 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65D05 ; 65N20 ; Blending function ; shape preserving interpolation ; Poisson equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung einer Anfangsnäherung für die Lösung eines Poisson-Problems wird eine Blending-Funktions-Technik mit einem eindimensionalen Interpolationsschema vorgeschlagen. Diese Näherung verbindet die exakte Wiedergabe der Randbedingungen mit der Interpolation irgendwoher bekannter Werte im Inneren. Bilineare Blending-Funktionen und ein gestalterhaltendes Interpolationsschema werden für numerische Testrechnungen verwendet.
    Notes: Abstract A blending function technique with a monovariate interpolating scheme is proposed to provide an initial approximation to the solution of the Poisson problem. Such an approximation combines the interpolatory properties of exact matching of boundary conditions with some interior values of the solution, somehow known. The bilinear blending functions and a shape-preserving interpolation scheme are used in the numerical tests.
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  • 198
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 11-23 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65M55 ; 65Y05 (primary) ; 65M60 (secondary) ; Domain decomposition ; parallel time stepping ; parabolic problems ; transputer system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Implementierung von Lösungs-methoden für parabolische Probleme erfordert eine ausreichende Balance zwischen der parallelen Effizienz voll-expliziter Schemata und der Notwendigkeit von Stabilität und Genauigkeit, welche einen gewissen Grad an Implizitheit bedingt. Als ein Kompromiß wird ein Gebietszerlegungsverfahren vorgeschlagen, welches lokal implizit ist auf leicht überlappenden Teilgebieten, die lokalen Randdaten aber durch einen einfachen expliziten Prozeß fortpflanzt. Die Analyse dieses Algorithmus zeigt, daß er zufriedenstellende Stabilitäts- und Approximationseigenschaften besitzt und effektiv parallelisiert werden kann. Diese theoretischen Resultate werden bestätigt durch numerische Tests auf einem Transputer-System.
    Notes: Abstract In the parallel implementation of solution methods for parabolic problems one has to find a proper balance between the parallel efficiency of a fully explicit scheme and the need for stability and accuracy which requires some degree of implicitness. As a compromise a domain splitting scheme is proposed which is locally implicit on slightly overlapping subdomains but propagates the corresponding boundary data by a simple explicit process. The analysis of this algorithm shows that it has satisfactory stability and approximation properties and can be effectively parallelized. These theoretical results are confirmed by numerical tests on a transputer system.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65H10 ; 65G10 ; Nonlinear equations ; nondifferentiable operator ; quasi-Newton method ; convergence theorems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Konvergenz gewisser Quasi-Newton-Verfahren zur Lösung von nichtlinearen GleichungenAx+g(x)=0 aufD⊄R n untersucht, wobeiA eine (n×n)-Matrix undg ein nichtdifferenzierbarer, aber Lip-schitz-stetiger Operator ist. Mittels intervallanalytischer Techniken wird ein neuer Konvergenzsatz für die Verfahren hergeleitet.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we study the convergence of some quasi-Newton methods for solving nonlinear equationAx+g(x)=0 in a domainD⊄R n , whereA is ann×n matrix andg is a nondifferentiable but Lipschitz continuous operator. By interval analysis, we give a new convergence theorem of the methods.
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    Computing 49 (1992), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 41A15 ; 65D05 ; Interpolation ; bivariate splines ; flows
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir entwickeln hinreichende Bedingungen, die garantieren, daß eine Punktmenge eindeutige Lagrange-Interpolation mit quadratischen Splines auf einer Typ 2—Triangulierung erlaubt. Die Interpolationseigenschaft dieser Mengen wird gezeigt, indem ein bivariates Problem auf eine endliche Folge univariater Probleme reduziert wird.
    Notes: Abstract We give sufficient conditions which guarantee that a set of points admits unique Lagrange interpolation by quadratic splines on a four-directional mesh. The poisedness of these sets will be proved by reducing one bivariate problem to a finite sequence of univariate problems.
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