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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,577)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (880)
  • Chemical Engineering  (643)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (614)
  • 1990-1994  (5,714)
  • 1991  (5,714)
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  • 1990-1994  (5,714)
Year
  • 1
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    Imaging spectroscopy of Mars during 1990 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Preliminary results are presented of observations of Mars using three telescopes and a CCD camera, grating-array spectrometers, and a near-IR array camera. Martian albedo features are shown to be similar in the visible and 1.3-3.5-micron range, and reflectances of nearly zero are noted in the image at 3.02 microns. The results demonstrate that these techniques provide effective maps of spatial variations in spectral absorption features caused by Martian atmospheric volatiles and by surface minerals.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 72; 47, N; 521
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  • 2
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    Uranus as a radio source (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The complex nature of the Uranus radio emissions, both magnetospheric and atmospheric, is reviewed, with emphasis on the identification of distinct components and the determination of their source locations. Seven radii components were discovered in addition to the RF signature of lightning in the planet's atmosphere. Six of the seven magnetospheric components are freely propagating emissions; one component, the nonthermal continuum, is trapped in the density cavity between the magnetopause and the dense inner magnetosphere. The radio components are divided into two types according to their emission signature: bursty emission and smooth emission. The inferred source location for the dominant nightside emission is above the nightside magnetic pole, largely overlapping the UV auroral region and the magnetic polar cap. The N-burst component appears to be associated with solar-wind enhancements at Uranus, consistent with the idea that the solar wind was triggering magnetospheric substormlike activity during the encounter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 3
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    Energetic particles at Uranus (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The energetic particle measurements by the low-energy charged-particle and cosmic-ray instruments on the Voyager 2 spacecraft in the magnetosphere of Uranus are reviewed. Upstream events were observed outside the Uranian bow shock, probably produced by ion escape from the magnetosphere. Evidence of earthlike substorm activity was discovered within the Uranian magnetosphere. A proton injection event was observed within the orbit of Umbriel and proton events were observed in the magnetotail plasma-sheet boundary layer that are diagnostic of earthlike substorms. The magnetospheric composition is totally dominated by protons, with only a trace abundance of H(2+) and no evidence for He or heavy ions; the Uranian atmophere is argued to be the principal plasma source. Phase-space densities of medium energy protons show inward radial diffusion and are quantitatively similar to those observed at the earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. These findings and plasma wave data suggest the existence of structures analogous to the earth's plasmasphere and plasmapause.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 4
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    The plasma environment of Uranus (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview of the observational results on the plasma environment at Uranus is given, and the implications of these observations for magnetospheric physics at Uranus are discussed. During the Voyager 2 encounter with Uranus, an extended magnetosphere filled with a tenuous plasma was detected. This low-energy plasma was found to consist of protons and electrons, with no significant heavy ion contribution, and with a density in the regions sampled by the spacecraft of at most three electrons per cubic centimeter. The plasma electrons and ions exhibit both a thermal component (with temperatures of tens of eV) and a hot component (with temperatures of a few keV). The thermal ion component is observed both inside and outside an L-shell value near 5, whereas the hot ion and electron component is excluded from the region inside of that L-shell. The source of the thermal component of the plasma is either the planetary ionosphere or the neutral hydrogen corona surrounding Uranus, whereas the hot component is convected in from the magnetotail, with probably an ionospheric source.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 5
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    Solid C triple bond N bearing material on outer solar system bodies (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Recent telescopic observations have led to the identification of cyanogroup-containing molecules in the dark surface solids of several D-class asteroids, cometary dusts, and the rings of Uranus, as well as the low-albedo atmosphere of Iapetus. The occurrence of the 2.2-micron overtone of C triple-bond N's stretching fundamental mode in all four classes of small solar system bodies is presently suggested to serve as a diagnostic of both exposure duration and degree of modification of surface materials.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 94; 345-353
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  • 6
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    Sources of error in planetary photoclinometry (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A quantitative analysis of error sources in 1D planetary photoclinometry is presented. The technique is affected by error sources arising from the spacecraft image, the planetary body, and the scan line orientation. Slope errors are calculated for each of these sources, using examples of Voyager imaging of Ganymede and Viking orbiting imaging of Mars. Slope errors are investigated for a variety of viewing and lighting geometries, slope angles, and slope orientations. The results are broken down into nonsystematic and systematic errors. Derivations that allow the calculation of photoclinometric slope errors for any photometric function are presented, and the implications of these results for 2D photoclinometric techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 20
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  • 7
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    Graben and extension in northern Tharsis, Mars (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A morphometric analysis of north-south trending graben at 35 deg N in northern Tharsis is used to provide the first quantitative measurements of crustal extension in and strain for areas of the Martian crust that have undergone both extreme and mild deformation. These estimates also demonstrate the viability of the Viking data for making such quantitative assessment. Graben in the region accommodate about 8 km of post Early Amazonian east-west extension. This extension corresponds to a net regional strain of 0.45-0.61 percent; local strains vary from less than 1 percent to 5 percent. Extension is nonuniform and localized near 110 deg (south of Alba Patera and north of Ceraunius Fossae) because of reactivation of preexisting fractures in underlying basement and possibly due to superposition of stress fields from Tharsis and Alba Patera. A major mechanical discontinuity in the shallow crust, probably representing the base of or a strength contrast within the megaregolith, is observed. It occurs at a depth of 2 km on the profile flanks and is depressed to about 7.5 km near 110 deg due to loading of the crust by the volcano.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 18
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  • 8
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    Meridional Martian water abundance profiles during the 1988-1989 season (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Martian southern hemisphere atmospheric water vapor column abundance measurements reported agree with Viking Orbiter atmospheric water detectors during early southern spring and southern autumnal equinox; profiles obtained in southern mid- and late summer, however, indicate the presence of twice as much water both in the southern hemisphere and planetwide. This discrepancy is accounted for by the high optical depths created by two global dust storms during the Viking year, while the present observations were obtained in the case of the relatively dust-free atmosphere of the 1988-1989 opposition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 90; 205-213
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  • 9
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    Spectroscopic observations of bright and dark emission features on the night side of Venus (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Near-infrared spectra of a bright and a dark thermal emission feature on the night side of Venus have been obtained from 2.2 to 2.5 microns at a spectral resolution of 1200 to 1500. Both bright and dark features show numerous weak absorption bands produced by CO2, CO, water vapor, and other gases. The bright feature emits more radiation than the dark feature throughout this spectral region, but the largest contrasts occur between 2.21 s 2.32 microns, where H2SO4 clouds and a weak CO2 band provide the only known sources of extinction. The contrast decreases by 55 to 65 percent at wavelengths longer than 2.34 microns, where CO, clouds, and water vapor also absorb and scatter upwelling radiation. This contrast reduction may provide direct spectroscopic evidence for horizontal variations in the water vapor concentrations in the Venus atmosphere at levels below the cloud tops.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 252; 1293-129
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  • 10
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    Venus volcanism - Initial analysis from Magellan data (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Magellan images confirm that volcanism is widespread and has been fundamentally important in the formation and evolution of the crust of Venus. High-resolution imaging data reveal evidence for intrusion (dike formation and cryptodomes) and extrusion (a wide range of lava flows). Also observed are thousands of small shield volcanoes, larger edifices up to several hundred kilometers in diameter, massive outpourings of lavas, and local pyroclastic deposits. Although most features are consistent with basaltic compositions, a number of large pancake-like domes are morphologically similar to rhyolite-dacite domes on earth. Flows and sinuous channels with lengths of many hundreds of kilometers suggest that extremely high effusion rates or very fluid magmas (perhaps komantiites) may be present. Volcanism is evident in various tectonic settings (coronae, linear extensional and compressional zones, mountain belts, upland rises, highland plateaus, and tesserae). Volcanic resurfacing rates appear to be low (less than 2 cu km/yr) but the significance of dike formation and intrusions, and the mode of crustal formation and loss remain to be established.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 252; 276-288
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