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  • Springer  (11)
  • 3
  • Geophysical Press
  • Wiley
  • 1990-1994  (11)
  • 1991  (11)
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Verlag/Herausgeber
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  • 1990-1994  (11)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An analysis of codon usage in mammals: Selection or mutation bias? (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 442-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Humans ; Mouse ; Rat ; Codon usage ; Mutation bias ; Selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A new statistical test has been developed to detect selection on silent sites. This test compares the codon usage within a gene and thus does not require knowledge of which genes are under the greatest selection, that there exist common trends in codon usage across genes, or that genes have the same mutation pattern. It also controls for mutational biases that might be introduced by the adjacent bases. The test was applied to 62 mammalian sequences, the significant codon usage biases were detected in all three species examined (humans, rats, and mice). However, these biases appear not to be the consequence of selection, but of the first base pair in the codon influencing the mutation pattern at the third position.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02103136
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chromosomal inversions and genetic control revisited: the use of inversions in sexing systems for higher Diptera (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 619-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Genetic sexing ; Translocation ; Inversion ; Lucilia cuprina ; Ceratitis capitata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Genetic sexing systems based on sex-linked translocations and deleterious mutations are subject to breakdown from genetic recombination in males. Including inversions in these strains may provide a solution to this problem, by ensuring selective elimination of recombinant products. Inversions could be used either in coupling to or in repulsion to the translocation. The latter system, requiring homozygous-viable inversions, would be more difficult to construct, but would offer several advantages not available with coupled translocation/inversion systems. A system proposed for the blowfly Lucilia cuprina is outlined, which combines homozygous-viable pericentric inversions in repulsion to existing sex-linked translocations. This system should both stabilize the genetic sexing system and increase the suppressive potential of such strains.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226727
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Simulation of genetic control. Homozygous-viable pericentric inversions in field-female killing systems (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 368-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Genetic control ; Simulation ; Translocation ; Inversion ; Genetic sexing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The GENCON simulation program GC5 is designed to simulate genetic population control using field-female killing (FK) systems carying pericentric inversions in addition to Y-linked translocations and deleterious mutations. Homozygous-viable pericentric inversions are included on the same chromosomes as the deleterious mutations, in repulsion to the Y-linked translocation. Released males transmit the inversions and mutations to their daughters and the translocation to their sons. Daughters are semisterile regardless of the type of male they mate with, because products of crossing-over within the inversions carry inviable duplications and deficiencies. Compared to present FK systems, inversion-containing strains give higher levels of genetic death, with both faster initial suppression and greater persistence of genetic death from field-reared descendants if releases are interrupted. At low release rates, both types of FK system are more effective than sterile males.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190625
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemical coding of endocrine cells of the airways: presence of helodermin-like peptides (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Regulatory peptides ; Serotonin ; Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP) ; Respiratory tract ; Neuroendocrine cells ; Mouse ; Rat ; Harnster
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The epithelium of the airways is rich in endocrine cells containing serotonin and/or a wide variety of regulatory peptides. These cells usually occur in clusters in the lungs but are also found scattered in the larynx and trachea. In the present study, endocrine cells in the airways of mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, pig, sheep and squirrel monkey were examined for the presence of serotonin, helodermin-like peptides and other regulatory peptides using immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. In addition, we looked for the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), which occurs in many peptide hormone-producing endocrine cells in the body. Both clustered and scattered endocrine cells in the airways were found to display coexistence of serotonin and peptides, such as a helodermin-like peptide, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The PGP-immunoreactive cells were numerous and included elements containing serotonin and/or regulatory peptides. An additional PGP-immunoreactive endocrine cell population lacked serotonin and regulatory peptides. Helodermin-immunoreactive material was demonstrated in endocrine cells of the airways in the mouse and hamster but not in any of the other species studied. Serotonin was an endocrine cell constituent in all the species studied. Calcitonin and CGRP could be demonstrated by immunocytochemistry in the mouse, rat, and hamster, but not in the guinea pig, sheep, pig and monkey. In the hamster airways double immunostaining indicated that the helodermin-like peptide occurred in a subpopulation of the CGRP- and serotonin-containing cells. Most of the CGRP-containing cells stored serotonin; some of them also contained calcitonin. The chemical coding of these cells resembled that of the thyroid C cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340865
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides share binding sites on cultured cells from the rat trachea (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 555-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Brain natriuretic peptide ; Binding sites ; Trachea ; Autoradiography ; Cell culture ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We examined the distribution of binding sites for alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide (125I-ANP1–28) and the recently discovered porcine brain natriuretic peptide (125I-pBNP) on immunocytochemically identified cells in dissociated culture preparations of the rat trachea. Specific binding sites for both 125I-ANP1–28 and 125I-pBNP were evenly distributed over distinet subpopulations of smooth muscle myosin-like immunoreactive muscle cells, fibronectin-like immunoreactive fibroblasts and S-100-like immunoreactive glial cells. Neither keratin-like immunoreactive epithelial cells nor protein gene product 9.5-like immunoreactive paratracheal neurones expressed natriuretic peptide binding sites, although autoradiographically labelled glial cells were seen in close association with both neuronal cell bodies and neurites. The binding of each radiolabelled peptide was abolished by the inclusion of either excess (1 μM) unlabelled rat ANP or excess unlabelled porcine BNP, suggesting that ANP and BNP share binding sites in the trachea. Furthermore, the ring-deleted analogue, Des-[Gln18, Ser19, Gly20, Leu21, Gly22]-ANF4–23-NH2, strongly competed for specific 125I-ANP1–28 and 125I-pBNP binding sites in the tracheal cultures; this suggests that virtually all binding sites were of the “clearance” (ANP-C or ANF-R2) receptor subtype.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340880
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Patterns of mineralization in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 483-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Mineralization in vitro ; Organoid culture ; Calvarial cells ; Matrix vesicles ; Cell necrosis ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Various patterns of mineralization are found in the organism during fetal and postnatal development. Different findings and theories have been published in the literature with regard to the mechanisms of mineralization, many of which are controversely discussed. In the present study the different patterns of mineralization observed in the organoid culture system of fetal rat calvarial cells were investigated by electron microscopy. In organoid culture, calvarial cells grow and differentiate at high density, and deposition of osteoid and mineralization of the matrix occur to a very high extent. Different types of mineralization could be observed more or less simultaneously. It was found that hydroxyapatite crystals were formed at collagen fibrils as well as in the interfibrillar space. Mineralization was frequently seen in necrotic cells and cellular remnants as well as in extra-and intracellular vesicles. Addition of bone or dentin matrices or the artificial hydroxyapatite Interpore 200 to the cells caused an increased mineralization in the vicinity and on the surface of the matrices with and without participation of collagen. On previously formed mineralized nodules, an apposition of mineralizing material appeared due to matrix secretion by osteoblasts. It is concluded that initiation of mineralization occurs-at least in vitro-at every nucleation point under appropriate conditions. These mineralization foci enlarge by further apposition as well as by cellular secretion of a mineralizing matrix. Furthermore, cell necroses may liberate mineralizable vesicles. All these patterns of mineralization are the result of different activities of one cell type.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327281
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Patterns of co-existence of peptides and differences of nerve fibre types associated with noradrenergic and non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) neurons in the major pelvic ganglion of the male rat (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 405-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pelvic plexus ; Autonomic ganglia ; Neuropeptides ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pelvic ganglia supply cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve pathways to many organs. Other possible transmitters are also present in these nerves, including peptides. Multiple labelling immunofluorescence techniques were used in this study of the male rat major pelvic ganglion (MPG) to examine: (1) the peptides present in noradrenergic (tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive) and non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) neurons, and (2) the types of peptide-containing nerve fibres closely associated with these two groups of neurons. The distribution of the peptide galanin (GAL) within the MPG was also investigated. All of the TH-neurons contained neuropeptide Y (NPY), but none of the other tested peptides. However, many NPY neurons did not contain TH and may have been cholinergic. TH-negative neurons also displayed vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), enkephalin (ENK) or GAL. VIP and NPY formed the most common types of putative cholinergic pelvic neurons, but few cells contained both peptides. Many ENK neurons exhibited VIP, NPY or GAL. Varicose nerve terminals surrounding ganglion cells contained ENK, GAL, somatostatin (SOM) and cholecystokinin (CCK). These peptide-immunoreactive fibres were more often associated with the non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) than the noradrenergic neurons; two types (SOM and CCK) were preferentially associated with the non-noradrenergic NPY neurons. GAL was distributed throughout the MPG, in small neurons, scattered small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and both varicose and non-varicose nerve fibres. The nerve fibres were concentrated near the pelvic and penile nerves; most of the varicose fibres formed “baskets” surrounding individual GAL-negative somata.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318197
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Co-occurrence of immunoreactive calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuroendocrine cells of rat lungs (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 555-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neuropeptides ; Colocalization ; Neuroepithelial bodies ; APUD cells ; Gene expression ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Neuroendocrine cells of the lung, occurring singly or in clusters known as neuroepithelial bodies, contain a variety of biologically active compounds, including several neuropeptides. We have investigated the localization of calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) within single and grouped neuroendocrine cells in the respiratory epithelium of rats by an immunohistochemical double-staining technique which uses specific antisera raised in heterogeneous animal species. Calcitonin- and CGRP-immunoreactivities were nearly totally co-localized in both single neuroendocrine cells and neuroepithelial bodies. CGRP-immunoreactivity was also present in neurons in the jugular, nodose and dorsal root ganglia. The calcitonin-immunoreactivity in neuroendocrine cells, as in thyroid parafollicular (C) cells, was abolished by preincubation of the anticalcitonin serum with synthetic calcitonin. The CGRP-immunoreactivity in neuroendocrine cells and in the neuronal cells was abolished by preincubation of anti-CGRP serum with synthetic CGRP. Thus, while the calcitonin gene is expressed exclusively or predominantly as either calcitonin or CGRP in all other tissues except thyroid C-cells, our results strongly suggest that both peptides are expressed in the rat bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319045
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the major salivary glands of the rat: evidence for both sympathetic and parasympathetic origin (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Salivary glands ; Innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The localization of the proenkephalin A-derived octapeptide, Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL), was studied in the major salivary glands of Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats with the indirect immunofluorescence method. MEAGL-immunoreactive nerve fibers were found around the acini, along intra-and interlobular salivary ducts and in close contact with blood vessels. In the parotid and submandibular glands tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was observed in nerve fibers around the acini, in association with intra- and interlobular salivary ducts and around blood vessels, while in the sublingual gland TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were only seen around blood vessels. Parasympathetic neurons in submandibular ganglia contained MEAGL immunoreactivity. Moderate TH immunoreactivity was seen in some neurons of the submandibular ganglia. A subpopulation of sympathetic principal neurons in the superior cervical ganglion were immunoreactive for both MEAGL and TH. In the trigeminal ganglion, no MEAGL-immunoreactive sensory neurons or nerve fibers were observed. Superior cervical ganglionectomies resulted in a complete disappearance of TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers, while MEAGL-immunoreative nerve fibers were still present in the glands. The presence of MEAGL immunoreactivity in neurons of both sympathetic superior cervical ganglia and parasympathetic submandibular ganglia and the results of superior cervical ganglionectomies suggest, that MEAGL-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the major salivary glands of the rat have both sympathetic and parasympathetic origin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305718
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of prolonged sodium restriction on the morphology and function of rat adrenocortical autotransplants (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal autotransplants ; Sodium restriction ; Mineralocorticoid hormones ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Regenerated adrenocortical nodules were obtained by implanting fragments of the capsular tissue of excised adrenal glands into the musculus gracilis of rats (Belloni et al. 1990). Five months after the operation, operated rats showed a normal basal blood level of corticosterone, but a very low concentration of circulating aldosterone associated with a slightly increased plasma renin activity (PRA). Regenerated nodules were well encapsulated and some septa extended into the parenchyma from the connective-tissue capsule. The majority of parenchymal cells were similar to those of the zonae fasciculata and reticularis of the normal adrenal gland, while zona glomerulosa-like cells were exclusively located around septa (juxta-septal zone; JZ). In vitro studies demonstrated that nodules were functioning as far as glucocorticoid production was concerned, while mineralocorticoid yield was very low. Prolonged sodium restriction significantly increased PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration, and provoked a marked hypertrophy of JZ, which was due to increases in both the number and average volume of JZ cells. Accordingly, the in vitro basal production of aldosterone and other 18-hydroxylated steroids was notably enhanced. The plasma level of corticosterone, as well as zona fasciculata/reticularis-like cells and in vitro production of glucocorticoids by regenerated nodules were not affected. These findings, indicating that autotransplanted adrenocortical nodules respond to a prolonged sodium restriction similar to the normal adrenal glands, suggest that the relative deficit in mineralocorticoid production is not due to an intrinsic defect of the zona glomerulosa-like JZ, but is probably caused by the impairment of its adequate stimulation under basal conditions. The hypothesis is advanced that the lack of splanchnic nerve supply and chromaffin medullary tissue in regenerated nodules may be the cause of such an impairment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318136
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adaptation of intestinal hydrolases to starvation in rats: effect of thyroid function (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1991), S. 357-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Schlagwort(e): Thyroidectomy ; Sucrase ; β-Galactosidases ; Aminopeptidase ; Messenger RNA ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of long-term starvation on the activities of sucrase, lactase, and aminopeptidase, and on their respective mRNA were determined in the small intestine of thyroidectomized and sham-operated adult rats. Thyroidectomy reduced the protein loss at the level of the intestinal brush border membranes during starvation. Prolonged fasting caused a significant decrease in sucrase activity, but thyroidectomy partly prevented this effect. However, the amount of the corresponding mRNA dropped during long term starvation without incidence of thyroidectomy. Lactase activity in the brush border membranes was increased by starvation, and thyroidectomy caused a further elevation of the enzyme activity. Simultaneously, lactase mRNA content rose only slightly compared to the enzyme activity. Amnopeptidase activity and mRNA content decreased during starvation and thyroidectomy did not prevent this process. These results indicate that intestinal hydrolases respond non-coordinately to long-term food deprivation. In addition, the thyroid status of the animals has a direct influence on the adaptation of several brush border hydrolases to starvation. This suggests that the drop in plasma thyroid hormones during fasting allows a better maintenance of protein content and of hydrolase activities in the brush border membranes of the small intestine. These adaptive processes seemed to be partly controlled at a post-transcriptional level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260793
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