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  • Articles  (74)
  • tissue culture  (38)
  • growth  (37)
  • Springer  (74)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Annual Reviews
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  • 1990-1994  (74)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1991  (74)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of potassium levels over the range occurring in host plants on the growth of an insect herbivore (Manduca sexta) (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 59-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Consumption ; food utilization efficiencies ; growth ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Manduca sexta ; Nicotiana tabacum ; potassium ; tobacco hornworm ; water regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Third instar tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta L.: Sphingidae) on low dietary potassium had a lower relative growth rate than individuals on diets with potassium concentrations reflecting those in host-plants, due to decreased consumption rate, lower efficiencies of conversion of ingested and digested food (ECI and ECD), and a prolonged growth/feeding phase. Furthermore, these larvae, when placed on a diet with a moderate potassium concentration through the fourth stadium, ended up being smaller due to lower ECI and less biomass gained, and had a prolonged growth phase, which suggest an irreversible cost of the previous low potassium diet. Third instar hornworms on high potassium diets had lower ECI and ECD, and they had a prolonged growth phase. These individuals, when placed on a moderate potassium diet in the fourth stadium, gained less biomass, than those previously offered hostplant-like-potassium diets. Body potassium concentrations (% dw) at the end of the third stadium were similar among treatment groups. With increasing potassium concentrations in the diet, utilization efficiencies of potassium decreased and potassium concentrations in the frass increased. Correspondingly, water content (% fw) of the newly-molted fourth instar larvae declined with increasing potassium, indicating a passive loss of water during potassium excretion. Low and high dietary potassium reduced survivorship of third instar larvae; fourth instar caterpillars previously fed the low potassium diet also had poor survivorship. We conclude that, within the normal range of potassium concentrations in the hostplants, caterpillar performance is largely unaffected by potassium concentration, but that potassium-poor and potassium-rich diets, such as those hornworms may sometimes experience, can reduce growth and survivorship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367169
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal concentration of ammonium ion in a minimal synthetic medium for the growth of Candida albicans (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 113 (1991), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; ammonium ; physiology ; medium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Candida albicans strain B 311-10 with and without starvation was cultivated in the minimal synthetic medium of Shepherd et al. [18], modified without biotin, aminoacids, low glucose concentration [20] and with decreasing amounts of (NH4)2SO4, to determine the optimal growth requirement for this strain. All the experiments were carried out under sterile conditions at 25 °C in a thermostat with initial O.D.s (675 nm) of 0.500 and 0.100. Cell growth was generally monitored everyday for six days with a spectrophotometer by determining the absorbance of the cultures at 675 nm. All the experiments were repeated three times and a statistical analysis of the data with a probability of 99% and 1% of error was performed to confirm the validity of the results. Best growth was obtained with starved cells at an initial O.D. of 0.100 and with a 0.1 g/L concentration of (NH4)2SO4. At this concentration, the growth of C. albicans B 311-10 was best between the first and the fourth day with the maximum at the third day. With (NH4)2SO4 concentrations of 0.05 and 0.5 g/L, cell growth was the same.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436116
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary cultures of shark rectal gland epithelial cells: A model for hormone-sensitive chloride transport (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; sharks ; epithelia ; chloride transport ; kidney tubules ; cell regulation ; cystic fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for establishing primary monolayer cultures from chloride-secreting epithelial cells of the dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) rectal gland (SRG). After stimulation, cultures display exceptionally high rates (150 to 250μA/cm2) of transepithelial chloride secretion. Hormones and neurotransmitters which increase cytoplasmic cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium or phospholipid-derived second messengers are potent secretagogues. Cultures can be analyzed using a variety of morphologic, biochemical, and electrophysiologic methods. These characteristics make SRG cultures a powerful model for delineating the molecular basis of the transmembrane and intracellular signaling networks that stimulate or inhibit secondary active chloride transport in epithelia. Secondary active chloride transport occurs in a variety of epithelia, including those comprising both the proximal and distal segments of vertebrate nephrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02388119
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histology of, and physical factors affecting, transient GUS expression in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) embryos following microprojectile bombardment (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 120-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Gramineae ; GUS ; microprojectile bombardment ; pearl millet ; tissue culture ; transient gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transient GUS (β-glucuronidase) expression was visualized in whole and sectioned embryos of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (pearl millet) after microprojectile bombardment with pMON 8678 DNA. Strongest GUS expression occurred in cells located in the center of GUS positive spots with decreasing intensity in surrounding cells. GUS positive cells could be seen up to 12 cell layers beneath the epidermis. Needle-like crystals of the GUS assay product were found throughout the cytoplasm of GUS positive cells. The number of GUS positive spots was correlated to the microprojectile spread pattern on the medium surface. Shorter bombardment distances (6.6 and 9.8 cm) and the standard accelerator speed gave the best results for transient expression but also caused maximum tissue damage. The speed and distance, however, had little influence on the ability of bombarded embryos to form compact callus. The developmental stage of the bombarded immature embryos was the determining factor in the formation of compact callus, from which plants were regenerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232041
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient shoot regeneration of Brassica campestris using cotyledon explants cultured in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 9 (1991), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Brassica campestris ; cotyledon culture ; histology ; organogenesis ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A system has been developed for efficient regeneration of shoots from Brassica campestris in vitro. Using 4-day old cotyledons with petioles as expiants and a combination of BA and NAA in the regeneration media, up to 70% of expiants produced shoots after 2 weeks in culture. The optimal conditions for regeneration were found to include a BA concentration of 2mgL−1 and NAA concentration of 1mgL−1. Light intensity had a profound effect on regeneration potential. The use of silver ions as an inhibitor of ethylene action reduced regeneration rates in this system. Rooting occured simultaneously with shoot formation on these media and the resultant shoots could be rooted readily on minimal medium. The genotype dependency was investigated and indicated that this method would be widely applicable to B. campestris cultivars. Regeneration of one cultivar, a high erucic acid type (R-500), was inefficient in the system described here. Histological studies indicated the development of multiple shoot primordia from the petiolar cut ends of the expiants after the initiation of meristematic activity in the cells about 100μm from the cut site within 2 days of culture initiation. The system described is compatible with previously reported Agrobacterium — mediated transformation protocols involving cotyledonary petioles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232329
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for ultrafine powder production in a plasma reactor (1991)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 11 (1991), S. 371-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasmas ; aerosol ; modelling ; growth ; reactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed for the analysis of the production of ultrafine particles in thermal plasma reactors. The model initially solves the fluid flow, temperature, and concentration fields using a classical control volume approach. The nucleation and growth of ultra fine particles are then solved along each streamline. The evolution of the particle distribution is described by a statistical approach, using the first moments of the distribution as the dependent variables. Brownian coalescence is considered in the free molecular regime. In the discussion, the model is used to demonstrate the effects of some important parameters, such as the initial concentration of metal vapor, its radial distribution, and the radial injection of a cooling gas, on the particle size distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01458917
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential allelochemical detoxification mechanism in tissue cultures ofAntennaria microphylla andEuphorbia esula (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; Antennaria microphylla ; small everlasting ; Euphorbia esula ; leafy spurge ; tissue culture ; hydroquinone ; arbutin ; glucosyltransferase ; biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Callus and suspension cultures ofAntennaria microphylla (small everlasting) and the noxious weedEuphorbia esula (leafy spurge) can glucosylate benzene-1,4-diol (hydroquinone) to the corresponding monoglucoside, arbutin. HPLC analysis of extracts from callus tissue corroborates the presence of hydroquinone in the cells of small everlasting. Constitutive levels of a UDPG-dependent glucosyltransferase were detected in cell-free extracts of this tissue. Although this detoxification enzyme was induced in leafy spurge suspension culture cells grown in the presence of hydroquinone, the activity was six-fold lower than that measured in small everlasting. Differential ability to detoxify hydroquinone provides a basis for the observed allelopathic interaction between small everlasting and leafy spurge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994430
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low water potentials affect expression of genes encoding vegetative storage proteins and plasma membrane proton ATPase in soybean (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell wall proteins ; growth ; roots ; stems ; water deficit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have examined growth, water status and gene expression in dark-grown soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seedlings in response to water deficit (low water potentials) during the first days following germination. The genes encoded the plasma membrane proton ATPase and two proteins of 28 kDa and 31 kDa putatively involved in vegetative storage. Water potentials of stems and roots decreased when 2-day-old seedlings were transferred to water-saturated air. Stem growth was inhibited immediately. Root growth continued at control rates for one day and then was totally inhibited when the normal root-stem water potential gradient was reversed. Expression of mRNA for the 28 kDa and 31 kDa proteins, measured independently using specific 3′-end probes, occurred about equally in stems. However, only the mRNA for the 31 kDa protein was detected in roots and at a lower abundance than in stems. Low water potentials increased the mRNA only for the 28 kDa protein in stems and the 31 kDa protein in roots. This differential expression followed the inhibition of stem growth but preceded the inhibition of root growth. The expression of the message for the ATPase, measured using a probe synthesized from a partial oat ATPase clone, was low in stems and roots but there was a 6-fold increase at low water potentials in roots. The increase followed the inhibition of root growth. This appears to be the first instance of regulation of ATPase gene expression in plants and the first demonstration of differential expression of the 28 kDa, 31 kDa, and ATPase messages. The correlation with the differential growth responses of the stems and roots raises the possibility that the differential gene expression could be involved in the growth response to low water potentials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020556
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alfalfa heat shock genes are differentially expressed during somatic embryogenesis (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 999-1007 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Medicago sativa L. ; stress response ; tissue culture ; somatic embryogenesis ; heat shock protein (HSP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated two cDNA clones (Mshsp18-1; Mshsp18-2) from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which encode for small heat shock proteins (HSPs) belonging to the hsp17 subfamily. The predicted amino acid sequences of the two alfalfa proteins are 92% identical and a similar degree of homology (90%) can be detected between Mshsp 18-2 and the pea hsp 17. In comparison to various members of small HSPs from soybean amino acid sequence similarities of 80–86% were identified. The alfalfa HSPs share a homologous stretch of amino acids in the carboxy terminal region with hsp22, 23, 26 from Drosophila. This region contains the GVLTV motif which is characteristic of several members of small HSPs. At room temperature alfalfa hsp 18 mRNAs were not detectable in root and leaf tissues but northern analysis showed a low level of expression in microcallus suspension (MCS). The transcription of Mshsp 18 genes is induced by elevated temperature, CdCl2 treatment and osmotic shock in cultured cells. In alfalfa somatic embryos derived from MCS a considerable amount of hsp 18 mRNA can be detected during the early embryogenic stages under normal culture conditions. The differential expression of these genes during embryo development suggests a specific functional role for HSPs in plant cells at the time of the developmental switch in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016072
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the kinetics of Na+/H+ exchange in OK cells: Introduction of a new device for the analysis of polarized transport in cultured epithelia (1991)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 120 (1991), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: brush border membrane ; amiloride ; tissue culture ; intracellular pH ; fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The present study describes a new perfusion technique—based on the use of a routine spectrofluorometer—which enables fluorometric evaluation of polarity, regulation and kinetics of Na+/H+ exchange at the level of an intact monolayer. Na+/ H+ exchange was evaluated in bicarbonate-free solutions in OK (opossum kidney) cells, a renal epithelial cell line. Na+/H+ exchange activity was measured by monitoring changes in intracellular pH (pH i ) after an acid load, using the pH-sensitive dye 2′7′-bis (carboxyethyl) 5–6-carboxy-fluorescein (BCECF). Initial experiments indicated that OK cells grown on a permeable support had access to apical and basolateral perfusion media. They also demonstrate that OK cells express an apical pH i , recovery mechanism, which is Na+ dependent, ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) sensitive and regulated by PTH. Compared to resting conditions (pH i =7.68; pH o =7.4) where Na+/H+ exchange is not detectable, transport rate increased as pH i decreased. A positive cooperativity characterized the interaction of internal H+ with the exchanger, and suggests multiple H+ binding sites. In contrast, extracellular [Na+] increased transport with simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent affinity of the exchanger for Na+ was 19mM at an intracellular pH of 7.1 and 60mM at an intracellular pH of 6.6. Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange activity by EIPA was competitive with respect to extracellular [Na+] and theK i was 3.4 μM. In conclusion, the technique used in the present study is well suited for determination of mechanisms involved in control of epithelial cell pH i and processes associated with their polarized expression and regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01872400
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biology of Furcellaria lumbricalis (Hudson) Lamouroux (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales), a commercial carrageenophyte (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 61-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Furcellaria ; morphology ; life history ; chemical constituents ; ecophysiology ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Information on the commercially utilized marine red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis is summarized from published sources. Biological aspects under discussion include: nomenclature, taxonomy, morphology, development and life history, distribution, phenology, ecophysiology, growth and resource management. A brief history of the utilization of this species, and an account of its chemical constituents including the hydrocolloid furcellaran are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003920
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced growth of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda in high CO2 concentrations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; growth ; pH ; photosynthesis ; Porphyra yezoensis ; red alga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leafy thalli of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda, initiated from conchospores released from free-living conchocelis, were cultured using aeration with high CO2. It was found that the higher the CO2 concentration, the faster the growth of the thalli. Aeration with elevated CO2 lowered pH in dark, but raised pH remarkably in light with the thalli, because the photosynthetic conversion of HCO 3 − to OH− and CO2 proceeded much faster than the dissociation of hydrated CO2 releasing H+. Photosynthesis of the alga was found to be enhanced in the seawater of elevated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, CO2 + HCO 3 − + CO 3 − ). It is concluded that the increased pH in the light resulted in the increase of DIC in the culture media, thus enhancing photosynthesis and growth. The relevance of the results to removal of atmospheric CO2 by marine algae is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026098
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth ofDunaliella viridis Teodoresco: effect of salinity, temperature and nitrogen concentration (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella viridis ; growth ; salinity ; temperature ; nitrogen concentration ; batch culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of a strain ofD. viridis has been studied in batch culture under different combinations of temperature, salinity and nitrogen concentrations. Changes in these variables have a significant effect on cell division, biomass production, cell volume and pigment yield. This strain grows optimally at 1 M NaCl and 30 °C. Increasing salinity up to 4 M NaCl leads to a significant decrease of cell division rate and maximal population; growth at lower temperature decreases the rate of division of the cells but increases maximal cell density. Pigment yield decreases with increasing salinity and increases with increasing temperature. Nitrogen concentration has a large effect on total cell biomass and pigment production, but not on cell division rate. Saturation of growth occurs at 5 mM NO 3 − ; higher concentration (e.g. 10 mM) leads to a decrease of maximal cell density and photosynthetic pigment content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02392885
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in pigmentation of phytoplankton species during growth and stationary phase — consequences for reliability of pigment-based methods of biomass determination (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: fluorescence ; growth ; pigments ; phytoplankton ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In applied water ecology several methods for estimating the biomass or activity of phytoplankton depend on the proportion of accessory pigments (xanthophylls) to chlorophyll a. Therefore, changes in pigmentation during growth and stationary phase were investigated in four different species (Amphidinium klebsii, Euglena gracilis, Prymnesium parvum, Cryptomonas ovata) typical representatives of the major algal groups. The ratios of the different xanthophylls to chlorophyll a depended not only on the growth phase, but also on the species. InAmphidinium andEuglena, the ratio of xanthophylls to chlorophyll rises continuously during the growth phase and declined during the stationary phase. InPrymnesium, quantitative pigmentation was found to be nearly independent of the growth phase. InCryptomonas, however, this ratio was relatively constant during growth, but increased in the stationary phase. In contrast to higher plants, in which the breakdown of chlorophylls occurs before that of the xanthophylls, in three of the species both pigment classes were reduced in parallel when the cultures were in the stationary phase. AgingCryptomonas, however, exhibited a pigment breakdown pattern similar to higher plants. The use of these findings for the widely applied biomass determination by chlorophyll fluorescence and for other pigment-based methods is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02392883
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Changes in pigmentation of phytoplankton species during growth and stationary phase — consequences for reliability of pigment-based methods of biomass determination (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: fluorescence ; growth ; pigments ; phytoplankton ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In applied water ecology several methods for estimating the biomass or activity of phytoplankton depend on the proportion of accessory pigments (xanthophylls) to chlorophyll a. Therefore, changes in pigmentation during growth and stationary phase were investigated in four different species (Amphidinium klebsii, Euglena gracilis, Prymnesium parvum, Cryptomonas ovata) typical representatives of the major algal groups. The ratios of the different xanthophylls to chlorophyll a depended not only on the growth phase, but also on the species. InAmphidinium andEuglena, the ratio of xanthophylls to chlorophyll rises continuously during the growth phase and declined during the stationary phase. InPrymnesium, quantitative pigmentation was found to be nearly independent of the growth phase. InCryptomonas, however, this ratio was relatively constant during growth, but increased in the stationary phase. In contrast to higher plants, in which the breakdown of chlorophylls occurs before that of the xanthophylls, in three of the species both pigment classes were reduced in parallel when the cultures were in the stationary phase. AgingCryptomonas, however, exhibited a pigment breakdown pattern similar to higher plants. The use of these findings for the widely applied biomass determination by chlorophyll fluorescence and for other pigment-based methods is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026092
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatotypes in Spanish children (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of anthropology 6 (1991), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Children somatotyping ; Spanish population ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using the Heath-Carter (1972) method modified byHebbelinck et al. (1973), the somatotypes ina Spanish school-age population were determined. The study shows an evolution in the components of the somatotype with age, and a distribution of somatoplots in the somatochart which presnts peculiar characteristics in both sexes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444953
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth ofDunaliella viridis Teodoresco: effect of salinity, temperature and nitrogen concentration (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella viridis ; growth ; salinity ; temperature ; nitrogen concentration ; batch culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of a strain ofD. viridis has been studied in batch culture under different combinations of temperature, salinity and nitrogen concentrations. Changes in these variables have a significant effect on cell division, biomass production, cell volume and pigment yield. This strain grows optimally at 1 M NaCl and 30 °C. Increasing salinity up to 4 M NaCl leads to a significant decrease of cell division rate and maximal population; growth at lower temperature decreases the rate of division of the cells but increases maximal cell density. Pigment yield decreases with increasing salinity and increases with increasing temperature. Nitrogen concentration has a large effect on total cell biomass and pigment production, but not on cell division rate. Saturation of growth occurs at 5 mM NO 3 − ; higher concentration (e.g. 10 mM) leads to a decrease of maximal cell density and photosynthetic pigment content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026094
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced growth of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda in high CO2 concentrations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; growth ; pH ; photosynthesis ; Porphyra yezoensis ; red alga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leafy thalli of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda, initiated from conchospores released from free-living conchocelis, were cultured using aeration with high CO2. It was found that the higher the CO2 concentration, the faster the growth of the thalli. Aeration with elevated CO2 lowered pH in dark, but raised pH remarkably in light with the thalli, because the photosynthetic conversion of HCO 3 − to OH− and CO2 proceeded much faster than the dissociation of hydrated CO2 releasing H+. Photosynthesis of the alga was found to be enhanced in the seawater of elevated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, CO2 + HCO 3 − + CO 3 − ). It is concluded that the increased pH in the light resulted in the increase of DIC in the culture media, thus enhancing photosynthesis and growth. The relevance of the results to removal of atmospheric CO2 by marine algae is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02392889
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  • 20
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    Temperature profiles of cellular growth and exopolysaccharide synthesis by Botryococus braunii Kütz. UC 58 (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Botryococcus braunii ; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis ; temperature profiles ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature profiles (range 20–33 °C) were obtained for growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis of the microalga Botryococcus braunii strain UC 58 under photoautotrophic conditions. The maximum temperature for growth was 32 °C and the temperature dependence of the specific growth rate was described by the Hinshelwood equation based on the Arrhenius relationship. The optimal range of temperatures for growth and extracellular EPS synthesis (25–30 °C) concurred and production of 4.5–5 g l−1 of EPS was obtained routinely, leading to high broth viscosities. Below 23 °C EPS biosynthesis was negligible, although the specific growth rate maintained high values. At supraoptimal temperatures EPS biosynthesis decreased, accompanying the increase in doubling time. The polymers formed at temperatures within the optimal range for production, when dissolved in water, produced solutions (2 gl−1) with the highest viscosity, suggesting that their molecular weight showed the highest values. The degree of polymerization of the EPS synthesized at suboptimal and supraoptimal temperatures was significantly below the values within the optimal range.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003917
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    A growing 2D spherulite and calculus of variations Part II: A 2D spherulite of polypropylene in a linear temperature field (1991)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 695-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 2D spherulire ; growth ; linear temperature field ; calculus of variations ; theory and experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A 2D spherulite grows in a linear-temperature field from a nucleus of polypropylene at (0,0). The growth lines and the growth fronts are computed by the calculus of variations. The agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657407
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    Metabolic activities of the sugarbeet pathogens Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. under pyramin stress (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbohydrate metabolism ; DNA-P ; growth ; nitrogen metabolism ; pyramin ; respiration ; RNA-P, sugarbeet pathogenic fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of different concentrations of active ingredient of the herbicide pyramin on metabolic activities of Fusarium solani and Sclerotium rolfsii were examined. High concentrations of this herbicide (1000 and 2000 μg mL-1 for F. solani and 100 and 200 μg mL-1 for S. rolfsii) had inhibitory effects on the metabolic activities of both fungi. These were demonstrated by significant decreases in growth, and increases in rates of CO2 evolved, O2 consumed and keto acids produced. These were accompanied by increased rates of sugar, nitrate and inorganic phosphorus absorption as well as lowered rates of synthesis of carbohydrates and insoluble nitrogenous (including protein) and phosphorus (including RNA-P and DNA-P) compounds. In addition, rates of excretion of both nitrogen and phosphorus fractions by the mycelial mats were increased. A concentration of 25 μ g mL-1 exerted little or no effect on the metabolic activities of these fungi, although S. rolfsii was somewhat sensitive to this concentration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011017
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    Growth and CO2 assimilation of lowland rice in response to timing and method of N fertilization (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 113-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; light response ; N uptake ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand more clearly the dynamics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield development in relation to N fertilization, a field experiment was conducted in Laguna, Philippines. The soil, a Maahas clay (Aquic Hapludalf), was flooded, puddled, and then planted with 20-day-old seedlings of IR64 rice. Treatments were six combinations of N fertilizer timing and method: (1) 0 N control; (2) prilled urea broadcast at 15 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) (BR-LATE); (3) prilled urea injected with a spring auger applicator at 15 DAT and broadcast at 60 DAT (INJ-LATE); (4) prilled urea broadcast and incorporated at 0 DAT and broadcast at 40 DAT (BR-EARLY); (5) urea super granules (USG) manually deep-placed at 3 DAT and prilled urea broadcast at 40 DAT (DP-EARLY); and (6) USG manually deep-placed at 3 DAT (DP). Except for the control, all treatments received a total of 58 kg N ha-1. Yield results were consistent with those of other experiments, namely, DP had the highest yields, the early-split treatments (BR-EARLY and DP-EARLY) were second best, followed by the late-split treatments (BR-LATE and INJ-LATE), with the control having the lowest yield. Sequential harvest results showed that the advantages of DP in terms of dry matter assimilation, tillering, and leaf area index (LAI) were expressed later in the season. For all treatments, midday net CO2 assimilation (Ac) peaked around 48 DAT, approximately panicle initiation. Grain yield was highly correlated with midday Ac at panicle initiation and flowering but not at other growth periods. Rates of midday Ac and night respiration depended strongly on shoot N content. We conclude that N application method and timing should be designed to give high shoot N content at panicle initiation and flowering, and that DP satisfied this requirement best among the treatments tested.
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    Cold storage of in vitro cultures of hybrid poplar shoots (Populus alba L. x P. grandidentata Michx.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: aspen ; growth suspension ; phenotypic variation ; ultra-structure ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot cultures of P. alba x P. grandidentata ‘Crandon’ were maintained for more than 5 years at 4°C with minimal growth. The highest survival after 2 years and 5 years of cold storage were 70% and 25% respectively using 1-month of pre-storage culture on MS medium containing 1.33 μM BA. When 5-year-old cold-stored shoot cultures were transferred to the greenhouse, color variations were observed. The frequencies of albino and red pigmented plants were 0.25% and 12.8%, respectively. A rosette type growth pattern was also observed on 0.3% of the long-term cold-stored plants. During long-term cold storage there were local disruption of cambium connections and the accumulations of chemicals in some cells, as observed by light microscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041285
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    Callus induction and plant regeneration from anther and inflorescence culture of Sorghum (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor L. Moench ; tissue culture ; callus ; haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-five inbred lines, including grain and forage types from the USA and China, two hybrids, one Sorghum almum, and one Parasorghum (S. versicolor) were tested for their response to anther culture. Three nutrient media were effective in inducing anther calli from six cultivars (Xin White, TX 403-TSB, DDY Sommer Milo, TX 2779, Brawley, and Spur Federal) and one was effective for plant regeneration for one cultivar, Xin White. Averaged over media, callus induction frequency (number of calli per 100 anthers) was highest in cultivars Xin White and TX 403-TSB (6.7 and 3.9%, respectively). The means of cultivars for media C17-2 and Ms-t-z-2, 4.3 and 3.2%, respectively, were superior to that for medium 85D3-2 (0.1%). Expressed as an average of the six cultivars and three media the mean calli induction frequency was 2.6%; however, differential responses of genotype and medium were noted. Among the 10 regeneration media tested, medium MS-d-4 containing Murashige and Skoog basal components plus 2.0 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2.5 mg/l kinetin was the most effective for plant regeneration. Numbers of albino plants and calli developing only roots increased directly with callus-induction time, whereas the frequency of plant regeneration decreased. Regenerated plants had varied numbers of chromosomes in root tip cells: 10, 15, 20, 40, and 60. The 29 regenerated plants that reached maturity, however, were highly fertile and contained only 10 bivalents in pollen mother cells. Normal chromosome number and behavior for the regenerated plants suggest that induced calli originated from cells other than microspores. However, spontaneous chromosome doubling in microspore-derived haploids may occur. The appearance of albinos also implies that haploids may have been produced from anther culture.
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    Factors associated with occurrence of crown disease in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and its effect on growth and yield (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Elaeis guineensis ; oil palm ; crown disease ; physiological disorder ; growth ; yield ; genetic predisposition ; mineral nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crown disease was investigated in oil palm families derived from four sources of (Deli) dura female and three sources of pisifera male parents. These families were planted both at Bah Lias (after rubber) and Gunung Melayu (after oil palm) in North Sumatra. We observed the first symptoms on emerging leaves at 8 months after planting; severity reached a peak at 12 months and diminished gradually until virtually no new leaves were affected in palms older than 35 months. At Gunung Melayu crown disease, in terms of severity score on newly emerged leaves and percentage affected palms, was about double that at Bah Lias. At both locations it was highest in material exclusively bred in Indonesia. In this material crown disease significantly retarded vegetative growth, and reduced cumulative yield of oil for the first 6 years of production by about 4.5% with the highest loss in the first year. The relation between crown disease and nutritional status was inconsistent, but a crop rotation effect on crown disease merits further research. The contribution of the dura parents to crown disease was more evident than that of the pisifera. Screening of genotypes appears to be the most effective method of control of crown disease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145631
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    Role of magnesium in combination with liming in alleviating acid-soil stress with the aluminium-sensitive sorghum genotype CV323 (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; growth ; magnesium nutrition ; nutrient uptake ; root length ; soil acidity ; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment to study the effects of Mg nutrition on root and shoot development of the Al-sensitive sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotype CV323 grown in pots of sandy loam under different acid soil stress is reported. This experiment had a factorial design: four rates of liming were combined with four rates of Mg fertilization. When no Mg was added, the pH of the soil solutions (collected in ceramic cups) increased from 4.0 (unlimed) to 4.2, 4.7 and 5.9 at the increasing rates of liming. After 30 days of growth dry matter yields of the limed treatments were 40%, 115% and 199% higher than that of the unlimed treatment. Without liming and at the highest liming rate, adding Mg did not affect plant biomass significantly. At the two intermediate levels of liming, however, 11.3 mg extra Mg per kg soil increased dry matter yield to the same levels as found at the highest liming rate. Concentrations of Mg in the soil solution rose after Mg was added and fell when lime was added, but adding both Mg and lime increased Mg concentrations in the plant shoots. In plants of the limed treatments, dry matter yield was correlated closely with the Mg concentration in the shoot. This was not so in the unlimed treatment. Furthermore, in the unlimed treatments root development was inhibited, but reduced Mg uptake by the plants resulted mainly from the direct effect of Al- (or H-) ions in the soil solution rather than from impaired root development. It is concluded that Mg fertilization counteracted the interfering effects of Al- and H ions on Mg uptake.
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    Salt tolerance of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CO2 uptake ; growth ; monovalent ions ; osmotic adjustment ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In view of the need to exploit saline water resources in agriculture in arid zones, we investigated the salt tolerance of Opuntia ficus-indica in plants growing in solution culture. Salt (NaCl) was added in concentrations ranging from 5 (control) to 200 mol m-3. Cladode growth was sensitive to salinity, being 60% of the control at 50 mol m-3 NaCl. The root-to-stem ratio decreased significantly only at 200 mol m-3. Various other parameters were studied, such as water content, Na, K and Cl content, osmotic pressure, and CO2 uptake. Of these parameters the decreases in cladode water content and CO2 uptake were related to the decrease in cladode growth. Raised salinity increased cladode osmotic pressure, which was associated with tissue dehydration. We concluded that osmotic adjustment does not occur in prickly pear under salt stress.
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    Nitrogen response surface models of zucchini squash, head lettuce and potato (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter partitioning ; growth ; lettuce ; N response ; potato ; quality ; response surface model ; zucchini squash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants grown at 5 nitrate (N) levels ranging from 2–36 mmol L−1 for lettuce and 2–43 mmol L−1 for zucchini squash and potato were harvested over the growth period to maturity at a minimum of 2 week intervals. Gamma × cubic response surface models fitted actual dry matter growth data quite precisely (R2〉0.98) from which growth and dry matter partitioning could be derived. Total dry matter growth was very responsive to N and maximum growth was predicted to occur at an N level of 14.2 mmol L−1 for lettuce, 18.1 mmol L−1 for zucchini squash and 11.6 mmol L−1 for potato. Growth declined at higher N levels for all species. For zucchini squash, both high and low N levels which reduced growth increased partitioning of dry matter to fruit. For potato, partitioning of dry matter to tubers tended to increase at high levels of N, particularly at maturity. For lettuce, the N level producing the highest dry matter yield partitioned the highest ratio of dry matter to head. The highest fresh yields of zucchini squash fruit, lettuce head and potato tubers were recorded at N levels of 14, 5 and 11 and 7 mmol L−1 respectively. The effect of N on quality followed a similar trend.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012042
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    Field resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) somaclones associated with instability and pleiotropic effects (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; Phytophthora infestans ; late blight ; adventitious regeneration ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture ; mutation ; maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adventitious regenerants (‘somaclones’) of ‘Bintje’ and their vegetative progeny were screened for field resistance to Phytophthora infestans as follows: the area under the disease progress curve was computed and correlated with resistance rating in ‘Bintje’ and reference varieties. The resistance rating of the somaclones was determined from this relationship. Clones with stable improved field resistance in successive years' trials were detected, however, most of such clones were also maturation mutants. Variation in resistance rating in clone replicates and between years was detected in most clones. The possible basis of the field resistance and reasons for its instability are discussed.
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    Application of cell and tissue culture and in vitro selection for disease resistance breeding — a review (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 269-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; in vitro selection ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somaclonal variation, i.e. the variation induced by cell and tissue culture, offers an opportunity to broaden the genetic variation of crops. As a result of somaclonal variation a wide range of plant characteristics can be altered. However, the selection of agronomically important traits, e.g. disease resistance, has many limitations. The efficiency of selection can be increased by the application of in vitro selection procedures. Selection strategies that may be applied to obtain disease resistant somaclonal variants are described. Their merits and limitations, in relation to the efficiency of the procedures, the frequency of disease resistant variants and the genetics of the resistance obtained, are discussed.
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    Container seedlings outperform barefoot stock: Survival and growth after 10 years (1991)
    Springer
    New forests 5 (1991), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: bareroot and container seedlings ; survival ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine, and Douglas-fir seedlings were planted in container or bareroot form at three elevations in northern California. At the lowest elevation (762 m), container seedlings of ponderosa pine were significantly taller than bareroot seedlings at ages 4 and 10, and had breast-height diameters that were significantly larger than bareroot counterparts at age 10. Survival of Douglas-fir container seedlings was significantly greater than that of barefoot seedlings for all ages tested. At the mid-elevation site (1220 m), container seedlings of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir were significantly larger in breast-height diameter than bareroot seedlings at age 10. Douglas-fir container seedlings survived significantly better at all ages than barefoot seedlings. At the highest elevation (1662 m), seedling height and diameter did not differ significantly, but survival of container seedlings was significantly higher than barefoot seedlings for both pine species at all ages tested.
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    Observations on the biology of Leuciscus ‘svallize’ in the Kremasta reservoir (Greece) (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 213 (1991), S. 99-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: age ; growth ; feeding ; reproduction ; Leuciscus svallize ; plastic adaptations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The age, growth, feeding habits and reproductive biology of Leuciscus ‘svallize’ in artificial lake Kremasta (Greece), are described. There is a considerable similarity in the feeding and reproductive characteristics between L. ‘svallize’ and L. cephalus and also a similarity in the life span, growth patterns and age of maturation between L. ‘svallize’ and some southern L. cephalus populations, which may suggest similar responses of closely related taxa to similar conditions.
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    The adaptive pattern of growth and reproduction of the colonial hydroid Clavopsella michaeli (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 229-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hydroids ; growth ; reproduction ; control mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of variations in temperature, salinity and water movement on the laboratory growth and reproduction of a single clone of the bougainvilliid hydroid Clavopsella michaeli were examined. Unfavourable conditions resulted in reproducible oscillations of growth rate. They ranged from overall stimulatory effects (hormesis) to irreversible inhibition and shrinkage of colonies. Exposure to low concentrations (0.1–5 µg l−1) of copper and mercury ions produced similar responses, which were therefore regarded as non-specific. A control mechanism, dampening these growth rate oscillations, supported higher colonial tolerance, that is adaptation, to environmental stresses of low intensity. When the counteractive capacity of the control mechanism was exceeded, inhibition occurred. Higher frequencies of gonozooids were observed in stressed colonies and were interpreted as an adaptive response.
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    Actual, potential and speculative applications of seaweed cellular biotechnology: some specific comments on Gelidium (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: callus ; cell culture ; domestication ; protoplast ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cellular biotechnology is a promising application in the propagation and selection of superior strains of seaweeds. Although axenic cultures, organogenetic tissue cultures, vegetative micro-propagation, callus induction and high yields of agar from calli have been described for several species of Gelidium, a number of basic problems remain to be solved. These include standardized methods for obtaining axenic cultures, identification of requirements for organic nutrients, PGR's, cellular disorganization and reorganization, somaclonal variation and somatic incompatibilities. Future progress in seaweed biotechnology will depend on the resolution of many of these problems.
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    Gelidium cultivation in the sea (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 91-106 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agarophyte ; cultivation ; Gelidium ; growth ; hydrodynamics ; mariculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gelidium fronds were grown in the sea under a variety of experimental conditions: on rigid, damped and tensioned test farms of various designs, in calmer and more turbulent habitats, at various depths, with and without commercial fertilizer supply. Initially, the effectiveness of a given cultivation strategy was based on the survival and growth of the fronds, here termed ‘bio-assay’ mariculture. Ambient seawater temperature, nutrient availability, hydrodynamics and other environmental parameters were measured periodically. In-the-sea irrigation of test plants with commercial fertilizers was apparently effective, at least with some farm designs, and when ambient nutrient levels were low. Under optimal conditions, achieved through experimental manipulation of farm design, specific growth rates of over 2% per day were recorded. However, considerable variation in growth rates and in plant performances was observed. It was not always possible to correlate these variations with design modifications or other experimental parameters. In view of these findings, we have reviewed our initial ‘bio-assay’ approach, namely the assumptions about the design and operation of farm structures and their interactions with the water and the fronds. Methods were developed to quantify these interactions. We advocate a quantitative, ‘hydrodynamic’ approach in developing an effective cultivation strategy for gelidioid algae and are optimistic about progressing from test-to-commercial scale farms in the near future.
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    General principles of on-shore cultivation of seaweeds: effects of light on production (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cultivation ; efficiencies ; growth ; light ; production ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Numerous species of seaweed have been successfully cultivated in the sea for commercial purposes. Although considerable experimental work has been done on on-shore cultivation systems, none of these has yet proved to be economically viable on a sustained basis; nevertheless, such cultivation systems offer the potential for productivities greater than can be achieved in other systems. In on-shore systems, factors other than light can be controlled and provided at saturation levels. As density of biomass is controllable, all the light entering the cultivation system is absorbed. This results in efficient conversion of light energy to biomass when only light is limiting; moreover, density, rather than growth rate, is the major factor determining productivity. As growth of seaweeds in on-shore systems is only vegetative, there is no interruption for reproduction or maturation of the plants, and all of the net production can be recovered. Seaweeds have, though, relatively low percentage carbon composition, compared with terrestrial plants, and this may result in apparent high productivities based on dry matter.
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    Biology of the western minnow, Galaxias occidentalis Ogilby (Teleostei : Galaxiidae), in a south-western Australian river (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 211 (1991), S. 89-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Galaxias occidentalis ; Galaxiidae ; otoliths ; age ; growth ; body size ; diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The size and age composition, growth and diet of the western minnow, Galaxias occidentalis, in the southern branch of the Collie River in south-western Australia were determined from samples collected at approximately monthly intervals between January 1984 and December 1986. The prominent, narrow hyaline zone on otoliths was shown to be formed annually and thus valid for ageing these fish. An examination of the otoliths of 4711 fish indicated that 69.2 and 26.8% of the fish caught belonged to the 0 + and I + age classes, respectively. While the vast majority of the remaining fish represented the II + age class, a few III + and IV + and one V + fish were also recorded. Growth was seasonal, being greatest in spring and autumn and effectively ceasing in winter. Females began to grow faster than males during their first autumn of life. The respective mean lengths of males and females were ∼ 70 and 75 mm at the end of the first year and ∼ 90 and 100 mm at the end of the second year. The largest fish caught was a III + female measuring 163 mm and weighing 32.0 g. The respective von Bertalanffy growth curve parameters for L∞, K and t0 were 109, 0.758 and - 0.338 for males, and 124, 0.762 and - 0.223 for females. Although the diet of G. occidentalis was always dominated by small terrestrial fauna, and particularly insects, conspicuous seasonal differences were found between the more important of the other components. Data on body size, growth and diet of G. occidentalis are compared with those recorded for other galaxiids.
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    The settlement and growth of Sertularia cupressina (Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) in Langstone Harbour, Hampshire, UK (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 215-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hydrozoa ; Sertularia ; larval settlement ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of the life cycle of the hydroid Sertularia cupressina were monitored over a period of 2 y using settlement panels. The reproductive period, determined by the presence of acrocysts and larval settlement, was November to January. Recently settled hydroids were more abundant on horizontal upward facing surfaces than on horizontal downward facing or vertical surfaces. The spatial dispersal of settlers was random. S. cupressina was a conspicuous and persistent component of fouling communities developing on both upward facing and vertical panels over 2 y. Following settlement in winter 1979–80, hydrocauli reached their greatest height between November 1980 and April 1981, but fouling and breakage of stems occurred during spring 1981. Regeneration from the tips of broken stems and from hydrorhizae occurred in June and July 1981.
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    Mirogrex terraesanctae (Cyprinidae) of Lake Kinneret: biomass changes in relation to inflow; growth rate in relation to fish/zooplankton interaction (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 218 (1991), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: growth ; stock assessment ; inflow-rotifer-recruitment relationship ; zooplankton consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Catch analyses indicate increases in Mirogrex standing stock (exploited phase) from 〈 2000 tonnes in the early 1950's to 〉 12000 tonnes in the mid-1980's and a declining abundance after 1986. Brood strength is related to concentrations of influxed organic matter which provide larval food. Estimated von Bertalanffy growth parameters (L ∞ = 164 mm TL, K = 0.25 per yr for males; L ∞ = 198 mm, K = 0.14 for females) denote a low production/biomass ratio compared to temperate cyprinid populations, and a low rate of food consumption. From estimates of zooplankton production in recent years, an average predation of 〈 3 % fish weight/day is calculated. The decline in zooplankton biomass since 1970 is attributed to overgrazing by Mirogrex at high stock levels. At a lower biomass, the fish population can promote ecosystem stability. Mortality estimates from Mirogrex size distribution in a period of low exploitation were ∼ 1.5 times K-values for both males and females. Similar M/K ratios were estimated for two unexploited cyprinid stocks (Phoxinus phoxinus and Acanthobrama lissneri).
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    The effect of dissolved oxygen, sediment, and sewage treatment plant discharges upon growth, survival and density of Asiatic clams (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 218 (1991), S. 113-126 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Corbicula fluminea ; growth ; density ; sewage treatment plant ; Ceriodaphnia dubia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biology of Corbicula fluminea, the Asiatic clam, in the Vermilion River, Louisiana, as affected by sediment, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, and sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents was investigated. A point source of high DO water to the Vermilion River established a gradient of DO that decreased as the river moved towards the Gulf of Mexico. Lowering DO levels were exacerbated by municipal sewage treatment plant discharges in the 20 km reach studied. Low dissolved oxygen was associated with reduced Corbicula density in the river and 30-day in-stream growth studies (weight and length) demonstrated that low DO inhibited growth. Generally, if DO was 〈 1.0 mg l−1 in sediment pore water and/or 〈 3.0 mg l−1 at the sediment-water interface, growth was significantly impaired (p 〈 0.05). Corbicula experienced substantial mortality near the STP discharges (up to 70% in 30 days) and laboratory toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia, a sensitive cladoceran, also strongly suggested discharges were chronically toxic at 6.25–25.0% effluent. Respiration experiments along with environmental measurements of DO, temperature, and STP discharge chemistry support a hypothesis that clam populations are adversely affected by the suite of environmental conditions present in the Vermilion River. Further, growth studies were consistent with observed population densities in situ.
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    Indirect effect of planktivorous fish on the growth and reproduction of Daphnia galeata (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 193-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rutilus rutilus ; Daphnia galeata ; predator-induction ; growth ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both the size of Daphnia galeata primiparae and the average egg volume were smaller in individuals reared from neonata in water inhabited for the preceding 24 hours by Y-O-Y roach when compared with control animals reared in the same water with the exclusion of fish. The smaller size of experimental primiparae resulted from smaller increments in some instars and from the earlier maturation of about two-thirds of those that matured in the 4th instar, while the rest of the experimental animals and all the controls matured in the 5th instar. There were larger clutches and smaller eggs in experimentals when compared with the similar sized controls, but the difference hasn't proved to be statistically significant.
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    Food ingestion by planarian intestinal phagocytic cells — a study by scanning electron microscopy (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: planarian ; intestine ; endocytosis ; phagocytosis ; tissue culture ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tissue-cultured fragments of the intestine of Dugesia japonica were examined by SEM for formation of pseudopodia in the phagocytic cells. For comparison, parallel experiments in vivo were performed using intact animals under starved and fed conditions. When cultures were incubated with fetal calf serum, individual phagocytic cells formed one or two large cup-like pseudopodia. Cultures incubated with latex beads showed pseudopodia that varied in shape according to the size of the beads and that had multiple folds or funnels. Pseudopodia and the modes of their endocytosis in this planarian, however, are morphologically like those of other phagocytes such as digestive cells of Hydra, rat macrophages, and human neutrophils. Culture in vitro of digestive tissue should be an important tool for studying the digestive physiology of planarians at the cellular level.
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    A comparison of BA, zeatin and thidiazuron for adventitious bud formation from Picea glauca embryos and epicotyl explants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 281-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: conifer ; cytokinin ; organogenesis ; Picea glauca ; tissue culture ; white spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Picea glauca (white spruce) zygotic embryos and one-week-old-seedling epicotyl explants were placed on either Woody Plant Medium (WPM) or half-strength Schenk & Hildebrandt (1/2S&H) medium supplemented with varying levels of benzyladenine (BA) (0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, 100 μM), zeatin (10, 50, 100 μM) or thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.01, 0.1 μM). In addition to differences in the number of buds induced at three months on the two media, buds induced on WPM were visually more uniform, less vitrified and elongated faster. On 1/2S&H supplemented with BA, maximum bud induction from embryos occurred on 1.0 μM BA with 0.01 μM TDZ with higher BA concentrations inhibitory to bud induction. In contrast, on WPM there was little difference in the number of buds induced from embryos placed on 10, 50 and 100 μM BA with or without TDZ. One-week-old-seedling epicotyl explants required higher BA levels on 1/2S&H, as bud induction at three months was greatest at 10 μM BA. On WPM, as with the embryos, there were only minor differences in the number of buds induced from epicotyl explants on the various BA levels. Zeatin was more effective at inducing buds than BA with both media. From embryos, bud induction was greatest on 50 or 100 μM zeatin without TDZ and 50 or 100 μM zeatin with or without TDZ on 1/2S&H and WPM respectively. From epicotyl explants on 1/2S&H, there was little difference in the number of buds induced with the zeatin concentrations used, while with WPM, 50 and 100 μM zeatin induced the greatest number of buds. Interestingly, with BA, the epicotyl explants needed a higher level than the embryos for maximal response, while with zeatin, the level was the same for both embryos and epicotyl explants. Long-term (six month) survival was higher on WPM than with 1/2S&H. Additionally, embryos had a higher percentage of genotypes surviving at six-months when compared with epicotyl explants. For overall survival and development of the buds, 50 μM zeatin with 0.01 μM TDZ was the best treatment tested.
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    Micropropagation of juvenile and adult Sorbus domestica L. (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 341-348 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: rooting ; shoot proliferation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Successful propagation of seedlings and mature trees of Sorbus domestica L. has been achieved by in vitro methods. Multiple shoot formation was obtained by placing shoot apices or nodal segments on a modified Schenck and Hildebrandt medium containing benzyladenine. Regenerated shoots were excised and induced to root on media with auxin. In the best treatments 75–85% of shoots from juvenile material rooted. Rooting capacity of shoots from mature explants was lower (30%) and was not improved by dipping the base of shoots in concentration solutions of indolebutyric or naphthaleneacetic acids. Plantlets were ultimately established in soil.
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    Regeneration and transformation of Ribes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; regeneration ; Ribes nigrum ; tissue culture ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transformation of the black currant cv. Ben More was achieved by utilising the binary vector system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This system involved the inoculation of peeled internodal stem segments with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing the binary vector PBI121.X with the marker genes Betaglucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII). Shoot regeneration occurred on nutrient media based on M&S salts. Transformation was confirmed by the fluorogenic assay procedure which determined that the GUS gene had been transferred into the plant material and was being expressed. Concurrent transfer of the NPTII gene into the plant material was also confirmed with a ‘dot blot’ assay on selected GUS positive plantlets.
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    Degradation of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid and riboflavin and their influence on rooting response of papaya in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 29-34 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Carica papaya ; IBA ; papaw ; papaya ; riboflavin ; root initiation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Varying concentrations of riboflavin were added to a De Fossard et al. (1974) basal medium containing 10 µM IBA and the effect on adventitious root initiation on shoots of Carica papaya L. was studied. Ninety percent root initiation occurred in 11 days when 1 µM riboflavin was added to the culture medium. Smaller rooting percentages were observed and roots emerged more slowly with riboflavin concentrations greater and less than 1 µM. Tissue culture media were maintained at 27°±1°C in either darkness or 12-h photoperiods for 28 days, and concentrations of riboflavin and IBA were measured at regular intervals using HPLC analysis. In a De Fossard et al. (1974) basal medium, riboflavin concentrations (0.1, 1.0, 10.0 µM) decreased rapidly in light and were independent of the presence of IBA. IBA concentration steadily decreased when media was placed in light, and increasing riboflavin concentrations accelerated the reduction of IBA levels. Concentrations of IBA and riboflavin were stable with dark incubation.
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    Precocious gladiolus corm formation in liquid shake cultures (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 63-70 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: corm ; cytokinin ; Gladiolus ; paclobutrazol ; sucrose ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conditions were defined for precocious differentiation and improved growth of corms at the base of gladiolus shoots. Shoots were derived from explants cultured on agar solidified media, and corm regeneration was obtained in subsequent liquid shake cultures. Benzyladenine (BA), at 10-7 M, was found to have a stimulating effect mainly when provided to the shoots prior to manifestation of corm growth. Paclobutrazol and sucrose promoted corm formation when supplemented to the liquid media. Paclobutrazol, at 10 mg l-1, shifted assimilate allocation towards the growing corm. A differential promotion of corm development by sucrose was not observed, and the concentration of sucrose at which the sugar demand for maximal shoot and corm growth is satisfied (60 g l-1) was unaltered by the presence of paclobutrazol. The rate of corm growth on shoots cultured in a liquid medium supplemented with paclobutrazol and a saturating sucrose concentration, was a function of the length of the shoot's leaf blades, and was similar in light and in dark.
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    Actinidia deliciosa in vitro II. Growth and exogenous carbohydrates utilization by explants (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 153-160 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Actinidia deliciosa ; carbohydrates ; growth ; in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in sugar composition (sucrose, glucose and fructose) of medium, callus, stem and leaves of in vitro proliferating explants of Actinidia deliciosa C.F. Liang, ‘Hayward’ were analyzed together with explant growth at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of culturing. Autoclaving hydrolyzes a small part of the initial sucrose of the medium into glucose and fructose. In presence of Actinidia explants the initial sucrose decreased to 32% after 15 days of culturing, to 4% after 30 days and to 0.08% at the end of the culture period (60 days). Sucrose increase in the explants did not parallel with its decrease in the medium. Sucrose presence in the explants was evident only during the last month of culturing. After 15 days of culturing a large increase of glucose and fructose was found in the medium but it did not equal the hydrolyzed sucrose. The level of these two monosaccharides remained stable in the medium until the 30th day, then significantly decreased in the second month of culture; neither were completely exhausted at the end of the culture. In the whole explant the highest amount of glucose and fructose was reached after 30 days of culturing. The balance of the three sugars in the medium-explant system, as % distribution of carbon atoms, showed a utilization throughout the whole culture period. Qualitative analyses performed on medium, callus and leaves at 0, 15, and 30 days of culturing revealed the presence of glucose and fructose only and no significant amounts of other hexoses or pentoses. Starch accumulation in the leaves was also observed throughout the culturing.
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    Plant regeneration from somatic tissue of Rhododendron laetum x aurigeranum (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: organogenesis ; plant growth regulators ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the source of plant material (greenhouse-grown plants or in vitro shoot cultures), the type of tissue explant (shoot-tip, single-node stem segment, whole leaf, leaf strip or half-leaf section) and growth regulator concentration on shoot regeneration from somatic tissue of Rhododendron laetum × aurigeranum was evaluated. No regeneration response was obtained on explants from greenhouse-grown plants. Adventitious shoots were obtained from callus produced at the basal end of shoot-tip and single-node stem segment explants derived from in vitro-grown shoots cultured on Anderson's medium supplemented with 22.8 μM IAA and 73.8 μM 2iP. The greatest percentage of adventitious shoot regeneration (77%) was induced on leaf sections cultured in the presence of 22.8 μM IAA and 147.6 μM 2iP. Plant regeneration was accomplished with minimal callus formation. This technique represents a further step toward gene manipulation of Rhododendron.
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    The role of cotyledonary tissue in the differentiation of shoots and roots from cotyledon explants of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 55-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: auxin-like factor ; Brassica juncea ; brown mustard ; organogenesis ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In cotyledon cultures of Brassica juncea, shoots and roots invariable differentiate at the cut end of the petiole. Organogenesis occurred only if the proximal cut end of the petiole was in contact with the medium. In the absence of the petiole, differentiation from the lamina was rare. Hence investigations were carried out to study the influence of the cotyledonary lamina on regeneration of shoots and roots from the petiolar cut end. The lamina tissue was surgically removed from the cotyledon explants at different durations (0–10 days) after culturing them on either root-forming (basal medium) or shoot-forming (basal medium containing 5.0 μM N6-benzyladenine) media. The differentiation of roots or shoots from the petioles was dependent on the presence of the lamina for at least 7 days of culture. Quantitative removal of the laminar tissue had a corresponding negative effect on shoot bud differentiation from the petiole. The nature of the ‘lamina factor’ was found to be auxin-like.
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    High frequency of plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Brassica carinata A. Br. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 79-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica carinata ; Ethiopia mustard ; hypocotyl ; plant regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An efficient tissue culture system for high frequency of plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Brassica carinata was developed via manipulation of culture medium and selection of explants. Explants grown on medium containing combinations of 2 mg l-1 BA and 0.01 mg l-1 NAA or 4 mg l-1 kinetin and 0.01 mg l-1 2,4-D regenerated shoots at 100% frequency. High frequency shoot regeneration occurred only from explants originating from 6 to 7-day-old but not younger or older seedlings. Explants showed higher regeneration capacity at the distal end than the proximal end, and the upper segment was more regenerative than the lower segment of hypocotyl. Regenerants were rooted on half-strength growth regulator-free medium, acclimatized and developed into normal, fertile plants.
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    Somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos in meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Limnanthes alba ; meadowfoam ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Developing embryos from immature seeds were excised and cultured. Optimal proliferation of differentiated secondary embryos occurred on Murashige-Skoog media containing 7% sucrose, 0.1 μM 2,4-D, and 0.1–1.0 μM zeatin. Higher levels of auxins inhibited embryo proliferation. Secondary embryos were subcultured to produce more embryos. The results indicate the feasibility of clonal propagation of meadowfoam.
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    Actinidia deliciosa C.F. Liang in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 91-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Actinidia deliciosa ; growth ; mineral nutrients ; in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vitro growth of Actinidia deliciosa C.F. Liang, cv Hayward and changes in mineral composition of the medium and in the different parts of the explants (callus, stem and leaves), were analyzed after 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of culturing in each of three successive 60 days subcultures. Fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) of the explants increased mainly during the first 30 days of culturing, with a predominant increase of FW in leaves and an equal distribution in DW in callus and leaves. Stem FW and DW changes were lower than those observed with callus and leaves. As FW and DW of the explants increased the FW and DW of the medium decreased. The presence of the explants induced a large decrease of medium pH during the first 15 days of culturing followed by a return to the initial level at the end of the culturing. The initial P content of the MS medium was insufficient for the long term culturing, as after 30 days of culturing almost all (94.5%) the P present in the medium was absorbed by the explants and evenly distributed in their different parts. During the first month, 85% of the initial N was absorbed. At the end of the culture only 2% of the initial P and 5% of N remained in the medium. These two elements were equally distributed in callus and leaves during the first month of culturing, while in the last 30 days they increased only in the callus. MS medium initial concentrations of K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were sufficient for 60 days explants growth. Almost all these elements were absorbed during the first 30 days of culturing. Their distribution in the different parts of the explant was uneven throughout the culture period. Callus tissue was the main site for accumulation of all these mineral elements.
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    Morphogenesis in leaf, hypocotyl and root explants of Digitalis thapsi L. cultured in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Digitalis thapsi ; plant regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the auxins 2,4-D, NAA and IAA either alone or in combination with kinetin or BA were investigated to assess the morphogenetic potential of leaf, root and hypocotyl explants of Digitalis thapsi. Calluses were obtained from the three explants in basal medium without the addition of growth regulators and in leaves, the calluses formed roots. Application of 2,4-D, NAA or BA increased callus formation. The presence of NAA induced root formation and that of BA induced shoot formation via callus interphase. Indole-3-acetic acid alone only induced the generation of roots in the hypocotyl callus. Kinetin was ineffective in all the explants tested. Combinations of NAA with kinetin or BA were more effective in inducing organogenesis in leaf explants. Optimum responses were obtained in hypocotyl and root explants by using IAA in combination with BA, the highest rate of shoot regeneration being observed in hypocotyl explants. Rooting of the differentiated shoots was readily achieved in media without growth regulators. Regenerated plantlets were transferred to soil and grew with a survival rate of 70%.
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    Adherence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to the cells of immature wheat embryos (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; enzymatic digestion ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium attached to wheat embryos in vitro. This attachment was plasmid independent, and occurred on both wounded and unwounded cell surfaces. The pattern of attachment clearly demonstrated that bacterial attachment to cereal cells follows the same trends observed for dicotyledonous plants. During the inoculation period the bacterial cells attach to the plant cell walls either with lateral or polar orientation. Wounding (mechanical or enzymatic) preferentially promoted adherence of the bacteria at the wound site, however, attachment was not wound dependent.
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    Agrobacterium tumefaciens-gene transfer into wheat tissues (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 209-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA can be transferred by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to wheat, albeit at very low frequencies. Transfer of agrobacterial DNA occurred in cultures where the embryos had been subjected to partial enzymatic digestion prior to cocultivation with the bacteria. It is unclear whether this is by the normal process mediated by the Ti virulence genes and the border repeats of the T-DNA. The Southern hybridization patterns indicate that in one cell line the T-DNA had undergone extensive rearrangements, and might indicate that the process of T-DNA transfer and integration might differ in the case of cereals. This could suggest the method of transfer and ultimately the expression of these genes in cereal cells may be different to that observed in other monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species.
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    Effect of temperature, gel concentration and cytokinins on vitrification of Olearia microdisca (J.M. Black) in vitro shoot cultures (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: chilling ; lignin synthesis ; shoot multiplication ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between gel concentration, cytokinin levels and temperature in vitrification of Olearia microdisca in vitro has been investigated. Vitrified plants displayed tissue hypertrophy and reduced lignification. Cytokinin in the medium was essential for vitrification. Increasing gel concentration or reducing temperature reduced the vitrification in the presence of 20 µM BA. The observed responses were consistent with indirect effects on BA uptake. Alternatively an indirect effect of BA on shoot multiplication rate and hence on lignification of cell walls may be involved.
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    A method for in vitro cell culture of superficial bovine uterine endometrial epithelium (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 247-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; uterine epithelial cells ; bovine ; monolayer culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bovine epithelial cells were obtained for culture from the uterine endometrium of adult, cyclic cattle. Using the procedures described herein, cell-specific monolayers of uterine epithelial cells developed rapidly in culture and maintained a good level of viability for seven to eight subcultures. In addition, frozen-thawed uterine epithelial cells also maintained a respectable level of viability during postthaw subculture. Patterns of cell growth for uterine epithelial cells were determined by a growth curve. A growth curve of fresh epithelial cells over an 8-day interval revealed a short lag phase (24 h) followed by a log growth phase for 5 days and then a stationary phase starting on Days 6 or 7 of incubation. This method for isolation and culture of uterine epithelial cells provides a potential model for evaluating uterine epithelial cell secretory capacity during the estrous cycle. This culture system may offer benefits for in vitro culture of bovine embryos.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02388256
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    Application of the principles of good manufacturing practices (GMP) to the design and operation of a tissue culture laboratory (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 265-273 
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    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; GMP ; laboratory design ; laboratory operation ; contamination control ; environmental control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recommendations are presented for the design and operation of a tissue culture laboratory to reduce microbial contamination of cultures. These recommendations are based on practices currently used in the manufacturing of sterile drug products, certain medical devices, and in vitro diagnostic products. The recommendations depend on qualification and validation of equipment, systems, and procedures and on the control and monitoring of the laboratory environment and procedures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02388260
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    A growing 2D spherulite and calculus of variations Part I: A 2D spherulite in a linear field of growth rate (1991)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 689-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 2D spherulite ; growth ; field of growth rate ; calculus of variations ; linear growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We propose to take the calculus of variations in order to compute the shape of a growing 2D spherulite in an uniaxial field of growth rate. We are concerned with the growth line (a path that is traveled in the shortest possible time from nucleus to a point (x1, y1), where a molecule just crystallizes) and the growth front (the times between spherulite and supercooled material). The Euler differential equation—a result of the calculus of variations—is derived for all uniaxial growth ratesv (x). Here we especially investigatev(x)=px+q.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657406
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    Effects of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit on growth and development of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel. (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 16 (1991), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: speargrass ; Imperata cylindrica ; Gliricidia sepium ; Leucaena leucocephala ; hedgerow species ; shading ; growth ; development ; weed control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field studies carried out in a forest transition site on a tropical Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria, show that shading by gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) hedgerow species reduced density of speargrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel) by 67% and 51%, respectively. Shoot biomass of speargrass decreased by 81% and 78% in gliricidia and leucaena hedgerows, respectively. Reduction in speargrass rhizome biomass in gliricidia plots was 96% while rhizome reduction in the leucaena plots was nearly 90%. Rhizome mortality was significantly higher in gliricidia plots than in leucaena and control plots. The bulk of rhizomes was found between 10 cm and 20 cm of soil depth but rhizome did not penetrate further than 30 cm depth in the Alfisol in which this study was carried out. Gliricidia was better than leucaena hedgerow species in suppressing speargrass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053193
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    Culturing Artemia (Tuticorin strain) in organic and agricultural wastes at different salinities (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 212 (1991), S. 11-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Artemia (Tuticorin strain) ; organic waste ; agricultural waste ; salinity ; growth ; fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Artemia sp (Tuticorin strain) was cultured at a density of 250 individuals 1−1 at 35‰, 45‰, 60‰, 75‰ salinity using five combinations of groundnut oil cake, decayed cabbage leaves, single superphosphate and Baker's yeast as feed. Effects on survival, growth, and fecundity were noted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025981
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    In vitro propagation of the nitrogen-fixing tree-legume Acacia mangium Willd. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: micropropagation ; Acacia mangium ; tissue culture ; Bradyrhizobium spp. ; nodulation ; nitrogen-fixing tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In vitro propagation was initiated from 2-week-old and 7-month-old explants of Acacia mangium. Juvenile explants (2 week-old) of 5- to 10-mm lengths composed of two leaves were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 or 2.0 mg L-1 6-benzyladenine (BAP). After 6 weeks, most explants had formed a large cluster of 14–18 axillary shoots produced by prolific branching of the primary axillary shoot after elongation. The maximum multiplication rate (40) was obtained in the first subculture; the rate decreased to 10–20 in the second one. The mean length of shoots was not significantly affected by BAP concentrations during the subsequent cultures. Rooting ability of juvenile explants was greatly affected by BAP concentrations used in the multiplication medium. When both types of explants were multiplied on a MS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and transferred to a half-strength MS medium containing 0.05 mg L-1 IBA, only 10% of the juvenile explants were rooted versus 70% of the 7-month-old explants. Rooted plants transferred onto artificial substrate were all nodulated, when inoculated with a specific Bradyrhizobium sp. strain.
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    A programmable micropropagation apparatus using cycled liquid medium (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: endogenous microorganisms ; semi-automated micropropagation ; Spathiphyllum ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An apparatus was developed that featured programmable application of liquid medium to plant cultures for micropropagation. Computer control capabilities included liquid medium introduction and medium depth within four culture vessels, medium application and removal on an assigned schedule, schedule adjustment during a culture period and medium replacement. The medium level was controlled using an accurate custom level-sensing technique consisting of thermistors and float switches. Seven-liter polycarbonate containers were modified and used as the culture vessels. Maintaining sterility was a key constraint in the development of the plant tissue culture apparatus.
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    Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants of tissue cultured and greenhouse-grown raspberry (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: organogenesis ; Rubus idaeus L ; R. × neglectus Peck ; thidiazuron ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adventitious shoot regeneration was observed using leaf-petiole explants from shoot-proliferating cultures of ‘Comet’ red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). A maximum regeneration rate of 70% (3.7 shoots/explant) was obtained using 4.5–9.1 μM (1–2 mg l−1) N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron or TDZ) with 2.5–4.9 μM (0.5–1 mg l−1) 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA) or 2.3 μM (0.5 mg l−1) TDZ with 4.9 μM (1 mg l−1) IBA in modified Murashige-Skoog medium. TDZ was more effective than N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA) at promoting regeneration in combinations tested with IBA (maximum 50% regeneration rate; 1.8 shoots/explant). Variation in the agar concentration or incubation temperature, orientation or scoring of the leaf-petiole explants and use of separate leaf or petiole explants had no effect on shoot regeneration. Incubation in the dark for 1, 2 or 3 weeks prior to growth in the light did not influence the percent regeneration rate but depressed the number of adventitious shoots. Explant source, from micropropagated shoots or greenhouse-grown plants, had an effect on shoot regeneration that was genotype dependent. Only 8 of 22 (36%) raspberry cultivars were capable of regeneration from leaf explants derived from greenhouse-grown plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157588
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    In vitro micropropagation and plant establishment of muscadine grape cultivars (Vitis rotundifolia) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: plant regeneration ; propagation ; tissue culture ; viticulture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot apical meristems were used to establish regenerative axillary bud cultures of 9 muscadine grape cultivars. Meristems taken from 10 cm long shoots had less contamination (3%) and a higher survival rate (94%) than those from shorter or longer shoots. Of media tested, MS, 1/2 MS, and C2D resulted in equivalent shoot proliferation rates, whereas, WPM produced stunted shoots. When pooling results for 3 cultivars, 5, 10 and 20 μM BA and 5 μM TDZ produced the highest average number of shoots per cultured apex (3.4–3.8). However, shoots produced with TDZ were stunted and did not root well. For rooting of shoots directly in potting mix, a rooting powder pretreatment significantly increased the number of roots per shoot but did not affect percent rooting or root length. For rooting in vitro, 1 μM NAA significantly increased all parameters measured. Although more shoots rooted in vitro than in vivo (77% vs. 46%), the latter was judged preferable since acclimatized plants were produced in less time and a major culture step was eliminated. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for measured responses in all experiments.
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    Freeze-preservation of buds from Scots pine trees (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure has been developed for freeze-preservation of buds of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Instead of liquid nitrogen, cold storage in −80°C was used. The partly dormant material used in the experiments was obtained directly from a natural stand in Northern Finland and no prefreezing or cryoprotectants for preconditioning were used. Cooling velocity was 1°C/min up to a terminal freezing temperature of −39°C, after which the buds were immersed in liquid nitrogen at −196°C for 10 minutes. The material was then transferred to a deepfreezer at −80°C and stored up to 6 months. After rapid thawing, the buds were sterilized and their viability was tested by FDA staining and by culturing meristems on 1/2 MS medium for at least two weeks. All the freezing experiments were performed during March and April. The best survival of buds (90–100%) was achieved at the beginning of April, after which a pronounced decline in survival occurred obviously due to a rise in the water content of the buds.
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    In vitro regeneration from excised leaves of Flaveria trinervia (Sprengel) C. Mohr (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Flaveria trinervia ; growth regulators ; leaf explant ; tissue culture ; plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flaveria trinervia (Compositae) leaves are used for the treatment of jaundice and fever. From the leaf callus cultures regeneration of plantlets has been achieved. The results showed that BAP greatly stimulated the bud formation in concentrations ranging from 2–5 mg l−1 than at very low concentrations (0.2–1.0 mg l−1). Roots developed on the regenerated shoots, over a range of treatments, but were most prolific in the medium containing 1 mg l−1 IAA. Histological observations revealed that cultured spongy cells of the mesophyll were greatly enlarged and underwent repeated cell divisions leading to the formation of hard nodular callus from which shoot buds differentiated. The shoots obtained were readily rooted and transplanted into glass houses. Cytological studies of the callus showed abnormalities such as bridges, endomitosis and multinucleolate conditions. Root tip squashes of the regenerated plants showed no variations and were diploid in chromosome number.
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    Relationship between growth rate of Helminthosporium oryzae isolates on calluses of rice cultivars and their disease reaction on rice plants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: disease resistance ; Helminthosporium oryzae ; rice ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rice cultivars showed differential reaction to various isolates of Helminthosporium oryzae, the brown spot pathogen. The calluses obtained from those cultivars behaved in a similar manner to the mycelial growth of pathogenic isolates on them. However, amount of inoculum, size of the callus and period of incubation influenced the reaction of the callus to the fungal isolates.
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    Uptake and metabolism of 6-benzyladenine in shoot cultures of Musa and Rhododendron (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: BA uptake ; cytokinin metabolism ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoots of Musa and Rhododendron were cultured in vitro on a medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 BA. Shoots growing in the presence of [14C]BA were harvested at intervals during the culture period. Uptake of BA was linear throughout this culture period in Musa but slowed considerably in Rhododendron shoots after day 10. Rhododendron shoots absorbed 40% of the BA present in the medium and Musa shoots absorbed 52%. In each species the principal metabolite formed was [9G]BA. Benzyladenine was present in significant levels only in the pseudostem of Musa.
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    Methods for improving tissue culture of human tracheo-bronchial epithelium obtained at autopsy (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 5 (1991), S. 155-163 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: tissue culture ; trypan blue ; cilia ; cell injury ; organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Human tracheo-bronchial epithelium obtained from autopsy, surgery, and organ donation will have areas of both viable and non-viable cells. It is important in the initial establishment of epithelial explant and cell cultures that injured, non-viable mucosal epithelium not be used for the cultures. Autopsy cases selected for culture should initially be chosen on the basis of a shorter post mortem interval and cause of death in order to increase the rate of successful culture. Staining the epithelium with the vital dye, trypan blue, in combination with phase contrast microscopy of the bronchial tissues will further identify those areas of the mucosa that are enriched for viable cells. The dead, non-viable areas are trypan blue positive, while the viable areas are clear and have foci of beating, motile cilia. Treatment of the mucosal tissue with mucolytic agents to remove cell debris, dead cells, and microbes trapped in the mucus material will further improve the chances for successful culture. Human tracheo-bronchial epithelium, although non-sterile and often injured at time zero for numerous reasons, can effectively be used in in vitro pathophysiology studies.
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    Influence of inoculum age on hybridoma culture kinetics (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 5 (1991), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: growth ; hybridoma ; inoculum age ; kinetics ; production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract To determine the influence of the inoculum age on the kinetics of hybridoma growth and metabolism, spinner flasks have been inoculated with cells previously propagated in T flasks for 43, 52, 62 and 71 hr respectively. Increasing the age of the inoculum is found to result in a longer lag phase, in a lower maximum specific growth rate and in a reduced maximal cell density. During the growth phase specific rates of glucose and glutamine uptake and of ammonia and lactate production are similar. However, with the older inoculum, much higher metabolic activities are observed during the lag phase. The production of antibodies is delayed with increasing inoculum age, but the final antibody concentrations are similar, which indicates a higher specific antibody production rate when inoculating with older cells.
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    Exfoliative cytologic evaluation of primary cultured lung carcinomas (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 6 (1991), S. 143-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: tissue culture ; lung cancer ; cytogenetics ; cytotechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a tissue culture and exfoliative cell culture system that enables one to (1) evaluate the adequacy of primary lung carcinoma cultures for cytogenetic analysis, and (2) predict the likelihood of viable cells and type of differentiation present in the primary lung tumor cultures used for cytogenetics. Primary lung carcinomas were established from explant outgrowths and maintained in serum supplemented or serum free media on plastic or basement membrane associated protein coated dishes in order to obtain cells for karyotypic analysis (Miura et al., 1990). The media from these cultures that would ordinarily have been discarded was aspirated at each media change and used to prepare cytocentrifuge cytology preparations. Papanicolaou stained cells from the preparations were evaluated by cytotechnologists in order to assess (1) the cellularity and presence of cancer cells in the sample, (2) differentiation of the malignant cells, and (3) adequacy for chromosomal studies. We determined that cytology preparations of cell and explant outgrowth cultures from primary lung tumors are a reliable method for screening and evaluating the suitability of primary lung carcinoma cultures for cytogenetic analysis.
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