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  • tissue culture  (38)
  • Springer  (38)
  • American Society of Hematology
  • Annual Reviews
  • Copernicus
  • Institute of Physics
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (38)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
  • 1991  (38)
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  • Springer  (38)
  • American Society of Hematology
  • Annual Reviews
  • Copernicus
  • Institute of Physics
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (38)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary cultures of shark rectal gland epithelial cells: A model for hormone-sensitive chloride transport (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; sharks ; epithelia ; chloride transport ; kidney tubules ; cell regulation ; cystic fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for establishing primary monolayer cultures from chloride-secreting epithelial cells of the dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) rectal gland (SRG). After stimulation, cultures display exceptionally high rates (150 to 250μA/cm2) of transepithelial chloride secretion. Hormones and neurotransmitters which increase cytoplasmic cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium or phospholipid-derived second messengers are potent secretagogues. Cultures can be analyzed using a variety of morphologic, biochemical, and electrophysiologic methods. These characteristics make SRG cultures a powerful model for delineating the molecular basis of the transmembrane and intracellular signaling networks that stimulate or inhibit secondary active chloride transport in epithelia. Secondary active chloride transport occurs in a variety of epithelia, including those comprising both the proximal and distal segments of vertebrate nephrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02388119
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histology of, and physical factors affecting, transient GUS expression in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) embryos following microprojectile bombardment (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 120-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Gramineae ; GUS ; microprojectile bombardment ; pearl millet ; tissue culture ; transient gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transient GUS (β-glucuronidase) expression was visualized in whole and sectioned embryos of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (pearl millet) after microprojectile bombardment with pMON 8678 DNA. Strongest GUS expression occurred in cells located in the center of GUS positive spots with decreasing intensity in surrounding cells. GUS positive cells could be seen up to 12 cell layers beneath the epidermis. Needle-like crystals of the GUS assay product were found throughout the cytoplasm of GUS positive cells. The number of GUS positive spots was correlated to the microprojectile spread pattern on the medium surface. Shorter bombardment distances (6.6 and 9.8 cm) and the standard accelerator speed gave the best results for transient expression but also caused maximum tissue damage. The speed and distance, however, had little influence on the ability of bombarded embryos to form compact callus. The developmental stage of the bombarded immature embryos was the determining factor in the formation of compact callus, from which plants were regenerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232041
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient shoot regeneration of Brassica campestris using cotyledon explants cultured in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 9 (1991), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Brassica campestris ; cotyledon culture ; histology ; organogenesis ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A system has been developed for efficient regeneration of shoots from Brassica campestris in vitro. Using 4-day old cotyledons with petioles as expiants and a combination of BA and NAA in the regeneration media, up to 70% of expiants produced shoots after 2 weeks in culture. The optimal conditions for regeneration were found to include a BA concentration of 2mgL−1 and NAA concentration of 1mgL−1. Light intensity had a profound effect on regeneration potential. The use of silver ions as an inhibitor of ethylene action reduced regeneration rates in this system. Rooting occured simultaneously with shoot formation on these media and the resultant shoots could be rooted readily on minimal medium. The genotype dependency was investigated and indicated that this method would be widely applicable to B. campestris cultivars. Regeneration of one cultivar, a high erucic acid type (R-500), was inefficient in the system described here. Histological studies indicated the development of multiple shoot primordia from the petiolar cut ends of the expiants after the initiation of meristematic activity in the cells about 100μm from the cut site within 2 days of culture initiation. The system described is compatible with previously reported Agrobacterium — mediated transformation protocols involving cotyledonary petioles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232329
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential allelochemical detoxification mechanism in tissue cultures ofAntennaria microphylla andEuphorbia esula (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; Antennaria microphylla ; small everlasting ; Euphorbia esula ; leafy spurge ; tissue culture ; hydroquinone ; arbutin ; glucosyltransferase ; biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Callus and suspension cultures ofAntennaria microphylla (small everlasting) and the noxious weedEuphorbia esula (leafy spurge) can glucosylate benzene-1,4-diol (hydroquinone) to the corresponding monoglucoside, arbutin. HPLC analysis of extracts from callus tissue corroborates the presence of hydroquinone in the cells of small everlasting. Constitutive levels of a UDPG-dependent glucosyltransferase were detected in cell-free extracts of this tissue. Although this detoxification enzyme was induced in leafy spurge suspension culture cells grown in the presence of hydroquinone, the activity was six-fold lower than that measured in small everlasting. Differential ability to detoxify hydroquinone provides a basis for the observed allelopathic interaction between small everlasting and leafy spurge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994430
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alfalfa heat shock genes are differentially expressed during somatic embryogenesis (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 999-1007 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Medicago sativa L. ; stress response ; tissue culture ; somatic embryogenesis ; heat shock protein (HSP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated two cDNA clones (Mshsp18-1; Mshsp18-2) from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which encode for small heat shock proteins (HSPs) belonging to the hsp17 subfamily. The predicted amino acid sequences of the two alfalfa proteins are 92% identical and a similar degree of homology (90%) can be detected between Mshsp 18-2 and the pea hsp 17. In comparison to various members of small HSPs from soybean amino acid sequence similarities of 80–86% were identified. The alfalfa HSPs share a homologous stretch of amino acids in the carboxy terminal region with hsp22, 23, 26 from Drosophila. This region contains the GVLTV motif which is characteristic of several members of small HSPs. At room temperature alfalfa hsp 18 mRNAs were not detectable in root and leaf tissues but northern analysis showed a low level of expression in microcallus suspension (MCS). The transcription of Mshsp 18 genes is induced by elevated temperature, CdCl2 treatment and osmotic shock in cultured cells. In alfalfa somatic embryos derived from MCS a considerable amount of hsp 18 mRNA can be detected during the early embryogenic stages under normal culture conditions. The differential expression of these genes during embryo development suggests a specific functional role for HSPs in plant cells at the time of the developmental switch in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016072
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the kinetics of Na+/H+ exchange in OK cells: Introduction of a new device for the analysis of polarized transport in cultured epithelia (1991)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 120 (1991), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: brush border membrane ; amiloride ; tissue culture ; intracellular pH ; fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The present study describes a new perfusion technique—based on the use of a routine spectrofluorometer—which enables fluorometric evaluation of polarity, regulation and kinetics of Na+/H+ exchange at the level of an intact monolayer. Na+/ H+ exchange was evaluated in bicarbonate-free solutions in OK (opossum kidney) cells, a renal epithelial cell line. Na+/H+ exchange activity was measured by monitoring changes in intracellular pH (pH i ) after an acid load, using the pH-sensitive dye 2′7′-bis (carboxyethyl) 5–6-carboxy-fluorescein (BCECF). Initial experiments indicated that OK cells grown on a permeable support had access to apical and basolateral perfusion media. They also demonstrate that OK cells express an apical pH i , recovery mechanism, which is Na+ dependent, ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) sensitive and regulated by PTH. Compared to resting conditions (pH i =7.68; pH o =7.4) where Na+/H+ exchange is not detectable, transport rate increased as pH i decreased. A positive cooperativity characterized the interaction of internal H+ with the exchanger, and suggests multiple H+ binding sites. In contrast, extracellular [Na+] increased transport with simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent affinity of the exchanger for Na+ was 19mM at an intracellular pH of 7.1 and 60mM at an intracellular pH of 6.6. Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange activity by EIPA was competitive with respect to extracellular [Na+] and theK i was 3.4 μM. In conclusion, the technique used in the present study is well suited for determination of mechanisms involved in control of epithelial cell pH i and processes associated with their polarized expression and regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01872400
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold storage of in vitro cultures of hybrid poplar shoots (Populus alba L. x P. grandidentata Michx.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: aspen ; growth suspension ; phenotypic variation ; ultra-structure ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot cultures of P. alba x P. grandidentata ‘Crandon’ were maintained for more than 5 years at 4°C with minimal growth. The highest survival after 2 years and 5 years of cold storage were 70% and 25% respectively using 1-month of pre-storage culture on MS medium containing 1.33 μM BA. When 5-year-old cold-stored shoot cultures were transferred to the greenhouse, color variations were observed. The frequencies of albino and red pigmented plants were 0.25% and 12.8%, respectively. A rosette type growth pattern was also observed on 0.3% of the long-term cold-stored plants. During long-term cold storage there were local disruption of cambium connections and the accumulations of chemicals in some cells, as observed by light microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041285
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Callus induction and plant regeneration from anther and inflorescence culture of Sorghum (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor L. Moench ; tissue culture ; callus ; haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-five inbred lines, including grain and forage types from the USA and China, two hybrids, one Sorghum almum, and one Parasorghum (S. versicolor) were tested for their response to anther culture. Three nutrient media were effective in inducing anther calli from six cultivars (Xin White, TX 403-TSB, DDY Sommer Milo, TX 2779, Brawley, and Spur Federal) and one was effective for plant regeneration for one cultivar, Xin White. Averaged over media, callus induction frequency (number of calli per 100 anthers) was highest in cultivars Xin White and TX 403-TSB (6.7 and 3.9%, respectively). The means of cultivars for media C17-2 and Ms-t-z-2, 4.3 and 3.2%, respectively, were superior to that for medium 85D3-2 (0.1%). Expressed as an average of the six cultivars and three media the mean calli induction frequency was 2.6%; however, differential responses of genotype and medium were noted. Among the 10 regeneration media tested, medium MS-d-4 containing Murashige and Skoog basal components plus 2.0 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2.5 mg/l kinetin was the most effective for plant regeneration. Numbers of albino plants and calli developing only roots increased directly with callus-induction time, whereas the frequency of plant regeneration decreased. Regenerated plants had varied numbers of chromosomes in root tip cells: 10, 15, 20, 40, and 60. The 29 regenerated plants that reached maturity, however, were highly fertile and contained only 10 bivalents in pollen mother cells. Normal chromosome number and behavior for the regenerated plants suggest that induced calli originated from cells other than microspores. However, spontaneous chromosome doubling in microspore-derived haploids may occur. The appearance of albinos also implies that haploids may have been produced from anther culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029394
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) somaclones associated with instability and pleiotropic effects (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; Phytophthora infestans ; late blight ; adventitious regeneration ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture ; mutation ; maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adventitious regenerants (‘somaclones’) of ‘Bintje’ and their vegetative progeny were screened for field resistance to Phytophthora infestans as follows: the area under the disease progress curve was computed and correlated with resistance rating in ‘Bintje’ and reference varieties. The resistance rating of the somaclones was determined from this relationship. Clones with stable improved field resistance in successive years' trials were detected, however, most of such clones were also maturation mutants. Variation in resistance rating in clone replicates and between years was detected in most clones. The possible basis of the field resistance and reasons for its instability are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041746
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  • 11
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    Application of cell and tissue culture and in vitro selection for disease resistance breeding — a review (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 269-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; in vitro selection ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somaclonal variation, i.e. the variation induced by cell and tissue culture, offers an opportunity to broaden the genetic variation of crops. As a result of somaclonal variation a wide range of plant characteristics can be altered. However, the selection of agronomically important traits, e.g. disease resistance, has many limitations. The efficiency of selection can be increased by the application of in vitro selection procedures. Selection strategies that may be applied to obtain disease resistant somaclonal variants are described. Their merits and limitations, in relation to the efficiency of the procedures, the frequency of disease resistant variants and the genetics of the resistance obtained, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042373
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Actual, potential and speculative applications of seaweed cellular biotechnology: some specific comments on Gelidium (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: callus ; cell culture ; domestication ; protoplast ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cellular biotechnology is a promising application in the propagation and selection of superior strains of seaweeds. Although axenic cultures, organogenetic tissue cultures, vegetative micro-propagation, callus induction and high yields of agar from calli have been described for several species of Gelidium, a number of basic problems remain to be solved. These include standardized methods for obtaining axenic cultures, identification of requirements for organic nutrients, PGR's, cellular disorganization and reorganization, somaclonal variation and somatic incompatibilities. Future progress in seaweed biotechnology will depend on the resolution of many of these problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028374
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food ingestion by planarian intestinal phagocytic cells — a study by scanning electron microscopy (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: planarian ; intestine ; endocytosis ; phagocytosis ; tissue culture ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tissue-cultured fragments of the intestine of Dugesia japonica were examined by SEM for formation of pseudopodia in the phagocytic cells. For comparison, parallel experiments in vivo were performed using intact animals under starved and fed conditions. When cultures were incubated with fetal calf serum, individual phagocytic cells formed one or two large cup-like pseudopodia. Cultures incubated with latex beads showed pseudopodia that varied in shape according to the size of the beads and that had multiple folds or funnels. Pseudopodia and the modes of their endocytosis in this planarian, however, are morphologically like those of other phagocytes such as digestive cells of Hydra, rat macrophages, and human neutrophils. Culture in vitro of digestive tissue should be an important tool for studying the digestive physiology of planarians at the cellular level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027600
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of BA, zeatin and thidiazuron for adventitious bud formation from Picea glauca embryos and epicotyl explants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: conifer ; cytokinin ; organogenesis ; Picea glauca ; tissue culture ; white spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Picea glauca (white spruce) zygotic embryos and one-week-old-seedling epicotyl explants were placed on either Woody Plant Medium (WPM) or half-strength Schenk & Hildebrandt (1/2S&H) medium supplemented with varying levels of benzyladenine (BA) (0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, 100 μM), zeatin (10, 50, 100 μM) or thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.01, 0.1 μM). In addition to differences in the number of buds induced at three months on the two media, buds induced on WPM were visually more uniform, less vitrified and elongated faster. On 1/2S&H supplemented with BA, maximum bud induction from embryos occurred on 1.0 μM BA with 0.01 μM TDZ with higher BA concentrations inhibitory to bud induction. In contrast, on WPM there was little difference in the number of buds induced from embryos placed on 10, 50 and 100 μM BA with or without TDZ. One-week-old-seedling epicotyl explants required higher BA levels on 1/2S&H, as bud induction at three months was greatest at 10 μM BA. On WPM, as with the embryos, there were only minor differences in the number of buds induced from epicotyl explants on the various BA levels. Zeatin was more effective at inducing buds than BA with both media. From embryos, bud induction was greatest on 50 or 100 μM zeatin without TDZ and 50 or 100 μM zeatin with or without TDZ on 1/2S&H and WPM respectively. From epicotyl explants on 1/2S&H, there was little difference in the number of buds induced with the zeatin concentrations used, while with WPM, 50 and 100 μM zeatin induced the greatest number of buds. Interestingly, with BA, the epicotyl explants needed a higher level than the embryos for maximal response, while with zeatin, the level was the same for both embryos and epicotyl explants. Long-term (six month) survival was higher on WPM than with 1/2S&H. Additionally, embryos had a higher percentage of genotypes surviving at six-months when compared with epicotyl explants. For overall survival and development of the buds, 50 μM zeatin with 0.01 μM TDZ was the best treatment tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157592
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  • 15
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    Micropropagation of juvenile and adult Sorbus domestica L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 341-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: rooting ; shoot proliferation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Successful propagation of seedlings and mature trees of Sorbus domestica L. has been achieved by in vitro methods. Multiple shoot formation was obtained by placing shoot apices or nodal segments on a modified Schenck and Hildebrandt medium containing benzyladenine. Regenerated shoots were excised and induced to root on media with auxin. In the best treatments 75–85% of shoots from juvenile material rooted. Rooting capacity of shoots from mature explants was lower (30%) and was not improved by dipping the base of shoots in concentration solutions of indolebutyric or naphthaleneacetic acids. Plantlets were ultimately established in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157600
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  • 16
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    Regeneration and transformation of Ribes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; regeneration ; Ribes nigrum ; tissue culture ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transformation of the black currant cv. Ben More was achieved by utilising the binary vector system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This system involved the inoculation of peeled internodal stem segments with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing the binary vector PBI121.X with the marker genes Betaglucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII). Shoot regeneration occurred on nutrient media based on M&S salts. Transformation was confirmed by the fluorogenic assay procedure which determined that the GUS gene had been transferred into the plant material and was being expressed. Concurrent transfer of the NPTII gene into the plant material was also confirmed with a ‘dot blot’ assay on selected GUS positive plantlets.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039736
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Degradation of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid and riboflavin and their influence on rooting response of papaya in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Carica papaya ; IBA ; papaw ; papaya ; riboflavin ; root initiation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Varying concentrations of riboflavin were added to a De Fossard et al. (1974) basal medium containing 10 µM IBA and the effect on adventitious root initiation on shoots of Carica papaya L. was studied. Ninety percent root initiation occurred in 11 days when 1 µM riboflavin was added to the culture medium. Smaller rooting percentages were observed and roots emerged more slowly with riboflavin concentrations greater and less than 1 µM. Tissue culture media were maintained at 27°±1°C in either darkness or 12-h photoperiods for 28 days, and concentrations of riboflavin and IBA were measured at regular intervals using HPLC analysis. In a De Fossard et al. (1974) basal medium, riboflavin concentrations (0.1, 1.0, 10.0 µM) decreased rapidly in light and were independent of the presence of IBA. IBA concentration steadily decreased when media was placed in light, and increasing riboflavin concentrations accelerated the reduction of IBA levels. Concentrations of IBA and riboflavin were stable with dark incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116606
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Precocious gladiolus corm formation in liquid shake cultures (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 63-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: corm ; cytokinin ; Gladiolus ; paclobutrazol ; sucrose ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conditions were defined for precocious differentiation and improved growth of corms at the base of gladiolus shoots. Shoots were derived from explants cultured on agar solidified media, and corm regeneration was obtained in subsequent liquid shake cultures. Benzyladenine (BA), at 10-7 M, was found to have a stimulating effect mainly when provided to the shoots prior to manifestation of corm growth. Paclobutrazol and sucrose promoted corm formation when supplemented to the liquid media. Paclobutrazol, at 10 mg l-1, shifted assimilate allocation towards the growing corm. A differential promotion of corm development by sucrose was not observed, and the concentration of sucrose at which the sugar demand for maximal shoot and corm growth is satisfied (60 g l-1) was unaltered by the presence of paclobutrazol. The rate of corm growth on shoots cultured in a liquid medium supplemented with paclobutrazol and a saturating sucrose concentration, was a function of the length of the shoot's leaf blades, and was similar in light and in dark.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036107
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  • 19
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    Plant regeneration from somatic tissue of Rhododendron laetum x aurigeranum (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: organogenesis ; plant growth regulators ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the source of plant material (greenhouse-grown plants or in vitro shoot cultures), the type of tissue explant (shoot-tip, single-node stem segment, whole leaf, leaf strip or half-leaf section) and growth regulator concentration on shoot regeneration from somatic tissue of Rhododendron laetum × aurigeranum was evaluated. No regeneration response was obtained on explants from greenhouse-grown plants. Adventitious shoots were obtained from callus produced at the basal end of shoot-tip and single-node stem segment explants derived from in vitro-grown shoots cultured on Anderson's medium supplemented with 22.8 μM IAA and 73.8 μM 2iP. The greatest percentage of adventitious shoot regeneration (77%) was induced on leaf sections cultured in the presence of 22.8 μM IAA and 147.6 μM 2iP. Plant regeneration was accomplished with minimal callus formation. This technique represents a further step toward gene manipulation of Rhododendron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048204
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    The role of cotyledonary tissue in the differentiation of shoots and roots from cotyledon explants of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: auxin-like factor ; Brassica juncea ; brown mustard ; organogenesis ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In cotyledon cultures of Brassica juncea, shoots and roots invariable differentiate at the cut end of the petiole. Organogenesis occurred only if the proximal cut end of the petiole was in contact with the medium. In the absence of the petiole, differentiation from the lamina was rare. Hence investigations were carried out to study the influence of the cotyledonary lamina on regeneration of shoots and roots from the petiolar cut end. The lamina tissue was surgically removed from the cotyledon explants at different durations (0–10 days) after culturing them on either root-forming (basal medium) or shoot-forming (basal medium containing 5.0 μM N6-benzyladenine) media. The differentiation of roots or shoots from the petioles was dependent on the presence of the lamina for at least 7 days of culture. Quantitative removal of the laminar tissue had a corresponding negative effect on shoot bud differentiation from the petiole. The nature of the ‘lamina factor’ was found to be auxin-like.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044266
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    High frequency of plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Brassica carinata A. Br. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica carinata ; Ethiopia mustard ; hypocotyl ; plant regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An efficient tissue culture system for high frequency of plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Brassica carinata was developed via manipulation of culture medium and selection of explants. Explants grown on medium containing combinations of 2 mg l-1 BA and 0.01 mg l-1 NAA or 4 mg l-1 kinetin and 0.01 mg l-1 2,4-D regenerated shoots at 100% frequency. High frequency shoot regeneration occurred only from explants originating from 6 to 7-day-old but not younger or older seedlings. Explants showed higher regeneration capacity at the distal end than the proximal end, and the upper segment was more regenerative than the lower segment of hypocotyl. Regenerants were rooted on half-strength growth regulator-free medium, acclimatized and developed into normal, fertile plants.
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    Somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos in meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Limnanthes alba ; meadowfoam ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Developing embryos from immature seeds were excised and cultured. Optimal proliferation of differentiated secondary embryos occurred on Murashige-Skoog media containing 7% sucrose, 0.1 μM 2,4-D, and 0.1–1.0 μM zeatin. Higher levels of auxins inhibited embryo proliferation. Secondary embryos were subcultured to produce more embryos. The results indicate the feasibility of clonal propagation of meadowfoam.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033476
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    Morphogenesis in leaf, hypocotyl and root explants of Digitalis thapsi L. cultured in vitro (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Digitalis thapsi ; plant regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the auxins 2,4-D, NAA and IAA either alone or in combination with kinetin or BA were investigated to assess the morphogenetic potential of leaf, root and hypocotyl explants of Digitalis thapsi. Calluses were obtained from the three explants in basal medium without the addition of growth regulators and in leaves, the calluses formed roots. Application of 2,4-D, NAA or BA increased callus formation. The presence of NAA induced root formation and that of BA induced shoot formation via callus interphase. Indole-3-acetic acid alone only induced the generation of roots in the hypocotyl callus. Kinetin was ineffective in all the explants tested. Combinations of NAA with kinetin or BA were more effective in inducing organogenesis in leaf explants. Optimum responses were obtained in hypocotyl and root explants by using IAA in combination with BA, the highest rate of shoot regeneration being observed in hypocotyl explants. Rooting of the differentiated shoots was readily achieved in media without growth regulators. Regenerated plantlets were transferred to soil and grew with a survival rate of 70%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042182
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    Adherence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to the cells of immature wheat embryos (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; enzymatic digestion ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium attached to wheat embryos in vitro. This attachment was plasmid independent, and occurred on both wounded and unwounded cell surfaces. The pattern of attachment clearly demonstrated that bacterial attachment to cereal cells follows the same trends observed for dicotyledonous plants. During the inoculation period the bacterial cells attach to the plant cell walls either with lateral or polar orientation. Wounding (mechanical or enzymatic) preferentially promoted adherence of the bacteria at the wound site, however, attachment was not wound dependent.
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    Agrobacterium tumefaciens-gene transfer into wheat tissues (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 209-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA can be transferred by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to wheat, albeit at very low frequencies. Transfer of agrobacterial DNA occurred in cultures where the embryos had been subjected to partial enzymatic digestion prior to cocultivation with the bacteria. It is unclear whether this is by the normal process mediated by the Ti virulence genes and the border repeats of the T-DNA. The Southern hybridization patterns indicate that in one cell line the T-DNA had undergone extensive rearrangements, and might indicate that the process of T-DNA transfer and integration might differ in the case of cereals. This could suggest the method of transfer and ultimately the expression of these genes in cereal cells may be different to that observed in other monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036212
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    Effect of temperature, gel concentration and cytokinins on vitrification of Olearia microdisca (J.M. Black) in vitro shoot cultures (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: chilling ; lignin synthesis ; shoot multiplication ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between gel concentration, cytokinin levels and temperature in vitrification of Olearia microdisca in vitro has been investigated. Vitrified plants displayed tissue hypertrophy and reduced lignification. Cytokinin in the medium was essential for vitrification. Increasing gel concentration or reducing temperature reduced the vitrification in the presence of 20 µM BA. The observed responses were consistent with indirect effects on BA uptake. Alternatively an indirect effect of BA on shoot multiplication rate and hence on lignification of cell walls may be involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116601
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    A method for in vitro cell culture of superficial bovine uterine endometrial epithelium (1991)
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    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; uterine epithelial cells ; bovine ; monolayer culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bovine epithelial cells were obtained for culture from the uterine endometrium of adult, cyclic cattle. Using the procedures described herein, cell-specific monolayers of uterine epithelial cells developed rapidly in culture and maintained a good level of viability for seven to eight subcultures. In addition, frozen-thawed uterine epithelial cells also maintained a respectable level of viability during postthaw subculture. Patterns of cell growth for uterine epithelial cells were determined by a growth curve. A growth curve of fresh epithelial cells over an 8-day interval revealed a short lag phase (24 h) followed by a log growth phase for 5 days and then a stationary phase starting on Days 6 or 7 of incubation. This method for isolation and culture of uterine epithelial cells provides a potential model for evaluating uterine epithelial cell secretory capacity during the estrous cycle. This culture system may offer benefits for in vitro culture of bovine embryos.
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    Application of the principles of good manufacturing practices (GMP) to the design and operation of a tissue culture laboratory (1991)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 13 (1991), S. 265-273 
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    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: tissue culture ; GMP ; laboratory design ; laboratory operation ; contamination control ; environmental control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recommendations are presented for the design and operation of a tissue culture laboratory to reduce microbial contamination of cultures. These recommendations are based on practices currently used in the manufacturing of sterile drug products, certain medical devices, and in vitro diagnostic products. The recommendations depend on qualification and validation of equipment, systems, and procedures and on the control and monitoring of the laboratory environment and procedures.
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    In vitro propagation of the nitrogen-fixing tree-legume Acacia mangium Willd. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 151-159 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: micropropagation ; Acacia mangium ; tissue culture ; Bradyrhizobium spp. ; nodulation ; nitrogen-fixing tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In vitro propagation was initiated from 2-week-old and 7-month-old explants of Acacia mangium. Juvenile explants (2 week-old) of 5- to 10-mm lengths composed of two leaves were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 or 2.0 mg L-1 6-benzyladenine (BAP). After 6 weeks, most explants had formed a large cluster of 14–18 axillary shoots produced by prolific branching of the primary axillary shoot after elongation. The maximum multiplication rate (40) was obtained in the first subculture; the rate decreased to 10–20 in the second one. The mean length of shoots was not significantly affected by BAP concentrations during the subsequent cultures. Rooting ability of juvenile explants was greatly affected by BAP concentrations used in the multiplication medium. When both types of explants were multiplied on a MS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and transferred to a half-strength MS medium containing 0.05 mg L-1 IBA, only 10% of the juvenile explants were rooted versus 70% of the 7-month-old explants. Rooted plants transferred onto artificial substrate were all nodulated, when inoculated with a specific Bradyrhizobium sp. strain.
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    A programmable micropropagation apparatus using cycled liquid medium (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 211-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: endogenous microorganisms ; semi-automated micropropagation ; Spathiphyllum ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An apparatus was developed that featured programmable application of liquid medium to plant cultures for micropropagation. Computer control capabilities included liquid medium introduction and medium depth within four culture vessels, medium application and removal on an assigned schedule, schedule adjustment during a culture period and medium replacement. The medium level was controlled using an accurate custom level-sensing technique consisting of thermistors and float switches. Seven-liter polycarbonate containers were modified and used as the culture vessels. Maintaining sterility was a key constraint in the development of the plant tissue culture apparatus.
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    Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants of tissue cultured and greenhouse-grown raspberry (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 249-255 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: organogenesis ; Rubus idaeus L ; R. × neglectus Peck ; thidiazuron ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adventitious shoot regeneration was observed using leaf-petiole explants from shoot-proliferating cultures of ‘Comet’ red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). A maximum regeneration rate of 70% (3.7 shoots/explant) was obtained using 4.5–9.1 μM (1–2 mg l−1) N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron or TDZ) with 2.5–4.9 μM (0.5–1 mg l−1) 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA) or 2.3 μM (0.5 mg l−1) TDZ with 4.9 μM (1 mg l−1) IBA in modified Murashige-Skoog medium. TDZ was more effective than N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA) at promoting regeneration in combinations tested with IBA (maximum 50% regeneration rate; 1.8 shoots/explant). Variation in the agar concentration or incubation temperature, orientation or scoring of the leaf-petiole explants and use of separate leaf or petiole explants had no effect on shoot regeneration. Incubation in the dark for 1, 2 or 3 weeks prior to growth in the light did not influence the percent regeneration rate but depressed the number of adventitious shoots. Explant source, from micropropagated shoots or greenhouse-grown plants, had an effect on shoot regeneration that was genotype dependent. Only 8 of 22 (36%) raspberry cultivars were capable of regeneration from leaf explants derived from greenhouse-grown plants.
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    In vitro micropropagation and plant establishment of muscadine grape cultivars (Vitis rotundifolia) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 7-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: plant regeneration ; propagation ; tissue culture ; viticulture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoot apical meristems were used to establish regenerative axillary bud cultures of 9 muscadine grape cultivars. Meristems taken from 10 cm long shoots had less contamination (3%) and a higher survival rate (94%) than those from shorter or longer shoots. Of media tested, MS, 1/2 MS, and C2D resulted in equivalent shoot proliferation rates, whereas, WPM produced stunted shoots. When pooling results for 3 cultivars, 5, 10 and 20 μM BA and 5 μM TDZ produced the highest average number of shoots per cultured apex (3.4–3.8). However, shoots produced with TDZ were stunted and did not root well. For rooting of shoots directly in potting mix, a rooting powder pretreatment significantly increased the number of roots per shoot but did not affect percent rooting or root length. For rooting in vitro, 1 μM NAA significantly increased all parameters measured. Although more shoots rooted in vitro than in vivo (77% vs. 46%), the latter was judged preferable since acclimatized plants were produced in less time and a major culture step was eliminated. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for measured responses in all experiments.
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    Freeze-preservation of buds from Scots pine trees (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 89-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure has been developed for freeze-preservation of buds of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Instead of liquid nitrogen, cold storage in −80°C was used. The partly dormant material used in the experiments was obtained directly from a natural stand in Northern Finland and no prefreezing or cryoprotectants for preconditioning were used. Cooling velocity was 1°C/min up to a terminal freezing temperature of −39°C, after which the buds were immersed in liquid nitrogen at −196°C for 10 minutes. The material was then transferred to a deepfreezer at −80°C and stored up to 6 months. After rapid thawing, the buds were sterilized and their viability was tested by FDA staining and by culturing meristems on 1/2 MS medium for at least two weeks. All the freezing experiments were performed during March and April. The best survival of buds (90–100%) was achieved at the beginning of April, after which a pronounced decline in survival occurred obviously due to a rise in the water content of the buds.
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    In vitro regeneration from excised leaves of Flaveria trinervia (Sprengel) C. Mohr (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 27 (1991), S. 297-302 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Flaveria trinervia ; growth regulators ; leaf explant ; tissue culture ; plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flaveria trinervia (Compositae) leaves are used for the treatment of jaundice and fever. From the leaf callus cultures regeneration of plantlets has been achieved. The results showed that BAP greatly stimulated the bud formation in concentrations ranging from 2–5 mg l−1 than at very low concentrations (0.2–1.0 mg l−1). Roots developed on the regenerated shoots, over a range of treatments, but were most prolific in the medium containing 1 mg l−1 IAA. Histological observations revealed that cultured spongy cells of the mesophyll were greatly enlarged and underwent repeated cell divisions leading to the formation of hard nodular callus from which shoot buds differentiated. The shoots obtained were readily rooted and transplanted into glass houses. Cytological studies of the callus showed abnormalities such as bridges, endomitosis and multinucleolate conditions. Root tip squashes of the regenerated plants showed no variations and were diploid in chromosome number.
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    Relationship between growth rate of Helminthosporium oryzae isolates on calluses of rice cultivars and their disease reaction on rice plants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 237-241 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: disease resistance ; Helminthosporium oryzae ; rice ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rice cultivars showed differential reaction to various isolates of Helminthosporium oryzae, the brown spot pathogen. The calluses obtained from those cultivars behaved in a similar manner to the mycelial growth of pathogenic isolates on them. However, amount of inoculum, size of the callus and period of incubation influenced the reaction of the callus to the fungal isolates.
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    Uptake and metabolism of 6-benzyladenine in shoot cultures of Musa and Rhododendron (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 69-74 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: BA uptake ; cytokinin metabolism ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shoots of Musa and Rhododendron were cultured in vitro on a medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 BA. Shoots growing in the presence of [14C]BA were harvested at intervals during the culture period. Uptake of BA was linear throughout this culture period in Musa but slowed considerably in Rhododendron shoots after day 10. Rhododendron shoots absorbed 40% of the BA present in the medium and Musa shoots absorbed 52%. In each species the principal metabolite formed was [9G]BA. Benzyladenine was present in significant levels only in the pseudostem of Musa.
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    Methods for improving tissue culture of human tracheo-bronchial epithelium obtained at autopsy (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 5 (1991), S. 155-163 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: tissue culture ; trypan blue ; cilia ; cell injury ; organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Human tracheo-bronchial epithelium obtained from autopsy, surgery, and organ donation will have areas of both viable and non-viable cells. It is important in the initial establishment of epithelial explant and cell cultures that injured, non-viable mucosal epithelium not be used for the cultures. Autopsy cases selected for culture should initially be chosen on the basis of a shorter post mortem interval and cause of death in order to increase the rate of successful culture. Staining the epithelium with the vital dye, trypan blue, in combination with phase contrast microscopy of the bronchial tissues will further identify those areas of the mucosa that are enriched for viable cells. The dead, non-viable areas are trypan blue positive, while the viable areas are clear and have foci of beating, motile cilia. Treatment of the mucosal tissue with mucolytic agents to remove cell debris, dead cells, and microbes trapped in the mucus material will further improve the chances for successful culture. Human tracheo-bronchial epithelium, although non-sterile and often injured at time zero for numerous reasons, can effectively be used in in vitro pathophysiology studies.
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    Exfoliative cytologic evaluation of primary cultured lung carcinomas (1991)
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    Cytotechnology 6 (1991), S. 143-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: tissue culture ; lung cancer ; cytogenetics ; cytotechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a tissue culture and exfoliative cell culture system that enables one to (1) evaluate the adequacy of primary lung carcinoma cultures for cytogenetic analysis, and (2) predict the likelihood of viable cells and type of differentiation present in the primary lung tumor cultures used for cytogenetics. Primary lung carcinomas were established from explant outgrowths and maintained in serum supplemented or serum free media on plastic or basement membrane associated protein coated dishes in order to obtain cells for karyotypic analysis (Miura et al., 1990). The media from these cultures that would ordinarily have been discarded was aspirated at each media change and used to prepare cytocentrifuge cytology preparations. Papanicolaou stained cells from the preparations were evaluated by cytotechnologists in order to assess (1) the cellularity and presence of cancer cells in the sample, (2) differentiation of the malignant cells, and (3) adequacy for chromosomal studies. We determined that cytology preparations of cell and explant outgrowth cultures from primary lung tumors are a reliable method for screening and evaluating the suitability of primary lung carcinoma cultures for cytogenetic analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373032
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