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  • Artikel  (45)
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  • 2015-2019
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Share of agriculture in nitrogen and phosphorus emissions into the surface waters of Western Europe against the background of their eutrophication (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulphur ; nutrient balances ; surface waters ; North Sea ; Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; hypertrophication ; primary production
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, their relationship to each other (DIN/DIP) as predisposing (nutrient) factors, as well as prevailing weather as a triggering factor all work together to induce the primary production and hence the eutrophication (hypertrophication) process in surface waters. Sulfate likewise is a decisive predisposing factor influencing the eutrophication process by reducing N availability but increasing P availability and thus acting towards an N limitation of the primary production. This is one of the reasons why marine (coastal) waters and estuaries often exhibit N limitation with respect to primary production, while freshwater ecosystems often tend to exhibit P limitation. Within the N and P balance of agriculture of some countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, FRG, UK and Sweden for N, resp. Netherlands, FRG and GDR for P) more the level than the efficiency of the N and P applications indicates the extent of the nutrient surplus. Despite 59–73% N utilization in plant production, the rate of 13–23% for agriculture as a whole equals to the 12–21% efficiency of N use in animal production. The varying N surplus in agriculture in the separate countries of 124 to 465 kg N ha−1 a−1 is determined almost exclusively by the level of the N application and not by its efficiency. The situation is similar for P: In spite of P utilization in plant production of 59–76%, P utilization in total agriculture is only 11–38%, or comparable to the P efficiency within animal production of 10–34%. The differing P excess balance of 55 to 88 kg P2O5 ha−1 a−1 is influenced by the level of the P application. The N and P efficacy of total agriculture hence is determined almost completely by that of animal production, since 83–95% (N basis) and 76–94% (P basis) of the total plant production (on top of the nationally varying levels of N and P use via imported feeds) are fed to animals — with the low N and P utilization cited above. Agriculture's share of the N and P emissions into surface water of several countries/regions in Western Europe (FRG, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway) ranges from 37 to 82% resp. 27 to 38%. Its share in the flus into the North Sea catchment basin will be about 60% for N and 25% for P related only to the anthropogenic material carried by the rivers. Agriculture's share in the atmospheric N emissions into the North and Baltic Seas can be estimated at about 65% or 55%, resp. while the remaining approx. 35% or 45%, resp. are traceable primarily to anthropogenic burning processes. For agriculture the priority lies in limiting N emissions into surface water caused by leaching, erosion and NH3 emissions, and reducing P emissions mainly through soil conservation (protection against erosion) and water protection. As regards N this means a demand for comprehensive protection of groundwater and atmosphere differentiated according to the potential for losses or the risk of losses on a site, also outside the protection zones. As regards P only those areas can be included in the demand for reduction of emissions that are actually threatened by erosion or surface runoff. Plenty of short-term and long-term measures are available to agriculture to reduce N and P emissions. Especially the long-range measures (such as creating nutrient balances on farms and fields, the integration of animal and plant production, maintaining maximum livestock densities according to the ability of areas to absorb nutrients, altered feeding programs in animal nutrition, changes in livestock keeping (slurry→deep litter), increasing the internal and external recycling of N and P) are capable of bringing about a satisfactory degree of success within the next 20 to 30 years.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048764
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of level of nitrogen nutrition upon mineral content and removal in grasses and wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Grass ; wheat ; nitrogen nutrition ; dilution curve ; mineral content ; mineral removal ; phosphorus ; potassium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The important effect of nitrogen in changing the patterns of mineral content and mineral removal is analysed for grass swards and wheat. Different models are proposed; accumulated dry matter developed throughout a growing period is shown to be an excellent reference for assessing the evolution of the plant mineral content and the mineral removal the growing crop. Applications in diagnosing mineral nutrition status and optimising fertilizer use are proposed and discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048760
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On intermediate-term earthquake prediction in central Italy (1990)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 134 (1990), S. 79-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Seismology ; earthquake prediction ; self-similarity ; algorithm CN ; Central Italy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The Time of Increased Probability (TIP) for the occurrence of a strong earthquake is determined in Central Italy. This is done with an algorithm that has been successfully applied in other regions of the world (algorithm CN, from the initials of California and Nevada, where the first diagnoses of TIPs were made). The use of normalized functions allows direct application of the orginal algorithm to the new region being studied, without anyad hoc adjustment of the parameters. Retrospective analysis carried on until 1986 shows that TIPs occupy 26 percent of the total time considered and precede four out of five strong earthquakes. Forward monitoring indicates the possible existence of a TIP started in May 1988. Several tests indicate that the results obtained are quite stable, even when using catalogues from different agencies. Apart from obvious practical interest, this research is essential for the worldwide investigation of self-similarity in the origin of strong earthquakes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878081
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rapid multiplication of potatoes in the warm tropics: rooting and establishment of cuttings (1990)
    Springer
    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): hormones ; media ; phosphorus ; rooting depth ; solar radiation ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary To expand potato production in developing countries using cuttings as a source of good quality planting material, requires simple low cost methods to root and establish them. Experiments at a warm tropical site in the Philippines, to determine appropriate methods, showed that simple media ranging from fine sand to clay subsoil mixed with rice hulls enabled rooting which was not improved by hormones. Nitrogen rich media, such as volcanic soil or compost with additional P, were best for developing cuttings into strong transplants but there were no major differences in root and shoot development from cuttings differing in size and age. Tuberizations was favored by increasing the number of nodes buried in the media. Low solar radiation of 7 MJ/m2/day enabled high cutting survival up to root initiation, after which higher radiation supported larger root and shoot production.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358126
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of silicon on the growth and phosphorus uptake of rice (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): inorganic P ; organic P ; P/Fe ; P/Mn ratios ; phosphorus ; rice ; silicon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to measure the effect of silicon on phosphorus uptake and on the growth of rice at different P levels. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akebono) was cultured in Kimura B nutrient solution without and with silicon (1.66 mM Si) and with three phosphorus levels (0.014 mM P, low; 0.21 mM, medium; and 0.70 mM, high). Shoot dry weight with Si (+Si) in solution increased with increasing P level, while shoot weight without Si (−Si) was maximum at 0.21 mM P, suggesting that +Si raised the optimum P level for rice. +Si increased shoot weight more when P was low or high than when P was medium. The concentration and amount of inorganic P in shoots increased with increasing P level. +Si did not significantly decrease P uptake by rice at 0.014 mM P, however, uptake at 0.21 and 0.70 mM P was 27 and 30 percent less than uptake with −Si, respectively. In −Si with 0.21 and 0.70 mM P, inorganic P in shoots was more than double the concentration in shoots grown in +Si solutions. The Si concentration in shoots decreased slightly with increasing P level, although Si uptake was not significantly affected by P. +Si decreased the uptake of Fe and Mn by an average of 20 and 50 percent, respectively, thus P/Mn and P/Fe ratios increased in the shoot when P was low. From the results above, the beneficial effect of Si on the growth of rice was clearly shown when P was low or high. This effect may have resulted from decreased Mn and Fe uptake, and thus increased P availability within P deficient plants, or from reduced P uptake when P was high.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041376
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lime-aluminium-phosphorus interactions and the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; aluminium toxicity ; Leucaena yield ; lime ; phosphorus ; phosphorus uptake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of lime and P addition on the amounts of soil extractable P and Al, and on the growth of the tropical legume Leucaena leucocephala were investigated in a factorial experiment under controlled climate conditions using 4 (Koronivia, Nadroloulou, Batiri, and Seqaqa) highly-weathered, acid (pH initially 3.9 to 4.9) soils from Fiji. Resin-extractable P increased with lime addition and then decreased above pH 5.5, whereas M KCl-extractable Al decreased to undetectable levels at or above pH 5.2. Plant growth was usually adversely affected at low and high pH, even in the presence of added P. The pH (in M KCl) at which maximum growth occurred in the 4 soils varied from approximately 4.4 to 5.2; values somewhat lower than those reported in the literature. Changes in dry matter yield with increasing soil pH were strongly influenced by P status and a positive lime × P interaction was obtained with 3 of the 4 soils. Above pH 5.2, liming decreased the yield of both tops and roots, for reasons which are discussed in part II. The data obtained for extractable soil P and plant P concentrations indicate that P deficiency is a major problem on these soils.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041363
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lime-aluminium-phosphorus interactions and the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; aluminium toxicity ; aluminium-induced P deficiency ; chemical composition ; Leucaena ; lime ; Lolium perenne L ; perennial ryegrass ; phosphorus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of lime and P on the chemical composition of the tropical legume Leucaena leucocephala were studied in a controlled climate laboratory experiment using 4 (Koronivia, Nadroloulou, Batiri, and Seqaqa) highly-weathered, acid soils from Fiji. For all soils, changes in the concentration of P in the Leucaena tops followed trends similar to the yield response curve, i.e., the concentration of P was highest at the soil pH at which maximum growth occurred. The concentration of Al in plant tops increased on either side of the pH of maximum growth, but Al uptake by the whole plant (tops plus roots) declined steadily with increasing pH. Although complete major (except P) and minor nutrients were added regularly, there was variation in the uptake of nutrients with pH. Poor growth at low pH values was attributed to an Al-induced P deficiency within the plant and at high pH to a soil P deficiency and, to a smaller extent, to the increased concentration of Al in the plant tops.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041364
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plant community dynamics in a semi-arid ecosystem in relation to nutrient addition following a major disturbance (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): disturbance ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; nutrient enrichment ; phosphorus ; secondary succession ; species richness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of annual additions of mineral N and P (100 kg ha−1) on plant species composition and annual aboveground net primary production (ANPP) were investigated during the first three years following disturbance in a semi-arid ecosystem. Additions of N reduced richness of perennial plant species during years 2 and 3, while P reduced the number of perennial species only in year 3. From year 1 to year 2, annual and biennial species richness declined in all treatments while ANPP of annual species increased greatly. Added N increased ANPP of annual species while it decreased ANPP of most perennial species relative to the unfertilized control treatment. Community similarities were higher for the control and native vegetation than for other pairs of treatments using both species presence and plant production data. Nitrogen additions have retarded but not completely arrested secondary succession in this system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041373
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Twig and foliar nutrient concentrations in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus supply in a eucalypt (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) and an understorey legume (Bossiaea laidlawiana Tovey and Morris) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 265-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): eucalypt ; foliar analysis ; legume ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant nutrients ; plant analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The sensitivity of tissue nutrient concentrations to changes in plant age and the supply of P and N was compared between leaves and associated twigs in two forest species. In a young regrowth stand, tissues were sampled on three occasions from the mid-crown position of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) and Bossiaea laidlawiana Tovey and Morris, a major understorey legume. Leaves and twigs were also sampled from young plants of B. laidlawiana growing in a mature eucalypt stand to which P treatments had been applied. Nitrogen application increased N concentrations in twigs of karri and B. laidlawiana, but not in leaves. Phosphorus application increased P concentrations in both leaves and twigs of karri but the average increases were proportionally greater in twigs (65%) than in leaves (36%). Over the sampling period, P concentrations in leaves declined, while those in twigs were relatively stable. In B. laidlawiana, P supply also had a larger effect on P concentrations in twigs than in leaves. Addition of 200 kg P ha−1 increased average P concentrations in twigs by 109% in the regrowth stand and by 215% in the mature stand while the corresponding increases in leaves were only 11% and 27%. Concentrations of other nutrients in both species were also affected by N and P application, the most notable being a decline in the concentrations of the minor nutrients, Zn and Cu, with increased P supply. The increased N concentrations in twigs of karri, and the increased P concentrations in tissues of both species, were associated with responses of karri to added N and P, and of B. laidlawiana to added P. This indicates that tissue concentrations of N and P were generally below critical concentrations where N and P were not applied. The results show that for these species twigs may be a better tissue than leaves for diagnosing deficiencies or predicting N and P requirements. The ratio of P concentrations in twigs to P concentrations in leaves also increased with added P. It is suggested that this ratio may be a useful index if it reduces the variability caused by sampling position within the crown or genetic differences between plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012829
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Temporal and spatial variability in soil nutrient status of a former beach plain (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium ; labile organic P ; nitrate ; N mineralization ; phosphorus ; Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma ; soil nutrient availability ; soil nutrient pools ; spatial variation ; temporal variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract As part of a research project on the variation in life-history characteristics within a population of Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma, seasonal and spatial variability in the availability of macronutrients (N, P, and K) were examined on a small scale in the 0–25 cm soil depth at a primary beach plain site, embanked since 1966. On the basis of distinct differences, among other things, in plant biomass, an a priori division into three different types of microhabitat occurring in a mosaic distribution pattern was made: an overall low-lying area (subsite 1) with slightly elevated patches of 0.5 to 1.5 m in diameter (subsite 2) and rather large patches, 20 to 40 m in diameter, of sea buckthorn shrubs, with small and relatively open spots (subsite 3) in the transitional zone from lower area into scrub. All three subsite types were studied within a total area of approximately 2000 m2. Three methods of analysis were applied: an inventory survey (sampling once at the start of the growing season), an analysis of the seasonal variation (sampling at approximately monthly intervals during the period April-November), and an assessment of nitrogen mineralization potentials in the laboratory (sampling once at the beginning of the growing season). All three procedures clearly demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the availability of nutrients over very short distances, i.e. a pronounced spatial variability among subsites. Particularly the availability of N and P appeared to have increased at the subsites 2 and 3, when compared to subsite 1. This small-scale differentiation in soil properties has occurred in an essentially homogeneous parent material (e.g. in texture and carbonate content) over a period of about 20 years. Besides a spatial variability, statistically significant temporal fluctuations were observed in the availability of N, P, and K. Relative fluctuations of mineral N (as indicated by the range/mean ratio) were especially large at the subsites 2 and 3.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010831
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integration of Pythium nunn and Trichoderma harzianum isolate T-95 for the biological control of Pythium damping-off of cucumber (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium damping-off ; Pythium nunn ; Pythium ultimum ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two biological control agents, Pythium nunn and Trichoderma harzianum isolate T-95, were combined to reduce Pythium damping-off of cucumber in greenhouse experiments lasting 3–4 weeks. T. harzianum T-95, a rhizosphere competent mutant, was applied to seeds and P. nunn was applied to pasteurized and raw soils naturally and artificially infested with Pythium ultimum. Some treatments were also amended with bean leaves to enhance the activity of P. nunn. The biological control of Pythium damping-off was evaluated in a Colorado soil (Nunn sandy loam) and an Oregon soil mix, which were replanted twice after 2 and 3 months. Interactions between P. nunn and T-95 were detected in the Colorado but not the Oregon soil. No consistent evidence of antagonism between P. nunn and T. harzianum was seen, and significant interactions were detected in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In the first planting of some treatments, the combination of P. nunn and T. harzianum gave greater control of damping-off than either applied alone. P. nunn was most effective in soils that were pasteurized or amended with bean leaves. T. harzianum controlled Pythium damping-off in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In both soils, disease declined over time in treatments amended with bean leaves but without P. nunn or T. harzianum added. This suppression was greater in the Colorado soil, which contained an indigenous population of P. nunn. This work demonstrates that two compatible biological control agents can be combined to give additional control of a soil-borne plant pathogen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012318
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of rice based six multiple cropping sequences under two cycles of crop rotations on yield and fertility status of soil (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): crop rotations ; copper ; fertilizers ; iron ; manganese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; zinc
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of various crop rotations, of high yielding varieties of cereals, pulses, fodders, tubers and oilseeds, on the performance of the crops and the fertility status of the soil over two crop-rotation cycles. The yields of rice (Oryza saliva L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and onion (Allium cepa) crops were found to be decreasing. The yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea coss), were not affected, while the yield of moong (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) showed a tendency to increase. Rotations which included berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) increased the organic carbon content of the soil and there was a slight lowering of the pH with the highest application of phosphatic fertilizer. The accumulation of available potassium was greater in the treatments where the highest amount of fertilizer was applied. The available nitrogen content of the soil increased with application of nitrogen and the balance sheet of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium showed a positive trend. The continuous cropping of high yielding varieties showed a reduction in the available zinc and iron status of the soil, whereas available manganese and copper increased. The available micronutrients, except manganese, did not correlate significantly with soil pH.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014433
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Aluminum-mycorrhizal interactions in the physiology of pitch pine seedlings (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminum ; ectomycorrhizae ; phosphorus ; Pinus rigida ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; sand culture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Aluminum (Al) in the rhizosphere adversely affects plant nutrition and growth. Although many conifer species, and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) in particular, have evolved on acidic soils where soluble Al is often high, controlled environment studies often indicate that Al interferes with seedling growth and nutrient relations. Under normal field conditions, conifer roots grow in a symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizal fungi, and this association may modulate the effects of Al on root physiology. To investigate the influence of mycorrhizal infection on Al toxicity, pitch pine seedlings were grown with or without the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Pisolithus tinctorius and were exposed to low levels of Al in sand culture. Aluminum at 50 μM reduced nonmycorrhizal seedling growth and increased foliar Al concentrations, but did not alter photosynthetic gas exchange or other aspects of seedling nutrition. Nonmycorrhizal seedlings exposed to 200 μM Al exhibited decreased growth, increased transpiration rates, decreased water use efficiency, increased foliar Al and Na levels, and reduced foliar P concentrations. Seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius exhibited unaltered growth, physiological function, and ionic relations when exposed to Al. The fungal symbiont evidently modulated ionic relations in the rhizosphere, reducing Al-P precipitation reactions, Al uptake, and subsequent root and shoot tissue Al exposure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010739
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variability among strains ofTrichoderma harzianum in their ability to reduce take-all and to produce pyrones (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici ; take-all ; Trichoderma harzianum ; T. koningii ; T. hamatum ; pyrones ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Antagonism tests on agar-plates and glasshouse screening indicated that three isolates ofTrichoderma harzianum varied in their ability to antagonize the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici). Isolate 71 which was the most effective in suppressing take-all of wheat, produced two pyrones and other undetermined analogues. Isolates ofT. koningii andT. hamatum shown to suppress take-all, produced a simple pyrone compound. AlthoughT. harzianum isolates 70 and 73 did not produce any pyrones, they reduced the disease albeit to a much lesser extent than isolate 71; with isolate 73 showing distinct host growth promotion effects. It is proposed that the success of isolate 71 ofT. harzianum was related to the pyrones it produces and that the ability of isolates 70 and 73 to reduce take-all may be related to mechanisms other than those involving antibiotics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444244
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response of Stylosanthes guianensis to endomycorrhizal fungi inoculation as affected by lime and phosphorus applications (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminum ; liming ; phosphorus ; Stylosanthes guianensis ; tropical soil ; vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of 3 different species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. cultivated in a sterilized acid and dystrophic soil (Quartzipsament), with 4 levels of lime (0; 0.27; 0.63 and 1.10 meq Ca2+/100 g air-dried soil, as Ca(OH)2) and 2 P levels (0 and 20 mg P/kg soil, as KH2PO4) was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Plants were harvested 40, 60, and 80 days after planting. Stylosanthes guianensis was highly mycotrophic, especially in soil without P fertilization. Mycotrophism was highest in plants inoculated with Acaulospora scrobiculata in soil receiving no P fertilizer and with 0.63 meq Ca2+/100 g air-dried soil. Shoot growth increment was as high as 5129% at the third harvest. Inoculation with Glomus macrocarpum presented intermediate results, whereas inoculation with Gigaspora margarita had no significant effect on plant growth. Root per cent colonization and shoot dry weight, as well as root percent colonization and shoot to root ratio were significantly correlated. The occurrence of S. guianensis in very acid and dystropic soils, containing toxic levels of Al3+, requires the association with VAM fungi for the plant tolerate such conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032424
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response of mesquite to nitrate and salinity in a simulated phreatic environment: Water use, dry matter and mineral nutrient accumulation (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 185-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): calcium ; copper ; desert ; ground water ; iron ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Prosopis glandulosa ; rooting patterns ; sodium ; symbiotic nitrogen fixation ; trace metals ; water table ; water use efficiency ; zinc
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Mesquite plants (Prosopis glandulosa var. Torreyana) were grown in 2-m long columns 20 cm in diameter, and provided with a constant, stable ground water source 10 cm above the sealed base of the column. Ground water contained 0, 1 or 5 mM nitrate, or a mixed salt solution (1.4, 2.8, or 5.6 dS m-1) with the ionic ratios of ground water found in a field stand of Prosopis at Harper's Well (2.8 dS m-1). Water uptake in the highly salinized columns began to decrease relative to low salt columns when soil salinity probes 30 cm above the column base read approximately 28 dS m-1, a potential threshold for mesquite salt tolerance. Prosopis growth increased with increasing nitrate, and decreased with increasing salinity. Water use efficiency was little affected by treatment, averaging approximately 2 g dry matter L-1 water used. Most fine roots were recovered from a zone about 25 cm above the ground water surface where water content and aeration appeared to be optimal for root growth. Root-shoot ratio was little affected by nitrate, but increased slightly with increasing salinity. Plant tissue P concentrations tended to increase with increasing salinity and decrease with increasing N, approaching potentially deficient foliage concentrations at 5 mM nitrate. The whole-plant leaf samples increased in sodium concentration both with added salt and with added nitrate. Foliar manganese concentrations increased with increasing salt in the absence of nitrate. Concentrations of sodium in leaves were low (〈10 g kg-1), considering the high salt concentrations in the ground water. Prosopis appears to exclude sodium very effectively, especially from its younger leaves. Although Prosopis is highly salt tolerant, the degree to which it utilizes soil nitrate in place of biologically fixed N may lower its salinity tolerance and affect its nutrient relations in phreatic environments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010656
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In situ visualization of the biocontrol rhizobacterium Enterobacter cloacae with bioluminescence (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; bioluminescence ; Enterobacter cloacae ; lettuce ; Pythium ultimum ; rhizosphere
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Plasmid pUCD607 was mobilized into the biocontrol agent Enterobacter cloacae strain E6 by conjugation and the resultant strain, E6(pUCD607), was bioluminescent. Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum by E6(pUCD607) was similar to that of the parent strain, E6. The location of E6(pUCD607) in the soil and in the rhizosphere of lettuce was readily determined by pressing agar medium against plant roots in a root box, allowing the bacteria to grow overnight on the medium, and detecting the presence of bioluminescence by autophotography. There was a positive, linear correlation between population sizes determined by dilution plating and the quantity of light emitted due to bioluminescence. However, both the intercept and slope of this line varied among experiments possibly due to the differing physiological states of cells recovered from soils. The amount of light emitted by the bioluminescent strain E6(pUCD607) was not quantitative. This technique is useful for qualitative determinations of populations and for photographically locating bacteria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010661
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of N and P nutrition on spike development in spring wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): leaf area ; nitrogen ; mineral nutrition ; phosphorus ; photoperiod ; Triticum ; wheat ; spikelet initiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of N and P on the number of spikelets of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), grown in nutrient solution, were studied under 8 h and 16 h photoperiods. The effect of P was apparent only at a high rate of N supply and the effects of N were increased significantly at a high rate of P supply. Increasing N supply increased the number of spikelets due to a promotion of the rate of spikelet initiation. It also increased the leaf-blade area and the dry matter weight of the plants at the stage of terminal spikelet initiation. These effects of N were much greater under the short photoperiod than under the long photoperiod. The practical significance of these findings for winter-grown wheat in temperate regions is pointed out.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010928
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological control of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum in India with antagonistic bacteria (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): antibiosis ; bacterization ; biological control ; bacterial wilt ; Bacillus spp. ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Pseudomonas solanacearum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract From among 125 strains of fluorescent and 52 strains of nonfluorescent bacteria initially screened in the laboratory for their antibiosis towards the bacterial wilt pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum, strain Pfcp of Pseudomonas fluorescens and strains B33 and B36 of Bacillus spp., were chosen and evaluated further in greenhouse and field tests. Pfcp treated banana (Musa balbisiana), eggplant and tomato plants were protected from wilt upto 50, 61 and 95% in greenhouse and upto 50, 49 and 36% respectively in field. Protection afforded by the Bacillus strains was lower. In bacteria-treated plants which were subsequently inoculated with P. solanacearum plant height and biomass values increased and were close to those of nontreated and noninoculated control plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010938
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The cumulative effect of wetlands on stream water quality and quantity. A landscape approach (1990)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 10 (1990), S. 105-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): cumulative ; flow ; GIS ; landscape ; lead ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; suspended solids ; watershed ; wetlands
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract A method was developed to evaluate the cumulative effect of wetland mosaics in the landscape on stream water quality and quantity in the nine-county region surrounding Minneapolis—St. Paul, Minnesota. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to record and measure 33 watershed variables derived from historical aerial photos. These watershed variables were then reduced to eight principal components which explained 86% of the variance. Relationships between stream water quality variables and the three wetland-related principal components were explored through stepwise multiple regression analysis. The proximity of wetlands to the sampling station was related to principal component two, which was associated with decreased annual concentrations of inorganic suspended solids, fecal coliform, nitrates, specific conductivity, flow-weighted NH4 flow-weighted total P, and a decreased proportion of phosphorus in dissolved form(p 〈 0.05). Wetland extent was related to decreased specific conductivity, chloride, and lead concentrations. The wetland-related principal components were also associated with the seasonal export of organic matter, organic nitrogen, and orthophosphate. Relationships between water quality and wetlands components were different for time-weighted averages as compared to flow-weighted averages. This suggests that wetlands were more effective in removing suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia during high flow periods but were more effective in removing nitrates during low flow periods.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002226
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of rock weathering in the phosphorus budget of terrestrial watersheds (1990)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 11 (1990), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): phosphorus ; stream chemistry ; weathering
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Residual soils (saprolites) developed on crystalline rocks appear to form by an essentially isovolumetric process (i.e. without dilation or compaction). Isovolumetric geochemical analysis of a suite of saprolite samples developed on a common parent rock can be used to estimate the relative rates of long-term losses of P and Si during weathering. Using the export of dissolved Si in rivers as a weathering index, one can then estimate the rate of P release due to chemical weathering by means of the P-Si loss ratio in saprolite. For three basins where data are available (Liberty Hill, SC; Amazon River, Brazil: Rio Negro, Brazil) estimated P weathering release rates are 163, 457, and 242 moles P km−2 yr−1 respectively. These compare to precipitation inputs of 684, 700 and 630 moles P km−2 yr−1 and total river exports of 256, 4490 and 820 moles P km−2 yr−1, respectively. The Rio Negro shows a near perfect balance between the input of P via precipitation and chemical weathering and the riverine output of dissolved and suspended P. This system, however, raised the unsolved problem of the source that supports the atmospheric P input.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002061
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A comparison of phosphorus immobilization in sediments of freshwater and coastal marine systems (1990)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 9 (1990), S. 277-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): phosphorus ; sediment loading ; marine vs freshwater
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The extent to which sediments of aquatic systems immobilize or release phosphorus can affect dramatically the P content of overlying waters. Data from 48 different aquatic systems suggests that there may be a major difference between fresh- and salt-water systems in this immobilization. Under oxic conditions (water overlying sediments had dissolved oxygen 〉 0.5 mg/L) P is strongly immobilized in sediments of most fresh-water systems. In sediments of most salt-water systems P is released from sediments and behaves, essentially, as a conservative tracer of benthic decomposition. This difference in P cycling is large enough to have an influence on the often cited difference in phytoplankton nutrient limitation between fresh- and salt-water systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000602
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Estimation of phosphorus and potassium concentrations in Bermudagrass (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 22 (1990), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Bermudagrass ; phosphorus ; potassium ; model ; nutrient uptake ; forages
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Equations were developed to estimate concentrations of phosphorus and potassium for Coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon, (L.) Pers.] as related to applied nutrient level and harvest interval. Data from several field studies were used in the analysis. Estimates from these agronomic studies agreed with data from fertilizer and waste application for several locations. Concentrations of phosphorus and potassium decreased linearly with harvest interval (up to 6 weeks) and increased exponentially with nutrient level. This information should be relevant to crop production and environmental quality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054801
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The roles of nitrogen, phosphorus and Potassium in the production of sugarcane in South Africa (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sugarcane ; fertilizer use
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The amounts of N and K fertilizers used in the South African sugar industry have increased dramatically in the past four decades, due partly to an increase in the area under sugarcane but also to large increases in the amounts of N and K fertilizers applied per hectare. There has also been an increase in the amount of P fertilizer used but this has been more gradual. The main fertilizer carriers for cane and their relative efficiency are discussed. During this period there has been considerable research into the nutrient requirements of sugarcane. Correlations established between soil and leaf analysis and crop responses to N, P and K fertilizers, and their effects on cane quality, are reviewed. While fertilizer recommendations based on soil and leaf analysis have provided a useful guide for determining the nutrient requirements of cane, they are continually being modified in the light of current research.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048746
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Growth retardation induced by nutritional deficiency or abscisic acid in Lemna gibba: The relationship between growth rate and endogenous cytokinin content (1990)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Schlagwort(e): Lemna gibba ; cytokinins ; isopentenyladenosine ; zeatinriboside ; abscisic acid ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; relative growth rate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The relationship between endogenous cytokinin content and relative growth rate (RGR) was studied in cultures of Lemna gibba L. G3 supplied with daily doses of mineral nutrients that were increased exponentially over time. At the optimal level of nutrient supply the RGR was 30–35% day-1. The RGR was regulated by adjusting the rate of nitrogen supply, or it was restricted by addition of 0.5 μM abscisic acid (ABA). Another approach used to investigate the specific roles of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), was to transfer optimally growing plants to media without N or P but otherwise complete. The plants were harvested at regular intervals for determination of the RGR and levels of cytokinins of the isopentenyladenosine (iPA) and zeatinriboside (ZR) types with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of both iPA- and ZR-type cytokinins decreased when nitrogen was applied to cultures in growth limiting amounts. The cytokinin levels decreased more rapidly than the RGR when either N or P was lacking in the medium, suggesting an early influence of nutrient availability on cytokinin levels which in turn may induce adaptive response by the plant. RGR retardation induced by ABA did not affect cytokinin levels during the first 4 days of the treatment, and the later effects were small. The experiments gave no indication that ABA is involved in the adaptation response of Lemna plants to nutritional stress.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027445
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variability among strains of Trichoderma harzianum in their ability to reduce take-all and to produce pyrones (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ; take-all ; Trichoderma harzianum ; T. koningii ; T. hamatum ; pyrones ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Antagonism tests on agar-plates and glasshouse screening indicated that three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum varied in their ability to antagonize the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici). Isolate 71 which was the most effective in suppressing take-all of wheat, produced two pyrones and other undetermined analogues. Isolates of T. koningii and T. hamatum shown to suppress take-all, produced a simple pyrone compound. Although T. harzianum isolates 70 and 73 did not produce any pyrones, they reduced the disease albeit to a much lesser extent than isolate 71; with isolate 73 showing distinct host growth promotion effects. It is proposed that the success of isolate 71 of T. harzianum was related to the pyrones it produces and that the ability of isolates 70 and 73 to reduce take-all may be related to mechanisms other than those involving antibiotics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012323
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integration ofPythium nunn andTrichoderma harzianum isolate T-95 for the biological control of Pythium damping-off of cucumber (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium damping-off ; Pythium nunn ; Pythium ultimum ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two biological control agents,Pythium nunn andTrichoderma harzianum isolate T-95, were combined to reduce Pythium damping-off of cucumber in greenhouse experiments lasting 3–4 weeks.T. harzianum T-95, a rhizosphere competent mutant, was applied to seeds andP. nunn was applied to pasteurized and raw soils naturally and artificially infested withPythium ultimum. Some treatments were also amended with bean leaves to enhance the activity ofP. nunn. The biological control of Pythium damping-off was evaluated in a Colorado soil (Nunn sandy loam) and an Oregon soil mix, which were replanted twice after 2 and 3 months. Interactions betweenP. nunn and T-95 were detected in the Colorado but not the Oregon soil. No consistent evidence of antagonism betweenP. nunn andT. harzianum was seen, and significant interactions were detected in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In the first planting of some treatments, the combination ofP. nunn andT. harzianum gave greater control of damping-off than either applied alone.P. nunn was most effective in soils that were pasteurized or amended with bean leaves.T. harzianum controlled Pythium damping-off in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In both soils, disease declined over time in treatments amended with bean leaves but withoutP. nunn orT. harzianum added. This suppression was greater in the Colorado soil, which contained an indigenous population ofP. nunn. This work demonstrates that two compatible biological control agents can be combined to give additional control of a soil-borne plant pathogen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444239
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mechanisms of biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogens by Rhizobacteria (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; chitinase ; cloning ; parasitism ; antibiosis ; competition ; rhizosphere ; Serratia marcescens
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Bacterial antagonism, responsible for biological control, may operate by antiobiosis, competition or parasitism. Parasitism relies on lytic enzymes for the degradation of cell walls of pathogenic fungi. Serratia marcescens was found to be an efficient biocontrol agent of Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse conditions. Populations of 105 or 106 colony forming units g-1 soil were the most effective. Drench and drip application of S. marcescens suspension were more effective in controlling S. rolfsii than spraying, mixing in soil or seed coating. The highest population density of the bacteria in the rhizosphere was found on the proximal portion of the root, decreasing significantly until the tips, where it increased again. The isolated Serratia, found to possess chitinolytic activity, was able to release N-acetyl D-glucosamine from cell walls of S. rolfsii. The gene coding for chitinase was cloned into Escherichia coli and the enzyme was uniquely excreted from the bacterium into its growth medium. When S. rolfsii was sprayed by partially purified chitinase produced by the cloned gene, rapid and extensive bursting of the hyphal tips was observed. This chitinase preparation was effective in reducing disease incidence caused by S. rolfsii in beans and R. solani in cotton, under greenhouse conditions. A similar effect was obtained when a viable E. coli cell, containing the plasmid with the chitinase gene (pLCHIA), was applied. It appears that genetic engineering of the lytic enzymes, such as chitinase which play an important role in plant disease control, may improve the efficacy of biocontrol agents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011694
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Zinc uptake by corn as affected by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): phosphorus ; VAM ; water soluble zinc ; Zea mays ; zinc uptake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Pot-grown mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal sweet corn were grown in a low Zn soil. All treatments received a complete nutrient solution with or without Zn. Treatments were harvested sequentially to detemine temporal mycorrhizal effects on: (a) tissue and water soluble Zn and (b) differential uptake of P and Zn. Plants grown with supplemental Zn had greater growth and Zn tissue concentration than those not receiving Zn. With no supplemental Zn, mycorrhizal treatments had greater growth and Zn concentration than non-mycorrhizal treatments. There was no indication of nutrient interaction between Zn and P. Over the range of tissue Zn found, there appeared to be no advantage to water soluble Zn analysis over total Zn in assessing plant Zn status.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032404
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Control of Fusarium wilt in carnation grown on rockwool by Pseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r and by Fe-EDDHA (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; carnation ; iron ; pseudomonads ; rockwool ; siderophores
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Samenvatting Verwelkingsziekte in anjers op steenwol, veroorzaakt doorFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi (Fod), werd gereduceerd indien het ijzer-chelaat Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA werd toegevoegd aan de nutriëntenvloeistof. Bacterisatie metPseudomonas sp. stam WCS417r had een additioneel effect bij de matig resistence cultivar Pallas maar niet bij de vatbare cultivar Lena. Toevoeging van Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA aan planten als ijzerbron resulteerde op de wortels in hogere aantallen en percentages fluorescerende pseudomonaden, diein vitro antagonistisch waren ten opzichte vanFod. De verschillen waren echter alleen significant 56 dagen na planten voor de cultivar Lena en 14 en 28 dagen na planten voor de cultivar Pallas. Beide chelaten vertoonden bij verschillende concentraties geen effect op de kolonisatie van de wortel door beide microorganismen. Echter, wanneer beide micro-organismen gezamelijk werden toegevoegd nam de wortelkolonisatie doorFod stam WCS816 af bij concentraties lager dan 10−5 M Fe-EDDHA. Er werd meer van het siderofoor fusarine doorFod stam WCS816 geproduceerd bij concentraties lager dan 10−4 M Fe indien Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA als ijzerbron aan het cultuurmedium was toegevoegd. Er werd geen effect van beide chelaten gevonden op de siderofoorproduktie door WCS417r. Indien een overmaat van het gezuiverde siderofoor van WCS417r werd toegevoegd aan Fe-EDDHA werden een sterkere afname van de kiembuislengte gevonden dan toevoeging aan Fe-DTPA. De reductie van de kiembuislengte bleek niet volledig verklaard te kunnen worden door een afname van de ijzerbeschikbaarheid. Het chelaat EDDHA heeft ook een toxisch effect op conidiën van fusarium. Wij concluderen, dat de waargenomen reductie van de verwelkingziekte door Fe-EDDHA een gevolg is van de afname van de ijzerbeschikbaarheid voorFod. Dit wordt waarschijnlijk versterkt door de ontwikkeling van een antagonistische, fluorescerendePseudomonas-populatie die sterk concurreren om ijzer. Het additioneel effect dat door bacterisatie metPseudomonas sp. WCS417r van de met Fe-EDDHA behandelde matig resistante anjers (‘Pallas’) werd verkregen is voor een deel het gevolg van een directe concurrentie om ijzer tussen de sideroforen vanFod stam WCS816 en vanPseudomonas sp. stam WCS417r.
    Notizen: Abstract In carnations grown on rockwool disease incidence of fusarium wilt caused byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi (Fod) was reduced when Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA was used as iron source in the nutrient solution. Addition ofPseudomonas sp. strain WSC417r intensified this reduction in the cultivar Pallas, moderately resistant to Fusarium, but not in the susceptible cultivar Lena. Treatment of plants with Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA as iron source resulted in higher numbers and percentages on the roots, ofin vitro antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads. However, differences were only significant at 56 days after planting for cv. Lena and at 14 and 28 days after planting for cv. Palas. Both chelators, at different concentrations, had no effect on root colonization by eitherPseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r orFod strain WCS816. However, when coinoculated, reduced numbers of propagules ofFusarium were found at concentrations of Fe-EDDHA lower than 10−5 M. Higher concentrations of the siderophore fusarine produced byFod strain WCS816 were demonstrated when Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA was used as iron source in culture media. At equal concentrations, no such differences were found in the amount of siderophore produced by WCS417r. Germ tube length ofFod was less with Fe-EDDHA than with Fe-DTPA. The reduction of germ tube length was stronger when the purified siderophore of WCS417r was added in excess to the culture media with Fe-EDDHA than those with Fe-DTPA. Therefore, the observed reduction of germ tube growth can not completely be explained by iron deprivation. It appeared that EDDHA exhibited a toxic effect for conidia ofFod strain WCS816 as well. we conclude that the observed disease reduction by Fe-EDDHA is a consequence of a limitation of iron availability forFod. This limitation is possibly intensified by the increase in number or percentage of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads that strongly compete for iron. The additional effect after bacterization withPseudomonas strain WCS417r in Fe-EDDHA treated carnations of cv. Pallas is likely to be due, at least partly, to a direct competition for iron between the siderophores ofFod strain WCS816 and ofPesudomonas sp. strain WCS417r.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974251
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Potential of adultOrius insidiosus [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] as a predator of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Orius insidiosus ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; biological control ; predation ; functional response ; Orius insidiosus ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; lutte biologique ; prédation ; réponse fonctionnelle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On a observé que les adultes d'O. insidiosus mangeaient les œufs et les stades les plus jeunes de la chenille «légionnaire»Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Il y avait significativement plus de larves néonates tuées en 24 h que de larves âgées de 1, 2 ou 3 jours. Les prédateurs mâles et femelles ont montré une réponse fonctionnelle de type II lorsqu'ils se nourrissaient sur des densités variées d'œufs et de larves néonates de la chenille «légionnaire».
    Notizen: Abstract Orius insidiosus (Say) was observed to successfully prey on eggs and earlier instar larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Significantly more neonates of FAW were killed per 24 h than either 1, 2 or 3 d old larvae. Female and male predators exhibited a typical type-II functional response when preying on varying densities of eggs or neonates of FAW.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374802
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A leaf feeding moth,Euclasta whalleyi [Lep.: Pyralidae] for the biological control ofCryptostegia grandiflora [Asclepiadaceae] in Queensland, Australia (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 431-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Euclasta whalleyi ; Euclasta maceratalis ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; Gymnanthera nitida ; biological control ; Euclasta whalleyi ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; Gymnanthera nitida ; Euclasta maceratalis ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé A Madagascar, la pyraleEuclasta whalleyi Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, se trouve surCryptostegia grandiflora R. br. et les autres genres de la sous-famille desPeriplocoideae de la famille desAsclepiadaceae. Les études faites sur sa biologie et sa spécificité ont montré qu'elle était inféodée à cette sous-famille. LeGymnanthera nitida R. Br. originaire d'Australie, fait aussi partie de cette sous-famille, et est l'hôte d'une espèce d'Euclasta originaire d'Australie,E. maceratalis Lederer. Malgré la possibilité d'attaquerG. nitida, et de rivaliser avecE. maceratalis, E. whalleyi a été approuvé pour être lâché en Australie en octobre 1987. Durant l'année 1988 plus de 22 000 larves ont été lâchées dans la nature, mais leur établissement n'y a pas encore été prouvé.
    Notizen: Abstract In Madagascar, the leaf feeding Pyralid,Euclasta whalleyi Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, occurs onCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. and other genera in the subfamilyPeriplocoideae of the familyAsclepiadaceae. Studies on its biology and host plant specificity have shown it is restricted to this subfamily. The Australian native,Gymnanthera nitida R. Br., also belongs to this sub-family and is host to an Australian native moth,Euclasta maceratalis Lederer. Despite the likelihood ofE. whalleyi feeding onG. nitida and competing withE. maceratalis, the moth was approved for release in Australia in October 1987. During 1988 over 22,000 larvae were released; field establishment is not yet proven.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375267
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The functional response and preference ofMacrolophus caliginosus [Heteroptera: Miridae] for two of its prey:Myzus persicae andTetranychus urticae (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 465-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Heteroptera ; Miridae ; Macrolophus caliginosus ; predation ; functional response ; feeding preference ; biological control ; Myzus persicae ; Tetranychus urticae ; Heteroptera ; Miridae ; Macrolophus caliginosus ; prédation ; réponse fonctionnelle ; préférence alimentaire ; lutte biologique ; Myzus persicae ; Tetranychus urticae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude en laboratoire des réponses fonctionnelles des femelles adultes deMacrolophus caliginosus Wagner vis-à-vis des deux proiesMyzus persicae Sulzer etTetranychus urticae Koch montre dans les 2 cas une réponse de type II deHolling (1959). L'estimation du temps de manipulation (Th) et du taux d'attaque instantané (a) pour l'aphide (Th=.055 jour; a=1.035) et pour l'acarien (Th=.025 jour; a=.947) permet d'établir un modèle mathématique décrivant la prédation sur les 2 proies présentes simultanément et de préciser ainsi, au regard des résultats expérimentaux, l'existence d'une préférence du miride pour le puceronM. persicae.
    Notizen: Abstract Functional response studies of females ofMacrolophus caliginosus Wagner for 2 prey speciesMyzus persicae Sulzer andTetranychus urticae Koch showedHolling's type II response (1959). Estimations of handling time (Th) and attack rate (a) obtained for the aphid (Th=.055 day; a=1.035) and for the mite (Th=.025 day; a=.947) enabled the development of a mathematical model which describes the predation rate on the 2 prey simultaneously. This mirid shows a sharp preference for aphids over mites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375272
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synomone-mediated interactions between the parasitoidDiaeretiella rapae andBrevicoryne brassicae under field conditions (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 499-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Diaeretiella rapae ; cabbage aphid ; biological control ; allelochemic ; synomone ; Diaeretiella rapae ; puceron du chou ; lutte biologique ; allélochimique ; synomone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une interaction transmise apparemment par synomones entreDiaeretiella rapae, parasitoïde primaire et le puceron du Chou,Brevicoryne brassicae a été étudiée dans les conditions naturelles. L'application directe d'une émulsion d'allylisothiocyanate à la dose de 0,25 ml par plant de Chou donnait des taux de parasitisme et/ou un nombre d'hyménoptères plus élevés que ceux observés sur plants traités avec 0,25 ml d'eau ou avec 0,25 ml d'extrait de moutard sauvage. Ces résultats suggèrent l'existence d'une interaction transmise par synomone entre les espèces impliquées indiquant des chemins potentiels pour accroître les taux de parasitisme naturels par la manipulation de l'environnement chimique des cultures de Colza.
    Notizen: Abstract An interaction apparently mediated by synomones (Nordlund et al., 1981) betweenDiaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), a primary parasitoid and the cabbage aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), was investigated under field conditions. Direct application of an allylisothiocyanate emulsion at a rate of 0.25 ml per broccoli plant consistently gave higher aphid parasitization rates and/or number of wasps per plant than those observed on plants treated with 0.25 ml of water or with 0.25 ml of wild mustard extract. These results suggest the existence of a synomonemediated interaction between the species involved, indicating potential avenues to enhance field parasitization rates through manipulation of the chemical environment of cole cropping systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375084
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Commercial inundative releases ofTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae [Hym.: Trichogrammatidae] againstCryptophlebia leucotreta [Lep.: Tortricidae] in citrus (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 545-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; egg parasitoids ; orchard pests ; false codling moth ; Lutte biologique ; parasitoödes oophages ; ravageurs de vergers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Dans la partie ouest de la province du Cap, en Afrique du Sud, des lâchers inondatifs du parasitoïde oophageTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja ont été réalisés contreCryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick), dans 5 exploitations de citrus, sur une période de 2 saisons consécutives. Un lâcher de 80 000 parasitoïdes par hectare et par semaine a été réalisé durant 29 et 33 semaines respectivement pour les 2 saisons. A la fin de chaque saison le nombre total de parasitoïdes atteint fut de 2.3 et 3.8 million d'individus par hectare respectivement. Comparée avec les zones non-traitées, sur les mêmes vergers, la population larvaire des zones de lâchers fut réduite de 54% lors de la 1re saison et de 60% lors de la 2c. Le pourcentage de perte de récolte a été réduit de 49.4±12.4 et de 61.1±8.3% respectivement. Ce résultat est à relier à l'augmentation du taux de parasitisme constaté sur la population des œufs. L'efficacité de ce traitement est semblable à celle obtenue avec l'application des inhibiteurs “de synthèse de la chitine”, mais le prix de la production des parasitoïdes n'est que de 30% par rapport à celui du prix de l'insecticide. Le travail manuel trop intensif, demande que des essais soient réalisés pour vérifier si des lâchers inoculatifs, à un taux plus élevé par semaine et sur une période plus courte seraient efficaces.
    Notizen: Abstract Inundative releases of the egg parasitoidTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja were made againstCryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) on 5 commercial citrus farms in the western Cape Province, South Africa, over 2 successive seasons. A target release volume of 80 000 parasitoids ha−1 week−1 was established for releases over 29 and 33 weeks during the 2 seasons. Total seasonal volumes reached an equivalent of 2.3 and 3.8 million parasitoids ha−1 respectively. Compared with check treatments on each farm, larval population size was reduced in the release areas by 54% in the 1st and by almost 60% in the 2nd season. Percentage crop loss was reduced by 49.4±12.4 and 61.1±8.3% respectively. Treatment effects were clearly related to increases in rate of parasitism measured in both artificially-placed and in nativeC. leucotreta egg populations. Treatment efficacy is similar to that obtained with applications of chitin synthesis inhibitors but parasitoid production costs are 30% of insecticide costs. Manual distribution of parasitoids is labour intensive, however, and further studies should investigate whether inoculative releases at higher rates per week over a shorter period, are effective.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375089
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biology and host plant range of the soft scale,Steatococcus new species [Hem.: Margarodidae] for the biological control of the weedCryptostegia grandiflora [Asclepiadaceae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 437-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Steatococcus ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; biological control ; Steatococcus ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La nouvelle espèce de cochenilleSteatococcus sp.nov., se trouve surCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. à Madagascar. L'étude de sa biologie et de sa spécificité a montré qu'elle peut survivre jusqu'à 6 mois sur quelques genres de la famille desApocynaceae et indéfiniment sur plusieurs genres de la famille desAsclepiadaceae. L'espèce a été, pour cette raison, refusée comme agent de lutte biologique pourC. grandiflora, importante mauvaise herbe dans le Nord de l'Etat du Queensland en Australie.
    Notizen: Abstract The soft scale,Steatococcus new species, occurs onCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. in Madagascar. Studies on its biology and host plant range showed colonies could survive for up to 6 months on some genera in theApocynaceae and indefinitely on many genera in the familyAsclepiadaceae. The species was therefore rejected as a biological control agent forC. grandiflora, a serious weed in northern Queensland, Australia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375268
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti [Hom.: Pseudococcidae] byEpidinocarsis lopezi [Hym.: Encyrtidae] in Nigeria (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 515-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Phenacoccus manihoti ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; Nigeria ; cassava ; biological control ; density dependence ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; manioc ; Nigéria ; lutte biologique ; dépendance de la densité
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Suite à l'introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) en vue d'une lutte biologique contre la cochenille du manioc (CM)Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. dans le sud-ouest du Nigéria en 1981 et 1982, 11 groupes de champs situés dans 2 régions ont été échantillonnés toutes les 2 semaines jusqu'en 1988, afin d'estimer l'impact de cet auxiliaire. Les populations du ravageur sont restées au-dessous de 10 CM par pousse la plupart du temps, malgré la présence d'hyperparasitoïdes indigènes, prouvant ainsi le succès continu de la lutte biologique parE. lopezi dans la région. Les coccinelles indigènes et polyphages n'ont été présentes que pendant les sommets de population de la CM, tandis que le parasitoïde spécifique était commun toute l'année. Pendant certaines périodes la courbe du parasitisme suggère une dépendance de la densité retardée. Comme 89% de toutes les pousses sont exemptes de la cochenille et comme le parasitoïde est très mobile, les taux de parasitisme ont été calculés sur la base des pousses individuelles. Malgré la grande variance des données couvrant 4 878 pousses infestées, une légére augmentation du parasitisme et, par conséquent, une dépendance positive de la densité sont constatées sur toutes les pousses ayant entre 1 et 10 CM du 3e et 4e stade. De telles pousses représentent 64% de toutes les pousses infestées. Aux densités d'hôte plus élevées le degré de parasitisme diminue rapidement. Les résultats sont discutés à la lumière des différentes théories sur la régulation des populations par les ennemies naturels.
    Notizen: Abstract Following the successful introduction ofEpidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) for biological control of the cassava mealybug (CM)Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. in southwestern Nigeria in 1981 and 1982, 11 groups of cassava fields were sampled every 2 weeks up to 1988 for impact assessment. After 1984, CM populations remained mostly below 10 per tip despite the presence of native hyperparasitoids, demonstrating the long-term success of biological control byE. lopezi in the region. Indigenous polyphagous coccinellids were found only during peak host densities, whereas the specificE. lopezi was common throughout the year. During some periods, percentage parasitism indicated delayed density dependence. Since 89% of all sampled cassava tips had no CM at all and the parasitisme is very mobile, parasitization rates were also calculated for individual infested tips (N=4,878). Parasitism increased slightly with host density on tips having between 1 and 10 CM of the 3rd and 4th instars, indicating positive density dependence. Such tips comprised 64% of all infested tips. At higher host densities, parasitism rates fell rapidly. The results are discussed in view of different theories on population regulation by biological control agents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375086
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution and abundance ofErynniopsis antennata [Dipt.: Tachinidae] andTetrastichus brevistigma [Hym.: eulophidae], two introduced elm leaf beetle parasitoids in Northern California (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 527-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): insecta ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; Erynniopsis antennata ; Tetrastichus brevistigma ; Tetrastichus erynniae ; biological control ; Insect ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; Erynniopsis antennata ; Tetrastichus brevistigma ; Tetrastichus erynniae ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani), parasitoïde larvaire introduit de la galéruque de l'orme,Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), a été trouvé dans 11 des 12 villes de Californie du nord où des échantillonnages surUlmus procera Salisbury etUlmus pumilla L. ont été effectués en 1986 et/ou 1987. Le parasitisme apparent maximum fut supérieur à 40 % dans 4 des localités, mais le parasitisme moyen pour l'ensemble des sites fut de 4.5 %. Un parasitoïde des nymphes, également introduit,Tetrastichus brevistigma Gahan, a été trouvé dans 7 villes seulement, avec un taux de parasitisme apparent moyen et maximum de 1.2 et 22 % respectivement.E. antennata peut être utile pour la gestion des populations de galéruques de l'orme, mais une connaissance approfondie de sa biologie et de meilleures méthodes d'échantillonnage sont nécessaires.
    Notizen: Abstract Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani), an introduced larval and larval-adult parasitoid of the elm leaf beetle (ELB),Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), was found in 11 of 12 northern California cities whereUlmus procera Salisbury andUlmus pumila L. were sampled in 1986 and/or 1987. Maximum apparent parasitism was over 40% in 4 of the cities, but mean parasitism for all sites combined was 4.5%. An introduced pupal parasitoid,Tetrastichus brevistigma Gahan, was found in only 7 cities, with mean and maximum apparent parasitism of 1.2 and 22%, respectively.E. antennata may be of value in managing ELB populations, but more knowledge of its biology and improved sampling methods are required.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375087
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation ofMicrothrix inconspicuella, [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae], a potential biological control agent forEmex australis in Australia, carried out in apple orchards in South Africa (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 583-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Microthrix inconspicuella ; Emex australis ; biological control ; apple orchards ; Microthrix inconspicuella ; Emex australis ; lutte biologique ; vergers de pommiers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les tests de spécificité conduits au laboratoire en Australie en 1977, montraient queMicrothrix inconspicuella pouvait se développer sur le jeunes feuilles de pommiers (Harley et al., 1979). Les études conduites en vergers de pommiers en Afrique du Sud montraient la possibilité d'une faible alimentation, mais moins de 40% des derniers stades larvaires atteignaient le stade adulte quand ils étaient confinés dans des manchons sur des branches de pommiers. Il n'y avait ni alimentation, ni survie dans de grandes cages ou en plein air. Les adultes issus de larves nourries sur pomme étaient plus petits, déformés, s'accouplaient occasionnellement et pondaient des œufs fertiles, mais leur descendance ni se nourrissait, ni se développait sur fruit ou feuille de pommier. En conclusion, les larves deM. inconspicuella ne se développaient pas sur pomme ou sur feuilles de pommier en plein air, les dommages étaient principalement limités aux pommes déjà blessées et l'alimentation sur feuilles était minimale. Dans les conditions normales de la lutte contre les ravageurs, les populations deM. inconspicuella ne pouvaient survivre sur une partie quelconque du pommier ou surE. australis croissant sous les arbres.
    Notizen: Abstract Host specificity tests carried out in the laboratory in Australia during 1977, showed thatMicrothrix inconspicuella Ragonot could develop on young apple leaves (Harley et al., 1979). Field studies in unsprayed apple orchards in South Africa showed that some feeding occurred, but fewer than 40% of late instar larvae developed to adults when confined in sleeves on apple tree branches. No feeding or survival occurred in large field cages or in the open. Adults which developed from apple fed larvae were smaller, deformed, occasionally mated and laid fertile eggs but their progeny did not feed or develop on apple fruit or leaves. In conclusion,M. inconspicuella larvae did not develop on apple fruit or leaves in the field, damage was mainly limited to apples already injured and feeding on leaves was minimal. Under normal pest control practicesM. inconspicuella populations did not survive on any part of the apple tree or onE. australis growing under the trees.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375092
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Occurrence and impact ofPhytomyza orobanchia [Diptera: Agromyzidae] onOrobanche crenata [Orobanchaceae] in Syria (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 633-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Phytomyza orobanchia ; Orobanche crenata ; Vicia faba ; biological control ; geographical distribution ; Syria ; Phytomyza orobanchia ; Orobanche crenata ; Vicia faba ; lutte biologique ; distribution géographique ; Syrie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On a conduit une étude en 1988 pour déterminer la fréquence et la distribution dePhytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach dans 21 emplacements du nord-ouest de la Syrie. Des capsules d'orobanche (Orobanche crenata Forska) ont été examinées dans des champs de fève (Vicia faba L.)P. orobanchia était présent dans 95% des emplacements et 55,5% des 630 plantes d'orobanche observées étaient infectées. Sur les 1 890 capsules examinées, 32,5% étaient attaquées. La population deP. orobanchia était plus importante sur la côte, où 79% des plantes étaient endommagées. La production de graines d'orobanche était réduite de 29,4% du fait d'une destruction moyenne de 91,1% des graines dans les capsules infestées.
    Notizen: Abstract A survey was carried out in 1988 to determine the occurrence and distribution of the flyPhytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach [Diptera: Agromyzidae] on broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forskal) at 21 locations in northwestern Syria. Fruit capsules of broomrape were examined in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fields. The fly was present at 95% of the locations sampled. Of 630 broomrape plants examined over all locations, 55.5% were infested. Of the 1,890 capsules examined, 32.5% were attacked. Fly populations were highest near the coast where 79% of the broomrapes were damaged. The total seed output of broomrape plants was reduced by 29.4% in the surveyed area due to a mean seed destruction of 91.1% per infested broomrape capsule.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375097
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Note on the natural enemies ofPsylla hyalina [Homoptera: Psyllidae] onAlbizia lebbeck (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 659-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Psylla hyalina ; biological control ; Psylla hyalina ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'inventaire des ennemis naturels associés àPsylla hylina infestantAlbizia lebbeck a révélé la présence de 2 parasitoïdes primaires, d'un hyperparasitoïde, de 5 coccinellides, d'un ligaeide et de 3 champignons pathogènes, tous ces ennemis naturels étant signalés pour la 1re fois deP. hyalina.
    Notizen: Abstract A survey of the natural enemies associated withPsylla hyalina infestingAlbizia lebbeck has revealed 2 primary parasitoids, 1 hyperparasitoid, 5 coccinellids, 1 lygaeid and 3 fungal pathogens, all being new records forP. hyalina.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375100
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host specificity ofAcanthoscelides quadridentatus andA. Puniceus [Col.: Bruchidae] for biological control ofMimosa pigra (with preliminary data on their biology) (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Bruchidae ; Acanthoscelides quadridentatus ; A. puniceus ; Mimosa pigra ; biology ; host specificity ; biological control ; Bruchidae ; Acanthoscelides quadridentatus ; A. puniceus ; Mimosa pigra ; biologie ; spécificité ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La biologie et la spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte des Bruches se nourrissant de graines,Acanthoscelides quadridentatus (Schaeffer) etA. puniceus Johnson, en provenance du Mexique ont été étudiées dans l'unité de quarantaine en Australie. Les caractères distinctifs des génitalia de chacune des espèces sont illustrés. La ponte était observée sur 16 des 73 espèces de plantes testées, mais les larves mouraient sans pénétrer dans les gousses ou les graines, excepté surMimosa invisa K. F. P. Von Martins etM. pigra L. les larves ayant pénétré dans les graines deM. invisa mouraient au 1er stade. Les bruchides étaient spécifiques deM. pigra et furent en conséquence lâchés comme partie d'un programme de lutte biologique contre cette mauvaise herbe dans la partie nord de l'Australie en Avril 1983 et en Thaïlande en juillet 1984.
    Notizen: Abstract The biology and host specificity of the seed-feeding bruchids,Acanthoscelides quadridentatus (Schaeffer) andA. puniceus Johnson, from Mexico were studied in quarantine facilities in Australia. Distinguishing characters in the genitalia of each species are illustrated. Oviposition was recorded on 16 of 73 species of plants tested but larvae died without entering pods or seeds, except onMimosa invisa K. F. P. von Martius andM. pigra L. Larvae entering seeds ofM. invisa died in the first instar. The bruchids were clearly specific toM. pigra and were subsequently released as part of a program for biological control of this weed in the Northern Territory, Australia in April 1983 and thailand in July 1984.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374305
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of a granulosis virus, andBacillus thuringiensis on life-table parameters of the potato tubermoth,Phthorimaea operculella (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Phthorimaea operculella ; granulosis virus ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; life-table parameters ; biological control ; potato ; Phthorimea operculella ; granulovirus ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; paramètres biologiques ; lutte biologique ; pomme de terre
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les effets de 3 différentes concentrations d'un granulovirus (GV) et d'une application standard deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner sur les paramètres biologiques de la teigne de la pomme de terrePhthorimaea operculella (Zeller) ont été testés en laboratoire. Le taux de survie le plus faible (0,4%) a été observé lorsque les larves de la teigne avaient été élevées sur des tubercules traités avecB. thuringiensis (200 mg Thuricide/kg de pomme de terre); dans ce cas, la teigne ne s'est pas reproduite. Comparativement au témoin et au traitement à la plus faible concentration de GV (0,002 équivalent larve par kg de pomme de terre (LE)), le taux de survie sur des tubercules traitées avec 2,0 et 0,2 LE a été réduit de manière significative, à savoir: 0,8% et 11,1% par rapport à 32,5% et 34,7% respectivement. Cependant, la durée de la génération n'a pas été affectée par les applications du GV et la fécondité n'a été réduite que par la concentration la plus élevée. Par conséquent, le taux de reproduction net (rm), comparé à celui du témoin (rm=0.00105), a été réduit de manière significative par la concentration de GV la plus élevée (rm=0.0004), modérément par la concentration intermédiaire (rm=0,0071) et n'a pas été affecté par la concentration la plus faible (rm=0,0100). Finalement, les conséquences pour une lutte biologique dans les lieux de stockage traditionnels ont été discutées.
    Notizen: Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of 3 different concentrations of a granulosis virus (GV), and a standard application ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner, on the life table parameters of the potato tubermothPhthorimaea operculella (Zeller) in the laboratory. Survival from egg to adult emergence was lowest (0.4%) and no reproduction occurred when larvae were fed on tubers treated withB. thuringiensis (i.e. 200 mg Thiricide/kg potatoes). Survival was 0.8, and 11.1% on tubers treated with 2.0, and 0.2 larval equivalents/kg potatoes (LE) of the GV, respectively, and was significantly (p〈0.05) reduced compared to that for the lowest GV concentration (0.002 LE), and the control, i.e. 34.7, and 32.5% survival, respectively. However, generation time was not affected by the GV and fecundity was reduced only at the highest concentration. As a result, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was significantly reduced at the highest, slightly reduced at the intermediate, and was not different for the lowest GV concentration as compared to the control, i.e. 0.0004, 0.0071, and 0.0100 compared to 0.0105, respectively. The implications for a potential biological control of the potato tubermoth in rustic potato stores are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374311
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The introduction and recovery in the United States ofAnaphes diana [Hym.: Mymaridae], an egg parasite ofSitona weevils [Col.: Curculionidae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Anaphes diana ; biological control ; natural enemy introduction ; Sitona hispidulus ; egg density ; Anaphes diana ; lutte biologique ; Sitona hispidulus ; densité des œufs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Anaphes diana (Girault) (=Patasson lameerei Debauche), mymaride parasite des œufs deSitona spp., provenant d'Europe, a été libéré aux Etats-Unis à partir de 1976 et il a été retrouvé dans l'Etat du Delaware. Des techniques sont décrites pour l'extraction des œufs deSitona du sol. Après 9 ans de prélèvements dans un champ de luzerne au Delaware (〉19,300 œufs obtenus), la densité moyenne des œufs viables hivernant deSitona hispidulus (F.) a été 14,6 par 100 cm3 du sol (1 cm de profondeur). Bien que le niveau de parasitisme parA. diana ne dépasse pas 0,29%, le fait que cette espèce ait été retrouvée pendant 3 ans, et jusqu'à 7 ans après le dernier lâcher, indique qu'elle s'est probablement établie dans l'Etat du Delaware.
    Notizen: Abstract Anaphes diana (Girault) (=Patasson lameerei Debauche), a mymarid egg parasite ofSitona spp., was introduced from Europe beginning in 1976 and is now tentatively established in the United States. Techniques are described for the separation of eggs ofSitona spp. from soil, using a series of fine-mesh sieves, water, and a saturated salt solution. Data from 9 years of sampling in an alfalfa field at Newark, Del. (〉19,300 host eggs extracted), showed that the mean peak density of viable overwintering eggs ofSitona hispidulus (F.) was 14.6 per 100 cm3 of 1 cm deep surface soil. At the study site,Sitona egg densities consistently increased during the fall as a result of oviposition, peaked during January and February and decreased during the spring as a result of egg hatch. Although the incidence of parasitism byA. diana remained surprisingly low (0.29%), the fact that the species was recovered during 3 years and up to 7 years after the last release, indicates that it has colonized at the Delaware release site.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375254
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological control of water lettuce,Pistia stratiotes [Araceae] byNeohydronomus affinis [Coleoptera: Curculionidae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 363-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; water lettuce ; host specificity ; lutte biologique ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; laitue d'eau ; spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Neohydronomus affinis a été introduit en Australie comme agent de lutte biologique potentiel contre la laitue d'eau,Pistia stratiotes. Les études en quarantaine ont démontré que ce coléopètre était spécifique deP. stratiotes et il a été libéré dans les champs en 1982. En conséquence, il a été lâché comme agent de lutte contre cette mauvaise herbe dans plusieurs autres pays. En AustralieN. affinis réduit les infestations deP. stratiotes de 40% ou plus en l'espace de 12 à 18 mois. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction de son efficacité dans d'autres parties du monde. Nous concluons queN. affinis contrôle effectivementP. stratiotes dans les régions tropicales (à la latitude 22°), mais dans les régions plus froides son efficacité fluctue avec les conditions saisonnières.
    Notizen: Abstract Neohydronomus affinis was imported into Australia as a potential biological control agent for the floating aquatic weedPistia stratiotes. Quarantine studies demonstrated that this weevil was host specific toP. stratiotes and it was released into the field in 1982. Subsequently it was released as a control agent for this weed in several other countries. In AustraliaN. affinis reduced infestations ofP. stratiotes by 40% or more within 12–18 months. The results are discussed in relation to its effectiveness in other parts of the world. We concluded thatN. affinis effectively controlsP. stratiotes in tropical regions (to lat. 22°), but in cooler regions its effectiveness fluctuates with seasonal conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375260
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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