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  • 1
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    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 22-29 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the Mexican state of Nuevo León a two year freeland investigation of wild turkeys(Meleagris gallopavo) was undertaken. The transition zone between the open woodland formation of the lower slopes and the oak-pine forests of the middle slopes on the luv side of the eastern Sierra Madre Mountains provide an optimum habitat for the turkeys. Data on population density and habitat preferences with the seasonal changes over the course of the year were collected. The results provide an insight into the social and reproductive behaviour of the turkeys as well as a measure of success in brood rearing. Relationships were demonstrated between management for hunting and protection of this species, which is still relatively common in certain areas.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans l'Etat fédéral mexicain Nuevo León, deux années d'étude sur le terrain ont été consacrées au Dindon sauvage(Meleagris gallopavo). Un habitat optimal est constitué par la zone d'interpénétration entre les formations ouvertes du bocage des versants inférieurs et les chênaies (-pineraies) des versants moyens sur le flanc ouest, exposé au vent, de la Sierra Madre. Des données ont été rassemblées sur la densité de population et sur les éco-preferenda saisonniers. Les résultats livrent quelques indications sur le comportement social et sexual de l'espèce ainsi que sur le succès de l'élevage des jeunes. Sont évoquées les relations entre la gestion cynégétique et la protection de ce gallinacé forestier sauvage dont l'abondance, dans certains secteurs tout au moins, n'est pas négligeable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Nuevo León wurde eine zweijährige Freilandstudie an Waldtruthühnern(Meleagris gallopavo) durchgeführt. Einen optimalen Habitat bietet die Verzahnungszone zwischen den offenen Buschwaldformationen der unteren Hanglagen und Eichen-(Kiefern-) Wäldern der mittleren Hanglagen an der Luvseite des östlichen Sierra-Madre-Gebirges. Es wurden Daten über die Populationsdichte und Habitatpräferenz im Wechsel der Jahreszeiten erhoben. Die Ergebnisse eröffnen zugleich Einblicke in das Sozial- und Fortpflanzungsverhalten sowie den Erfolg bei der Jungenaufzucht. Es werden Zusammenhänge zwischen jagdlicher Bewirtschaftung und dem Schutz dieser in Teilgebieten noch recht häufigen Waldhuhnart aufgezeigt.
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  • 2
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Presented is a case of synostosis of the frontals in the folded region of the interfrontal suture in a roe buck, aged five years. The anomaly is interpreted as a result of irritation of the frontal periosteum caused by injuries during butting.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit une difformité de la voûte crânienne au niveau du repli de la suture interfrontale chez un brocard de 5 ans. On considère que la cause de l'anomalie réside dans une stimulation de l'activité du périoste par suite d'une blessure provoquée par un coup asséné par les bois d'un rival.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird eine Verwachsung der Stirnbeine im Bereich des Faltteils derSutura interfrontalis bei einem fünfjährigen Rehbock. Als Ursache der Anomalie wird eine Periostreizung infolge Forkelverletzung angenommen.
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  • 3
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 63-65 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A two years old doe(Capreolus capreolus) was found with four toes on both hind legs, i.e. a doubling of the Autopodium. We explain it as a teratologic formation/growth.
    Abstract: Résumé Une chevrette(Capreolus capreolus) avec quatre orteils aux deux pattes arrières est décrite, c'est-à-dire avec un dédoublement de l'autopode. On explique ce phénomène par la présence d'une formation tératologique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einer 2- bis 3jährigen Rehgeiß(Capreolus capreolus) ist eine beidseitige Vierzehigkeit der Hinterläufe, d.h. Doppelbildung des Autopodiums, nachgewiesen. Sie wird als teratologische Bildung gedeutet.
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  • 4
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 43-56 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 1988 a questionnaire survey was conducted among all German hunters who hunted in Canada in the period 1985 to 1987. The objective was to determine the demographic and psychological characteristics of hunting tourists, the number and species of harvested game as well as to assess the costs. German hunting tourists are primarily middle aged and elderly men with a high social status. The pleasure of purely shooting the game is certainly not the main motivation for German hunters to go to Canada. Rather, the hunting experience in a natural setting, as is not any longer possible in Germany, is of primary importance. Trophy hunting is mainly for horn and antler trophies. Hence, the German hunter in Canada looks for game similar to that in Germany. Hunting and cultural traditions are a major consideration here. The interest in trophies is less among hunters that pursue predators. The hunting of this game fulfils the desire to have unique or exotic hunting experiences. The expenses for this type of hunting are relatively high for the individuals concerned. However, these costs amount to only a negligible fraction of the total hunting expenditures in Canada.
    Abstract: Résumé En 1988, une enquête écrite a été effectuée auprès des chasseurs allemands venus chasser au Canada entre 1985 et 1987. Le but de l'enquête consistait à caractériser le profil démographique et psychologique des touristes-chausseurs, à établir une statistique cynégétique et à faire une évaluation des dépenses exposées à cette occasion. Les chasseurs-touristes sont d'abord des hommes de la cinquantaine, de couches sociales élevées. Le plaisir du tir proprement dit n'est pas, de toute évidence, la motivation principale des touristeschasseurs allemands voyageant au Canada. L'experience cynégétique dans un environnement naturel, inexistant en Allemagne, est primordiale à leurs yeux. La chasse au trophée se concentre essentiellement sur les cervicornes et les cavicornes. Le chasseur allemand recherche donc au Canada des trophées analogues à ceux que l'on trouve en Allemagne. La tradition et la culture cynégétiques jouent ici certainement un rôle déterminant. Pour les amateurs de tableaux de chasse, l'intérêt pour le trophée passe en effet à l'arrière-plan. La chasse de ces espèces-gibier est motivée par une expérience cynégétique inhabituelle et exotique. Les dépenses pour certains touristes-chasseurs sont relativement élevées. Au total, elles ne constituent cependant pas une part significative par rapport à l'ensemble des dépenses liées à la chasse au Canada.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1988 wurde bei deutschen Jägern, die in den Jahren 1985 bis 1987 in Kanada auf der Jagd waren, eine schriftliche Befragung durchgeführt. Ziel war eine demographische und psychologische Charakterisierung der Jagdtouristen, eine Jagdstatistik und die Ermittlung der Kosten. Deutsche Jagdtouristen sind in erster Linie Männer mittleren bis höheren Alters aus hohen sozialen Schichten. Die Lust am reinen Töten ist ganz sicher nicht die Hauptmotivation für deutsche Jagdtouristen, nach Kanada zu fahren. Das Jagderlebnis in einer natürlichen Umgebung, die es in Deutschland nicht mehr gibt, ist ihnen offensichtlich am wichtigsten. Die Trophäenjagd konzentriert sich überwiegend auf Gehörn- und Geweihträger. Der deutsche Jäger in Kanada sucht also nach Trophäen, die denen in Deutschland ähnlich sind. Hier spielen sicherlich Jagdtradition und Jagdkultur eine entscheidende Rolle. Bei Beutegreifern tritt das Trophäeninteresse in den Hintergrund. Bei der Jagd auf diese Wildarten spielt die Motivation, außergewöhnliche oder exotische Jagderlebnisse zu haben, eine wesentlich größere Rolle. Die Aufwendungen sind für den einzelnen Jagdtouristen relativ hoch. Insgesamt bilden sie aber keinen nennenswerten Anteil an den Gesamtaufwendungen für die Jagd in Kanada.
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  • 5
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to determine the biochemical-genetic variability among European Mouflon(Ovis ammon musimon) 31 isoenzyme systems were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis and enzyme specific analyses. A total of 34 animals from 4 different populations were used in the investigation. Only one genetic polymorphism(Es-2) was demonstrated out of 46 testable gene loci. With an average polymorphic rate of 2.2 % and an average heterozygotic rate of 1.1 %, the European wild sheep is one of the least biochemical-genetically variable species among large mammals investigated. The probable cause for this low variability could well be the small number of animals introduced into the European mainland which provided the basis for present populations. However, other possibilities influencing variability such as the pre-historical population history of the species and the cladogenesis of the Caprini are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Afin de déterminer la variabilité génétique au niveau biochimique chez le Mouflon(Ovis ammon musimon), 31 systèmes d'iso-enzymes, provenant d'un total de 34 animaux issus de 4 populations différentes, ont été analysés par électrophorèse horizontale au gel d'amidon et par des méthodes spécifiques aux analyses enzymatiques. Parmi 46 loci analysables un seul(Es-2) révéla un polymorphisme génétique. Avec un taux moyen de polymorphisme de 2,2 % et un taux moyen d'hétérozygotie de 1,1 %, le Mouflon fait partie des espèces montrant la variabilité génétique biochimique la plus faible parmi les grands mammifères étudiés jusqu'ici. Comme explication la plus vraisemblable de cette constatation, on invoque une acclimatation sur le continent européen ayant procédé au moyen d'un nombre réduit d'individus; d'autres influences déterminantes sont cependant avancées comme le développement des effectifs de l'espèce au cours de la préhistoire ainsi que la cladogenèse des Caprins.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um die biochemisch-genetische Variabilität beim Mufflon(Ovis ammon musimon) zu ermitteln, wurden bei insgesamt 34 Tieren aus 4 verschiedenen Beständen 31 Isoenzymsysteme mittels horizontaler Stärkegelelektrophorese und enzymspezifischer Nachweismethoden untersucht. Von 46 auswertbaren Genloci zeigte sich nur an einem(Es-2) ein genetischer Polymorphismus. Mit einer durchschnittlichen Polymorphierate von 2,2 % und einer durchschnittlichen Heterozygotierate von 1,1 % gehört das Muffelwild unter den bisher untersuchten Großsäugern zu den Arten mit der geringsten biochemisch-genetischen Variabilität. Als wahrscheinlichste Ursache für diesen Befund wird die von geringen Individuenzahlen ausgehende Einbürgerung dieses Wildschafes auf dem europäischen Festland vermutet; es werden jedoch auch andere mögliche Einflußgrößen, wie die prähistorische Bestandesgeschichte der Art und die Kladogenese der Caprini diskutiert.
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  • 6
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    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 271-272 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Groundwater monitoring networks ; Information reliability ; Information scales ; Kalman filtering in groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The extensive use of groundwater resources has increased the need for developing cost-effective monitoring networks to provide an indication of the degree to which the subsurface environment has been affected by human activities. This study presents a cost-effective approach to the design of groundwater flow monitoring networks. The groundwater network design is formulated with two problem formats: maximizing the statistical monitoring power for specified budget constraint and minimizing monitoring cost for statistical power requirement. The statistical monitoring power constraint is introduced with an information reliability threshold value. A branch and bound technique is employed to select the optimal solution from a discrete set of possible network alternatives. The method is tested to the design of groundwater flow monitoring problem in the Pomona County, California.
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  • 8
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 65-81 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Lagoons ; Ponds ; Facultative ; First-order kinetics ; Complete mixing ; Probabilistic ; Uncertainty ; Environmental ; Stochastic differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two stochastic models are developed to describe the BOD output (i.e. effluent) variation of facultative aerated lagoons in series. One of the models uses the uncertainty analysis (UA) technique and the other is based on the moment equation solution methodology of stochastic differential equations (SDE's). The former considers a second-order approximation of the expectation (SOAE) and a first-order approximation of the variance (FOAV). The SDE model considers that output variability is accounted for by random variations in the rate coefficient. Comparisons are provided. Calibration and verification of the two models are aciieved by using field observations from two different lagoon systems in series. The predictive performances of the two models are compared with each other and with another SDE model, presented in a previous paper, that considers input randomness. The three methods show similar predictive performances and provide good predictions of the mean and standard deviation of the lagoon effluent BOD concentrations and thus are considered as appropriate methodologies.
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  • 9
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 89-103 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: maximum precipitation depths ; extreme-value distributions ; seasonal variation ; partial duration series ; model misspecification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Quantile estimates of the annual maximum distribution can be obtained by fitting theoretical distributions to the maxima in separate seasons, e.g. to the monthly maxima. In this paper, asymptotic expressions for the bias and the variance of such estimates are derived for the case that the seasonal maxima follow a Gumbel distribution. Results from these expressions are presented for a situation with no seasonal variation and for maximum precipitation depths at Uccle/Ukkel (Belgium). It is shown that the bias is often negligible and that the variance reduction by using seasonal maxima instead of just the annual maxima strongly depends on the seasonal variation in the data. A comparison is made between the asymptotic standard error of quantile estimates from monthlymaxima with those from a partial duration series. Much attention is paid to the effect of model misspecification on the resulting quantile estimates of the annual maximum distribution. The use of seasonal maxima should be viewed with caution when the upper tail of this distribution is of interest.
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  • 10
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 193-208 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic tidal modeling ; parameter identification ; model calibration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a parameter estimation algorithm is developed to estimate uncertain parameters in two dimensional shallow water flow models. Since in practice the open boundary conditions of these models are usually not known accurately, the uncertainty of these boundary conditions has to be taken into account to prevent that boundary errors are interpreted by the estimation procedure as parameter fluctuations. Therefore the open boundary conditions are embedded into a stochastic environment and a constant gain extended Kalman filter is employed to identify the state of the system. Defining a error functional that measures the differences between the filtered state of the system and the measurements, a quasi Newton method is employed to determine the minimum of this functional. To reduce the computational burden, the gradient of the criterium that is required using the quasi Newton method is determined by solving the adjoint system.
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  • 11
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Exponential distribution ; bivariate exponential distribution ; distribution of flood volume ; partial duration series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A methodology based on the theory of stochastic processes is applied to the analysis of floods. The approach will be based on some results of the theory of extreme values over a threshold. In this paper, we focus on the estimation of the distribution of the flood volume in partial duration series analysis of flood phenomena, by using a bivariate exponential distribution of discharge exceedances and durations over a base level.
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  • 12
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 254-254 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 13
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 277-294 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Water distribution ; optimization ; nonlinear programming ; integer programming ; chance constraints ; rehabilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the mathematical development of an integer — nonlinear programming chance — constrained optimization model for the minimum cost rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution system components. Particular attention is given to the handling of uncertainties in the roughness factors and the loading conditions including both the random demand and preassure head requirements. The advantages of the proposed model include the ability to: 1) handle the optimal timing of rehabilitation/replacement for water distribution system components; 2) link a mixed-integer linear program solver, a nonlinear program solver, and a hydraulic simulator into an optimization framework; 3) handle the uncertainties of some of the variables; 4) incorporate various kinds of cost functions; and 5) handle multiple loading conditions.
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  • 14
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 309-320 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Entropy ; reliability ; redundancy ; water distribution networks ; nodal pair reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entropy based expressions for measurement of reliability and redundancy have recently been reported. These measures approach assessment of the reliability of the distribution network from the intrinsic redundancy of the network layout. The paper extends earlier work on entropy functions by including a more explicit statement of the alternate paths available in the network and by recognizing that under certain circumstances, e.g., failure of some part of the network work, an outflow link from a node under normal working condition may become an inflow link to the same node. The measures are assessed by comparison with parameters measuring Nodal Pair Reliability and percentage of flow supplied at adequate pressure for a range of networks and link failure conditions in this networks. The entropy measures are shown to reflect changes in the network reliability, as measured by these two comparative parameters, very well.
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  • 15
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Inverse ; calibration ; estimation ; groundwater flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The development of stochastic methods for groundwater flow representation has undergone enormous expansion in recent years. The calibration of groundwater models, the inverse problem, has lately received comparable attention especially and almost exclusively from the stochastic perspective. In this review we trace the evolution of the methods to date with a specific view toward identifying the most important issues involved in the usefulness of the approaches. The methods are critiqued regarding practical usefulness, and future directions for requisite study are discussed.
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  • 16
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Predictive distribution ; Bayesian approximation ; parameter uncertainty ; non-informative prior ; method of moments ; Gumbel distribution ; maximum likelihood estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper Lindley's Bayesian approximation procedure is used to obtain the Bayes estimate of the probability of exceedence of a flood discharge. The Bayes estimates of the probability of exceedence has been shown by S.K. Sinha to be equivalent to the estimate of the probability of exceedence from the predictive or Bayesian disribution, of a future flood discharge. The evaluation of complex ratios of multiple integrals common in a Bayesian analysis is not necessary using Lindley's procedure. The Bayes estimates are compared to those obtained by the method of maximum likelihood and the method of moments. The results show that Bayes estimates of the probability of exceedence are larger as expected, but have smaller posterior standard deviations.
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  • 17
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 105-119 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Kalman filtering ; Optimal smoothing ; Shallow water equations ; Wind stress ; On-line prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Using the state space approach, an on-line filter procedure for combined wind stress identification and tidal flow forecasting is developed. The stochastic dynamic approach is based on the linear twodimensional shallow water equations. Using a finite difference scheme, a system representation of the model is obtained. To account for uncertainties, the system is embedded into a stochastic environment. By employing a Kalman filter, the on-line measurements of the water-level available can be used to identify and predict the shallow water flow. Because it takes a certain time before a fluctuation in the wind stress can be noticed in the water-level measurements, an optimal fixed-lag smoother is used to identify the stress.
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  • 18
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 135-150 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Radar ; rainfall prediction ; real-time prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A computational method for the determination of rainfall distribution for applications in short term rainfall prediction is presented here. The method is strongly influenced by the experience gained from the observation and analysis of data gathered on a heavy rainfall event in 1986 that occurred during the Baiu Season in Japan. The method is based on the concept that rainfall occurs as an interaction between an instability field, appropriately modeled, and a field of water vapor under the influence of topography. The results from this computational method showed good agreement with the temporal variation in the rainband that moved across the observation field in 1986. Towards determination of the parameters in the computational model, another method for the determination of the rainfield is also developed. This second method determines the rainfall distribution from estimation of the conversion rate of water vapor to liquid water through use of data from a three dimensional scanning radar. The results are consistent with those obtained from the first method.
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  • 19
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 151-160 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph ; Conceptual models ; Stochastic differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Recognizing that simple watershed conceptual models such as the Nash cascade ofn equal linear reservoirs continue to be reasonable means to approximate the Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH), it is natural to accept that random errors generated by climatological variability of data used in fitting an imprecise conceptual model will produce an IUH which is random itself. It is desirable to define the random properties of the IUH in a watershed in order to have a more realistic hydrologic application of this important function. Since in this case the IUH results from a series of differential equations where one or more of the uncertain parameters is treated in stochastic terms, then the statistical properties of the IUH are best described by the solution of the corresponding Stochastic Differential Equations (SDE's). This article attempts to present a methodology to derive the IUH in a small watershed by combining a classical conceptual model with the theory of SDE's. The procedure is illustrated with the application to the Middle Thames River, Ontario, Canada, and the model is verified by the comparison of the simulated statistical measures of the IUH with the corresponding observed ones with good agreement.
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  • 20
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Verhaltensbedingungen undFunktionsanalyse als Basis fürVerhaltensmodifikation undVerhaltensänderung ; analyses ofbehavior ; behavioralconditionssymptoms ; behavioralmodification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Modification of behavior is based on an analysis of behavior. An investigation of behavioral disturbances with respect to conditions, trigger mechanisms, causes, as well as functions and effects on the patient is necessary.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Verhaltensanalyse ist die Basis für eine Verhaltensmodifikation und Verhaltensänderung. Darüber hinaus ist es dringend notwendig, eine Bedingungs- und Funktionsanalyse zu erstellen. Zu fragen ist nach den Bedingungen, Auslösern, Voraussetzungen und Ursachen des Krankheitsverhaltens sowie seine Funktionen, Auswirkungen und Rückwirkungen für den Patienten.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 74-75 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 22
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 97-111 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Gewichtsreduktion ; Weight Watchers ; Effizienz ; weight reduction ; Weight Watchers ; efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The available data of members of Weight Watchers groups were statistically evaluated and their efficiency is discussed with respect to the underlying therapeutic concept. As a result of the data evaluation and the discussion of the literature it can be concluded: 1. The time of active membership in the group correlates with the weight loss. 2. Dropouts can be expected at the beginning of the therapy and have usually a greater obesity than other members. An early motivation has to consider the slower success in those people with a high degree of obesity. 3. A continuous motivation and re-motivation is of greatest importance to prevent any weight gain after the end of group therapy. This remotivation program should be established within the group; members who succeeded in losing weight should return for meetings at regular intervals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Mitgliedern von Weight-Watchers-Gruppen werden die verfügbaren soziodemographischen Daten statistisch ausgewertet und auf ihre Aussagekraft bezüglich des zugrundeliegenden Therapiekonzeptes beurteilt. Aus den Untersuchungen und der vergleichenden Literaturdiskussion ergibt sich: 1. Die Dauer der aktiven Teilnahme in einer Gruppe entscheidet über das Ausmaß des erzielten Gewichtsverlustes. 2. Vorzeitige Aussteiger — Dropouts — sind zu Beginn der Therapie zu erwarten und haben meist ein höheres relatives Übergewicht als die übrigen Teilnehmer. Eine frühzeitige Motivation muß daher den bei stark Übergewichtigen sich nur langsam einstellenden Erfolg berücksichtigen. 3. Wesentliche Bedeutung für einen Langzeiterfolg hat die regelmäßige Nachsorge, d.h. Remotivation, wenn das Zielgewicht erreicht ist. Diese Nachsorge sollte weiterhin innerhalb der Gruppe in regelmäßigen Abständen erfolgen.
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  • 23
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: cow's milk proteinallergy ; purifiedmilkproteins ; skin-prick test ; main allergen ; Kuhmilchproteinallergie ; gereinigte Milchproteine ; Hauttest ; Hauptallergen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnose von Milchproteinallergien ist schwierig. Aus diesem Grunde wurden hochgereinigte Hauptproteine der Kuhmilch (α-Lactalbumin, β-Lactoglobulin A + B, αs-Casein, β-Casein, κ-Casein) unter Anwendung des Hautpricktestes für die Differentialdiagnose bei Allergikern eingesetzt. Hierbei zeigte sich, daß Milchproteine bei Erwachsenen mit unklarer Anamnese nur selten Hautreaktionen auslösten, während bei 11 von 13 Kindern mit starkem Verdacht auf Milchproteinallergie deutliche Hautreaktionen beobachtet wurden. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung waren α-Lactalbumin und β-Lactoglobulin die Hauptallergene, weil sie mit höchster Prävalenz und Intensität Hautreaktionen auslösten. Reaktionen auf α- und κ-Casein erfolgten mit deutlich geringerer Häufigkeit und Intensität. In zwei Fällen wurde eine ausschließliche Reaktion auf α-Lactalbumin beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary The diagnosis of milk-protein allergies is difficult. Therefore, the main cow's milk proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin A + B, αs-casein, β-casein, κ-casein), purified to the highest available standards, were used for differential diagnosis of allergic individuals by applying skin-prick test. In the case of adults with uncertain medical history, milk proteins rarely caused skin reactions, while distinct skin reactions were observed in 11 of 13 children with strongly suspected milk-protein allergy. In the presented study α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin B were the main allergens, because skin reactions to these proteins were provoked with highest prevalence and intensity. Intensity and prevalence of reactions to α- and κ-casein were significantly less. In two cases skin reactions to α-lactalbumin were observed exclusively.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: purinreiche Nahrung ; Wachstum ; Metaboliten ; Harnsäuretransport ; Hund ; purine-rich diet ; growth ; metabolites ; uric acid transport ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a nutritional tolerance study 36 young dogs were fed over 52 weeks high or low purine diets at an average paired feeding intake of 0.6 and 80 mg purine-N/MJ per day. The high purine diet resulted in a significant decrease of growth rate by −23 % (Beagles) and −38 % (Dalmatians) and of feed efficiency (−29 and −42 %). The fasting levels of allantoin, uric acid and uracil in blood plasma were significantly increased. During the experiment a metabolic adaptation to the high purine diet decreased the plasma concentrations of uric acid, uracil and in part of allantoin. The high purine diet effected a significant increase of Km (2.5-fold) and of Vmax (1.6-fold) of uric transport through the erythrocyte membrane. The results documented disadvantageous effects of high purine nutrition during juvenile development.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Verträglichkeitsstudie erhielten 36 junge Hunde über 52 Wochen eine purinreiche oder purinarme Diät mit durchschnittlich 6 bzw. 80 mg Purin-N/MJ pro Tag bei gruppengleicher Aufnahme („paired feeding“). Die Hochpurin-Diät führte zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der Gewichtsentwicklung um −23% (Beagles) bzw. −38% (Dalmatiner) und der Futterverwertung (−29 bzw. −42%) sowie zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Nüchternwerte von Allantoin, Harnsäure und Uracil im Blutplasma. Während der Versuchsdauer machte sich eine metabolische Adaptation an die Hochpurin-Diät mit signifikanter Erniedrigung von Harnsäure, Uracil und teils auch Allantoin im Plasma bemerkbar. Die Hochpurin-Diät bewirkte eine signifikante Zunahme der Km (2,6fach) und Vmax (1,6fach) des Harnsäuretransports durch die Erythrozytenmembran. Die Ergebnisse belegen nachteilige Effekte purinreicher Ernährung während der Jugendentwicklung.
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  • 25
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 162-168 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Mg absorption ; Na absorption ; K absorption ; short chain fatty acids ; colon ; caecum ; Mg-Absorption ; Na-Absorption ; K-Absorption ; kurzkettige Fettsäuren ; Kolon ; Zäkum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im distalen Kolon und Zäkum der Ratte wurde der Einfluß von kurzkettigen Fettsäuren (SCFA) auf die Mg-, Na- und Wasserabsorption mittels luminaler Perfusion der Darmsegmente in vivo untersucht. Der Effekt kurzkettiger Fettsäuren auf die K-Absorption im distalen Kolon sowie von K auf die Mg-Absorption im distalen Kolon und Zäkum wurde ebenfalls geprüft. Butyrat (60 mmol/l) sowie eine Mischung von SCFA (60 mmol/l Azetat, 20 mmol/l Propionat, 10 mmol/l Butyrat) stimulierten die Mg- und K-Absorption im distalen Kolon, während die Na- und Wasserabsorption unbeeinflußt blieben. Der Effekt auf die Mg-Absorption war pH-abhängig. Im Zäkum steigerte Butyrat die Na- und Wasserabsorption, nicht jedoch die Mg-Absorption. Azetat (60 mmol/l) beeinflußte die Elektrolytabsorption in beiden Darmsegmenten nicht. K (30 mmol/l) hemmte die Mg-Absorption im distalen Kolon, nicht jedoch im Zäkum. Aus diesen Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die bei der Fermentation von Kohlenhydraten im Dickdarm anfallenden kurzkettigen Fettsäuren die Mg-, K- und Na-Absorption durch Bereitstellung von Protonen für die in der apikalen Membran des Epithels lokalisierten Mg++/H+-, K+/H+- und Na+/H+-Austauscher stimulieren. K scheint im Kolon die Absorption von Mg durch Beeinträchtigung eines Mechanismus zu hemmen, der nicht auf kurzkettige Fettsäuren anspricht.
    Notes: Summary The influence of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) on Mg, Na, and water absorption was studied in the rat distal colon and caecum using an in vivo luminal perfusion technique. The effect of SCFA on K absorption by the distal colon and the effect of K on Mg absorption by the distal colon and caecum were also investigated. Butyrate (60 mmol/l) or a mixture of SCFA (60 mmol/l acetate, 20 mmol/l propionate, 10 mmol/l butyrate) stimulated Mg and K absorption by the distal colon, while Na and water absorption was not affected. The effect on Mg absorption was pH-dependent. In the caecum, butyrate enhanced Na and water absorption, but not Mg absorption. Acetate (60 mmol/l) did not influence electrolyte absorption by either intestinal segment. K (30 mmol/l) inhibited Mg absorption by the distal colon, but not by the caecum. It is concluded from these findings that SCFA deriving from fermentation of carbohydrates in the large intestine stimulate Mg, K, and Na absorption by delivering protons to Mg++/H+, K+/H+ and Na+/H+ exchangers located in the apical membrane of the epithelium. K seems to inhibit Mg absorption in the colon by affecting a mechanism which does not respond to SCFA.
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  • 26
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 184-191 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: β-Carotin ; Vitamin A ; Lipoproteine ; Milch ; Rind ; β-carotene ; vitamin A ; lipoproteins ; milk ; bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung β-Carotin besitzt beim Rind sehr wahrscheinlich eine Bedeutung im Fruchtbarkeitsgeschehen. Es wurde deshalb an Kühen die Auswirkung einer parenteralen (intramuskulär und intravenös) Verabreichung von β-Carotin auf den β-Carotin-Blutspiegel und die Verteilung auf die Serumlipoproteinfraktionen sowie die Ausscheidung mit der Milch untersucht. Die parenterale Verabreichung von β-Carotin führte zu einem deutlichen Anstieg des β-Carotin-Blutspiegels. Zunächst kam es zu einem raschen Anstieg von β-Carotin in der „Very-low“- und der „Low-density“-Lipoproteinfraktion, deren Gehalt dann im weiteren Verlauf weitgehend konstant blieb. Der an die „High-density“-Lipoproteinfraktion gebundene Anteil stieg parallel zur Plasmakonzentration langsam kontinuierlich an. Die Verabreichung von β-Carotin hatte keinen Einfluß auf die Vitamin-A-Plasmawerte, führte aber zu einem Anstieg von β-Carotin und Vitamin A in der Milch. Es konnte damit gezeigt werden, daß die parenterale Gabe von β-Carotin nicht nur zu einem deutlich anhaltenden Anstieg des β-Carotin-Blutspiegels führte, sondern daß das injizierte β-Carotin auch von den physiologischen Trägerproteinen im Blut — den Lipoproteinen — transportiert wird und so in gleicher Weise für die peripheren Gewebe zur Verfügung steht wie über den Darmtrakt zugeführtes β-Carotin. Für die Verfügbarkeit von β-Carotin für die peripheren Gewebe spricht auch der Anstieg von β-Carotin und Vitamin A in der Milch. Der Anstieg von Vitamin A weist auf eine lokale Umwandlung von β-Carotin in Vitamin A in der Milchdrüse hin.
    Notes: Summary β-carotene has been considered to have a positive effect on fertility. Therefore the effect of a parenteral administration (intravenous or intramuscular) of β-carotene on plasma levels, its distribution among the lipoprotein fractions and its secretion in the milk was investigated in cows. A single parenteral administration of β-carotene resulted in a marked increase in total β-carotene in the blood. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-bound β-carotene increased rapidly in the initial phase and then remained rather constant. The proportion bound to the high density fraction (HDL), however, increased continuously, reaching maximum levels parallel to the total plasma concentration. β-carotene administration had no effect on vitamin A levels in plasma, but caused an increase of β-carotene and vitamin A in milk. The results show that the parenteral administration of β-carotene is not only an effective way to increase its blood plasma level but also results in a binding of β-carotene to its physiological carrier — the lipoproteins. β-carotene is therefore supplied to peripheral target tissue by the same carriers as those when β-carotene is administered orally. The availability of β-carotene for peripheral tissues is further supported by the increase in β-carotene in milk, as well as by the increase in vitamin A in milk which points to a local conversion of β-carotene into vitamin A in the mammary gland.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ovariectomy ; quantitativebonehistomorphometry ; bonemineralization ; osteopenia ; vitamin D ; Ovariektomie ; quantitative Knochenhistomorphometrie ; Knochenmineralisation ; Osteopenie ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 40 Fischer-344-Ratten (10 Wochen alt, 130 g KG) wurden entweder beidseitig ovariektomiert (OVX) oder scheinoperiert (SHAM). Die Ratten wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: SHAM; OVX; OVX + 15 ng 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2)D3]/Tier/Tag (d); OVX + 30 ng 1α,24R,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3D3]/Tier/d; OVX + 15 ng 1,25(OH)2)D3/Tier/d + 30 ng 1,24,25(OH)3D3/ Tier/d. 4 Wochen post Operationem wurde mit der oralen Verabreichung der Vitamin-D-Metaboliten begonnen. Urin- und Blutproben wurden mehrfach während des Experiments entnommen. 21 Wochen post Operationem wurden alle Ratten getötet und die proximale Tibia sowie der erste Lendenwirbelkörper für eine statische histomorphometrische Auswertung unentkalkt eingebettet. Die Ovariektomie verursachte eine Abnahme der trabekulären Knochenmasse um 40% im Lendenwirbelkörper und um 69% in der Tibiametaphyse. Verglichen mit den scheinoperierten Tieren, ging der Knochenverlust bei OVX-Ratten mit mä\ig erhöhten biochemischen und histomorphometrischen Parametern der Knochenformation und -resorption einher. Die Behandlung der OVX-Ratten mit 1,25(OH)2)D3, 1,24,25(OH)3D3 oder der Metabolitkombination verhinderte die durch die Ovariektomie induzierte Osteopenie im trabekulären Knochen des Lendenwirbels und teilweise auch der Tibiametaphyse, wobei diese Wirkung durch eine Hemmung der Knochenresorption zustande kam. Die mit 1,25(OH)2)D3 allein oder in Kombination mit 1,24,25(OH)3D3 behandelten Ratten zeigten jedoch eine Hyperkalzämie, Hyperphosphatämie, Hyperkalzurie und eine gestörte Knochenmineralisation. Andererseits führte die Behandlung von OVX-Ratten mit 1,24,25(OH)3D3 allein nur zu einer leichten Zunahme des Serumkalziumspiegels und erzeugte keine Störung der Knochenmineralisation. Weiterhin wirkte 1,24,25(OH)3D3 in Kombination mit 1,25(OH)2)D3 den ungünstigen Effekten von 1,25(OH)2)D3 auf die Knochenmineralisation teilweise entgegen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, da\ sich die Wirkungen von 1,24,25(OH)3D3 auf den Knochenstoffwechsel möglicherweise von denen des 1,25(OH)2)D3 unterscheiden und da\ 1,25(OH)2)D3 und insbesondere 1,24,25(OH)3D3 eventuell auch für eine wirksame Prophylaxe der postmenopausalen Osteoporose geeignet wären.
    Notes: Summary Forty Fischer-344 rats (10 weeks old, 130 g BW) were either bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated (SHAM). The rats were allocated to the following groups: SHAM; OVX; OVX + 15 ng 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]/rat/d; OVX + 30 ng 1α,24R,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3D3]/ rat/d; OVX + 15 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/rat/d + 30 ng 1,24,25(OH)3D3/rat/d. The vitamin D metabolites were fed orally starting 4 weeks after surgery. Urine and blood samples were taken at several time points during the experiment. Twenty-one weeks after surgery all rats were sacrificed, and the proximal tibiae and the first lumbar vertebrae were processed undecalcified for static bone histomorphometry. Ovariectomy induced a 40% reduction in vertebral cancellous bone area, and a 69% reduction in tibial cancellous bone area. This bone loss in OVX rats was associated with moderately increased biochemical and histomorphometric indices of bone formation and resorption as compared to values in sham-operated animals. Through inhibition of bone resorption, treatment of OVX rats with 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,24,25(OH)3D3, and the metabolite combination prevented the ovariectomyinduced osteopenia in the lumbar vertebra, and partially prevented cancellous bone osteopenia in the tibial metaphysis. However, OVX rats receiving 1,25(OH)2D3 alone or in combination with 1,24,25(OH)3D3 exhibited hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypercalciuria, and impaired bone mineralization. Treatment of OVX rats with 1,24,25(OH)3D3 alone, on the other hand, only slightly increased serum calcium levels and did not impair bone mineralization. Furthermore, the inclusion of 1,24,25(OH)3D3 with 1,25(OH)2D3 partially antagonized the untoward effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone mineralization. These data suggest that the actions of 1,24,25(OH)3D3 on bone metabolism might differ from that of 1,25(OH)2D3, and that 1,25(OH)2D3 and, particularly, 1,24,25(OH)3D3 may be potentially effective agents for the prophylaxis of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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  • 28
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 249-255 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: bilharzial patients ; vitamin A status ; serum retinol level ; night blindness ; oral vitamin A therapy ; Bilharziose ; Vitamin-A-Status ; Retinol-Serum-Spiegel ; Nachtblindheit ; orale Vitamin-A-Therapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei\ig an Bilharzie erkrankte Patienten wurden auf ihren Vitamin-A-Status hin untersucht. 30% dieser Patienten hatten nüchtern gemessen einen sehr niedrigen Retinol-Serum-Spiegel, der noch unterhalb der Toleranzgrenze von 20 Μg/dl lag. Ferner litt ein Drittel dieser Patienten an Nachtblindheit. Innerhalb dieser Patientengruppe erwies sich die orale Vitamin-A-Therapie als sehr effektiv, um den Vitamin-A-Mangel auszugleichen.
    Notes: Summary Thirty bilharzial patients were studied for their vitamin A status. Of the patients, 30% were found to have low-fasting serum retinol level below the acceptable level of 20 Μg/dl and one-third were presented with night blindness. Oral vitamin A therapy was effective in correcting the vitamin A deficiency among this group of patients.
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  • 29
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 270-283 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Panthenol (Dexpanthenol) ; Pantothensäure ; Metabolismus ; postoperative Darmatonie ; D-pantothenyl alcohol ; pantothenic acid ; metabolism ; postoperativeintestinalatony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of this study was the examination of the metabolism and mechanism of action of D-pantothenyl alcohol in patients with postoperative intestinal atony. Seven metabolically healthy patients were examined on the 4th day following colorectal surgery, before bowel activity had started. Increased urinary excretion of the vitamin pantothenic acid was noted following the intravenous application of 2 gm of D-pantothenyl alcohol. Ten to 30% of the administered dose D-pantothenyl alcohol is excreted in the urine as pantothenic acid within 24 h. Simultaneously, the urinary excretion of Β-alanine, a pantothenic acid component, is increased. D-pantothenyl alcohol was metabolized to pantothenic acid in all the patients examined. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A, a key substance in the intermediary pathway of metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a role in the synthesis of acetylcholine from choline (a co-enzyme of Cholinacetylase). Peristalsis induced by D-pantothenyl alcohol may be due to the increased synthesis of coenzyme A and acetylcholine in the autonomic nerve plexus of the intestinal tract.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, den Metabolismus und den Wirkungsmechanismus von Panthenol (Dexpanthenol, Bepanthen®) bei Patienten mit postoperativer Darmatonie zu ermitteln. Es wurden 7 stoffwechselgesunde Patienten am 4. postoperativen Tag nach elektiven kolorektalen Operationen untersucht, die postoperativ noch nicht abgeführt hatten. Nach intravenöser Applikation von 2,0 g Panthenol kommt es bei allen Patienten zu einer signifikant vermehrten Ausscheidung des Vitamins Pantothensäure (Vitamin-B-Komplex) im Urin. Zwischen 10 und 30% der verabreichten Panthenolmenge werden innerhalb von 24 Stunden als Pantothensäure im Urin ausgeschieden. Gleichzeitig wird der Pantothensäurebestandteil Β-Alanin vermehrt im Urin ausgeschieden. Panthenol wird demnach bei allen untersuchten Patienten zu Pantothensäure metabolisiert. Pantothensäure ist ein Bestandteil des Coenzyms A, einer der Schlüsselsubstanzen des Intermediärstoffwechsels. Das Coenzym A ist auch an der Synthese von Acetylcholin aus Cholin beteiligt (als Coenzym der Cholinacetylase). Der peristaltikanregende Effekt des Panthenols könnte durch eine vermehrte Synthese von Coenzym A und Acetylcholin in den autonomen Nervenplexus des Intestinaltraktes erklärt werden.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: guinea pigs ; bloodlevels ofcholesterol ; glucose ; triacylglycerides andhemoglobin ; adaptation to different vitaminC supplies ; Meerschweinchen ; Blutspiegel anCholesterin ; Glucose ; Triacylglyceride undHämoglobin ; Adaptation an unterschiedliche Vitamin-C-Gehalte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Meerschweinchen, die an geringe Vitamin-C-Gehalte im Futter adaptiert worden sind (6–10 Wochen), zeigen im Vergleich zu Tieren, die an mittlere und hohe Gehalte adaptiert sind, Tendenzen zu erhöhten Blutspiegeln an Cholesterin und Triacylglyceriden und zu erniedrigten Gehalten an Hämoglobin und an Glucose.
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs adapted (6–10 weeks) to low supply with vitamin C in the food show the tendency to increased levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerides in the blood and to decreased levels of hemoglobin and of glucose in comparison to guinea pigs adapted to medium and high supply.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: protein-energymalnutrition ; vitaminE status ; children ; Sudan ; developingcountries ; Protein-Energie-Mangelernährung ; Vitamin-E-Status ; Kinder ; Sudan ; Entwicklungsländer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Gesamttocopherol und alpha-Tocopherol wurden im Plasma von Kindern mit schwerer Mangelernährung (14 Maramus; 11 marantischer kwashiorkor; 5 kwashiorkor) bestimmt und auf die Gesamtlipide des Plasmas und auf die verschiedenen Plasmalipidklassen bezogen. Wenn die reinen Plasmakonzentrationen als ein Index des Vitamin-E-Status genommen würden, so wären 5 Kinder mit Marasmus, 5 Kinder mit marantischem kwashiorkor und 2 Kinder mit kwashiorkor als defizitär (〈500 μg/dl) anzusehen. Werden jedoch Gesamttocopherol und alpha-Tocopherol auf die Gesamtlipide bezogen, so zeigten alle mangelernährten Kinder — bis auf eines — Werte, die innerhalb der Grenzen lagen, die für gesunde amerikanische Kinder gefunden wurden. Die Studie zeigt, daß niedrige Tocopherol-Lipid-Verhältnisse kein konstantes Merkmal bei schwer mangelernährten Kindern sind.
    Notes: Summary Total tocopherols and alpha-tocopherols were estimated in the plasma of children with severe malnutrition (14 marasmus; 11 marasmic kwashiorkor; five kwashiorkor) and related to the total plasma lipids and different plasma lipid classes. If the mere plasma concentrations were taken as an index of the vitamin E status, five children with marasmus, five children with marasmic kwashiorkor, and two children with kwashiorkor would have been regarded as deficient (〈500 μg/dl). However, if total tocopherols and alpha-tocopherols were related to the total plasma lipids, all malnourished children — except one — showed values within the limits found in healthy American children. The study shows that low tocopherol/lipid ratios are not a constant feature in severely malnourished children.
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  • 32
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 54-73 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Blei ; Toxizität ; Säuglingsnahrung ; cadmium ; mercury ; lead ; toxicity ; infantformulas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are differences between young and adult organisms regarding toxokinetic aspects and clinical manifestations of heavy metal intoxications. Chronically, toxic Cd intake causes a microcytotic hypochromic anemia in young rats at lower exposure levels and after shorter exposure periods than in adult animals. Cd absorption is increased by co-administration of milk and in conjunction with iron deficiency. After long exposure periods toxic Cd concentrations accumulate in the kidney cortex; this process starts very early in life. In 3-year-old children Cd concentrations in the kidney can reach up to one-third of those found in adults. Hg++ and methyl-Hg can cause Hg encephalopathia, and frequently cause mental retardation in adults. Correspondingly, Hg++ accumulation in the brains of suckling rats is approx. 10 times higher than in grown animals. Milk increases the bioavailability of Hg++. In suckling rats Hg is bound to a greater extent to ligands in the erythrocytes. Methyl-Hg concentrations in breast milk reach 5% of those in maternal plasma and that is a severe hazard for breastfed children of exposed mothers. Toxic Pb concentrations can lead to Pb encephalopathia. A high percentage of surviving children have seizures and show signs of mental retardation. Anemia and reduced intelligence scores were recently observed in children after exposure to very low levels of Pb. Pb absorption is increased in children and after co-administration of milk. There are no definite proofs for carcinogenesis or mutagenesis after oral exposure to Cd, Hg, and Pb in man. Heavy metal concentrations were found in the same order of magnitude in commercial infant formulas and in breast milk. When infant formulas are reconstituted with contaminated tap water, however, Pb and Cd concentrations can be much higher. The average heavy metal uptake from such diets exceeds the provisional tolerable weekly intake levels set by the WHO for adults, calculated on the basis of an average food intake and a downscaled body weight. These considerations do not even provide for differences in absorption and distribution or for the increased sensitivity of children to heavy metal exposure. However, dilution effects for essential heavy metals were observed in fast-growing Young children; this effect might be extrapolated to toxic metals. These theoretical considerations are compared with epidemiological evidence. A health statistic from Baltimore shows a decline of Pb intoxications in infants. This observation correlates with a simultaneous decline in exposure to Pb which was due, for example, to decreased use of lead dyes in house paints and the abolition of tin cans for infant food. At the end of the observation period Pb-related infant mortality had decreased to zero. Maximum admissible Pb exposure from infant formulas in the USA has now been further reduced but the calculated Pb exposures in the example mentioned above are still lower. In conclusion, no hazard can be deducted from the mentioned epidemiological data regarding the present content of Cd, Hg, and Pb in commercially available infant formulas in Germany. Looking at the high toxic potential, however, it seems desirable to keep the content of these three metals in infant formulas as low as the best available technology can achieve.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die klinischen Symptome und die Toxokinetik von Schwermetallintoxikationen zeigen Unterschiede zwischen jungen und ausgewachsenen Organismen. Chronisch toxische Cd-Mengen verursachen eine mikrozytäre hypochrome Anämie, die bei Jungratten nach kürzerer und geringerer Exposition auftritt als bei erwachsenen Tieren. Nach der Resorption, die durch Milch und im Eisenmangel erhöht ist, akkumuliert Cd über Jahre bis zu toxischen Konzentrationen in der Nierenrinde. Dieser Fortgang beginnt im Säuglingsalter und kann in den ersten drei Lebensjahren bis zu 1/3 der Erwachsenenwerte erreichen. Hg++ und Methyl-Hg können u. a. eine Hg-Enzephalopathie hervorrufen, in deren Folge Kinder mehr als Erwachsene geistige Behinderungen zeigten. In Saugratten ist die Hg-Akkumulation im Hirn gegenüber erwachsenen Tieren zehnfach erhöht. Milch steigert die Bioverfügbarkeit von Hg++, das nach der Resorption bei Säuglingen vermehrt in den Erythrozyten gebunden wird. Methyl-Hg erreicht in der Muttermilch 5 % der mütterlichen Plasmakonzentration und führte bei epidemischen Vergiftungen zu schweren Schäden bei Säuglingen. Chronische Pb-Exposition kann Enzephalopathien verursachen, die bei Kindern in einem hohen Prozentsatz Krampfleiden und geistige Behinderungen hinterlassen. Anämien und Intelligenzminderungen werden bei Kindern nach sehr niedrigen Pb-Expositionen beobachtet. Die Pb-Resorption wird durch Milchgabe gesteigert und ist bei Kindern erhöht. Für Cd, Hg und Pb gibt es keine gesicherten Belege für Karzinogenese oder Mutagenese bei Menschen nach oraler Exposition. Der Schwermetallgehalt in kommerzieller Säuglingsnahrung liegt in derselben Größenordnung wie in der Muttermilch. Bei Verwendung von kontaminiertem Zapfwasser zur Rekonstitution von Fertignahrung ist die Belastung mit Pb und Cd jedoch erhöht. Die theoretische Metallaufnahme aus solchen Diäten, berechnet für einen normgewichtigen Säugling und einen repräsentativen Diätplan, übersteigt, bezogen auf das Körpergewicht, die „provisional tolerable weekly intakes“ der WHO für Erwachsene. Dabei führen Unterschiede in Resorption und Verteilung von Cd, Hg und Pb zu einer erhöhten Empfindlichkeit des kindlichen Organismus. Andererseits ergibt sich aus dem schnellen Wachstum von Säuglingen ein Verdünnungseffekt für essentielle Spurenmetalle, der von manchen Autoren auf toxische Metalle extrapoliert wird. Diesen theoretischen Überlegungen stehen epidemiologische Erfahrungen gegenüber. Eine Statistik über kindliche Bleivergiftungen aus Baltimore ist über einen Zeitraum von 13 Jahren stark rückläufig. Die einzelnen Stufen des Rückgangs lassen sich mit einem zeitgleichen Rückgang der kindlichen Pb-Belastung korrelieren, z. B. durch die Meidung von Bleifarben für den Hausanstrich oder die Abschaffung von bleihaltigem Verpackungsmaterial für Babynahrung. Am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums weist die Mortalitätsstatistik keine einschlägigen Todesfälle mehr auf. In den USA wurde der zulässige Pb-Gehalt in der Säuglingsnahrung seither weiter reduziert. Die im oben genannten Beispiel aus deutschen Werten errechneten Pb-Belastungen liegen deutlich darunter. Zusammenfassend läßt sich aus den genannten epidemiologischen Erfahrungen keine akute Gefährdung durch die gegenwärtigen Cd-, Hg- und Pb-Gehalte in kommerzieller Säuglings- und Kleinkindnahrung ableiten. Das hohe toxische Potential läßt es aber wünschenswert erscheinen, die Gehalte dieser drei Metalle so niedrig zu halten, wie es nach neuestem technischem Stand möglich wäre.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 151-153 
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 129-134 
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    Keywords: rat ; dietaryfat ; esterase-1 (ES-1) ; plasma ; Ratte ; diätetischesFett ; Esterase-1 (ES-1) ; Plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frage, die sich stellt, ist: Beeinflußt die Zunahme von Nahrungsfett die Esterase-1-Aktivität (ES-1) im Plasma von Ratten mehr als Kohlenhydrate oder Proteine? Es wurde daher bei männlichen Ratten der Effekt auf die Esterase-1-Aktivität durch das Austauschen des Nahrungsfettes mit isokalorischen Mengen an Kohlenhydraten und Proteinen bestimmt. In hoch fetthaltigem Futter erreichte Maisöl höhere Esterase-1-Aktivität im Plasma von Ratten als Kokosnußöl. Die Esterase-1-Aktivität war abnehmend bei erniedrigter Fettaufnahme. Das Austauschen des Nahrungsfettes durch Kohlenhydrate oder Proteine produziert die gleiche Abnahme der Esterase-1-Aktivität im Plasma. Dagegen tritt keine nennenswerte Veränderung der Esterase-1-Aktivität beim Austausch von Kohlenhydraten mit Proteinen auf. Daraus folgt, daß die Höhe des Fettgehalts in der Nahrung die Esterase-1-Aktivität beeinflußt.
    Notes: Summary The question addressed is whether the amount of dietary fat rather than that of carbohydrates or protein affects esterase-1 (ES-1) activity in plasma of rats. For this purpose, the effects on plasma ES-1 activity of replacement of dietary fat, by isocaloric amounts of either carbohydrates or protein were studied in male rats. In rats fed high-fat diets, corn oil induced higher plasma ES-1 activities than coconut fat. Plasma ES-1 activity was decreased by a decrease in fat intake. Replacement of fat by carbohydrates produced a similar decrease of plasma ES-1 activity as did replacement of fat by protein. Replacement of carbohydrates by protein did not significantly change plasma ES-1 activity. It is concluded that the amount of fat in the diet specifically influences ES-1 activity in plasma.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 169-177 
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    Keywords: Biopterin ; Ratte ; Glukose ; Cellulose ; Fasten ; biopterin ; rats ; glucose ; cellulose ; fasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ernährungsbedingte Einflüsse auf die Gesamtbiopterinwerte im Urin von Ratte und Schwein wurden untersucht. Während der ersten Nächte in Stoffwechselkäfigen bei gleichzeitigem Futterentzug zeigte sich ein signifikanter Anstieg der Biopterinausscheidung im Urin der Ratte. Dieser konnte entweder durch Fütterung, vorhergehende Gewöhnung an den Futterentzug oder durch orale Glukosegaben gesenkt werden. Bei Futterentzug unter normalen Haltungsbedingungen konnte dieser Anstieg nicht gefunden werden. Der tageszeitliche Rhythmus der Biopterinausscheidung wurde sowohl vom Futterentzug als auch von der Cellulosefütterung beeinflußt. Veränderte Wasseraufnahme und -ausscheidung hatten keine Auswirkung auf die Biopterinausscheidung bezogen auf die Kreatininwerte. Die auffallenden Veränderungen sind eher mit streßbedingten hormonellen Funktionen und Regulationen als mit ernährungsbedingten Faktoren in Zusammenhang zu bringen. Weitere Untersuchungen zu diesen Problemen sind in Bearbeitung.
    Notes: Summary Nutritional influences on urinary total biopterin levels in rats and pigs were investigated. During the first nights in metabolic cages with food deprivation a significant increase in biopterin values was found in rats. This could be diminished either by feeding, adaptation to food deprivation or by oral glucose application. With food deprivation under normal housing conditions, this increase could not be found. Rats that were fed a cellulose preparation without metabolizable energy had no increase in biopterin excretion. The circadian rhythm of biopterin excretion was influenced by food deprivation as well as by cellulose. Alterations in water intake and urinary output had no effect on biopterin levels related to creatinine. Remarkable changes in biopterin excretion are more likely due to hormonal functions and regulations related to stress than to nutritional factors. More investigations into these problems are being performed.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 208-218 
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    Keywords: purinreiche Ernährung ; Purinkataboliten ; Exkretionsraten ; Dalmatiner ; high-purine feeding ; purine catabolites ; excretion rates ; Dalmatian dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In eight Dalmatian dogs exogenous effects (dietary purine, xylit infusion) on plasma uric acid were examined and relationships between purine intake and excretion were established. Increasing purine intake resulted in a linear increase in renal excretion of urate (r=0.952) and a less steep increase of allantoin (r=0.901). In pairs of two animals with low and high purine intakes the metabolic fluxes in steady state were measured by continuous infusion of (2-14C) urate. The extrarenal excretion rates of urate + allantoin during high-purine and low purine feeding averaged 2.9 % and 8.5 % of entry rates. The results are discussed in comparison with human data and a remarkably good agreement is observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 8 Dalmatiner-Hunden werden exogene Einflüsse (Puringehalte der Diät, Xylit-Infusion) auf die Harnsäurekonzentration im Blutplasma sowie Beziehungen zwischen Purinaufnahme und -ausscheidung untersucht. Steigende Purinaufnahme bewirkte einen linearen Anstieg der renalen Exkretion von Harnsäure (r=0,952) und weniger steil von Allantoin (r=0,901). An je 2 Tieren mit niedriger und hoher Purinaufnahme werden mittels Dauerinfusion von (2-14C)-Harnsäure die metabolischen Flüsse im Steady state gemessen. Die extrarenale Exkretionsrate von Harnsäure + Allantoin bei purinarmer und purinreicher Ernährung betrug 2,9 % bzw. 8,5 % der Eintrittsrate. Die Ergebnisse werden vergleichend mit Daten vom Menschen diskutiert und bemerkenswert gute Übereinstimmungen festgestellt.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 219-228 
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    Keywords: Vitamin K ; Menadion ; Menadiol ; Bioverfügbarkeit ; Stabilität ; Geflügel ; vitamin K ; menadione ; menadiol ; bioavailability ; stability ; poultry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A bioassay of vitamin K is described, based on the prothrombin clotting time of 3-week-old, vitamin-K-depleted, and cumatetralyl-sensitized male broiler chicks, using a homologous thrombokinase preparation. With this test it could be shown that the diacetate and dibutyrate esters of menadiol are vitamin-K-active. The bioactivity of menadione from these menadiolesters amounted to about 70 % of the standard menadione from a coated menadione sodium bisulfite (Dohyfral). Menadiol seems to be temperature-resistant under such conditions, whereby two uncoated MSB preparations lost about 60 % of their activity.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem biologischen Testverfahren an Cumatetralyl sensibilisierten Küken konnte in 3 Versuchen anhand des Parameters Thromboplastinzeit mit homologer Thrombokinase gezeigt werden, da\ Menadioldiacetat und Menadioldibutyrat Vitamin-K-wirksam sind. Die biologische Wirksamkeit von Menadion aus diesen Menadiolestern betrug ca. 70 % der Menadionaktivität aus gecoatetem Menadionbisulfit (Dohyfral®). Im Gegensatz zu 2 ungeschützten MSB-Präparationen, welche bei Wärmebelastung ca. 60 % ihrer ursprünglichen Wirkung verloren, waren die Menadiolester temperaturstabil.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 264-269 
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    Keywords: iron ; absorption ; beverages ; anemia ; anise ; mint ; caraway ; cumin ; tilia ; liquorice ; karkade ; tea ; Eisenresorption ; Getränke ; Anämie ; Anis ; Minze ; Kümmel ; Cumin ; Tilia ; Sü\holz ; Karkade ; Tee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einflu\ von einigen Getränkeauszügen wie Anis, Minze, Kümmel, Cumin, Tilia, Sü\holz, Karkade und Tee auf die Eisenresorption im Darm von Ratten untersucht. Die Eisenresorptionsrate wurde im Verhältnis zum Resorptionsindex berechnet. Der Tanningehalt so wie der Gehalt an Phytin- und Ascorbinsäure dieser Getränke wurde ermittelt. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, da\ Anis, Minze, Kümmel, Cumin, Tilia und Sü\holz in der Reihenfolge ihrer Erwähnung eine abnehmende Wirkung auf die Zunahme der Eisenresorption haben. Karkade hat keinen Einflu\ auf die Eisenresorption, während Tee sie verhindert. Die Ergebnisse werden in bezug zum Tanningehalt und zum Phytin- oder Ascorbinsäuregehalt dieser Getränke diskutiert. Es wird empfohlen, diese Getränke Kindern und Erwachsenen als vorbeugendes Mittel bei Eisenmangelanämie zu geben.
    Notes: Summary The effect of some beverage extracts namely anise, mint, caraway, cumin, tilia, liquorice, karkade and tea, on the absorption of iron was tested in tied-off intestinal segments of rats. The rate of intestinal iron absorption was calculated in terms of an absorption index. The tannin, phytic acid and ascorbic acid contents of these beverages were analysed. The results show that anise, mint, caraway, cumin, tilia, liquorice, arranged in decreasing order of their effect, promoted the absorption of iron. Karkade did not exert an appreciable effect while tea inhibited absorption. The results are discussed in relation to the content of these beverages of tannins, phytic or ascorbic acids. It is recommended to offer these beverages to children and also to adults as a preventive agent to iron deficiency anemia. Also can be used for the preparation of bioavailable medicinal iron.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 295-298 
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    Keywords: phosphopeptides ; calcium utilization ; minipig ; rat ; vitamin-D-deficiency ; Phosphopeptide ; Kalzium-Utilisation ; Minischwein ; Ratte ; Vitamin-D-Mangel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 2-12 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Adipositas ; Appetitverhalten ; lankgettige Aminosäuren ; Serotonin ; Peptidhormone ; obesity ; appetite ; large neutral amino acids ; serotonin ; peptide hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This review focuses on neurotransmitter and neuropeptide actions on food ingestion, as well as on some of the mechanisms that may lead to the development and maintenance of obesity. In particular, the role of hypothalamic amines (catecholamines, serotonin) in appetite control is described. Thus, hypothalamic noradrenaline appears to stimulate food intake, while an enhanced brain serotonergic neurotransmission leads to a suppression of food ingestion, preferentially of carbohydrate intake. The involvement of brain serotonin neurons in appetite control is most attractive, since serotonin synthesis and release is readily affected by either precursor loading (i.e., l-tryptophan) or pharmacological manipulation (e.g., drugs such as fenfluramine or fluoxitene). Recent data now suggest that at least a subgroup of obese patients is characterized by a disturbed serotonergic neurotransmission, thus exhibiting behaviors such as carbohydrate craving. Among neuropeptides involved in appetite control, the most attractive candidate appears to be corticotropin-releasing hormone which is released by neurons of the paraventricular nucleus and produces a stress-like activation of the organism, and has a strong appetite-suppressant effect.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Ausführungen soll es sein, die Komplexität zentralnervöser Mechanismen bei der Appetitkontrolle zu skizzieren und damit zu verdeutlichen, daß es hier sicher nicht einen solitären Ansatz zur Erklärung der Nahrungswahl und -aufnahme gibt und damit auch nicht für die Erklärung von Eßstörungen. Die beschriebenen Neurotransmitter und Neurohormone sind eher im Sinne von Neuromodulatoren beteiligt an der Regulation des Eßverhaltens; da sie miteinander interagieren, kann man sich ähnlich wie bei anderen physiologischen hierarchischen Systemen (z. B. der Blutgerinnung) hier auch eine Kaskade von neuroendokrinen Veränderungen vorstellen. Von größter Bedeutung ist, daß weder das gastrointestinale noch das zentralnervöse System hier autonome Steuerorgane sind, sondern sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Einen sicheren Ansatzpunkt aus diesen Erkenntnissen heraus für z.B. die Behandlung der Adipositas haben wir zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt nicht, vielversprechend ist ohne Frage die mögliche Beeinflussung des serotoninergen Systems, hier sind aber noch weitere Grundlagenuntersuchungen (insbesondere zur Frage der Nahrungsselektion) dringend notwendig. Letztlich können wir das Eßverhalten natürlich nicht auf eine neuroendokrine Ebene reduzieren und es von Umweltereignissen und intrapsychischen Vorgängen und Wahrnehmungen (Hunger, Geschmackswahrnehmung, erlerntes Eßverhalten) trennen. Nahrungswahl und -aufnahme ist ohne Frage eine biopsychologische Verhaltensweise, so daß die geschilderten neurobiologischen Mechanismen nicht nur Ursache, sondern auch Folge sein können.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: thiamine (vitaminB 1) ; pregnancy ; intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) ; Thiamin (Vitamin B1) ; Schwangerschaft ; intrauterineMangelentwicklung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt an Thiamin (Vitamin B1) wurde im mütterlichen Blut jeweils in den Blutzellen und im Plasma bei normalem Schwangerschaftsverlauf und bei Schwangerschaft mit intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung des Feten bestimmt. Die Bestimmung der Thiaminkonzentration erfolgte mit der Thiochrom-Methode mittels HPLC-Trennung und anschließender fluorimetrischer Bestimmung nach der Methode von Weber et al. (2). Bei normalem Schwangerschaftsverlauf ist ein Abfall des Thiamingehalts in den Blutzellen von 230 nmol/l bis 170 nmol/l von der 28. bis zur 39. Schwangerschaftswoche zu beobachten. Bei schwerer intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung ist nur ein geringer Abfall des Thiamingehaltes von 140 nmol/l in der 30. Schwangerschaftswoche bis zu einem Gehalt von 130 nmol/l in der 39. Schwangerschaftswoche zu beobachten. Demgegenüber bleiben die Thiaminwerte in Plasma annähernd konstant. Um die Thiaminkonzentrationen bei normaler Schwangerschaft und bei schwerer intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung zu vergleichen, führten wir eine Einteilung in zwei Gruppen — eine von 28/0 bis 34/6 und eine von 35/0 bis 39/6 Schwangerschaftswochen durch. In beiden Gruppen waren die Thiaminwerte in den Blutzellen bei normaler Schwangerschaft signifikant höher als bei intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung (p=0,0001 und p=0,0005). Die Thiaminwerte im Plasma unterschieden sich jedoch nicht signifikant bei normalem Schwangerschaftsverlauf und bei Schwangerschaften mit intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß mütterlicher Thiaminmangel einen Grund für eine intrauterine Mangelentwicklung darstellt.
    Notes: Summary The concentration of thiamine (vitamin B1) was measured in blood cells and plasma from mothers with normal pregnancy and from mothers whose pregnancy was complicated by intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Thiamine concentrations were estimated by the thiochrome method using HPLC separation and fluorimetric detection according to Weber et al. (2). During normal pregnancies the thiamine values in blood cells fall in the 28th to the 39th week of gestation from 230 nmol/l to 170 nmol/l. In cases with severe IUGR there is only a slight decrease in the thiamine levels from 140 nmol/l in the 30th week of gestation to a level of 130 nmol/l in the 39th week of gestation. During this period the thiamine values in plasma remain constant. To compare the thiamine concentrations in normal pregnancies and in those with IUGR we separated the thiamine values in a group from 28/0 to 34/6 and one from 35/0 to 39/6 weeks of gestation. In both groups mothers with normal pregnancy had significantly higher thiamine levels in the blood cells than mothers whose pregnancy was complicated by IUGR (p=0.0001 and p=0.0005). However, the thiamine values in plasma were not significantly different in normal pregnancies and pregnancies with IUGR. The results indicate that maternal thiamine deficiency might be one cause of IUGR.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 79-96 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Hunger ; Sättigung ; Nahrungsaufnahme ; hunger ; satiety ; food intake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Regulation of food intake is commonly treated as a negative feedbackloop. Hunger and/or appetite lead man and animals to ingest food. The subsequent meal-contingent activation of pre- and postabsorptive mechanisms then leads to satiety. The activation of oral and gastrointestinal chemo- and mechanoreceptors is important on the preabsorptive site. The gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin may also have a physiological satiety effect. Preabsorptive satiety mechanisms are influenced by the rate of gastrointestinal transit. The pancreatic hormone glucagon, which is released during meal taking, and various metabolites contribute to the postabsorptive regulation of food intake through activation of hepatic chemoreceptors, which are connected to the brain via predominantly vagal afferents. In addition, glucoreceptors in the brain, in particular in the nucleus of the solitary tract, contribute to food intake regulation by monitoring blood glucose concentration or, more specifically, glucose utilization. The nucleus of the solitary tract, which relays vagal afferents from gut and liver and also gustatory afferents, projects to the hypothalamus and to other forebrain structures. In this neural network the informations from the periphery are integrated by various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, but the exact role of the substances involved is not fully understood yet. Body weight and, hence, body fat presumably affects feeding through modulation of a postabsorptive mechanism.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme läßt sich als Regelkreis mit negativem Feedback darstellen. Hunger und/oder Appetit veranlassen Mensch oder Tier, Nahrung aufzunehmen. Durch die aufgenommene Nahrung werden präoder postabsorptive Mechanismen aktiviert, die zu Sättigung führen. Präabsorptiv ist dabei vor allem die Stimulierung oraler und gastrointestinaler Chemo- und Mechanorezeptoren von Bedeutung. Auch dem Gastrointestinalhormon Cholecystokinin scheint eine physiologische Sättigungsfunktion zuzukommen. Präabsorptive Sättigungsmechanismen werden ferner durch die Geschwindigkeit der gastrointestinalen Passage der Digesta beeinflußt. Das pankreatische Inselzellhormon Glucagon, welches im Verlauf der Nahrungsaufnahme vermehrt sezerniert wird, sowie unterschiedliche Metaboliten tragen zur postabsorptiven Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme bei, indem sie hepatische Chemorezeptoren aktivieren, die vorwiegend über vagale Afferenzen mit dem Gehirn verbunden sind. An der Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme sind ferner Glucoserezeptoren im Gehirn beteiligt, die Veränderungen der Blutglucosekonzentration bzw. der Glucose-Utilisation registrieren. Die Glucoserezeptoren im Nucleus tractus solitarii der Medulla oblongata sind diesbezüglich offenbar von besonderer Bedeutung. Vom Nucleus tractus solitarii, in dem die Afferenzen von Gastrointestinaltrakt und Leber sowie auch Geschmacksafferenzen umgeschaltet werden, projizieren Nervenfasern zum Hypothalamus und zu anderen Vorderhirnarealen. In diesem neuronalen Netzwerk werden die aus der Peripherie eintreffenden Informationen durch unterschiedliche Neurotransmitter und -peptide integriert. Das Zusammenwirken und die genaue Funktion der daran beteiligten Substanzen sind allerdings noch nicht vollständig geklärt. Das Körpergewicht bzw. die Fettdepots des Organismus beeinflussen die Nahrungsaufnahme vermutlich über die Modulation eines postabsorptiven Mechanismus.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 147-147 
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Milch ; Somatotropin ; Kontrollverfahren ; milk ; somatotropin ; control measures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary bST, a milk production-enhancing compound not yet registered in the EG and the USA, has been evaluated as safe for the consumer. Nevertheless, actual discussions include a possible ban of applications; therefore, effective measures of control are demanded. The evaluation of bST plus IGF-I in blood only allows a monitoring of bST treatment. Under the condition of two blood samplings from each cow with a 7-day interval and the favorable experimental design (1. sampling rigorous on days 4 or 6 after injection of a bST depot preparation), an efficiency of 96% correct evaluations could be obtained; under field conditions, despite analytical efforts, about 20% false estimations must be taken into account. There is no means of monitoring milk and other products of cows treated with bST, hence analytical measures for the control of imports seems to be useless.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das bisher weder in der EG noch in den USA zugelassene Präparat bST zur Milchleistungssteigerung ist nach wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen für den Verbraucher als harmlos einzustufen. Dennoch wird aktuell ein generelles Verbot dieses Leistungsförderers diskutiert, woraus sich der Bedarf nach wirkungsvollen Kontrollmaßnahmen ergibt. Aus hormonanalytischer Sicht besteht zur Zeit kein forensisches Nachweisverfahren. Die Bestimmung von bST und IGF-I in Blut erlaubt bei der Erfassung beider Parameter ein gewisses Monitoring. Bei tierindividueller 2maliger Blutentnahme in 7tägigem Intervall konnte unter den günstigen Bedingungen des Experiments (1. Probennahme bereits an Tagen 4 bzw. 6 nach Injektion eines bST-Depot-Präparates) eine Trefferquote von 96% ermittelt werden; unter Praxisbedingungen muß dagegen trotz des hohen analytischen Aufwandes mit einer Fehleinschätzung um 20% gerechnet werden. Der Nachweis einer Behandlung in der Milch sowie in Milchprodukten ist nicht gegeben. Dadurch werden Importkontrollen unmöglich gemacht.
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  • 45
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 192-196 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ascorbic acid metabolism ; Callitrichidae ; stress ; 14CO2-excretion ; Ascorbinsäurestoffwechsel ; Krallenaffen ; Streß ; 14CO2-Ausscheidung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei den beiden Affenarten Callithrix jacchus und Saguinus fuscicollis, die der gleichen Neuweltaffenfamilie der Krallenaffen angehören, wurden extrem unterschiedliche Serumascorbatspiegel gefunden, obwohl die Tiere unter identischen Bedingungen in derselben Kolonie gehalten wurden. Die14C-Ausscheidung von oral verabreichter 1-14C-AA wurde unter marginaler wie auch reichlicher Vitamin-C-Versorgung sowie unter Streßbedingungen untersucht. Zwischen niedriger und hoher Vitamin-C-Versorgung traten große Unterschiede im14C-Ausscheidungsmodus auf. Der Speziesunterschied war dabei geringer als der Unterschied zwischen individuellen Streß-/Nichtstreß-Bedingungen, aber in beiden Fällen war er gleichartig. In vergleichbaren Versuchen reagierte S. fuscicollis derart, daß ein höherer Streßzustand bei dieser Spezies angenommen werden kann.
    Notes: Summary Recently it has been found that the two monkey species Callithrix jacchus and Saguinus fuscicollis, both belonging to the same New World monkey family Callitrichidae and held in the same colony under identical conditions, had extremely different serum ascorbate levels. To examine the ascorbic acid metabolism the14C-excretion of orally given 1-14C-ascorbic acid was studied under conditions of marginal and abundant vitamin C supply and under intentional stress. There were large differences in the mode of14C excretion between low and high ascorbate supply. The differences were smaller between stress/no stress conditions intraindividually than between the two species, but they were in the same manner. In comparable trials S. fuscicollis reacted such that a higher status of stress can be supposed in this species.
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  • 46
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 197-207 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Radiotelemetrie ; Körpertemperatur ; zirkadianer Rhythmus ; Krallenaffen ; Versuchstiere ; radiotelemetry ; body temperature ; circadian rhythm ; marmosets ; laboratory animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A newly developed telemetry system was used to study deep body temperature (BT) of two adult male common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The BT-curves of both monkeys showed a similar clear circadian rhythm with a range up to 3.5 °C. At environmental temperature of 28 °C (ET) the BT of the monkeys varied in the daytime dependent on their spontaneous activity, with little individual differences between 37.5 °C and 39.3 °C; at night the BT of the remarkaby deeply-sleeping animals decreased to an average at 35.8 °C. Elevating ET up to 30 °C effected an increase of BT by 0.6 °C, both during day and night. On the contrary, reducing ET to 24 °C the BT increased only at night, by 0.2 °C at ad libitum food intake and 1.0 °C at fasting. Measurements of BT by inserted rectal thermometer caused, compared with telemetry, an average at 0.4 °C higher values.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe eines neuentwickelten Radiotelemetriesystems wurde die Körperkerntemperatur (KT) von 2 erwachsenen, männlichen Weißbüscheläffchen (Callithrix jacchus) untersucht. Die KT-Kurve beider Versuchsaffen zeigte eine ausgeprägte zirkadianc Rhythmik mit einer Schwankungsbreite von bis zu 3,5 °C. Bei 28 °C Umgebungstemperatur (UT) variierte die KT der Tiere tagsüber in Abhängigkeit zu ihrer spontanen Bewegungsaktivität individuell etwas unterschiedlich zwischen 37,5 und 39,3 °C; in der Nacht fiel die KT der auffallend tief schlafenden Affen auf durchschnittlich 35,8 °C ab. Eine Erhöhung der UT auf 30 °C bewirkte bei Tag und Nacht gleichermaßen einen Anstieg der KT um 0,6 °C. Bei einer Absenkung der UT auf 24 °C fiel dagegen die KT nur bei Nacht ab, und zwar bei Ad-libitum-Fütterung um 0,2 °C und bei Hunger um 1,0 °C. Die Messung der KT mittels rektal eingeführtem Thermometer führte im Vergleich zur Radiotelemetrie zu durchschnittlich um 0,4 °C höheren Werten.
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  • 47
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 256-263 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Terephthalsäure ; Polyterephthalsäureester ; wasserlösliche Vitamine ; terephthalic acid ; polyterephthalic acid esters ; water-soluble vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Terephthalic acid is used for the production of polyterephthalic acid esters for foils that are applied for cooking, roasting, and baking; it is able to migrate as a monomer into foodstuffs. The effect of sodium terephthalate on vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and ascorbic acid at different conditions (variation of time and temperature); effects of a foil made of polyterephthalic acid esters was also tested. Thiamin and riboflavin are stabilized by sodium terephthalate while pyridoxine is decomposed faster, especially at higher temperatures. The tests of thiamin and riboflavin in the foils show similar results, whereas the losses of pyridoxine were not so high compared with the tests where sodium terephthalate had been added. Ascorbic acid is protected, too, by sodium terephthalate, except with long heating periods at a temperature of 220
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Terephtalsäure wird zur Herstellung von Folien aus Polyterephthalsäureestern verwendet und kann als Monomeres in Lebensmittel migrieren. Es wurde die Wirkung von Na-Terephthalat auf die Vitamine des B-Komplexes (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Pyridoxin) und Ascorbinsäure unter verschiedenen Bedingungen (Variieren von Zeit und Temperatur) und unter Verwendung einer Brat- und Backfolie aus Polyterephthalsäureester untersucht. Bei Thiamin und Riboflavin kommt es durch Na-Terephthalat zu einer deutlichen Stabilisierung, während bei Pyridoxin ein schnellerer Abbau vor allem bei höherer Temperatur auftritt. ähnliche Ergebnisse zeigte der Test in der Folie bei Thiamin und Riboflavin; bei Pyridoxin waren die Verluste nicht so hoch wie beim Zusatzversuch mit Na-Terephthalat. Auch bei Ascorbinsäure kommt es durch Na-Terephthalat zu einer Schutzwirkung; ausgenommen sind lange Erhitzungszeiten bei 220
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  • 48
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 284-294 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: children ; fatty acids ; erythrocyte phospholipids ; phosphatidylethanolamine ; phosphatidylcholine ; Fettsäurenzusammensetzung ; Gesamt-Phospholipide ; Phosphatidylethanolamin ; Phosphatidylcholin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei insgesamt 88 gesunden Kindern im Alter zwischen 1 und 15 Jahren, 6 Kindern unter einem Jahr und in 10 Nabelschnurblutproben wurde die Fettsäurenzusammensetzung der Phospholipide (Gesamt-Phospholipide, Phosphatidylethanolamin, Phosphatidylcholin) untersucht. Ziel der Arbeit war es, altersabhängige Normbereiche für die prozentuale Fettsäurenverteilung einschlie\lich der Trans-Fettsäuren und der ungeradzahligen Fettsäuren zu erstellen, als Grundlage für weitere Untersuchungen bei Ernährungsstörungen und Stoffwechselkrankheiten. Die untersuchten Phospholipide wiesen besonders im 1. Lebensjahr deutliche Veränderungen in der Fettsäurenverteilung auf. Bis zu Beginn des 2. Lebensjahres bildete sich ein „adultes“ Muster heraus. Lediglich die prozentualen Anteile der α-Linolensäure (18∶3n-3) und die der Trans-Fettsäuren stiegen weiter bis zur zweiten Lebensdekade an.
    Notes: Summary The fatty-acid composition of red-cell-membrane phospholipids (total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions) was determined in 88 apparently healthy children aged 1 to 15 years, 10 cord blood samples, and 6 infants below 1 year of age. The major aim of the study was to determine the normal ranges of fatty-acid proportions, including trans- and odd-numbered fatty acids, for further studies of nutritional and metabolic disorders. The concentrations of most fatty acids of the phospholipids analyzed increased or decreased after birth and assumed adult levels before the second year of life. α-linolenic acid (C18∶3n-3) and trans fatty acids, however, continued to increase with age until late childhood.
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  • 49
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 299-303 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Milch ; Mikrowellen ; Gesamtkeimzahlen ; chemische Inhaltsstoffe ; Lagerfähigkeit ; milk ; microwaves ; content of microorganisms ; chemical components ; storage stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Pasteurized milk was treated with microwaves for 2.5 minutes (2450 MHz, 650 W). Important chemical components (vitamin A, Β-carotin, vitamins B1, B2, C, E; activity of peroxidase, xanthinoxidase; content of fat and peroxides, percentage of solids, content of raw protein, content of all microorganisms and storage stability were examined. Ascorbic acid (reduction of 36%) and α-tocopherol (reduction of 17%) were influenced by microwave treatment, whereas other chemical parameters, odor and flavor remained unchanged. The content of microorganisms was reduced from about 104 to 102 per milliliter. Untreated milk had a content of 107 microorganisms per milliliter after 10 days storage at 8
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Pasteurisierte Vollmilch wurde 2,5 Minuten lang mit Mikrowellen behandelt (2450 MHz, 650 W). Chemische Zusammensetzung (Vitamin A, Β-Carotin, Vitamin B1, B2, C, E), Enzymaktivitäten von Peroxidase, Xanthinoxidase; Gesamtfettbestimmung, Peroxidgehalt des Fetts, Trockensubstanz, Rohprotein, Gesamtkeimzahl und Lagerfähigkeit wurden im Vergleich zu unbehandelter Milch untersucht. Die chemischen Analysen zeigten, da\ bei der Mikrowellenbehandlung in erster Linie der Gehalt an Ascorbinsäure (Abnahme um 36%) und α-Tocopherol (Abnahme um 17%) negativ beeinflu\t wird, während andere chemische Parameter sowie Geruch und Geschmack nahezu unverändert bleiben. Die Gesamtkeimzahl konnte von etwa 104/ml auf 102/ml verringert werden. Unbehandelte Milch wies nach 10tägiger Lagerung bei 8
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract At concentrations of 0.01–1 mM, five synthetic multiring analogs of strigol were effective germination stimulants of intact and dehulled wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seeds. The effect was concentration-dependent and equaled or exceeded that produced by equimolar gibberellic acid (GA3). The most effective strigol analog treatments induced 55–80% germination within 7 days in intact wild oat seeds and resulted in 63–86% germination and normal seedling growth over 14 days. Intact wild oat controls germinated 14% after 14 days. The stimulation of wild oat germination by these synthetic strigol analogs demonstrates that these compounds, initially developed as germination stimulants for the seeds of the parasitic weed, witchweed (Striga asiatica L. Kuntz.), have bioregulatory activity in dormant seeds of monocots, as well as dicots. None of the compounds tested significantly affected the germination of nondormant cultivated oat seeds (Avena sativa L.). The commonly used dispersal agent, Tween 20 (0.1%), was found to inhibit germination of cultivated oats, alone and in the presence of 2% acetone.
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  • 51
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pollination stimulates ethylene production in maize ears, and the application of ethephon during the pollination period can cause kernel abortion. The objective of this study was to determine if kernel abortion could be induced in vitro by the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Adding ACC to the culture medium resulted in the evolution of ethylene which caused abortion and reduced mature kernel mass. The effect of ethylene on kernel abortion and dry matter accumulation was partially negated by the addition of the ethylene-binding site inhibitor, 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD). The effect of ethylene on kernel abortion was greatest during the early stage of kernel development and was intensified by an increase in media sucrose concentration. These data suggest that ethylene could regulate kernel abortion in maize.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 113-126 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have reviewed recent progress in research on plant growth regulator (PGR) receptors. For some growth regulators, no receptor protein has yet been identified, but promising new approaches are discussed. For other receptors, specific and sensitive probes have been developed and, in one case, the membrane-associated auxin-binding protein of maize, these have been used to study the function of the receptor. The maize receptor has been cloned and sequenced; cDNA probes will allow the expression of receptor genes in normal and transformed plants to be studied. PGR sensitivity mutants have been described and, in conjunction with biochemical probes, should prove valuable in elucidating the functions of receptors and the nature of subsequent signal transduction events.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Antiserum against the brassinosteroid (BR), castasterone, was produced by immunizing a rabbit with castasterone-carboxymethoxylamine oxime conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA). In a radioimmunoassay (RIA), the antiserum recognized a range of naturally occurring BRs with varying specificities. Detection limits of castasterone and brassinolide were approximately 0.3 pmol. This RIA system was successfully used for analyzing endogenous BRs in seeds and stems ofPhaseolus vulgaris L., and showed that stems are quite different from seeds in terms of the species and quantity of the endogenous BRs.
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  • 54
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 185-187 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Net synthesis of [14C]ent-kaurene from [14C]2-mevalonic acid was assayed in cell-free enzyme extracts prepared from Alaska pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings throughout 44 h of a regimen consisting of a 16-h day and an 8-h night. Activities generally followed an upward trend during the dark period and a downward trend during the photoperiod. Activity was also assayed in enzyme extracts prepared at intervals during a 12-h photoperiod and a following, continuous 36-h dark period after entrainment of plants to a regimen of 12-h days and 12-h nights.Ent-kaurene synthesis activity again followed an upward trend in enzyme extracts prepared during what would have been the entrainment dark period, and a downward trend during the entrainment photoperiod. The apparent endogenous rhythm ofent-kaurene biosynthesis may have implications for the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis.
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  • 55
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 207-212 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Uniconazole [(E)-(p-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1 -yl)-1 -penten-3-ol] belongs to a group of triazoles which, in addition to their fungitoxic and plant growth-regulating (PGR) properties, protect plants from various stresses. Compared to the conventional methods of treatment which include seed, soil drench, and foliar spray, the present study shows that a convenient and simple method of administering the chemical is by imbibing wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Frederick) seeds in uniconazole solution for 20 h. The soaked seeds can be stored after air drying and germinated when desired. Addition of potassium to the uniconazole solution and exposure of the seeds to 40°C for the last 2 h during the imbibition period further enhanced the PGR effectiveness and improved the efficacy of the uniconazole-induced protection against drought and low- and high-temperature stresses. Uniconazole increased both carotenoid and chlorophyll levels and in combination with KCl, the increase in chlorophyll was more than twice that of the controls. The combination pretreatment of the imbibed seeds used in this study not only magnifies the protective and PGR effects of uniconazole but also supports the concept of acclimation and cross-tolerance.
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  • 56
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 213-219 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three-week-old seedlings of one drought-susceptible tomato cultivar (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. “New Yorker”) and two drought-resistant species of tomato (Solanum pennellii andLycopersicon chilense) were subjected to various degrees of PEG 8000-induced water stress from −0.017 to −1.0 MPa for a duration of 24 h so that their early responses to water stress could be compared. Such a comparison would determine if there was a relationship to root cytokinin levels following sudden induction of water stress in the drought-resistant species. Transpiration rates of leaves were monitored throughout the 24-h period, shoots were evaluated for leaf water potential (LWP), and roots were extracted for levels oft-zeatin riboside (t-ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) using a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay. Transpiration rates were evaluated gravimetrically by difference every 6 h up to 24 h. Transpiration rate decreased with increasing PEG levels and passage of time in all three species, measured at 6 and 12 h, logarithmically in the case of the twoLycopersicon species and linearly in the case ofSolanum. From 12–18 h (while plants were in darkness), transpiration rate was a function of the level of PEG only and not time in all three species. When light resumed from 18–24 h, only 5.pennellii showed no further decrease in transpiration rate over time with increasing PEG. Drought-susceptibleL. esculentum had a stronger linear decrease in LWP with increasing PEG 8000 concentration than the other two species.L. esculentum also had a higher initial transpiration rate than did either of the drought-resistant species. The two drought-resistant species showed less change in LWP with 5.pennellii having a small decrease andL. chilense having little change. OnlyS. pennellii exhibited a decrease in roott-ZR levels, which may imply a role for root cytokinin within the first 24-h exposure to water stress in this species.L. esculentum exhibited no change in roott-ZR. The levels oft-ZR inL. chilense were less than that ofL. esculentum but showed only a slight decrease with increasing PEG.S. pennellii andL. chilense, although both drought-resistant tomato species, showed different patterns of response with respect to pattern of decline in transpiration rate, LWP, and roott-ZR levels.
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  • 57
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    Notes: Abstract A mouse monoclonal antibody against abscisic acid (ABA) was produced and characterized. It was raised using ABA conjugated to the carrier protein through the carboxyl (Cl) group as immunogen. It did not discriminate between free ABA or its ester derivatives. This antibody, which is the first monoclonal against Cl-conjugated ABA, shows interesting characteristics. It has high affinity (Ka=1.5 × 109 L/mol) and specificity. Compounds structurally similar to ABA, such as phaseic acid, dihydrophaseic acid, and both the 2,trans-isomer and the (R)-enantiomer of ABA, are not reactive. The narrow linear range of the standard curve (0.018–1.8 pmol) ensures great precision of the assay. This monoclonal antibody has been used for the quantification of ABA conjugates in crude aqueous extracts of bean leaves by radioimmuno-assay (RIA). The fractionation of the extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the absence of cross-reacting compounds. Because of its affinity and specificity, in combination with antibodies against free ABA, this antibody should be a sound tool for studying the metabolism and immunolocalization of ABA in plant tissues.
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  • 58
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA), required for in vitro flower bud formation, was taken up by pedicel explants of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in large amounts and rapidly metabolized into various conjugates. These conjugates have been tentatively identified in four thin-layer Chromatographic systems using authentic standards as references. The major metabolite formed during the first hours of culture comigrated with 1-NAA-glucoside (1-NAGlu). From the 6th hour on, most 1-NAA had been converted into a yet unidentified metabolite. 1-NAglu was an intermediate in the formation of this metabolite. After 24 h, 1-NAA-aspartate (1-NAAsp) became the second major metabolite. The increase in 1-NAAsp formation was induced by 1-NAA. The inactive analog 2-naphthaleneacetic acid (2-NAA) was metabolized similar to 1-NAA, but was unable to increase the formation of the aspartate conjugate. When explants were fed labeled 1-NAGlu, 1-NAAsp or the major unidentified metabolite, radioactivity became associated with free 1-NAA and all major conjugates, indicating interconversion of conjugates and breakdown to free 1-NAA. A regulatory role of conjugation in maintaining a particular level of free 1-NAA in the tissue is proposed herein.
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  • 59
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 175-179 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of daminozide (butanedioic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide) on ethylene synthesis by apple fruits were investigated. The objective was to determine the effects of postharvest applications as compared to the standard application of diaminozide in the orchard. Immersion in a solution containing 4.25 g L−1 active ingredient for 5 min delayed the rise in ethylene production in individual “Cox” apples at 15°C by about 2 days, whereas orchard application of 0.85 g L−1 caused delays of about 3 days. Both modes of application depressed the maximal rate of ethylene production attained by ripe apples by about 30%. Daminozide did not affect the stimulation of respiration by ethylene treatment of “Gloster” apples, but it delayed the increase in ethylene synthesis. Daminozide applied immediately after harvest delayed the rise in ethylene synthesis in “Golden Delicious” held at 15°C, but it was less effective when applied 48 h after harvest or when apples were held at 5°C. Exposure to 1–2 μl L−1 ethylene for 48 h was less effective in promoting the rise in ethylene in daminozidetreated “Cox” and “Gloster” apples than in untreated fruit. High (100–1000 μl L−1) concentrations of ethylene more or less overcame the daminozide effect. Apples absorbed about 40% of surface-applied [14C]daminozide in 48 h, but more than 90% of the radioactivity in the fruit was recovered from the peel and outer 1 cm of the cortex. Daminozide was partly converted to carbon dioxide and other metabolites.
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  • 60
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of ethephon on stomatal resistance, water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, and ethylene production were determined on leaves of a drought-resistant (KS 65) and a drought-sensitive (IA 25) genotype of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown under wellwatered or drought-stressed conditions. With both sufficient and limited water supply, ethephon had no effect on the adaxial, abaxial, or total stomatal resistance of either genotype. For both water treatments, the adaxial stomatal resistance of the drought-sensitive genotype was higher than that of the drought-resistant genotype. Ethephon increased the amount of ethylene produced by the plants under both levels of water. For plants with sufficient water, water potentials of both genotypes were lowered by ethephon. Ethephon had no effect on the water potentials under drought or on the osmotic potentials under either water regime. With drought, the turgor potential of the drought-sensitive genotype, but not that of the drought-resistant, was increased by ethephon.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The gibberellin (GA) content of the reproductive organs ofCitrus sinensis (L.) Osb., cv. Bianca Comuna and the seedless variety, Salustiana, were examined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) at different stages of development. Gibberellins A1, A20, and A29 were identified in the reproductive buds of both cultivars 21 days prior to anthesis and in fruits 35 days after anthesis by comparison of their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices with those of standards. In addition, three uncharacterized isomers of GA1 were detected, one in buds and two in fruits. The presence of GA4 in both tissues, and of GA8 in the reproductive buds, was indicated by the occurrence of characteristic ions at the expected retention times, although their spectra were too weak for full identification. Vegetative shoots of cv. Salustiana contained gibberellins A1, A19, A20, and A29, and the unidentified isomer of GA1 present in reproductive buds. The presence of trace amounts of gibberellins A8 and A17 was also indicated. Although the two varieties did not differ qualitatively in the GAs present during flower and fruit development, the seedless variety contained slightly greater amounts. The concentrations of gibberellins A1, A4, and A20 were determined by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring (GC/SIM) throughout ovary development and early fruit growth. In both varieties, the maximum GA1 concentration occurred at anthesis. Highest concentrations of gibberellins A20 and A4 were found in fruit 35 days after anthesis, although the GA1 concentration at this stage remained low.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 175-191 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Flow through porous media ; random network ; macro-permeability ; micro-geometry ; statistical mechanics ; anisotropy
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an analysis of Hagen-Poiseulle flow through plane random anisotropic networks of interconnected channels. Macroscopic permeability tensor of the network is expressed in terms of statistico-geometrical characteristics like the degree of anisotropy in channel orientations, average co-ordination number of the network and first two moments of channel length distribution. Analytical results are illustrated and verified using numerical analysis of flow in a simulated random network. The emphasis of the paper is on the effects of anisotropy on distributions of flow rates in channels. It is shown that, due to anisotropy the maximum flow rate generally occurs in channels that are not aligned along the direction of the macroscopic pressure gradient.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 253-254 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 241-251 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Sedimentation ; Large Reservoirs ; Markov Chains
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment deposition and its accumulation in a large resorvoir depends on the inflow and reservoir storage content, respectively. Because of this fact it is possible to model the cumulative deposition of sediment as an additive process defined on a bivariate Markov chain. Using the bivariate Markov chain model the mean and variance of the cumulative deposition of John Martin Reservoir, Colorado, U.S.A. are estimated and compared with observed sedimentation data.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 295-308 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Risk-based design ; uncertainty analysis ; hydraulic design ; bridge ; culvert
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract For a proposed highway bridge or culvert, the total cost to the public during its expected service life includes capital investment on the structures, regular operation and maintenance costs, and various flood related costs. The flood related damage costs include items such as replacement and repair costs of the highway bridge or culvert, flood plain property damage costs, users costs from traffic interruptions and detours, and others. As the design discharge increases, the required capital investment increases but the corresponding flood related damage costs decrease. Hydraulic design of a bridge or culvert using a riskbased approach is to choose among the alternatives the one associated with the least total expected cost. In this paper, the risk-based design procedure is applied to pipe culvert design. The effect of the hydrologic uncertainties such as sample size and type of flood distribution model on the optimal culvert design parameters including design return period and total expected cost are examined in this paper.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 255-276 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic hydrologic process ; daily discharges ; correlated generation ; simulation
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A geomorphological study at the confluence of the Danube and the Isar in Bavaria required long series of daily discharges in both rivers. A model that generates simultaneous correlated streamflows in both rivers was developed and tested. The model is a modified shot noise model, first developed by Treiber (1975) for a single river, that was adapted to two rivers. It generates correlated pulses of events that produce flow for each river, and these pulses are then convoluted with a river specific systems function. The model, after being calibrated for the two rivers on the basis of 85 years of records, yields artificial series of discharges, in which the statistical properties of the historical records are reproduced. The performance of the model was tested with 20 generated series each 100 years long.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 321-321 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Missing data ; Interpolation in hydrology ; Multichannel precipitation time series ; Spectral analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The accuracy of an optimum interpolation technique in filling missing values in multichannel (or multisite) hydrologic series containing time-coincident data gaps is examined. The applied methodology is based on the maximum entropy method (MEM) of spectral estimation or multivariate autoregressive modeling and heavily depends upon the properties of multichannel prediction error filter (PEF). Six precipitation time series spatially located within a hydrologic basin are used and time-coincident artificial gaps are created in all six series. The performance of the technique is assessed by comparing the filled-in series to the observed and by employing spectral analysis. The results reveal the usefulness of the method in multichannel hydrologic analysis.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 83-88 
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 121-134 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrologic time series ; Linearity ; Gaussianity ; Hinich's test
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Although the non-Gaussian nature of many hydrologic time series is well recognized and their nonlinearity is suspected, neither property is well tested. This situation has existed partly because of a lack of appropriate tests. Recently Hinich (1982) has developed a test to test the linearity of time series which is based on the bispectral characteristics of the series. This test is used in this study to investigate the linearity and non-Gaussian characteristics of annual and daily rainfall and runoff series. The annual series may be modeled by linear models with Gaussian inputs. The daily data, on the other hand, often demonstrate nonlinear characteristics and are non-Gaussian as well.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 161-174 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: advection-diffusion equation ; random walk model ; random flight model ; stochastic differential equation ; Fokker-Planck equation
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A random walk model to describe the dispersion of pollutants in shallow water is developed. By deriving the Fokker-Planck equation, the model is shown to be consistent with the two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation with space-varying dispersion coefficient and water depth. To improve the behaviour of the model shortly after the deployment of the pollutant, a random flight model is developed too. It is shown that over long simulation periods, this model is again consistent with the advection-diffusion equation. The various numerical aspects of the implementation of the stochastic models are discussed and finally a realistic application to predict the dispersion of a pollutant in the Eastern Scheldt estuary is described.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 3-8 
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract American agrarianism, as informed by the frontier myth, has provided fundamental inventional resources for agricultural rhetoric. These myths have deflected farmers from positive adaptation, reinforcing instead the self-image of a hero victimized by circumstances. Critical examination of these independent myths reveals their literalized status as well as inconsistencies with fundamental agricultural goals.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 27-32 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides an analysis of John Dewey's appreciation of the effects of the emergence of agriculture on the patterns of Western thought. It shows the role played by this agrarian theme in Dewey's own critique of the dominant values inherent in Western metaphysics.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 33-38 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The question to be answered is why do different cultures respond to the land differently? The question is born in the tension between Native American and the Anglo macroculture valuing of the land. Using the philosophy of George Herbert Mead, it is argued that the land is seen as a social being ,in the same way that an individual sees another person. Mead's philosophy of the development of the individual begins with the relation of the developing self and a social other. That relationship defines acts acceptable within the society, including the acts of observation and reflective thought. Thus, the very process of development becomes bound by the society. As the individual grows, according to Mead, the social other (and the relation between the other and the self) become generalized to include objects of the environment, such as the land. The acts toward others now become acts toward the land. As the acts toward others have value within the society, so the acts toward the land take on the same values. The individual mind is never an exact duplicate of the culture, but is limited by the culture, which results in specific tensions as two cultures come together. Again, using Mead, it is shown that the morality of our response to the land is dependent upon the growth of the individual, and that that growth can be provided by the very conflict of the acculturation.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The metaphor of the “midworld” refers to Emerson's conception of the realm between the human process and nature. In his earlier writings, poetry served as a linguistic midworld that made it possible for the self to relate to the innumerable orders of nature. By the 1840's Emerson's thought had taken a much more skeptical turn and had moved decisively away from his earlier linguistic idealism. As a consequence, his conception of the nature of the midworld changed. The more humble work of the farmer came to represent more clearly the actual development of the midworld. In agricultural production, the basic features of nature became more directly available to the self. By the 1870's Emerson recognized that the farmer and the poet were both representatives of the midworld that made nature actual to the human process.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 44-61 
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 39-43 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the sense of human fulfillment elaborated in the writings of Wendell Berry. The initial section considers the relationship between freedom and social and geographical rootedness; and the second section considers in greater detail how agriculture and personal fulfillment are intertwined in Berry's work. In the concluding section, consideration is given to the degree to which agriculture may be said to be the proper form of human life.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. i 
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 1-1 
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 2-5 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformation of forests to agriculture is a dominant theme in human history, previously associated with progress, increasingly associated with local and global danger. A workshop at the Smithsonian Institution brought together scholars interested in one very large and fragile deltaic forest system of international importance: the Sundarbans. We found that land-hungry peasants are not quite the villain of the piece, as often portrayed; destruction and deterioration of the forest reflected pre-colonial dynamics of community and state formation, colonial land and forest policy, international economics, and failure to solve international commons dilemmas. Preservation of the remaining Sundarbans depends on profound shifts in values concerning nature as well as changes in political structure and national economic pressures. Conventional wisdom in the form of the “tragedy of the commons” in explaining environmental degradation stands in need of revision.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 17-33 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The landscape of the Sundarbans today is a product of two countervailing forces: conversion of wetland forests to cropland vs. sequestration of the forests in reserves to be managed for long-term sustained yield of wood products. For two centures, land-hungry peasants strove to transform the native tidal forest vegetation into an agroecosystem dominated by paddy rice and fish culture. During the colonial period, their reclamation efforts were encouraged by landlords and speculators, who were themselves encouraged by increasingly favorable state policies (land grants, tax incentives, cadastral surveys, and eventually colonization projects and subsidized irrigation) designed by revenue officials to maximize the rate of transformation of wetland forest to taxable agricultural land. In the late nineteenth century, as the rate of agricultural conversion increased, the colonial Forest Department succcessfully sought to preserve large areas of the remaining Sundarbans tidal forest by giving them legal status as Reserved or Protected Forests. These forests were intensively managed to provide a sustainable supply of timber and firewood for the increasing population of southern Bengal. Institutionalization of conflicting policies by the Revenue and Forest Departments reflected the escalating needs for both food and forest products as the colony grew. Today, supplies of some economically valuable trees have been depleted, and some mammals are locally extinct (although the Bengal tiger remains), but government policy in both Bangladesh and India now favors use of the Sundarbans as forest rather than its transformation to agricultural land. Further expansion of cropland to meet the grain demands of the burgeoning Bengali population in both nations has largely taken place outside the boundaries of the Sundarbans. Overexploitation of these forests for wood products remains a possibility, but large-scale clearing for rice paddies is unlikely under present policies.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 6-16 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Sundarban forest in southern Bengal was for many centuries a frontier zone—an economic frontier for communities of wet rice farmers who brought with them technologies and forms of social organization from points further to the west; a political frontier for large centralized states expanding from North India; and a cultural frontier for the worldwide community of Muslims. This paper investigates the forces that, between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, lay behind the transformation of Bengal's natural forest into rice paddy, a transformation that was accompanied by conversion to Islam, state formation, and the evolution of new land tenures.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 34-39 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The decimation of the Sundarbans has resulted from attempts to satisfy short-term demands by exhausting the chances of satisfying future demands. The forest cannot be preserved by a policy that under-valorizes the urgency of the short-term needs or by a policy that is imposed from above, but it may be by social forestry. Social forestry augments the supply of forest products from non-forest lands, and, most significantly, includes the users in developing appropriate forest policies.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 40-51 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Of the three strategies available for managing common property resources (CPR)—centralized control, privatization and local management—this essay focuses on the last, which has proven quite effective in various settings throughout the Third World, with the key to success being local ability to control access to the resource. The major factors at issue in the Sundarbans situation are: historically external pressure on the forest; currently dense population in adjacent areas; a land distribution even more unequal than the norm in Bangladesh; and a decentralized local government structure initiated in the mid-1980s. The first three factors have encouraged the local population to view this CRP as a frontier to be exploited,rather than as a resource to be preservedfor sustained yield. Thus to the extent that the new local government structure proves to be democratic and responsive to popular needs, it would most likely accelerate destruction of the Sundarbans, using the area as a cheap and easy way to provide some livelihood to the rural poor and landless. Accordingly, decentralization cannot be a viable strategy for preserving this unique forest resource; only a strong central control can ensure its survival into the next century.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 52-60 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes resource utilization of the Sundarbans in terms of the contradictory issues and pressures generated by foreign assistance and commercial interests in Bangladesh. In the paper, the historical legacy of resource definition and use that shaped the development of forest policy under the British is considered. In addition, the critical role of the state and the interests and pressures on the Government are explored as these shape the larger context in which current natural resource policy is generated and maintained. Three areas of potential conflict between current devlopment policy and resource management control are noted. They are 1) the privatization of production and resource exploitation in contrast to common property resource use, 2) the need to meet foreign exchange requirements versus local user interests, and 3) commercial versus local user interests. The paper argues that national and international fiscal and economic constraints operate to favor commercial interests and natural resource exports at the cost of policies that emphasize an active approach to the generation and preservation of renewable resources such as the Sundarbans.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 88-104 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Common property has been theoretically linked to environmental degradation through the metaphor of “the tragedy of the commons,” which discounts local solutions to commons dilemmas and typically posits the need for strong states or privatization. Though neither solution is theoretically or empirically adequate—because of the nature of states and nature in the real world—local arrangements for averting the tragedy suffer certain lacunaeas well, including stringent boundary conditions and overlapping/overarching commons situations that necessitate larger scale cooperation than is possible in the face-to-face communities that are conducive to cooperation. Second-order or meta-commons issues expand the scope of inquiry necessarily beyond conservationto preservation.The Sundarbans illustrates the contradictory implications of the Leviathan solution to comons dilemmas, as well as the centrality of alternative perceptual framings of natural systems.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 105-116 
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. i 
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 61-72 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Sundarbans represent the largest remaining tract of coastal mangrove wetlands in tropical Asia. The dynamics of the fish communities are poorly understood, and current research indicates a fragile ecology. Various development projects have had serious negative impacts on the estuarine fishes in nearby parts of Bangladesh. Impacts on the fisheries tend to affect the poorest elements of the society, the landless subsistence fishermen. The record of development assistance agencies is poor, with respect to the environment in general and fisheries in particular. Taking steps to rectify the problem would include environmental review of projects prior to and during project implementation. Given the lack of a pure research base in the tropics, applied research is often modeled on temperate systems, which can be disastrous. Thus, it is also suggested that basic research on the environment be supported in order to build an understanding of tropical ecosystems prior to any attempts at manipulation of these ecosystems.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. II 
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    Notes: Abstract Water has a dual role in the Sundarbans area of southwestern Bangladesh. Hydrologic processes are vital to the ecological functioning and cultural identity of the mangrove ecosystem. But at the same time, large scale water development creates external forces that threaten the Sundarbans environment. Water is managed to a limited degree as a common property resource, both in the Sundarbans and in larger regions. It is also managed as private property, a public good, a state-controlled resource, an open access resource, and a natural hazard. And to a large degree, it is not managed at all. By focussing on water, we begin to understand the linkages between the Sundarbans area and larger regional contexts; and between common property resource systems and the broader array of institutional, political, and property relations. Section one of this paper provides an overview of the role of water in the Sundarbans, including modern human modifications of deltaic hydrology. Section two surveys water management issues and institutions at six geographical scales: the International Basin; 2) India and Bangladesh; 3) Greater Bengal; 4) Bangladesh; 5) southwestern Bangladesh; and 6) Khulna district. The conclusion stresses the role that the political geography of water will play both within and outside the Sundarbans ecosystem.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 3-5 
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 19-22 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The maintenance and use of biological diversity in agriculture are explored through a futuristic scenario. The scenario is structured to examine some of the underlying technical and political issues surrounding the commercialization of biotechnology, such as the issues of equity in the control over genetic resources and the increased potential for genetic vulnerability of major crops. The expansion in intellectual property laws and the “Great Blight” of 2005 lead the discussion of crop vulnerability. The loss of species through mass extinction by 2005 and the destruction through fire of the National Germplasm Storage Facility (NGSF) in 1991 raise issues about the dichotomy between in-situand ex-situpreservation approaches. The scenario introduces the possibility of a Gene Clone public libraries and a World System and Treaty for Genetic Resources.
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 36-46 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The essay, based on four years of living and teaching philosophy in Brazil, is a series of aphorisms about food and hunger as concerns that have left their mark on the Brazilian mind. Alimentary jokes and homilies are retold, gustatory episodes are recalled, larders and cuisines remarked, markets and mealtimes remembered—with constant reference to the idiom of Brazilian Portuguese. The style of thinking is “postphilosophical” in the sense developed in Part II of the author's Negative Dialectics and the End of Philosophy[Longwood, 1990]: it does not so much argue theses as it displays the character of the topic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 6-18 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract High yielding agriculture in less-industrialized countries, the green revolution, has been both honored and criticized over the past twenty years. Supporters point to the increased food supplies produced with the new practices, but detractors argue that the new technologies are environmentally destructive, unsustainable, and socially inequitable. This paper explores the origins of high yielding agriculture in order better to understand how the arguments over sustainability and equity originated. The Rockefeller Foundation was an important agency in promoting the development of the new agricultural science. Its programs in Mexico and India, initiated in 1941 and 1956, were key building blocks in creating high yielding agricultural practices. The Foundation scientists saw rapid population growth as the main source of hunger and communist subversion. In order to alleviate hunger and instability, they created a strategy of agricultural development based on increased yields but paid no attention to the problem of distribution of harvested food. Sustainability was not recognized as a problem at the time Foundation scientists began their work. Indeed the technical successes of their programs prompted the development of concerns about sustainability. Equity of distribution was brought to the attention of the Foundation before it began its work, but the scientists paid no attention to the issue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 56-61 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper outlines some flaws of the faddist social forestry movement that is currently sweeping Canada's volunteer NGOs. Typically, these include: Canadian NGOs' ignorance of tropical ecology; their inability to adequately communicate with the Third World clientel because of the socio-cultural barriers; a propensity to undertake numerous development projects and thus seek to bloat their organizations so as to claim federal government grants; and most of all, complaints of alleged racism against NGOs by Canada's ethnic minorities who are kept out of the development field. Impacts on the Third World development of each of these flaws are briefly noted. The paper concludes by offering some recommendations for improving Canadian volunteer NGOs' performance in social forestry in the Third World.
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  • 99
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Within a relatively brief period of time, there has been a veritable outpouring of research on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. This article presents a concise overview of some of the major works on these eating disorders from a variety of disciplines including biomedicine, psychology, sociology, and history. The article establishes a general context of Americans' preoccupation with food and diet. However, since the majority of those suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are female, this article places these eating disorders in the specific historical context of American women's history. In earlier times, some women reacted to their role expectations with physical responses. While linking modern phenomena to these earlier physical reactions of American women, the article also highlights the various twentieth-century social and cultural factors that push some modern girls and women to respond to their situations either by refusing food or consuming and regurgitating large quantities of food. In addition to the historical perspective, which points to the relevance of social and cultural factors as well as biomedical and psychological ones, the article offers an overview of the various theories currently suggested to explain the meaning of food to those who suffer from these disorders. These theories range from the addiction model to food as a metaphor for control and self-definition. Whatever the meaning of food, it is important to note that both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are determined by an interaction of many factors both personal and biological and social and cultural.
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  • 100
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    Agriculture and human values 7 (1990), S. 23-35 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The U.S. agricultural research establishment has been severely criticized by biological and physical scientists, humanists, and various activist groups. The scientists have criticized concentration on short-run problems to the neglect of basic hard science research. The humanists have criticized agricultural researchers for failing to give adequate attention to such basic values as equity, the value of family farms, environmental values, etc.Closely related to the humanists' criticisms are those of activists who have railed against (1) an alleged alliance between big agribusinesses, the agricultural research establishment, and large farmers, (2) multinational corporations, (3) alleged premature development of labor-saving technology in order to dispossess small farmers and eliminate jobs for farm laborers, and (4) the creation of technology unduly emphasizing fertilizers, pesticides, and fuels derived from exhaustible fossil energy. These activists' criticisms have been offset, in part, by activists who support the status quo.This paper demonstrates that logical positivism mitigates against the objective research of intrinsic (as opposed to exchange) values needed to satisfy such criticisms. Attention is given to the advantages of placing greater reliance on pragmatism and various forms of normativism. These philosophies have distinct advantages as guides for structuring and understanding the problem-solving and issue-oriented research that the land-grant colleges of agriculture are uniquely qualified to conduct. Such practical problems and issues will be numerous as we expand land use 50 to 100 million acres, double yields, and intensify land use in the next 50 years.
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