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  • Articles  (37)
  • biological control  (37)
  • 1990-1994  (18)
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  • 1994  (18)
  • 1989  (19)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (37)
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  • Articles  (37)
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  • 1990-1994  (18)
  • 1985-1989  (19)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotrophic mycoparasitism byVerticillium biguttatum onRhizoctonia solani (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 137-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; mycoparasite ; potato black scurf ; Rhizoctonia solani ; sclerotia ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Verticillium biguttatum cannot utilise cellulose or nitrate-nitrogen and it requires biotin for growth, yet it grew and sporulated abundantly onRhizoctonia solani on cellulose, obtaining at least organic carbon, nitrogen and biotin fromR. solani. Videomicroscopy of inter-hyphal interactions on films of water agar showed thatV. biguttatum behaved as a biotrophic mycoparasite. From germinating spores, it penetrated the hyphae ofR. solani and formed haustorium-like branches without killing the host cells, and the haustoria supported an external mycelial network of the mycoparasite. Later the mycoparasite sporulated, and the infected host cells died. On cellulosic substrataV. biguttatum did not reduce the growth ofR. solani, and often enhanced the rate of cellulose degradation. However,V. biguttatum drastically reduced the production of sclerotia byR. solani, often completely suppressing sclerotium production when the mycoparasite infected only a localized region of the host colony. This is ascribed to the creation of a nutrient sink by the parasite, consistent with biotrophy. On plates of cellulose agar the suppression of sclerotia was not confined to parasitized colonies but extended to adjacent colonies ofR. solani that had successfully anastomosed with the parasitized colony. There was no effect on adjacent vegetatively incompatible colonies, where attempted anastomoses caused cytoplasmic death. In comparable experiments the necrotrophic mycoparasiteGliocladium roseum had no long-distance effect on sclerotium production byR. solani. Suppression of sclerotium production may explain the reported success ofV. biguttatum in biocontrol of black scurf of potato in experimental field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876247
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyoluteorin production byPseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is involved in the suppression ofPythium damping-off of cress but not of cucumber (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 221-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; antibiotics ; Tn5 mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is an effective biocontrol agent of various soilborne pathogens. It controls damping-off or root rot caused byPythium ultimum on cucumber, wheat and cress. Strain CHA0 synthesizes several antibiotic metabolites such as hydrogen cyanide, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, and pyoluteorin. The role of pyoluteorin in the suppression of damping-off was investigated. Two Tn5 mutants (CHA660 and CHA661) of strain CHA0 were isolated which had lost the capacity to produce pyoluteorin but still produced 2,4-diacteylphloroglucinol and HCN. These mutants still inhibitedP. ultimum on malt agar (which favours the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol) but had partially lost the ability to inhibit this pathogen on King's B agar (which favours the production of pyoluteorin). The two pyoluteorin-negative mutants showed a reduced capacity to suppress damping-off of cress caused byP. ultimum but were as effective in the protection of cucumber against this pathogen as the wild-type strain. These results indicate that, depending on the plant, pyoluteorin production plays a role in the suppression of damping-off by strain CHA0 without being a major mechanism in disease suppression. We suggest that the contribution of pyoluteorin to the biocontrol activity of strain CHA0 is determined by the quantity of this antibiotic produced in the rhizosphere, which might depend on the root exudates of the host plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876237
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological control of rice sheath blight in India: Lack of correlation between chitinase production by bacterial antagonists and sheath blight suppression (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antibiosis ; bacterization ; biological control ; chitinase ; sheath blight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial antagonists of both fluorescent and nonfluorescent groups were screened for in-vitro inhibition of the rice sheath blight (ShB) fungus Rhizoctonai solani Kuhn and chitinase production in the laboratory. Twelve percent of the total 1,757 strains screened inhibited R. solani while 31% of the total 1,366 strains tested were positive for chitinase activity. The efficient strains were then evaluated in the field for ShB suppression. Two strains from each of the three seed-bed experiments were chosen for the field test in a hot-spot location. Additional treatments were a Bacillus and validamycin, the fungicide. There was no correlation between chitinase activity in the antagonists and ShB suppression in the seed-bed or field plots. Two most efficient Pseudomonas putida and P. fluorescens strains afforded 68 and 52% ShB suppression while validamycin afforded 27% disease control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010153
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alginate films for delivery of root-knot nematode inoculum and evaluation of microbial interactions (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alginate ; biological control ; Cucumis sativus ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Meloidogyne incognita ; microbial ecology ; nematode eggs ; soil microbiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A method was developed for utilizing alginate films to deliver inoculum into soil and evaluate microbial antagonistic activity against nematode eggs. Eggs of Meloidogyne incognita were harvested from galled tomato roots (Lycopersicon esculentum), surface disinfested, suspended in 2% (w/v) aqueous sodium alginate, and applied to 2.5 × 5.0 cm polyvinyl chloride coated fiberglass screens (1.5 mm2 mesh size) at a uniform thickness of 0.5 mm. The alginate solution was gelled by dipping in 0.25 M CaCl2. Films containing eggs were observed in vitro and egg development was evaluated. The number of immature eggs and eggs with first stage juveniles declined linearly over time while the number of empty eggs shells, and hatched juveniles increased over time, indicating that the alginate gel did not inhibit development and motility of M. incognita juveniles. In a greenhouse experiment using cucumber (Cucumis sativus) the number of galls g-1 root was correlated with the number of eggs in alginate films placed in each pot at planting. Films containing M. incognita eggs were buried in field soil containing organic amendments, incubated, removed from soil, rinsed with water, and observed. The number of immature eggs in grids from soil amended with chitin or flax seed meal were lower than in untreated soil; percent parasitized eggs was also greater in films from amended soil than from untreated soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010119
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root-colonization ability of antagonistic Streptomyces griseoviridis (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinomycetes ; biological control ; Brassica rapa ; Daucus carota ; PGPR ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root-colonization ability of Streptomyces griseoviridis was tested on turnip rape (Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera) and carrot (Daucus carota) by the plate test and the sand-tube method. In the plate test, colonized root length of total root length was highly significantly greater for turnip rape roots (72%) from those for carrot roots (1%). In the sand-tube method, root-colonization ability was examined in nonsterile soil, and no water was added after sowing. Seeds were treated with spores of S. griseoviridis or the biofungicide Mycostop. Roots were cut into 2-cm segments, and the root segments and the rhizosphere soil were studied separately. Root-colonization frequencies and population densities of the microbe in the rhizosphere soil indicated that S. griseoviridis successfully colonized turnip rape but weakly colonized carrot. Root-colonization of turnip rape is accounted for as proliferation of S. griseoviridis in the rhizosphere of turnip rape seedlings and is not due to the movement of microbe through the rhizosphere by water infiltration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033943
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long shelf life ofTalaromyces flavus in coating material of pelleted seed (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: ascospores ; biological control ; chinese aster ; germination ; heat resistance ; seed coating ; survival ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spores of the biocontrol agentTalaromyces flavus were recovered from coating material of chinese aster and tomato seeds in which they were incorporated 17 years before. The seeds had been stored at room temperature. About 20% of the ascospores had retained their heat resistance and survived treatment in aqueous suspension at 60°C for 30 min. None of the chinese aster seeds and 90% of the tomato seeds germinated after the storage period. Presence ofT. flavus during storage had not affected germinability of the seeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876242
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of infection and sporulation ofBotrytis cinerea on bean and tomato by saprophytic bacteria and fungi (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 315-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis cinerea ; grey mould ; sorulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sixty isolates of saprophytic microorganisms were screened for their ability to reduce the severity of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) infection and sporulation. Isolates of the bacteriaXanthomonas maltophilia, Bacillus pumilus, Lactobacillus sp., andPseudomonas sp. and the fungusGliocladium catenulatum reduced germination of conidia of the pathogen and controlled disease on bean and tomato plants. Their activity under growth room conditions was good, consistent, and similar to the activity of the known biocontrol agent,Trichoderma harzianum T39 (non-formulated). Although the tested isolates may for nutrients with the germinating conidia ofB. cinerea, resistance induced in the host by live or dead cells were also found to be involved. Inhibitory compounds were not detected on treated leaves. Sporulation ofB. cinerea after its establishment on leaves was also reduced by the above mentioned isolates and byPenicillium sp.,Arthrinium montagnei, Ar. phaeospermum, Sesquicillium candelabrum, Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria alternata, Ulocladium atrum, andT. viride. These sporulation-inhibiting fungi did not reduce the infection of leaves byB. cinerea. Most of these selected fungi and bacteria were capable of reducing lesion expansion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876443
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant growth enhancement and disease control byTrichoderma harzianum in vegetable seedlings grown under commercial conditions (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 337-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Trichoderma spp. ; biological control ; increased growth response ; PGPR ; damping-off
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Trichoderma harzianum was applied to cucumber and pepper seedlings as a peat-bran preparation incorporated into the propagative mixture in a commercial production nursery. On marketing day (after 18 and 30 days for cucumber and pepper, respectively), significant increases of 23.8% and 17.2% in seedling height, 96.1% and 50% in leaf area, and 24.7% and 28.6% in plant dry weight were observed in cucumber and pepper seedlings, respectively, as compared to their non-treated counterparts.Trichoderma-treated seedlings were much more developed and vigorous and had higher chlorophyll contents. No significant differences were found in N, P or K content between treatments. Cucumber seedlings were then transplanted to a commercial greenhouse and analyzed over two successive growth cycles following soil fumigation with methyl bromide (500 kg/ha). Results revealed theTrichoderma-treated plants to be more resistant to damping-off disease. During the first cycle, immediately after soil fumigation, no damping-off was observed with either treatment, except in border beds where 4% of the non-treated plants died, as compared to no damping-off in theTrichoderma-treated plants. During the second growing cycle however, significant reductions in damping-off of 67% and 52% were obtained in middle and border beds, respectively, as compared to the non-treated controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876444
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The biology of the predatory miteHypoaspis miles (Acari: Laelapidae), a potential biological control agent ofBradysia paupera (Dipt.: Sciaridae) (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 225-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: predatory soil mite ; biological control ; glasshouse ; development rate ; fecundity ; longevity ; rearing techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Différents aspects de la biologied'Hypoaspis miles sont examinés: vitesse de développement de l'oeuf à l'adulte à différentes températures, fécondité, longévité et voracité sur les sciarides. Avec une augmentation de la température, la durée du développement passe de 33,7 jours à 15°C à 9,2 jours à 28°C. La température minimale qui permet le développement complet deH. miles est située entre 10 et 12°C. Quand il est nourri d'"itAcarus siro, H. miles pond 2 à 3 oeufs par jour et seuls les oeufs non fécondés donnent des mâles. Les adultes deH. miles (âgés de 0 à 1 jour) survivent pendant 24±1,4 jours sans nourriture et si elles sont nourries pendant 6 jours puis privées de nourriture, les femelles vivent 65,4±2,6 jours, ce qui est significativement plus long que les mâles (45,2±3 jours). Avec de la nourriture, 60% des mâles et des femelles vivent pendant 142 jours. Toutes les larves de sciarides sont attaquées parH. miles, mais le nombre de proies consommées dépend de la taille des larves. La prédation des oeufs est négligeable et les pupes ne sont pas attaquées. Dans des études sur la productivité deH. miles en élevage (nourri deA. siro), la durée nécessaire aux acariens pour atteindre une densité de 45–65 000/1 est de 76 et 23 jours à 15°C et 28°C respectivement.
    Notes: Abstract The following aspects ofHypoaspis miles' biology were investigated; development rate of egg to adult at different temperatures, fecundity, longevity and rate of predation on sciarids. With an increase in temperature the time taken for development decreased from 33.7 days at 15°C to 9.2 days at 28°C. The threshold temperature forH. miles to complete its life cycle was between 10° and 12°C. When fed onAcarus siro, H. miles laid 2–3 eggs a day and unfertilized eggs only developed into males. Adults ofH. miles (0–1 day old) survived for 24.0±1.4 days without food and if fed for 6 days and then starved, females lived for 65.4±2.6 days which was significantly longer than males (45.2±3.0 days). With food, 60% of males and females survived for 142 days. All larval instars of sciarids were attacked byH. miles although the numbers consumed were dependent on the size of the larvae. Egg predation was negligible and pupae were not attacked. In productivity studies ofH. miles in culture (fed onA. siro), the time taken for the mites to reach a density of 45–65,000/litre ranged from 76 to 23 days at 15° and 28°C respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372360
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential ofAbax parallelepipedus (Col.: Carabidae) for mass breeding as a biological control agent against slugs (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 323-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Abax parallelepipedus ; biological control ; mass breeding ; soil capsule ; growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des travaux précédents ont montré qu'Abax parallelepipedus Piller & Mitterpacher est un prédateur de limaces sur le terrain et peut être employé efficacement pour leur contrôle dans les tunnels en polyéthylène. Pour que la lutte biologique soit réalisable, ce carabe doit aussi pouvoir être produit massivement. La préparation du substrat garantit que les oeufs soient pondus dans des boulettes de terre, mais déposés dans de la tourbe, ce qui facilite la récolte et la surveillance. Un carabe peut pondre jusqu'à 570 oeufs/femelle, à une température constante de 20 °C. Quel que soit le stade de développement de cette espèce, aucun cannibalisme n'a été observé. Les larves sont élevées intensivement en groupes et nourriesad libitum de vers de terre vivants, ce qui élimine ainsi la nécessité d'apporter régulièrement les aliments et de retirer la nourriture en décomposition. Les expériences d'élevage ont été menées à differents régimes de températures. A une température constante de 20 °C, la croissance s'arrête pendant une longue période chez plusieurs larves de deuxième stade. La réduction de température à 14 °C, durant les 24 à 31 jours après l'éclosion, induit la synchronisation des passages du deuxième au troisième stade larvaire. Le cycle de vie complet, depuis la ponte de l'oeuf jusqu'au carabe adulte, peut être réduit à moins de 110 jours. La mortalité est la plus élevée à la fin du troisième stade larvaire et au stade pré-pupal, et les causes possibles en sont discutées.
    Notes: Abstract Previous work has shown thatAbax parallelepipedus Piller & Mitterpacher preys upon slugs in the field, and can be effectively employed to control slugs in polythene tunnels. To be a viable biological control agent this carabid must also be amenable to mass culturing. Manipulation of the substrate ensured that eggs were laid in soil capsules, but deposited in peat, facilitating collection and monitoring. Up to 570 eggs per beetle were laid at 20°C. No cannibalism was exhibited at any stage by this species. Larvae were reared intensively in batches and fed ad libitum on live earthworms, eliminating the need for regular feeding and the removal of decaying food. Rearing experiments were undertaken under a number of different temperature regimes. At constant 20°C it was found that growth was arrested in some 2nd instar larvae for long periods. Co-ordinated changes between 2nd and 3rd instar stages were induced by reduction of the temperature to 14°C between days 24–31 from hatching. The complete life cycle, from newly laid egg to adult beetle, could be reduced to less than 110 days. Mortality was greatest at the late 3rd instar and pre-pupal stages, and possible reasons for this are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373037
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biology and host specificity ofWeiseana barkeri (Col.: Chrysomelidae): A biological control agent forAcacia nilotica (mimosaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Chrysomelidae ; weed ; Acacia ; host specificity ; oviposition ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au Kenya, la chrysomèle phytophage,Weiseana barkeri Jacoby, se nourrit surAcacia nilotica (L.) Willdenow ex Delile. Des essais de spécificité à l'hôte montre que cette espèce est strictement spécifique àA. nilotica: l'autorisation de lâcher dans le nord ouest du Queensland a donc été demandée pour cet auxiliaire carA. nilotica est considérée comme une plante nuisible dans les zones de pacage de troupeaux dans cette région d'Australie. En outre, une nouvelle technique d'élevage et de tests de spécificité à l'hôte est rappotée dans laquelle la présence de feuillage deA. nilotica permet de stimuler l'oviposition deW. barkeri sur des bandes de carton ondulé.
    Notes: Abstract The leaf-feeding beetleWeiseana barkeri Jacoby feeds onAcacia nilotica (L.) Willdenow ex Delile in Kenya. Host specificity tests show it is host specific toA. nilotica and approval has been given for its field release in northwest Queensland. A novel rearing and host specificity-testing technique is reported whereA. nilotica foliage stimulates oviposition into strips of corrugated cardboard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373038
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biology ofPterolonche inspersa (Lep.: Pterolonchidae), a biological control agent forCentaurea diffusa andC. maculosa in the United States (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; weeds ; Compositae ; Centaurea ; moths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La biologie de la PhalènePterolonche inspersa (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae) a été étudiée dans le Sud de l'Europe. Les larves vivent dans les racines deCentaurea diffusa De Lamarck et deC. maculosa De Lamarck. Les larves de premier stade n'infestent pas les Compositae d'importance économique des genresCynara L.,Helianthus L.,Zinnia L. etCalendula L.P. inspersa est largement répandue dans la zone étudiée, et se retrouve à la fois dans des populations denses ou dispersées de la plante hôte, en général sur des sols sableux ou rocheux. Il n'existe qu'une seule génération par an. Les larves se nourrissent dans les racines pendant environ 11 mois (août–septembre à juillet–août de l'année suivante). Au laboratoire, les adultes émergent entre mi-juillet et fin août, le pic d'émergence se situant à la mi-août. Sur le terrain, les adultes sont observés tout au long du mois de juillet. L'oviposition a été observée à partir du 10 juillet jusqu'à la fin du mois. Les œufs sont déposés isolément ou en groupes de 5 ou 6 sur des rosettes, solidement fixés aux feuilles des plantes-hôtes. Au laboratoire, les adultes s'accouplent au cours des 24 heures suivant l'émergence. La période de pré-oviposition dure 2,6±0,8 jours et la période de l'oviposition 7,4±2,2 jours. Le nombre moyen d'œufs pondus est de 142,2±59,2 par femelle. La durée moyenne d'incubation est de 12±4,7 jours, le stade durant 14,7±2,4 jours. La durée de vie des femelles est supérieure à celle des mâles: 15,8±2,4 au lieu de 10,7±1,4 jours.
    Notes: Abstract The moth,Pterolonche inspersa (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae), is widely distributed in southern Europe, north Africa, Turkey and the former Soviet Union. It occurs in both thick and scattered stands of knapweeds in disturbed sites, usually on sandy and/or stony soil. Larvae bore in the roots of diffuse and spotted knapweeds (Centaurea diffusa De Lamarck andC. maculosa De Lamarck). There is one generation per year in northern Greece, and larvae feed in the roots for about 11 months during the growing season (August–September, to the following July–August). In the laboratory garden, emergence took place between the second half of July and the end of August, with peak emergence during mid August. In the field, adults were observed from early to late July. Female moths oviposited on rosettes during the first ten days of July and continued through the end of July. Eggs were laid singly or in groups of five or six, firmly attached to the leaves of the host plant. In the laboratory, females mated within 24 hours of emergence and the preoviposition period lasted 2.6±0.8 days. The oviposition period lasted 7.4±2.2 days and the average number of eggs per female was 142.2±59.2. The incubation period was 12±4.7 days; the pupal stage lasted 14.7±2.4 days; and females lived 15.8±2.4 days, while males lived 10.7±1.4 days. First instar larvae failed to survive on economically important Compositae in the generaCynara L.,Helianthus L.,Zinnia L. andCalendula L. (Dunnet al., 1989).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373043
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects ofBacillus thuringiensis var.San diego on predation effectiveness, development and mortality ofColeomegilla maculata lengi (Col.: Coccinellidae) larvae (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Coleomegilla maculata ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; biological control ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des bioessais en laboratoire ont été effectués afin de déterminer si les larves de la coccinelle maculée,Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake (Col.: Coccinellidae), sont affectées par M-One™, un insecticide biologique préparé à partir de la bactérieBacillus thuringiensis var.san diego Berliner et utilisé dans la lutte contre le doryphore de la pomme de terre,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Le développement larvaire, effectué sur du pollen traité avec des concentrations de 20 ml M-One™/litre (5,6×108 unités internationales de doryphore/litre) et 200 ml M-One™/litre, a nécessité 29,3 et 38,5 jours respectivement, comparativement à 21,9 jours pour le témoin (eau). M-One™ n'a pas causé de mortalité chez les larves. Au cours d'un test de 48 h, les larves de stade III n'ont montré aucune préférence entre des œufs traités avec 20 ml M-One™/litre et des œufs traités avec de l'eau. Par contre avec 200 ml M-One™/litre, le nombre d'œufs attaqués a diminué significativement de 34,7% par rapport au témoin, 48 h après le début du test. Ces résultats indiquent que l'utilisation de M-One™ à la concentration recommandée de 20 ml/litre ne représente pas une menace pour les populations larvaires de la coccinelle maculée.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of M-One™ (Bacillus thuringiensis var.san diego) on larval instars ofColeomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake. Coccinellid larval development (from egg hatch to adult), completed on pollen treated with suspensions of M-One™ at 20 ml/litre (5.6×108 CPBIU/litre) and 200 ml/litre, took respectively 29.3 and 38.5 days compared with 21.9 days for the control (water). M-One™ did not cause larval mortality.C. maculata third instars did not show any preference between eggs ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) treated with water or with M-One™ at 20 ml/litre. However, at 200 ml M-One™/litre, the number of eggs attacked was 34.7% lower than the eggs treated with water only, 48 h after the beginning of the test. These results indicate that the use of M-One™, at the manufacturer's recommended field rate of 20 ml/litre, does not cause a major threat to larvalC. maculata populations.
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    Predation rates, survivorship and development ofPodisus maculiventris (Het.: Pentatomidae) on larvae ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Col.: Chrysomelidae) andPieris brassicae (Lep.: Pieridae), under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Podisus maculiventris ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Pieris brassicae ; biological control ; predation rate ; development rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des recherches de terrain ont été menées afin d'étudier le degré de prédation journalier et l'effet de la proie sur le développement et la survie des différents stades nymphaux deProdisus maculiventris Say en présence de larves du 3e stade deLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) et dePieris brassicae (Linnaeus). Les résultats obtenus montrent que les nymphes du 5e stade et les adultes du prédateur ont une importante activité prédatrice avec un taux de survie élevé quand ils se nourrissent aux dépens de larves du doryphore ou de la Piéride du chou. Par conséquent, il est très probable quePodisus pourrait être utilisé contre ces ravageurs dans des zones où les conditions climatiques sont proches de celles de la région de Thessaloniki (Grèce du Nord).
    Notes: Abstract The mean predation rate per day and the effect of the prey on the development and survival of the various nymphal stages ofPodisus maculiventris (Say) were studied under field-cage conditions. Third instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and the large white butterflyPieris brassicae (Linnaeus) were used as the prey. The results show that under climatic conditions similar to those occurring in the Thessaloniki region (N. Greece), the 5th instar nymphs and the adults of the predatorP. maculiventris would be promising agents for the biological control of larvae ofL. decemlineata andP. brassicae.
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    Conservation of two predator species for biological control ofChrysophtharta bimaculata (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in tasmanian forests (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 71-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; cantharid ; supplementary food ; coccinellids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chrysophtharta bimaculata Olivier (Col. Chrysomelidae) est un défoliateur important des régénérations d'eucalyptus en Tasmanie: il cause une forte réduction de l'accroissement en hauteur et en diamètre des arbres, réduisant ainsi le cubage de bois produit à l'hectare. En 1991 et 1992, une étude pour conserver et accroître l'efficacité de coccinelles, principalementCleobora mellyi Mulsant (Col.: Coccinellidae), et d'une cantharide,Chauliognathus pulchellus (Macleay) (Col.: Cantharidae) comme agents de lutte biologique, a été faite dans les jeunes peuplements forestiers de Tasmanie du sud pour la lutte biologique deC. bimaculata. Les cantharides adultes et les adultes et larves de coccinelles se nourrissent des œufs deC. bimaculata et à un degré moindre, des jeunes larves. L'activité des coccinelles était la plus importante pendant le stade œuf et les premier et deuxième stades larvaires deC. bimaculata. Les cantharides n'étaient actives que durant le stade œuf de la proie puis disparaissaient de la parcelle. Les coccinelles étaient donc les prédateurs les plus utiles, mais leur population diminuait lorsque la proie atteignait les 3e et 4e stades larvaires. Comme le manque de nourriture pouvait être à l'origine de leur diminution, un complément de nourriture a été fourni sous forme de pulvérisation de saccharose ou de granules de sucre déposées à une station de nourrissage. Ceci a provoqué le maintien des populations des deux prédateurs, particulièrement des coccinelles, et a augmenté leur efficacité.
    Notes: Abstract Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a major defoliator of regeneration eucalypt trees in Tasmania causing a significant reduction in height and diameter increment of trees which reduces wood volume per hectare. A study to conserve and enhance the efficiency of coccinellid species chieflyCleobora mellyi (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and the cantharid,Chauliognathus pulchellus (Macleay) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae), for the biological control ofC. bimaculata was conducted in young regeneration forests in southern Tasmania from 1991–92. Cantharid adults and coccinellid adults and larvae feed onC. bimaculata eggs and, to a lesser extent, young larvae. The study found that coccinellids were more active throughout the egg and early (1st and 2nd) stage ofC. bimaculata. The cantharid, however was active only during the egg stage of the prey and then disappeared from the plantation. The coccinellids were therefore the most useful predators, but their population declined when the prey reached the 3rd and 4th stages. As shortage of food may account for this decline, supplementary food was provided in the form of sucrose sprays or sugar granules at a feeding station. This resulted in the retention of both predators and particularly the coccinellids and enhanced their efficacy.
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    The effect of dung beetle activity on the discharge ofPilobolus (Fungi, mucorales) sporangia in cattle, sheep and horse faeces (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 95-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphodius ater ; Aphodius sphacelatus ; Sphaeridium bipustulatum ; Dictyocaulus sp. ; biological control ; Pilobolus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de l'activité d'Aphodius spacelatus et deA. ater dans les bouses de vaches et deSphaeridium bipustulatum dans les fèces de moutons et de chevaux, sur la libération de sporanges parPilobolus a été étudié en conditions de laboratoire. Sur 5 essais le nombre médian de sporanges libérés dans des cellules expérimentales (avec 1 ou 2 bousiers/g fèces) était significativement inférieur (P〈0.01) à celui obtenu dans des cellules témoins (sans bousier). De plus, le pourcentage médian de réduction des sporanges est significativement plus élevé (P〈0,01) pourA. sphacelatus (80,9%) que pourA. ater (56,9%) à la densité de 1 bousier/g de bouse.
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofAphodius sphacelatus andA. ater activity in cattle faeces andSphaeridium bipustulatum in sheep and horse faeces on the discharge ofPilobolus sporangia was investigated under laboratory conditions. In five trials, the median number of sporangia produced was significantly less (P〈0.01) in experimental chambers (with 1 or 2 beetles/g faeces) than in control chambers (without beetles). In addition, median percentage reduction of sporangia was significantly higher (P〈0.01) forA. sphacelatus (80.9%) than forA. ater (56.9%) at 1 beetle/g cattle faeces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373498
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    Studies on the characteristics of parasitism ofPlutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) by a larval parasiteDiadegma semiclausum (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 397-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Diadegma semiclausum ; Cotesia plutellae ; superparasitism ; multiparasitism ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences ont été menées en laboratoire afin d'étudier les caractéristiques du parasitisme dePlutella xylostella (L.), ravageur des crucifères de répartition mondiale, par un parasitoïde larvaire,Diadegma semiclausum Hellén. Les résultats montrent que plus la densité des larves-hôtes est importante, plus le pourcentage de larves parasitées est faible. La surface explorée décroît avec l'augmentation de la densité du parasitoïde mais la valeur de k est pratiquement invariable. Le parasitisme réduit la consommation alimentaire des chenilles. Aucune différence n'est observée quant à la durée des stades larvaires entre larves parasitées et larves non parasitées. La proportion de femelles augmente avec l'accroissement de la fréquence du superparasitisme. La présence de larves du parasitoïde à l'intérieur de la larve-hôte limite davantage le superparasitisme que la présence d'oeufs du parasitoïde. La présence de larves deD. semiclausum ou d'un autre parasitoïde larvaire,Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, à l'intérieur des larves-hôtes freine davantage le multiparasitisme par l'une ou l'autre des espèces que la présence d'oeufs de l'un ou l'autre parasitoïde.D. semiclausum est beaucoup plus aggressive queC. plutellae pour parasiter les larves deP. xylostella.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of parasitism of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), a worldwide pest of crucifers, by a larval parasite,Diadegma semiclausum Hellén. Results showed that the greater the host larval density, the lesser was the percentage of larvae parasitized. The area of discovery decreased with increasing parasite density, but k-value remained practically unchanged. Parasitism reduced food consumption in parasitised larvae. No difference was observed in duration of larval instars between the parasitized and healthy larvae. As the frequency of superparasitism increased, the proportion of production of female progeny also increased. Presence of parasite larva within the host larva deterred superparasitism greater than the presence of parasite egg. Presence of larva of eitherD. semiclausum or another larval parasite,Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, within host larva deterred multiparasitism by either species greater than the presence of egg of either parasite species.Diadegma semiclausum was much more aggressive thanC. plutellae in parasitisingP. xylostella larvae.
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    Take-off capacity as a criterion for quality control in mass-produced predators,Rhizophagus grandis (Col.: Rhizophagidae) for the biocontrol of bark beetles,Dendroctonus micans (Col.: Scolytidae) (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 385-395 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Dendroctonus micans ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Scolytidae ; Rhizophagidae ; biological control ; mass-rearing ; flight ; take-off ; windtunnel ; quality control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le temps passé en conservation à basse température (3–7°C) depuis la métamorphose est intervenu pour 81% dans la perte de la capacité d'envol chez le coléoptère prédateurRhizophagus grandis Gyll. lors d'expériences en tunnel de vol. A l'âge de trois semaines, les insectes sont à leur plus haut niveau d'envol (envol d'environ 80% des insectes). Par la suite, il y a un déclin constant de la capacité d'envol, à raison de 7% des insectes chaque mois. Des changements dans les réserves lipidiques peuvent partiellement expliquer cette réduction, bien qu'il n'y ait pas eu de différence entre le poids frais d'insectes capables de s'envoler et celui d'individus qui en étaient incapables. Le sexe a une influence sur le taux d'envol, avec un taux d'envol significativement plus élevé de 8.7% chez les femelles. La capacité d'envol est encore réduite chez des insectes qui ont été produits dans des élevages de masse où les parents étaient soumis à un mélange de stimuli de ponte de synthèse au lieu d'être mis en présence de larves deD. micans vivantes. Chez les insectes qui prennent leur vol, cependant, la réponse aux attractifs de synthèse est indépendante de l'âge ainsi que des conditions d'élevage.
    Notes: Abstract Time spent by adult beetles in cold storage at 3–7°C accounted for 81% of the loss of take-off capacity inRhizophagus grandis Gyllenhal in windtunnel experiments. At the age of three weeks, the insects were at their highest take-off capacity at about 80%. This was followed by a steady decrease, 7% of the insects failing to take-off each month. Changes in the fat reserves during cold storage could explain at least partly this reduction of flight capacity although there was no significant difference in fresh weight between insects that were able/unable to take-off. Sex had a significant influence on take-off rates, with an 8.7% higher take-off rate in females. Take-off capacity was further reduced when the insects were mass-produced in cultures using parent beetles submitted to a blend of synthetic oviposition stimulants instead of live prey larvae. Response to synthetic attractants by those insects which took-off, however, was not influenced by cold storage or by the use of synthetic stimulants in the culture medium.
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    Nutritional requirements of the mycoparasitic fungus Verticillium biguttatum (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Rhizoctonia solani ; sclerotia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Een synthetisch vloeibaar medium met glucose als koolstofbron, een ammonium- of aminogroep bevattende verbinding als stikstofbron en biotine als groeifactor voldeed aan de voedingseisen vanVerticillium biguttatum. Van de verschillende koolstof- en stikstofbronnen leverden mannitol en twee ammoniumzouten en glutamine de hoogste opbrengsten aan mycelium; de opbrengst aan conidiën was het hoogst met galactose en glutamine. De hoogste opbrengsten aan mycelium en conidiën werden bereikt bij respectievelijk pH 4,3 en 5.1. Ofschoon neutrale en alkalische omstandigheden de groei vanV. biguttatum in het synthetische medium beperkten, werd enige groei vanV. biguttatum waargenomen op vaste voedingsbodems bij pH 7,0 en op sclerotia vanR. solani in natuurlijke grond bij pH 7,2–7,3.
    Notes: Abstract Verticillium biguttatum was able to grow axenically in a synthetic liquid medium with a compound containing ammonium or amino group as nitrogen source, glucose as carbon source and biotin as growth factor. Among various carbon and nitrogen compounds tested, highest mycelial production was achieved with mannitol and with two ammonium salts and glutamine; sporulation reached highest values with galactose and glutamine. Highest yields of mycelium and conidia were obtained at pH 4.3 and 5.1, respectively. Although neutral and alkaline conditions were growth-limiting in the synthetic medium some growth ofV.biguttatum occurred on solid media at pH 7.0 and on sclerotia ofRhizoctonia solani in natural soil at pH 7.2–7.3.
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    Biological control of sheath-blight of rice in india with antagonistic bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 325-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antibiosis ; bacterization ; biological control ; rice ; sheath-blight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Strains of fluorescent and nonfluorescent bacteria that were isolated from rice rhizospheres of Southern India and showed antagonism towardsRhizoctonia solani were evaluated for biological control of rice sheath-blight (ShB). Efficient strains of bacteria inhibited mycelial growth ofR. solani, affected sclerotial viabilityin vitro and protected IR 20 and TKM 9 rice seedlings from infection byR. solani in greenhouse tests. Pretreatment of sclerotia in bacterial suspensions resulted in reductions in ShB lesion sizes up to 31 to 44% in IR20 and 58 to 74% in TKM 9 rice. In field plots, IR 50 and TKM 9 rice plants raised from bacterized seeds had 65 to 72% less ShB than those plants from untreated seeds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370425
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    Effect of culture filtrates of seventeen fungicolous fungi on sporulation of cucumber powdery mildew (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 95-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; hyperparasites ; Sphaerotheca fuliginea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Cultuurfiltraten van 17 verschillende mycoparasitaire schimmelsoorten, die waren geïsoleerd van andere schimmels, werden getoetst op hun werkzaamheid tegen komkommermeeldauw. Alle cultuurfiltraten reduceerden het percentage gezonde conidioforen. De verschillen in activiteit tussen de diverse behandelingen waren echter niet zo opvallend als bij gebruik van sporensuspensies. De beste resultaten werden verkregen met een cultuurfiltraat vanCalcarisporium arbuscula.
    Notes: Abstract Culture filtrates of 17 different fungal species thriving upon other fungi were tested for their ability to reduce sporulation of cucumber powdery mildew,Sphaerotheca fuliginea. All culture filtrates reduced the number of healthy conidiophores. However, the differences in activity between the various treatments were not as conspicuous as after application of spore suspensions. The best results were obtained with culture filtrates ofCalcarisporium arbuscula. These reduced the number of healthy conidiophores to ca. 2% of the unsprayed control plants.
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    Factors affecting the colonisation of a root system by fluorescent Pseudomonads: The effects of water, temperature and soil microflora (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; PGPR ; Pseudomonads ; rhizobacteria ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The colonisation of a radish root system by strains ofPseudomonas fluorescens, selected for their ability to promote potato and radish growth under different environmental conditions is reported. In pot experiments colonisation of different parts of the root system was measured at different temperatures, in different watering regimes and in sterile and recropped soil. Root colonisation was extensive but populations were highest on the upper root system and their distribution throughout the root system was greatly affected by environmental factors. percolation of water through the soil and partial soil sterilisation enhanced colonisation but the effects of temperature and recropping were complex. Growth promotion was unpredictable and there was no simple relationship between PGPR colonisation and stimulation of plant growth.
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    A comparison of methods for measuring the colonisation of a root system by fluorescent Pseudomonads (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 239-246 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; PGPR ; Pseudomonads ; rhizobacteria ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methods are described for measuring the colonisation of a radish (Raphanus sativus) root system by seedlings with rifampicin resistant fluorescent pseudomonads by dilution plating, and which would take account of differences in root morphology. Differences in the levels of pseudomonad colonisation was highly dependent on the units in which surface areas was expressed. Population levels are expressed using estimates of surface area based on root length, tap-root length and root weight. The best estimate of surface area was root length, but the most practical method was surface area calculated as a function of dry weight. This method could differentiate differences in the levels of root colonisation independent of differences in root morphology and was efficient enough to allow the routine processing of a large number of replicate root samples.
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    Experimental inundative releases of different strains of the egg parasite Trichogramma in Brussels sprouts (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; egg parasites ; Brussels sprouts ; Mamestra brassicae ; Pieris brassicae ; Pieris rapae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting In spruitkool kan schade veroorzaakt worden door rupsen van vijf soorten Lepidoptera. Inundatieve biologische bestrijding met de eiparasietTrichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) zou een alternatief kunnen zijn voor intensieve chemische gestrijding. In veldexperimenten (1982–1985) is de effectiviteit van vierTrichogramma spp. stammen vergeleken om de uitkomsten van laboratoriumonderzoek naar criteria voor de selectie van geschikte natuurlijke vijanden te evalueren. Selectiecriteria zijn gebaseerd op eigenschappen van het zoek- en parasiteringsgedrag van de parasieten, o.a. parasiteringsactiviteit bij lage temperatuur en gastheer-preferentie. Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) was de talrijkste gastheersooort, met een gemiddelde dichtheid van 0,2–2,0 eieren/plant gedurende een groot deel van het seizoen (juni–september). Een extreem hoge piekdichtheid (12 eieren/plant) deed zich voor in 1982. In andere jaren was de piekdichtheid ongeveer 2,5 eieren/plant. Eieren vanM. brassicae werden het meest geparasiteerd door stam 57 (T. evanescens), maar zelfs het hoogste gemiddelde seizoenspercentage parasitisme (52%) was niet voldoende voor een effectieve bestrijding. EenT. maidis stam (11) gaf de beste resultaten tegenPieris brassicae enP. rapae (Pieridae), maar parasitisme was laag (〈30%) en vrijwel beperkt tot piekdichtheden hoger dan 0,5 eieren/plant, die voorkwamen in 1982 en 1985.Plutella xylostella (Plutellidae) was soms talrijk, maar eiparasitisme leek niet voor te komen. De dichtheid vanEvergestis forficalis (Pyralidae) was gering in alle jaren. Relatief lage gastheerdichtheden kunnen een beperkende factor geweest zijn voor het optreden van een effectieve percentages eiparasitisme. De resultaten tonen aan dat er een overeenstemming is tussen selectiecriteria die in het laboratorium zijn onderzocht en de effectiviteit van geselecteerde stammen in het veld.
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of inundative releases of four strains of the egg parasiteTrichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) to control five lepidopterous species infesting Brussels sprouts crops in the Netherlands was examined in small-scale field experiments in 1982–1985. Strains were selected on the basis of behavioural characteristics investigated in laboratory experiments, i.e. parasitization activity at low temperature and host-species preference.Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae) was the most abundant host species. Its density usually averaged between 0.5 and 2.0 eggs/plant throughout most of the season (June–September). A very high peak density of 12 eggs/plant occurred in 1982. In other years the peak was below 2.5 eggs/plant. Correspondence between the observed patterns of parasitism and behavioural characteristics of the strains was in general present. A strain ofT. evanescens (no. 57), with a high activity at 12°C, performed best againstM. brassicae. However, even its highest rate of parasitism (52%) was not sufficiently effective. A strain ofT. maidis (no. 11) performed best againstPieris brassicae andP. rapae (Pieridae), but parasitism remained low (〈30%) and was generally limited to peak densities (〈0.5 eggs plant) occurring in 1982 and 1985.Plutella xylostella (Yponomeutidae) was an abundant species in some years, but parasitism of its eggs was never observed. Egg densities ofEvergestis forficalis (Pyralidae) remained low in all years. The relationship between parasitims and host density and the influence of the parasite-release rate are discussed. Low host densities may have been a limiting factor for effective parasitism.
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    Effect of seventeen fungicolous fungi on sporulation of cucumber powdery mildew (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 94 (1989), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; hyperparasites ; Sphaerotheca fuliginea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Negentien isolaten behorend tot 17 verschillende schimmelsoorten werden getoetst op hun bruikbaarheid voor de biologische bestrijding van komkommermeeldauw aan de hand van effecten op sporulatie. Meer dan de helft van de getoetete isolaten reduceerde het aantal gezonde conidioforen tot minder dan 10%. De werking vanTilletiopsis albescens was enigszins beter dan die van de meestal gebruikte hyperparasietAmpelomyces quisqualis. Van de getoetste schimmels werden er drie, n.l.A. quisqualis, Aphanocladium album enT. albescens, geselecteerd voor kasproeven.
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen isolates of 17 different fungal species thriving upon other fungi were tested for their ability to control sporulation of cucumber powdery mildew,Sphaerotheca fuliginea. More than half of the fungi reduced the number of healthy conidiophores to less than 10%.Tilletiopsis albescens was superior toAmpelomyces quisqualis. Three species, viz.A. quisqualis, Aphanocladium album andT. albescens, were selected for further greenhouse experiments.
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    Uscana caryedoni [Hym.: Trichogrammatidae]: Possibilités d'utilisation en lutte biologique contre la bruche de l'arachide,Caryedon serratus [Col.: Bruchidae] (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 351-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: hyménoptères parasites ; Uscana caryedoni ; Caryedon serratus ; Piliostigma thonningii ; arachide ; lutte biologique ; Hymenopterous parasites ; Uscana caryedoni ; Caryedon serratus ; Piliostigma thonningii ; groundnuts ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The trichogrammatidUscana caryedoni Viggiani is a parasitoid of the eggs of bothCaryedon congense Decelle andCaryedon serratus (Olivier), the groundnut bruchid. Both of these beetles lay regularly on the pods ofPiliostigma thonningii, a leguminous tree common in the Congo. In the Bouenza region in the south of the country, the rate of parasitism increased as the pods ripened and affected a maximum of about 40% of the population by November. The bionomics of the parasitoid were studied by rearing it on eggs ofC. serratus in the laboratory. At 30°C, the female parasitoids lived about 5 days and laid on average 66 eggs. Pre-imaginal development took 16 days at 26°2C and 12 days at 30°C. The effect of the density of host eggs on various biological parameters was also studied. A laboratory evaluation indicated that the potential for using the parasitoidU. caryedoni for controlling infestations ofC. serratus on groundnuts was low.
    Notes: Résumé Le trichogrammeUscana caryedoni Viggiani se développe aux dépens des œufs deCaryedon congense Decelle et de ceux de la bruche de l'arachide,Caryedon serratus (Olivier), sur les fruits d'une légumineuse arbustive commune au Congo,Poliostigma thonningii (Schum.). Dans la région de la Bouenza, dans le sud du pays, les taux de parasitisme dus àU. caryedoni s'accroissent au cours de l'année, à mesure que mûrissent les gousses, pour atteindre en novembre près de 40% (taux cumulé). La biologie du parasitoïde a été étudiée au laboratoire sur œufs deC. serratus. A 30°C, la femelle pond en moyenne 66 œufs et vit un peu plus de 5 jours. Le développement préimaginal s'effectue en 16 jours à 26° et 12 jours à 30°. L'effet de la densité de l'hôte sur divers paramètres biologiques du parasite a été étudié. Un essai réalisé dans les conditions du laboratoire a révélé chezU. caryedoni de très faibles potentialités comme agent de limitation des populations deC. serratus dans les stocks d'arachide.
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    Installation deRhyzobius forestieri [Col., Coccinellidae] sur l'ile de porquerolles (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 365-372 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Rhyzobius forestieri Muls. ; lutte biologique ; acclimatation ; Ile de Porquerolles ; Saissetia oleae Oliv. ; efficacité prédatrice ; Rhyzobius forestieri Muls. ; biological control ; acclimatization ; Island of Porquerolles ; Saissetia oleae Oliv. ; predator effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In September 1986Rhyzobius forestieri Muls. was released on clementine trees heavily infested withSaissetia oleae Oliv. Orchard is located in “Conservatoire botanique de l'île de Porquerolles” (South-east of France). Imported from California (USA) byP. Katsoyannos in 1981,R. forestieri has been reared permanently since 1983 in “Station de Zoologie et de Lutte biologique I.N.R.A., Antibes” with a substitution prey,Coccus hesperidum L. multiplied on cucurbitaceous fruits. Twice releases were done at the rate of 50 adults a tree: - first time on 12 clementine trees on September 11th 1986; - second time on 12 other clementine trees on November 11th 1986; Nearly one year later, on 11th September 1987S. oleae andCoccinellidae were sampled for the double purpose to find againR. forestieri and to assess its effectiveness. In conclusion, in spite of the fact that winter, between 1986 and 1987, was a very cold weather, it is possible to consider thatR. forestieri is successfully established in Porquerolles and even then, to be interested with its impact onS. oleae, because an effective reduction in scale numbers, on twigs and on leaves is occurred (proportionately, at least from 4 to 1 and greatest from 10 to 1).
    Notes: Résumé En septembre 1986, un lâcher inoculatif deRhyzobius forestieri Muls. fut effectué dans un verger de clémentiniers lourdement infesté parSaissetia oleae Oliv. et situé au Conservatoire botanique de l'île de Porquerolles. Ramenée de Californie (u.S.A.) parP. Katsoyannos en 1981, une souche deR. forestieri est multipliée de façon permanente, depuis 1983, à la Station de Zoologie et de Lutte biologique I.N.R.A. d'Antibes, à partir d'une proie de substitutionCoccus hesperidum L. élevée sur courges. Les introductions furent effectuées en 2 fois à raison de 50 adultes par arbre: - la première fois le 4.09.1986 sur 12 clémentiniers, - et la deuxième fois, deux mois après, le 11.11.1986 sur 12 autres clémentiniers. Un an après, le 11.09.1987, un échantillonnage des populations de la cochenille et des prédateurs fut réalisé dans le double but de retrouver le prédateur introduit et d'éprouver son efficacité. En conclusion, et malgré un hiver 1986–1987 relativement rigoureux, on peut considérer l'acclimatation deR. forestieri à l'île de Porquerolles comme réussie et déjà s'intéresser à son possible impact sur les populations deS. oleae, dont le degré d'infestation a diminué sensiblement sur les rameaux et significativement sur les feuilles (dans des proportions minimum de 1 à 4 et maximum de 1 à 10).
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    Studies ontrichogramma buesi as a biocontrol agent againstPieris rapae in Egypt (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 447-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Trichogramma buesi ; egg-parasites ; Pieris rapae ; biological control ; the cabbage worm ; Trichogramma buesi ; parasites oophages ; Pieris rapae ; lutte biologique ; Noctuelle du chou
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Trichogramma buesi a été élevé au laboratoire sur les œufs de la teigne méditerranéenne de la farineAnagasta Kuehniella. La période d'incubation des œufs du parasite était de 27 h à 23 °C et 22 h à 27 °C. Le stade larvaire durait 3,6 et 3,2 jours, le stade prépupe durait 16 et 23h et la pupe durait 5,4 et 4,6 jours à 23 °C et 27 °C respectivement. La durée totale du développement (de l'œuf à l'adulte) était en moyenne 9,2; 9,4 et 9,1 jours quand le parasite s'élevait à 27 °C sur les œufs dePieris rapae, deSpodoptera littoralis et d'A. Kuehniella respectivement. Le sex-ratio chezT. buesi était 1 ♂: 1,3 ♀ au laboratoire. La descendance quotidienne et le nombre total d'individus produits/♀ furent respectivement de 5,1 et de 98,2 adultes. La ♀ parasite nourrie de miel, vivait 10,7 jours à 27°C et 12,1 jours à 23 °C.
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma buesi was reared in the laboratory on eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth,Anagasta kuehniella. The incubation period of the parasite's egg was 27 h at 23 °C and 22 h at 27 °C. The larval stage lasted 3.6 and 3.2 days, the pre-pupa lasted 16 and 23 h, and the pupa lasted 5.4 and 4.6 days at 23° and 27°C, respectively. The total developmental time (from egg to adult) averaged 9.2, 9.4, and 9.1 days when the parasite was reared on eggs ofPieris rapae, Spodoptera littoralis, andA. kuehniella, respectively, at 27 °C. Sex ratio inT. buesi was 1 ♂: 1 ♀ in nature and 1 ♂: 1.3 ♀ in the laboratory. The daily and total numbers or progeny produced/female were 5.1 and 98.2 adults, respectively. The parasite female, fed on honey, lived 10.7 days at 27 °C and 12.1 days at 23 °C. Percentages of parasitism byT. buesi on eggs ofP. rapae collected from cabbage fields ranged between 0 and 31.5 % in 1985 and betwcen 0 and 36.4% in 1986 during July through December. The respective figures on eggs collected from turnip fields were 16–42.2% and 12.5–32.1% during November and December.
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    Biological studies including population growth parameters of the predatory miteAmblyseius barkeri [Acarina.: Phytoseiidae] at 25°C in the laboratory (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Amblyseius barkeri ; Phytoseiidae ; Thrips ; population growth ; biological control ; Tetranychus urticae ; Polyphagotarsonemus latus ; pollen ; Amblyseius barkeri ; Phytoseiidae ; thrips ; accroissement des populations ; lutte biologique ; Tetranychus urticae ; Polyphagotarsonemus latus ; pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les durées moyennes de développement des œufs, des larves et des nymphes d'Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes) nourris deThrips tabaci (Lind) ont été respectivement 2,2, 0,8 et 3,2 jours, avec des mortalités respectives de 1,0, 1,0 et 3,1%. Les ♀♀ ont constitué 63% de la population, et pour obtenir la fertilité optimum, plusieurs accouplements ont été nécessaires. La période d'oviposition était de 20,3 jours, et l'oviposition moyenne a été de 2,3 œufs par jour. L'accroissement réel était de 0,22 par jour. La durée de vie attendue était de 29,6 jours pour les ♀♀ et de 27,4 jours pour les ♂♂. LesA. barkeri ♂♂ ainsi que les ♀♀ ont consommé 3,3 nymphes de thrips par jour (valeur moyenne des stades de nourritures). Les larves ne mangent pas. Faute de thrips,A. barkeri peut consommer des tétranyches tisserands,Tetranychus urticae (Koch), et leurs œufs, des acariens jaunes adultes,Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), et du pollen de plusieurs plantes. Dans le cas de nourriture insuffisante, du cannibalisme a été observé. Les caractéristiques morphologiques, l'oviposition, l'accouplement et le comportement prédateur sont décrits.
    Notes: Abstract Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes) fed onThrips tabaci (Lind.) at 25°C showed an average duration of 2.2, 0.8 and 3.2 days for the egg, larval and nymphal stages, with mortalities at 1.0, 1.0 and 3.1%, respectively. Females represented 63% of the population and required multiple matings for optimal fertility. The oviposition period was 20.3 days and the average oviposition rate 2.3 eggs per day. The intrinsic rate of increase was 0.22 per day. The expected life span was 29.6 days for ♀♀ and 27.4 days for ♂♂.A. barkeri ♂♂ and ♀♀ both consumed 3.3 nymphs of thrips per day (mean value for the feeding stages). The larva does not take up food. In the absence of thripsA. barkeri was able to consume two-spotted spider mites,Tetranychus urticae (Koch), and their eggs, adult broad mites,Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), and pollen of various plants. Cannibalism was observed when food was lacking. Certain morphological features, egglaying, mating and predatory behaviour are described.
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    Bionomics ofTrioxys indicus [Hym.: Aphidiidae], a parasitoid ofAphis craccivora [Hem.: Aphididae]: 31. Effect of host haemolymph on the numerical response of the parasitoid (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 581-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Trioxys indicus ; Aphidiidae ; Aphis craccivora ; Aphididae ; numerical response ; host-haemolymph ; kairomones ; biological control ; mortality factor ; Trioxys indicus ; Aphidiidae ; Aphis craccivora ; Aphididae ; réponse numérique ; haemolymphe de l'hôte ; kairomones ; lutte biologique ; facteur de mortalité
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence des kairomones sur la réponse numérique du parasitoïdeTrioxys indicus vis-à-vis de son hôteAphis craccivora à densité variable a été étudiée. Les kairomones (appliquées comme extrait aqueux de l'hôte) accroissent d'une manière significative le taux de parasitisme et de multiplication et l'aire de découverte des parasitoïdes et aussi les valeurs K de la mortalité de l'hôte à toutes les densités de parasitoïde introduites (1, 2, 4, 8, 12 et 16 individus) à l'intérieur de récipients ayant environ 200 hôtes. Le sex-ratio de la descendance F1 décroît à des densités de parasitoïdes plus faibles et reste plus ou moins inchangé à des densités de parasitoïdes plus fortes après l'application de kairomones. Les présentes recherches indiquent que si les kairomones sont appliquées correctement, le nombre d'hôtes détruits par un parasitoïde stimulé sera d'environ 200, deux fois le nombre rapporté antérieurement, ainsi quelques parasitoïdes seront nécessaires pour limiter une population estiméc des hôtes.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of kairomones on the numerical response of the parasitoidTrioxys indicus against its hostAphis craccivora at its varying density was studied. The kairomones (applied as aqueous extract of the host) significantly enhanced the rate of parasitisation and multiplication and the area of discovery of the parasitoid and also the K-values of mortality of the host at all parasitoid densities introduced (1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 parasitoids) into troughs having about 200 hosts. The sex-ratio of F1 offspring decreased at lower parasitoid densities and remained more or less unchanged at higher parasitoid densities after the application of kairomones. The present findings indicate that if kairomones are applied properly, the number of hosts destroyed by a stimulated parasitoid will be about 200, twice the number reported earlier, thus fewer parasitoids will be needed to regulate an estimated population of the hosts.
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    Selection of suitable trichogramma strains to control the codling mothCydia pomonella and the two summer fruit tortrix mothsAdoxophyes orana, Pandemis heparana [Lep.: Tortricidae] (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Trichogramma ; Cydia pomonella ; Adoxophyes orana ; selection of species ; biological control ; Trichogramma ; Cydia pomonella ; Adoxophyes orana ; Auswahl von Nützlingsarten ; biologische Schädlingsbekämfung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden leicht durchführbare Laborverfahren zur Auswahl von geeignetenTrichogramma-Stämmen für den Einsatz in der biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung erprobt. Zur Feststellung der Eignung gegen den ApfelwicklerCydia pomonella L. sowie gegen die ApfelschalenwicklerartenAdoxophyes orana F.R. undPandemis heparana Schiff. erfolgten Prüfungen an 17 verschiedenenTrichogramma-Stämmen. In einer Versuchsreihe wurde die Leistung der Trichogrammen bei der Parasitierung von Eiern der verschiedenen Zielwirte erfaßt. Eine weitere Serie von Wahlversuchen diente zur Feststellung der Präferenz derTrichogramma-Weibchen sowohl bei der Suche von Schädlingseiern als auch bei der Parasitierungsleistung bei gleichzeitigem Angebot des StandardwirtesSitotroga cerealella Oliv. Ein Stamm vonT. dendrolimi aus der Volksrepublik China ließ gegenüber allen anderen geprüften Stämmen eine wesentlich höhere Parasitierungsleistung bei allen der vier genannten Wirte erkennen. In Wahlversuchen zeigte dieser Stamm eine nahezu ausgewogene Präferenz zwischen den ZielwirtenC. pomonella undA. orana sowie dem Ersatzwirt in der MassenzuchtS. cerealella. 11 lokale Stämme, die in Obst- und Rebenanlagen verschiedener Gebiete der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gesammelt wurden, wurden getrennt gezüchtet. Vier dieser lokalen Stämme, darunterT. embryophagum, ließen deutlich die Bevorzugung von Eiern der SchädlingeC. pomonella undA. orana gegenüber Eiern vonS. cerealella erkennen. Bei einem dieser Stämme war die Bevorzugung so deutlich, daß die Eier vonS. cerealella bei einem gleichzeitigen Angebot von Eiern der genannten Schädlinge fast total abgelehnt wurden. Wegen dieser Eigenschaft nimmt dieser Stamm nach der Durchführung einer Passage in Wicklereiern nur zögernd die Eier vonS. cerealella in der Massenzucht an. Die übrigen 12 Stämme wiesen geringere Parasitierungsleistung und/oder schwächere Präferenz gegenüber den Zielwirten auf. Auf der Grundlage dieser Untersuchungen erfolgte 1984 bis 1986 die Massenvermehrung und Freilassung von vier dieserTrichogramma-Stämme, darunterT. dendrolimi undT. embryophagum, zur Bekämpfung von Apfelschädlingen. Die Publikation der Ergebnisse dieser Felduntersuchungen ist in der hiesigen Zeitschrift vorgesehen.
    Notes: Abstract Simple laboratory methods to select candidateTrichogramma strains for use in biological control were tried. 17 strains were screened for their suitability against the codling mothCydia pomonella L. as well as the 2 summer fruit tortrix mothsAdoxophyes orana F.R. andPandemis heparana Schiff. In one set of experiments, the capacity ofTrichogramma to parasitize each of these target pests was examined, in another set, the preference ofTrichogramma to contact and parasitize the target pests compared to the standard mass rearing hostSitotroga cerealella was assessed in choice experiments. A strain ofTrichogramma dendrolimi from the People's Republic of China was found to have the highest fecundity with all the 4 hosts tested. In choice experiments, however, this strain was shown to have a near equal preference between the target tortrix pestsC. pomonella, A. orana and the replacement hostS. cerealella. 11 localTrichogramma strains collected from fruit orchards and vineyards in different locations in the Federal Republic of Germany were reared separately. Four of these local strains, one identified asT. embryophagum, showed clear preference to the tortrix pestsC. pomonella andA. orana compared toS. cerealella. The preference of one of these strains was particularly strong and amounted to a near total rejection ofS. cerealella eggs in the presence of any of the 2 tortrix pests. The remaining 12 strains had weaker parasitization capacity and/or less preference to the target pests. Four of the strains tested in these experiments, includingT. dendrolimi andT. embryophagum, were mass reared and released in apple orchards between 1984 and 1986. The results of these field experiments are planned to be published in this journal.
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    Potential for the biological control ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata [Col.: Chrysomelidae] by the egg parasite,Edovum puttleri [Hym.: Eulophidae] in Maryland, 1981–84 (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Edovum puttleri ; biological control ; Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Edovum puttleri ; lutte biologique ; doryphore ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'efficacité potentielle d'Edovum puttleri Grissell, parasite oophage exotique deLeptinotarsa decemlineata a été examinée dans des parcelles expérimentales de pomme de terre. Le parasite n'hiverne pas au Maryland, mais par un lâcher inoculatif annuel il parasite les pontes du Doryphore durant la saison. Cinquante p. 100 environ des pontes récoltées étaient parasitées et le maximum de parasitisme parE. puttleri s'observait dans les pontes dues aux adultes de la première génération.E. puttleri se reproduit et se maintient dans les parcelles de pomme de terre durant 15 semaines. L'échantillonnage au hasard des pontes du Doryphore pour évaluer le parasitisme dans les champs est décrit.
    Notes: Abstract The biological control potential ofEdovum puttleri Grissell, an exotic egg parasite ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was examined in experimental potato plots. The parasite does not overwinter in Maryland, but through annual inoculative releases it consistently parasitized Colorado potato beetle (CPB) egg masses throughout the season. Approximately 50% of all egg masses collected were parasitized and maximum parasitism byE. puttleri occurred in egg masses produced by first generation adults.Edovum puttleri reproduced and maintained itself in potato plots for 15 weeks. The random sampling of CPB egg masses to evaluate the parasite in the field is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372597
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  • 33
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    Introduction and establishment ofTrioxys pallidus [Hym.: Aphidiidae] in Oregon, U.S.A. for control of filbert aphidMyzocallis coryli [Hom.: Aphididae] (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 153-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Trioxys pallidus ; Myzocallis coryli ; hazelnuts ; biological control ; aphids ; Trioxys pallidus ; Myzocallis coryli ; noisetier ; lutte biologique ; pucerons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les parasitoïdes du puceron du noisetier,Myzocallis coryli (Goetze) ont été recherchés dans des parcelles de noisetier en Espagne, en France, et en Italie. Un même biotype deTrioxys pallidus Haliday a été observé parasitant ce puceron dans toute l'Europe Occidentale. Cet insecte a été importé, passé en quarantaine, élevé en masse et lâché sur les noisetiers de l'Oregon. Ce parasite attaque avec succès les populations du puceron du noisetier de l'Oregon, et il effectue son développement complet sur cet hôte. Un élevage continu deT. pallidus a été maintenu en serre pendant plus de 50 générations et environ 30 000 adultes ont été lâchés dans la partie Ouest de l'Oregon. Les conditions de survie hivernale ont été étudiées dans au moins 12 situations différentes. Dans 3 exploitations commerciales, les parasitoïdes se sont montrés capables d'abaisser de 33 à 48% les populations maximales du puceron.
    Notes: Abstract Hazelnut orchards in Spain, France, and Italy were searched for parasitoids of the filbert aphid,Myzocallis coryli (Goetze). A biotype ofTrioxys pallidus Haliday was found to parasitize the aphid throughout western Europe. Wasps were imported, quarantined, mass-reared, and released in Oregon orchards. The wasp successfully attacked and completed its development on Oregon populations of the filbert aphid. A greenhouse culture of the parasitoid was maintained continuously for over 50 generations, and approximately 30,000 adult wasps were released in western Oregon. Overwintering survival has been documented in at least 12 different locations. In 3 commercial hazelnut orchards, the parasitoids proved capable of reducing aphid population peaks by 33–48%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372664
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  • 34
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    Biological control of the weed,Chromolaena odorata [Asteraceae], byPareuchaetes pseudoinsulata [Lep.: Arctiidae] on Guam and the northern Mariana Islands (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 531-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Chromolaena odorata ; Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata ; biological control ; Guam ; Mariana Islands ; Chromolaena odorata ; Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata ; lutte biologique ; Ile de Guam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chromolaena odorata L. est une mauvaise herbe qui prédomine dans les cultures et les pâturages tropicaux.Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros [Lepidoptera: Arctiidae] fut élevé en masse et introduit dans les Iles Mariannes du Pacifique Occidental, en l'occurrence Guam, Rota, Tinian, et Saipan, dans le but de lutter contre cette mauvaise herbe. Dans l'année qui suivit l'introduction deP. pseudoinsulata dans l'Ile de Guam, cette mauvaise herbe fut réduite de 100% dans 3 sites sur quatre, contrôlés au moyen de quadrats fixés. La défoliation de cette herbe antérieure à sa floraison, empêche la montée en graine. Dans le cas d'une défoliation amorcée immédiatement après le début de la floraison, on constatait que les graines en développement furent consommées parP. pseudoinsulata ou, le cas échéant, que le poids ainsi que le taux de germination des graines mûres furent sérieusement réduits. Dix-huit mois après son introduction dans l'Ile de Guam, le lépidoptère avait réussi à défeuiller près de 25000 hectares. Ceci constitue le premier rapport sur l'effet quantitatif d'un agent régulateur quelconque surC. adorata et, bien que nous ignorions encore les effets à long terme de cet insecte, ces premiers résultats sont encourageants.
    Notes: Abstract Chromolaena odorata L. is a major weed of tropical plantations and pasture lands.Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros [Lep.: Arctiidae] was mass-reared and released to control the weed on the Mariana Islands of Guam, Rota, Tinian and Saipan in the western Pacific. One year following establishment ofP. pseudoinsulata on Guam, the weed was reduced 100% at 3 of 4 sites monitored with fixed quadrats. Seed production was prevented if defoliation occurred prior to the beginning of the flowering season. If defoliation occurred shortly after flowering began, the developing seeds were eaten byP. pseudoinsulata or there was a significant reduction in weight and germination of seeds that matured. Eighteen months after establishing on Guam,P. pseudoinsulata had defoliated approximately 25,000 hectares of the weed. This is the 1st report on the quantitative impact of any control agent forC. odorata, and though the long term effect of the insect is still unknown, these results are encouraging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374391
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  • 35
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    Measuring the host preference of parasites: An aid in evaluating biotypes ofAnagrus epos [Hym.: Mymaridae] (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 551-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Anagrus epos ; grapes ; Erythroneura ; biological control ; evaluation ; identification ; Anagrus epos ; vigne ; Erythroneura ; lutte biologique ; identification ; préférence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Plusieurs biotypes d'Anagrus epos Girault [Hym.: Mymairdae] ont été importés et évalués pour la lutte biologique contre la cicadelleErythroneura variabilis Beamer, espèce nuisible à la vigne en Californie centrale. Nous avons développé une méthode pratique qui quantifie par un coefficient la préférence. Les biotypes d'Anagrus epos venant de zones géographiques isolées différentes de l'ouest américain et du nord du Mexique ont montré divers degrés de préférence pour les 2 espèces principales de cicadelles. Les mesures de la préférence des biotypes, élevés en laboratoire peuvent fournir des caractères propres à identifier les individus libérés sur le terrain.
    Notes: Abstract Populations ofAnagrus epos Girault are being imported and evaluated for the biological control of variegated grape leafhopper,Erythroneura variabilis Beamer, a newly introduced pest of grapes in central California. To distinguish different biotypes, a field test was developed that quantifies host preference.E. epos collected from geographically isolated regions of western United States and northern Mexico showed different levels of preference towards the variegated leafhopper and its close relative the grape leafhopper,Erythroneura elegantula Osborn, a native to central California. Host preference values may aid in the identification of relased biotypes using leafhopper eggs on leaves sampled from release sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374393
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  • 36
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    Host-specificity and virus-vector potential ofAphis chloris [Hemiptera: Aphididae], a biological control agent for St John's wort in Australia (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 247-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphis chloris ; Hypericum perforatum ; biological control ; host-specificity ; virus transmission ; Aphis chloris ; Hypericum perforatum ; lutte biologique ; spécificité pour l'hôte ; transmission du virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les tests réalisés au laboratoire montrent qu'A. chloris est spécifique des plantes du genreHypericum. Provoquant d'importants dégats sur son hôte principal,Hypericum perforatum, ce puceron peut contribuer efficacement au contrôle de cette mauvaise herbe. Les autres espèces d'Hypericum sont nettement moins attaquées et donc peu menacées par son introduction. Aphis chloris présente un niveau de discrimination élevé lors du choix de sa plante hôte; il ne transmet pas de virus persistants entre plantes non-hôtes. Bien que capable, au laboratoire, de transmettre des virus non-persistants, il ne contribuerait que très marginalement, en cas d'introduction aux risques de propagation de virus posés par l'ensemble des aphides australiens. Son lâcher ne devrait pas impliquer de modifications dans les techniques de lutte mises en œuvre pour limiter la transmission des virus entre plantes. Ces résultats permettent d'envisager sans risque l'introduction d'Aphis chloris en Australie dans le cadre de la lutte biologique contreHypericum perforatum.
    Notes: Abstract Under laboratory conditionsAphis chloris Koch has been demonstrated to be specific to plants belonging to the genusHypericum. It can effect severe damage to its principal host,H. perforatum L., and shows good potential for contributing to the control of this noxious weed. Other species ofHypericum are less favoured hosts ofA. chloris and would not be endangered by it. A. chloris shows a high level of host-discrimination and does not transmit persistent viruses between non-host plants. Whereas in the laboratory it is capable of transmitting non-persistent viruses, it would contribute only marginally to the risk of virus transfer posed by the Australian aphid fauna as a whole, and its release would not necessitate changes to existing control practices, where these are required to reduce plant virus transmission. As a consequence,A. chloris is considered safe for release againstH. perforatum in Australia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372674
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  • 37
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    Host specificity and biology of the weevilNeohydronomus affinis [Coleoptera: Curculionidae] a biological control agent ofPistia stratiotes (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Neohydronomus affinis ; weevil ; biological control ; Pistia stratiotes ; aquatic weed ; host specificity ; Neohydronomus affinis ; charançon ; lutte biologique ; Pistia stratiotes ; mauvaise herbe aquatique ; spécificité
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un charançon,Neohydronomus pulchellus [Col: Curculionidae], introduit d'Amérique du Sud, contrôle efficacement les populations dePistia stratiotes en Australie. Ce charançon a été importé d'Australie en Floride où en Quarantaine il a été essayé contre 34 espèces de plantes appartenant à 27 familles. Dans les essais d'alimentation sans choix non reproduits, le charançon se nourrit en plus dePistia, des plantes aquatiques:Lemna minor L., Spirodela punctata (Meyer),Orontium aquaticum L.,Limnobium stoloniferum (G. W. Meyer),Azolla caroliniana Willd etSalvinia minima Baker. L'alimentation sur les deux dernières espèces était peu importante. Dans les essais de ponte sans choix, le charançon a pondu seulement sur les plantes aquatiques, à l'exception d'un œuf déposé sur l'espèce terrestre:Kalanchoe tomentosa Baker; les espèces aquatiques étaient:L. stoloniferum, A. caroliniana, S. minima et 2 espèces deLemnaceae. Tous les œufs semblaient le résultat d'une ponte effectuée au hasard ou fortuite; aucun œuf n'a été introduit dans la feuille comme c'est le cas pour la ponte du charançon dans les feuilles dePistia. Les plantes ayant reçu la ponte et permis l'alimentation du charançon ont été testées à nouveau par des essais avec choix,Pistia était la seule espèce attrayante pour la ponte et l'alimentation. Divers aspects de la biologie du charançon, incluant le comportement des larves mineuses, leur alimentation, la réponse des plantes aux attaques du charançon et le comportement de l'adulte ont été discutés.
    Notes: Abstract Waterlettuce,Pistia stratiotes L., has been successfully controlled in Australia with the weevil,Neohydronomus affinis Hustache. In this study, the weevil was tested in quarantine against 34 plant species in 27 families. In non-replicated no-choice tests, it fed and oviposited on 3 species of duckweeds [(Lemna minor L.,Spirodela punctata (Meyer) Thomps.,S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.], frogbit [(Limnobium spongia (Bosc.) Steud.], mosquitofern (Azolla caroliniana Willd) and waterfern (Salvinia mimima Baker). Feeding also occurred on golden club (Orontium aquaticum L.) and one egg was laid on the terrestrial panda plant (Kalanchoe tomentosa Baker). Plants oviposited and fed upon were retested in choice tests. The weevils then fed and oviposited exclusively on waterlettuce. Various aspects of weevil biology, including larval feeding and mining, plant response to weevil attack, and adult behavior are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372469
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