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  • Articles  (1,415)
  • Chemistry  (1,401)
  • 72.20
  • 73.60
  • 1985-1989  (1,415)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1988  (1,415)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (1,190)
  • Medicine  (225)
Collection
  • Articles  (1,415)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1985-1989  (1,415)
  • 1950-1954
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical activation of low-fluence boron implantation in silicon studied by PCV in combination with SIMS (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 77-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermally induced electrical activation of boron implanted in silicon at fluences ≦1013 cm−2 was studied by the combination of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and pulsed capacitance voltage (PCV). After annealing at 900°C for 30 min boron is completely ionized and the contribution of electrically active defects to the electrical profile is negligible. For partly annealed samples (T〈900°C) the degree of electrical activation of boron decreases with increasing boron concentration due to the presence of residual defects. The experimental data can be described qualitatively by the first-order kinetics if the influence of residual crystal defects on the electrical activation is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618767
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism for NonlinearI – V Behaviour and the Temperature Dependence of Threshold Switching in the Se-Te-Sn System (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The nonlinearI – V behaviour and threshold switching of the bulk Se-Te-Sn system have been experimentally studied at various temperatures. It is observed that the curves are linear for low voltages and become superlinear at higher voltages. After a certain voltageV th, the current through the material shoots to a very high value and the potential across the material drops to a low value. It is also found that there is a decrease in Vh with increase in percentage of tin and temperature. An attempt is made to explain the nonlinearI – V behaviour and threshold switching on the basis of a microcrystallite model. A study of Se-Te-Sn system reveals that our results are in concurrence with the theoretical predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01210350
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamental studies and device application of δ-doping in GaAs Layers and in AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterostructures (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 233-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 68.65 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In addition to the realization of atomically abrupt interfaces in III–V semiconductors by molecular beam epitaxy, the confinement of donor and acceptor impurities to an atomic plane normal to the crystal growth direction, calledδ-doping, is important for the fabrication of artifically layered semiconductor structures. The implementation ofδ-function-like doping profiles by using Si donors and Be acceptors generates V-shaped potential wells in GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs with a quasi-two-dimensional (2D) electron (or hole) gas. In this review we define three areas of fundamental and device aspects associated withδ-doping. (i) The prototype structure ofδ-doping formed by a single atomic plane of Si donors in GaAs allows to study the 2D electron gas by magnetotransport and tunneling experiments, to study the metal-insulator transition, and to study central-cell and multivalley effects. In addition, non-alloyed ohmic contacts to GaAs and GaAs field-effect transistors (δ-FETs) with a buried 2D channel of high carrier density can be fabricated fromδ-doped material. (ii) GaAs sawtooth doping superlattices, consisting of a periodic sequence of alternating n- and p-typeδ-doping layers equally spaced by undoped regions, emit light of high intensity at wavelengths of 0.9 〈λ 〈1.2 [μm], which is attractive for application in photonic devices. The observed carrier transport normal to the layers due to tunneling indicates the feasibility of this superlattice as effective-mass filter. (iii) The confinement of donors (or acceptors) to an atomic (001) plane in selectively doped AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterostructures leads to very high mobilities, to high 2D carrier densities, and to a reduction of the undesired persistent photo-conductivity. Theseδ-doped heterostructures are thus important for application in transistors with improved current driving capabilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615010
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-temperature fabrication of silicon nitride films by ArF excimer laser irradiation (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 73.60 ; 77.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-temperature fabrication of silicon nitride films by ArF excimer laser irradiation has been studied. Two fabrication methods are presented. One is photo-enhanced direct nitridation of a silicon surface with NH3 for very thin gate insulators, and the other is photo-enhanced deposition of silicon nitride films with Si2H6 and NH3 gases for stable passivation films. The ArF excimer laser irradiation dissociates the NH3 gas producing NH and NH2 radicals which proved effective in instigating the nitridation reaction. The quality of both films has been much improved and the growth temperature has been lowered by using laser irradiation. These photo-enhanced processes seem to be promising ULSI techniques because they do not depend on high temperatures and are free from possible reactor contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141590
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-wafer optical processing of semiconductors thin insulator growth for integrated electronic device applications (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 255-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 77.50 ; 81.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an overview of the single-wafer optical processing techniques for integrated circuit fabrication with an emphasis on their applications to insulator growth. Rapid thermal growth of various thin homogeneous and heterogeneous dielectrics on silicon substrates including silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, nitrided oxides, and composition-tailored insulators will be described and some electronic device applications of the rapidly grown dielectrics will be examined. Multicycle rapid growth processes have been used for dielectric structural engineering and in-situ formation of thin layered insulators. The compositional depth profiles and the electrical characteristics of devices are controlled through the synthesis of an appropriate sequence of the wafer temperature-vs-time profiles and process gas cycles. The ongoing developments and future prospects of single-wafer rapid processing for advanced microelectronics manufacturing will also be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01210345
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of photodegradation in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 5-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of steady-state photoconductivity with respect to light-induced defect generation in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si: H) show that the power index of the time evolution (long-term observation) of the photodegradation is determined by the exposure temperature and the material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615129
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial distribution of impurities in delta-doped n-type GaAs (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.10 ; 73.60 ; 75.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Capacitance-voltage (CV) profiling measurements on delta-doped n-type GaAs reveal extremely narrow peaks with a full-width at half-maximum of 40 Å. Comparison of experimental with self-consistently calculated CV profiles demonstrates that Si impurities are localized on a length scale of a lattice constant in delta-doped GaAs. Diffusion and segregation are of minor importance. The basic theory of CV measurements on quantummechanical systems such as delta-doped semiconductors is developed and presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618876
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground state magnetic properties of ultrathin fcc Fe and Co films on Cu(001) surfaces (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 75.60 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have grown by means of Molecular Beam Epitaxy ultrathin (1 to ∼ 10 ML) films of fcc Fe and Co on a Cu(001) surface, thus stabilizing this high temperature phase of bulk Fe and Co at room temperature. All films, including the single monolayers, are ferromagnetic. The Co films are magnetized in plane, independently on the thickness. Fe films thicker than 2 ML are magnetized along the film normal. Up to now, the statistical uncertainty is still too large to conclusively prove an enhancement of the magnetic moment for the thinnest Co films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619700
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoelectric power of YBa2Cu3Ox in equilibrium with gas phases (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 74.70 ; 72.20 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermoelectric power (TP) and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements were performed for YEa2Cu3Ox at 1128 K under controlled oxygen partial pressure varying between 50 and 105 Pa. Three regimes are observed for the electrical properties. At low $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } (〈 1.6{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{\text{2}} {\text{ }}{\text{Pa}})$$ both TP and EC remain constant with $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ . In the medium range $$(1.6{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{\text{2}}〈 p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }〈 7.6{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{\text{3}} {\text{ Pa)}}$$ sharp changes of both electrical parameters occur; TP changes sign from positive above 4×102 Pa to negative below this $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ value. In the high $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ region (〉7.6×103 Pa) TP vs log $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ exhibits two slopes; 5.1 below 1.5×104 Pa and 8.4 above this $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ value. The slopes can be discussed in terms of the defect structure involving singly and doubly ionized oxygen vacancies below and above 7.6×103 Pa, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618886
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Threshold switching effects in AgTlSe2 and CuTlSe2 films (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Switching effects in AgTlSe2 and CuTlSe2 chalcopyrite semiconductors films have been investigated. The threshold switching voltage was found to increase linearly with the thickness, moreoverV th increases exponentially with the temperature. The rapid transition between the highly resistive and conductive states was attributed to an electrothermal origin from Joule's heating of a current channel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615918
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogenated amorphous silicon films obtained by a low pressure dc glow discharge (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 72.20 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Films of a-Si: H have been deposited by means of a dc hot cathode discharge of SiH4 with electrostatic confinement at a pressure as low as 0.4 Pa. The plasma used is quite quiescent as has been observed by means of reproducible Langmuir probe measurements. Substrates have been placed at different locations in between the electrodes, some of them facing the anode and the others facing the cathode. Films deposited on substrates facing the cathode present a granular, non-columnar, structure, an IR spectrum with only SiH absorption peaks, and a very low photoresponse. Films deposited on substrates facing the anode have a similar IR spectrum but are homogeneous, have lower hydrogen content, and present a high photoresponse. The optical absorption coefficientα shows in all samples theαnE=C(E−E0) x behaviour, but with exponentx=3 and notx=2 as is usually considered in a-Si∶H.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00939265
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-temperature fabrication of silicon nitride films by ArF excimer laser irradiation (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 73.60 ; 77.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-temperature fabrication of silicon nitride films by ArF excimer laser irradiation has been studied. Two fabrication methods are presented. One is photoenhanced direct nitridation of a silicon surface with NH3 for very thin gate insulators, and the other is photo-enhanced deposition of silicon nitride films with Si2H6 and NH3 gases for stable passivation films. The ArF excimer laser irradiation dissociates the NH3 gas producing NH and NH2 radicals which proved effective in instigating the nitridation reaction. The quality of both films has been much improved and the growth temperature has been lowered by using laser irradiation. These photo-enhanced processes seem to be promising ULSI techniques because they do not depend on high temperatures and are free from possible reactor contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01210344
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-wafer optical processing of semiconductors: Thin insulator growth for integrated electronic device applications (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 255-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 77.50 ; 81.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an overview of the single-wafer optical processing techniques for integrated circuit fabrication with an emphasis on their applications to insulator growth. Rapid thermal growth of various thin homogeneous and heterogeneous dielectrics on silicon substrates including silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, nitrided oxides, and composition-tailored insulators will be described and some electronic device applications of the rapidly grown dielectrics will be examined. Multicycle rapid growth processes have been used for dielectric structural engineering and in-situ formation of thin layered insulators. The compositional depth profiles and the electrical characteristics of devices are controlled through the synthesis of an appropriate sequence of the wafer temperature-vs-time profiles and process gas cycles. The ongoing developments and future prospects of single-wafer rapid processing for advanced microelectronics manufacturing will also be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141591
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism for nonlinearI-V behaviour and the temperature dependence of threshold switching in the Se-Te-Sn system (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The nonlinearI–V behaviour and threshold switching of the bulk Se-Te-Sn system have been experimentally studied at various temperatures. It is observed that the curves are linear for low voltages and become superlinear at higher voltages. After a certain voltageV th, the current through the material shoots to a very high value and the potential across the material drops to a low value. It is also found that there is a decrease inV th with increase in percentage of tin and temperature. An attempt is made to explain the nonlinearI–V behaviour and threshold switching on the basis of a microcrystallite model. A study of Se-Te-Sn system reveals that our results are in concurrence with the theoretical predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141596
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280701
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A boundary element simulation of compression mold filling (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 413-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents the development of the boundary element equations for the compression molding process of isothermal Newtonian fluids. It shows the numerical implementation of the boundary element equations and presents a simple method of carrying out the domain integral present in the governing equations. The results and accuracy of a boundary element simulation are discussed, and the numerical results compared to experimental values.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280703
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture behavior of coated/uncoated graphite-epoxy composites (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 605-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The static delamination behavior of graphite/epoxy composite specimens subjected to mode I tensile opening (using UDCBUniform double cantilever beam. specimens), and pure mode II shear loading (using ENFEnd-notched flexural. specimens) were studied. The graphite epoxy composites for the study were made from commercially treated fibers, with and without an electropolymerized interlayer. The mode I fracture energy (GIC) was found to be significantly higher (more than 50 percent) for the coated fibers. However, this improvement was accompanied by a high reduction (more than 3 times) in the mode II fracture energy (GIIC). This effect is apparently related to poor adhesion between the interlayer and the epoxy resin, which may be corrected by use of a “top layer” of appropriate composition to form chemical bonds between the phases. The fracture toughness (KIC) of composites made with commercially treated fibers was also evaluated, using double side-notched specimens.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280909
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer effects on the processing-structure relationships of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) based composites (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 583-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An analytical methodology was developed capable of describing interrelations between thermal processing and polymer structure for thermoplastic based composite laminates. Specifically, this modeling methodology was used to describe experimental results generated with a specially designed match die quench mold by processing both neat PEEK polymer and carbon fiber reinforced laminate samples at different cooling rates. The developed model accurately predicted temperature profiles for PEEK laminates of different thicknesses, under normal as well as extreme quenching conditions of 114°C/s. surface cooling rates that are possible to generate with the quench mold. In general, the modeling methodology is capable of predicting a part's thermal profile during processing in terms of the composite's microscopic intrinsic properties (fiber and matrix), composition, and lamina orientation. Furthermore, by coupling to the thermal profile description, a previously developed crystallization kinetics model for PEEK polymer and its carbon reinforced composite, a quantitative description of structural development during processing was obtained. Thus, with this analytical methodology, a skin-core crystallinity profile, where the crystallinity varies with part-thickness as a result of uneven cooling experienced during processing, was predicted both for the neat PEEK polymer and its carbon reinforced laminate forms. Finally, the developed methodology clearly established the interplay of both microscopic heat transfer and kinetics of crystallization/solidification of the matrix that must be accounted for in predicting the final structure of a carbon fiber reinforced laminate that will, in turn, govern microscopic and macroscopic performance.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280907
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid sorption characterization of PEEK matrices and composites (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 634-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Neat poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) and carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (APC-2) specimens were prepared using a variety of cooling rates to achieve a range of crystallinities. Amorphous specimens were exposed to a variety of fluids to determine the penetrant types which are able to strongly influence the material. This allowed the estimation of the solubility parameter and hydrogen bonding index for PEEK to be 9.5 and 3.1, respectively. Methylene chloride was used to investigate the kinetics of penetrant sorption. The data demonstrated Case II behavior, with the initial crystallinity having a pronounced effect on both the kinetic and equilibrium data. Accordingly, a model was proposed capable of describing the sorption level and penetration depth as a function of time given the sample crystallinity and sorption temperature. With Case II behavior there was no difference in the sorption kinetics of neat and fiber reinforced PEEK. Finally, the dynamic mechanical properties measured during sorption were found to be dependent on the sorption process.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280912
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and rheological properties of polypropylene-linear low density polyethylene blends (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 670-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic shear viscosity and the morphology of polypropylene homopolymer and copolymer blended with linear low density polyethylene are studied. A maximum in the dynamic shear viscosity vs. blend composition is reported for the polypropylene copolymer, linear low density polyethylene system. The increasing dynamic shear viscosity is in accordance with the occurrence of a morphology of polyethylene inclusions in rubber surrounded by a polypropylene matrix. Comparing calculations of the dynamic shear viscosities - based on a shell model with interlayer - and experimental results supports this view.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281006
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of segmented block copolyurethane II. Adhesion between PET cord and rubber by poly(styrene-b-butadiene) polyethylene terephthalate block copolyurethane (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 684-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydroxy-terminated copoly(fstyrene-b-1,2-butadiene) (HPSB) containing rubber-affinitive vinyl side chains and having a molecular weight of 2000 to 4000 were prepared, and block copolyurethanes were synthesized by using a low molecular weight hydroxy-terminated poly (ethyl en e terephthalate) as a PET-affinitive component and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate as a chain extender. The relationships between the molecular weight of HPSB, copolymerization ratio of styrene to butadiene and the adhesive strength of PKT/rubber in high temperature atmospheres were examined. A peak of adhesive strength was observed at styrene copolymerization ratio of 20 wt percent and a HPSB molecular weight of 3000. The adhesion mechanism was estimated from the behavior of the characteristic infrared absorption of block Copolyurethane in heating.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281008
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibration welding of thermoplastics. Part I: Phenomenology of the welding process (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 718-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In vibration welding of thermoplastics, frictional work done by vibrating two parts under pressure, along their common interface, is used to generate heat to effect a weld. The main process parameters in vibration welding are the weld frequency, the amplitude of the vibratory motion, the weld pressure, and the weld time. How these parameters affect weld quality, the conditions that result in the best welds, the weldability of dissimilar plastics, and the effect of fillers such as glass are of interest. To address these issues, a research vibration welding machine in which all the parameters can be independently and accurately controlled and monitored was designed and fabricated. The phenomenology of welding, as determined by experiments on the four thermoplastics polycarbonate, poly (butylene terephthalate), polyetherimide, and modified poly (phenylene oxide), is described.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281104
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    A study on the reactive extrusion process of polyurethane (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 743-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An engineering analysis of the reactive extrusion process of a thermoplastic polyurethane was made through numerical simulation and actual experiment. The reactants used in this system were 4,4′diphenylmethane diisocyanate, polycaprolactone diol (M.W., 824), and 1,4-bu-tanediol with equivalent weight ratio of 2:1:1. As a catalyst, dibutyltin dilaurate was used. The reaction kinetics and the viscosity function were obtained through experiments, and the mathematical model which includes the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and chemical species was solved numerically to obtain the velocity, concentration, temperature, viscosity, and pressure profiles. The actual experiments were performed in the laboratory scale extruder to compare the experimental results with those of the numerical simulation.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281107
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    Interpenetrating polymer network from blocked isocyanates. I. Structure and properties of polyurethane-urea polyvinyl simultaneous interpenetrating networks (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 775-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of polyurethane-urea/polyvinyl simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks (SINs) were prepared starting from a mixture of isocyanate prepolymer blocked with N-(1-1′-dimethyl-3-cxobutyl) acrylamide oxime, chain extender, vinyl monomers, and catalysts. Their physical properties and morphology were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical measurements, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The polyurethane-urea networks examined were two-phase in nature. The vinyl network was formed with diacetone acrylamide oxime, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, and N-vinyl-pyrrolidone. Calorimetric analyses revealed that the polyether soft segment phase separated within the SINs. At higher temperature, dynamic mechanical measurements demonstrated the presence of only one glass transition temperature (Tg) intermediate in temperature to the Tg of the vinyl network and the Tg of the urethane hard phase. This is indicative of chain entanglement (interpenetration) between the vinyl network and the polyurethane hard segments resulting in a two-phase morphology. Small-angle X-ray scattering analyses provided measurements of diffuse phase boundary thickness, phase mixing, and domain size distribution. Appreciable interfacial thickness was not observed and thus phase mixing occurred within the phases. Domain size distribution indicated that high network constraints hindered the development of domains and limited the phase segregation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281203
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    Masthead (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281301
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    Thermal degradation of high nitrile barrier polymers (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1152-1155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Effects of absorbed moisture on degradation behavior of high nitrile barrier polymers were monitored using thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Non-modified and 10 percent rubber modified samples were heated isothermally at nitrile processing temperatures (200°C to 240°C) in air and nitrogen environments. Degradation was evaluated in terms of weight loss as a function of heating time and sample coloration. It was determined that complete removal of moisture, as well as high moisture concentration, contribute to increased degradation at the temperatures evaluated. Moisture levels in the range of 0.15 to 0.5 percent were found to minimize degradation. Heating environment, time, temperature, and rubber modification were also found to influence thermal stability.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281803
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    Chlorinated high density polyethylene. I. Chain characterization (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1167-1172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High density polyethylene has been chlorinated by three different methods: in suspension and in solutions of two different solvents. Carbon-13 NMR and infrared analysis show that chlorination in chlorobenzene solution leads to statistically random distribution while chlorination in suspension gives highly blocky substitution. An intermediate distribution was obtained by chlorination in tetrachloroethane solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281806
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    Stored energy of cold work in polystyrene (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1198-1202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The energy stored in polystyrene after plastic deformation is measured by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. Similar to metals, the stored energy increases with plastic straining, first rapidly, and then more slowly, and finally the stored energy seems to approach a saturation value (about 1 cal/gram). By comparing to the plastic work done, the fraction stored ranges from 30 percent after 10 percent compression to 10 percent after 60 percent compression. The fraction is about twice as large as that of copper. The release of stored energy has two distinct parts, one below Tg and the other above Tg. Most of the strain recovery seems to accompany the second part. By using the Kissinger plot, the second part has an activation energy, of 142 kcal/mole which is about 10 percent larger than that of compressive strain recovery.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281810
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    Moldability diagrams for the reaction injection molding of a polyurethane crosslinking system (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1219-1226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A trial and error approach reflects the state of the art in reaction injection molding. Material and process parameters determine the “moldability” of a specific system in a particular application. The concept of “molding areas” on the critical parameters plane can be extended form thermoplastic injection molding (TIM) to reaction injection molding (RIM).In this work moldability diagrams for the filling and curing stages of a RIM process are obtained based on a simplified engineering approach. The key process parameters chosen for the filling stage are initial material temperature and filling time. In the curing stage, the critical parameters are considered to be mold wall temperature and demold time. Experimental results obtained on a laboratory-scale RIM machine on a Crosslinking polyurethane system are used to check the validity of the predicted molding areas. The agreement obtained is satisfactory considering the broad range of processing parameters used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281903
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    Microstructure in injection molded samples of liquid crystalline poly(P-hydroxy-benzoic acid-Co-ethylene terephthalate) (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1248-1259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microstructure of injection molded bars (2.9 and 5.8 mm thick) of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(p-hydroxy-benzoic acid-co-ethylene terephthalate) has been studied by SEM on samples etched with n-propylamine, SEM fractography, DSC, IR, ESCA, WAXS and polarized microscopy. The 2.9 mm bar consists of three different layers: a highly oriented surface skin, an oriented intermediate layer and a non-oriented core. The 5.8 mm bar has a more complex microstructure and is composed of five different layers: a highly oriented surface skin, an oriented layer just beneath, a non-oriented layer, another oriented layer and a non-oriented core. The thicknesses of the different layers vary, significantly, with distance from the mold gate. The thickness of the core increases, significantly, with increasing distance from the mold gate at the expense of the oriented layers. The structure within the different morphological layers is not perfectly uniform. Tensile testing demonstrated the mechanical anisotropy of the surface material (a ratio of almost 20 between the longitudinal and transverse moduli) and the isotropy of the central core material.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281906
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    Molecular orientation of polypropylene by rolling-drawing (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1264-1269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rolling-drawing is a simple, effective, solid state processing technique for manufacturing high strength and high modulus oriented polymer sheet products. The process is capable of increasing the tensile modulus and strength of polypropylene by more, than an order of magnitude with inexpensive equipment and straight forward controllable techniques. This paper gives an overview of the rolling-drawing of polypropylene. It is intended to answer the following questions. What is rolling-drawing? What changes in tensile properties can be expected as a result of this process? What deformation processes occur during rolling-drawing? What are the processing variables and how do these variables relate to the deformation ratio achieved by rolling-drawing? A tensile flow stress relationship was formulated from experimental data for oriented polypropylene. This constitutive equation, estimates the flow stress (or yield stress) of the polymer as a function of deformation ratio, strain rate and temperature. Since stretching was found to provide a significant portion of the deformation during the rolling-drawing process a Hoffman-Sachs computer analysis was written to predict plastic deformation and drawing forces in the stretch zone. The results of experimentation and the analysis are briefly compared in this paper.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281908
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    Molecular structure, crystallization behavior, and morphology of fractions obtained from an extrusion grade high-density polyethylene (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1289-1303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An extrusion-grade of high density polyethylene (HOPE) (3 ethyl groups per 1000 carbons) has been divided into 16 fractions by preparative GPC and selective p-xylene extraction. The fractions, with molecular weights ranging from 900 to 1,000,000, have been studied by IR spectros-copy, DSC, WAXS, polarized microscopy, and small-angle light scattering (SALS), The average degree of chain branching (percent C2H5) is 0.5 percent for the part of the sample having a molecular weight lower than 10,000 and it decreases monotonically with increasing molecular weight, finally approaching 0.1 percent C2H5. A crystallinity depression with respect to linear PE equivalent to 20 percent/(percent C2H5) is recorded for all samples except for the very low molecular weight samples for which the crystallinity depression is much larger (30 to 35 percent/ (percent C2H5)). The unit cell volume increases with increasing percent C2H5, presumably due to the inclusion of ethyl groups in the crystals as interstitlals at 2gl kinks. The concentration of ethyl groups in the crystals (∊c) unanimously follows the relationship: ∊c(percent) = 0.32 + 0.25 log(percent C2H5) except for the low molecular weight fractions which have significantly lower values for ∊c. Our admittedly speculative explanation for this major discrepancy between high and low molecular weight samples is based on the idea that segments with ethyl groups close to chain ends have a greater difficulty in crystallizing than segments containing ethyl groups located at positions far from the chain ends. The fractions obtained from the extrusion-grade HDPE show a solidification temperature depression with respect to linear PE which can only be explained by the presence of chain branches in these samples. The depression is particularly pronounced for the low molecular weight samples as is expected from the data on molecular structure. Well-developed non-banded spherulites are observed in rapidly cooled (crystallized at about 35 K supercooling), low molecular weight samples (6,000 〈 Mw 〈 8,000)from the extrusion-grade HDPE in contrast to the axialites observed in linear PE of the same molecular weight and thermal treatment. This discrepancy in morphology has been related to the presence of ethyl groups in the extrusion grade HDPE fractions. Higher molecular weight samples (20,000 〈 Mw 〈 1,000,000)from the extrusion-grade HDPE and linear PE both display well-developed banded spherulites of similar nature as is expected due to the similarity in molecular structure of the two sets of sample.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760282003
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    Application of a concept of distributed damage to creep induced buckling of high density polyethylene specimens (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1066-1070 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this work, a concept of distributed damage, including its inception and propagation, was applied to creep induced buckling of specimens prepared from high density polyethylene (HDPE). Using a kinetic relationship for damage accumulation, an integral equation for the front of the damage zone was derived. A time parameter associated with the inception of the damage front was obtained. The motion of the front was approximated for small times. Long time estimation was obtained using an assumption for a shape of the damage distribution. These results enabled us to review reported experimental results on creep induced buckling using a new insight into the relationship between applied load and time to buckle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281609
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    Characteristics of hydroxybenzoic acid-ethylene terephthalate copolymers and their blends with polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1095-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We present a basic study of the thermal, dielectric, Theological, and mechanical properties of hydroxybenzoic acid-ethylene terephthalate copolymers (PHB-PET). It is argued that they have two-phase structures, one rich in ethylene terephthalate (PET) and one rich in hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB). Polystyrene (PS) is immiscible in 60% PHB-PET (60-PHB-PET) blends. Polycarbonate (PC) is partially miscible with the high PET phase of 60-PHB-PET. PET seems completely miscible with this high PET phase. Shear viscosity measurements on blends indicate that 60-PHB-PET gives rise to large reductions of viscosity. Extrudates and melt-spun fibers have been prepared. The phase morphologies of low PHB-PET blends as determined by scanning electron microscopy indicate ellipsoids or long fibrils of the, 60-PHB-PET in PS or PC matrices. High extrusion rates and melt spinning produce fibrillar structures. The mechanical properties of films, extrudates, and melt-spun fibers were studied. Blends with 10% 60-PHB-PET exhibited significant increases in Young's modulus and tensile strength.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281704
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    Masthead (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281801
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    Kinetic studies of the polymerization of nylon-6 block copolymers (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1145-1151 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the activated anionic polymerization of caprolactam to nylon-6 and its copolymers has been studied. Nylon-6 block copolymer and nylon-6 were prepared at various initial reaction temperatures (140°C to 165°C) by anionic polymerization in an adiabatic dewar flask. Different concentrations of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in 4,4′-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI)-capped PEO and 1 mole percent MDI, in a caprolactam solution, were used as the activators with the catalyst, the sodium salt of caprolactam. The kinetics of the reaction were analyzed from an adiabatic temperature rise. A new method was applied to determine the rate parameters. The activation energy, Ea, of nylon-6 and nylon-6 block copolymers were found to be 22 kcal/mole. The collision frequency factor, Ao, steadily decreased and the autocatalytic constant, Bo, decreased to a constant value of 16 with the introduction of PEO. However, it was found that the order of reaction, n, was almost a constant value at the second order for all experiments.
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    Chlorinated high density polyethylene. II. Solid state structure (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1173-1181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chlorination of high density; polyethylene results in polymers which consist of unmodified methylene units and chlorinated methylene co-units. The effect of the concentration and distribution of chlorinated units on the solid state structure has been examined by thermal, wide angle X-ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analysis. As the substitution becomes more random, the crystallinity, crystallite size, and crystalline perfection decrease for a given chlorine content. The chlorinated units are shown to be capable of co-crystallizing, and the concentration of chlorine in the crystalline phase increases as the distribution is made more random. Concurrently, the chlorine concentration of the amorphous phase decreases. Segregation of chlorine into the amorphous regions is most efficient when the substitution is blocky.
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    Masthead (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281901
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    An efficient algorithm of computation of molecular weight distributions and its moments for reversible step growth polymerization in homogeneous continuous flow stirred tank reactors (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1240-1247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reversible step growth polymerization in homogeneous continuous flow stirred tank reactors (HCSTRs), in which the condensation product (W) leaves the reactor through flashing, has been analyzed. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the polymer formed is governed by nonlinear coupled algebraic relations to be solved simultaneously. To find the MWD numerically a large number of these are normally solved simultaneously using a suitable iterative procedure. In this paper, these have been decoupled using the technique proposed in our earlier works (1, 2) and the MWD can now be obtained sequentially without any trial and error. This leads to considerable saving in computation time compared to methods currently used. To demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm, the polycondensation step of the poly(ethylene terephthal-ate) (PET) formed in HCSTRs has been analyzed. The MWD, the average chain length and the polydispersity index of the polymer have been computed and it takes 0.1 CPU seconds on a DEC 1090 as opposed to the earlier method which would take seventy minutes for similar computations. The simple model of the HCSTR for the PET formation gives the effect of reactor temperature and pressure and the quantitative results have been presented in this paper.
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    Adhesive processing by electromagnetic irradiation (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1270-1274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model is presented which describes the degree of cure in a thermosetting adhesive used to bond sheet molding compound (SMC) components. The model allows computer aided optimization of the thermosetting process for any type of electromagnetic heating of the various layers of the structure (e.g. dielectric, microwave or induction), arbitrary material properties and arbitrary layer thickness. Computer simulated results are given for the particular case when the cure of the thermosetting material is initiated by its exposure to a high-power radio-frequency electric field (dielectric heating). These results indicate a strong sensitivity of the process to the thickness of the adhesive layer and the degree of coupling with the electromagnetic field. The analysis demonstrates that substantial heat losses from the relatively thin adhesive layer to the structural members of the joint by diffusive heat flow can be counterbalanced by additional electric power dissipated either in the adhesive or the structural members of the joint. Although derived for dielectric heating, those results are general, being independent of the type of electromagnetic heating employed.
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    Flat die geometry - A note (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1275-1275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Linearly tapered coat hanger dies or T-dies are widely accepted. Nevertheless a newly proposed curvilinearly tapered coat hanger die has been shown to perform much better. It costs about the same as the other types of dies. This contribution is considered in terms of the recent literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281910
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    Masthead (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760282001
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    Rheological properties of the liquid crystalline poly(γ-benzyl α, L-glutamate) gels in benzyl alcohol (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1304-1312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have determined the degree of stiffness of a poly(γ-benzyl α, L-glutamate) (PBLG) chain in benzyl alcohol by measuring the intrinsic viscosities of dilute Solutions with differing molecular weights. Viscoelastic properties in oscillatory shear flow have been studied and the dependence of the loss and storage moduli on temperature, composition, and frequency are reported. We have also studied the transient shear stress relaxation behavior of the PBLG gel at different temperatures and concentrations. A comparison has been made between these gels and a classical poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) network, as well as, typical glassy polymers. Shear creep and recovery measurements have been made for this system. Some extensional step strain experiments using lubricated squeezing have been investigated. Tensile experiments have been made to determine stress-strain relationship during elongation. Preliminary experiments using the impulse approach to viscoelasticity further indicate the high elastic contribution in the gel.
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    Corrections (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1342-1342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760282009
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    Liquid-liquid phase behavior of mixtures according to the Simha-Somcynsky theory (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1347-1354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is well known that equilibrium, thermodynamic properties are governed by different functional derivatives of the thermodynamic functions of state. For example, the phase behavior of mixtures of low and/or high molar mass components is determined by the compositional derivatives of the free energy. In this contribution, the merits of the Simha-Somcynsky theory in describing and predicting the phase behavior of mixtures are considered. The influence of temperature and composition on the miscibility behavior for practically binary polymer solutions are studied. Furthermore, the important aspect of polydispersity, inherent to synthetic polymer systems will be addressed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    On the role of coupling agents in zirconia-polypropylene suspensions for ceramic injection molding (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1572-1577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of titanate, zirconate, and zircoaluminate coupling agents on the viscosity of zirconia-polypropylene injection molding blends was investigated. The zircoaluminate did not influence viscosity while the two former additives effected a considerable reduction. The titanate coupling agent also reduced the viscosity of the polymer in the absence of ceramic powder, and was more efficient in this respect, as a flow modifier than dioctyl phthalate. A comparable effect on the ceramic suspension was obtained by adding a species similar in molecular structure to the titanate coupling agent but without coupling ability.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760282308
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    Dielectric properties of medium thermal black-polyethylene systems (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1581-1585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric properties of thermoplastic and cross-linked polyethylene compounds with a low structure medium thermal carbon black are described in the frequency range between 30 and 8000 kHz as a function of frequency, temperature, and carbon black loading. Very high values of the dielectric constant were obtained for the conductive samples. The systems investigated are shown to follow percolative type models with experimental critical exponents in good agreement with the predicted values. The dielectric constant increases slowly with the carbon black concentration up to roughly the percolation concentration, then increases rapidly, and subsequently decreases at the higher black loadings. The dissipation factor-concentration curves show maximum values in the vicinity of the percolation concentration. The dielectric properties of these systems are discussed in terms of interfacial Maxwell-Wagner polarization effects.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Cure analysis of printed wiring boards containing reactive adhesive layers (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 372-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a method for analyzing the cure of multilayer circuit boards containing chemically reactive adhesive interlayers. The cure kinetics of the adhesive are first quantified by differential scanning calorimetry, using the method of Freeman and Carroll to obtain the numerical kinetic parameters. These parameters are then used in a finite-element model of the circuit board which solves the heat and species transfer equations simultaneously. It is then possible to predict the temperature and extent of reaction at any time and position within the laminate, enabling the curing program to be optimized.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Correction (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 403-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280610
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    A method for estimation of polymer melt temperature fluctuation in a single screw extrusion process (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 429-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for estimating the polymer melt extrudate temperature fluctuation in the single screw extrusion process is proposed. Predictions of the melt temperature fluctuation is feasible if the extrusion process parameters are known. The method is superior to these in the literature because it incorporates effects of the melting process on the temperature fluctuation. The method has been verified experimentally.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Extrusion behavior of filled polymeric systems exhibiting an apparent yield stress (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 453-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation was undertaken to study the extrusion behavior of composite systems. A compound made up of approximately 50 percent ceramic particulates by volume dispersed in a high molecular weight thermoplastic polymer was characterized by measuring the shear viscosity on an Instron capillary viscometer. The experimental data indicated that the ceramic composite exhibited an apparent yield stress. As a result, an expression that was previously shown to provide flexibility for describing a yield stress at low rates of deformation could explain the viscosity of the ceramic composite. The expression was then applied to the flow analysis of both a “rod” and a “slit” die in an extrusion process, and the derived equations adequately correlated experimental volumetric flow rate us. Pressure drop data obtained on a laboratory extruder.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Molding by reactive injection of reinforced plastics (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 485-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model for the molding by reactive injection of reinforced plastics for systems in which fiber glass reinforcements are placed into the molds, is proposed. It allows for the determination of processing parameters and their influence on dependent variables: conversion, temperature, and pressure. Moldability areas, where premature gelling is avoided, are defined. Operating conditions are selected to reduce cycle time, produce small load losses, and provide a fairly uniform curing stage throughout the product.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280712
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    Characterization of linear copolymers by methods sensitive to the refractive index increment (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 510-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For linear copolymer molecules, the refractive index increment depends on the chemical composition of the molecules. However, the polydispersity in chemical composition of the sample introduces a great complexity in the data analysis in order to obtain a true molecular weight distribution. Even when the mean chemical composition does not depend on the molecular weight, a correction has to be applied when the output of an instrument depends quadratically on the refractive index Increment of the sample, such as in a light-scattering measurement. For that purpose, the light-scattering expressions are written in terms of polydispersity in chemical composition, which in turn is modeled using linear copolymerization equations. The microstructure effects, which are related to the order in which two different kinds of monomers appear along the chain, are not as yet taken into account in this approach.
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    Creep induced buckling of plastic materials (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 506-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this work, creep induced buckling was studied for a number of thermoplastic materials. The effect was observed by monitoring top displacements of thermoplastic bars as a function of time under static loading conditions. The recorded times to failure were averaged and correlated with the applied loads. The experiments, conducted for different materials, established an exponential dependence between the critical time and the load. The evolution of the buckling eigenvalues was modeled numerically. The simulations of eccentric columns behavior under compressive loads were coupled with the eigenvalue analyses. The correlation of the time-load predictions obtained from the numerical simulations followed the experimental results within acceptable limits. The observed phenomenon of creep induced buckling was explained by damage accumulation leading to an effective reduction of the load carrying capability.
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    Comments and recommendations on the use of the Avrami equation for physico-chemical kinetics (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1042-1045 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Over the last four decades, numerous reports have appeared on the physico-chemical kinetics, especially crystallization kinetics, based on the Avrami equation, φ = exp [-Ktn] where φ is the fraction of material unchanged at time t, K is an overall rate constant and “n” is the Avrami exponent indicative of process mechanism. The usage of the Avrami equation has been limited to the determination of “n” and its temperature dependence. It is shown that the evaluation of K and the activation energy (E) using this equation is erroneous since K and E are both influenced by “n” although such would be unexpected from the Avrami equation. On the other hand, if one uses a modified expression, φ = exp[-Kt]n, then in addition to the value of “n”, correct values of K and E are obtained. This retains the original correspondence of the Avrami equation to nuclea-tion and crystal growth processes but extends its applicability to (i) correctly evaluate K and E parameters, and (ii) correctly compare transformation rates when the systems differ in their n values. Experimental data are presented to support these conclusions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281605
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    Chemorheological characterization of thermoset cure (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1071-1075 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermosetting resin/glass cloth composites find extensive use in the packaging of electrical circuits into multi-layered circuit boards. To determine optimum processing conditions, it is necessary to understand the rheology of the resin as it cures. In this study, a squeezing flow geometry was used to determine the shear viscosity of a high performance epoxy resin during cure; Viscosity profiles were obtained during rising temperature cure. The results were compared with the complex viscosities obtained using the dynamic oscillatory parallel plate geometry. A numerical optimization algorithm was used to obtain the dual Arrhenius viscosity model parameters from the experimental viscosity data. The sensitivities of the model parameters and their effects on the predicted viscosity profiles were also determined.
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    Masthead (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281701
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    Blends of a chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) compound and a thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester: Some rheological behavior and spiral mold flow (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1107-1114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rheological and spiral mold flow measurements were made on blends of a chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) (CPVC) compound and a thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid/poly (ethylene terephthalate) (60/40), hereafter referred to as LCC, at 210°C. Several interesting flow phenomena have been observed. While the shape of the flow curve (i.e., G′ vs. ω; G″ vs. ω) of LCC is solidlike, those of the blends are pseudoplastic. The dynamic viscosity of the blends increases as the concentration of LCC increases. However, the shear viscosity of the blends is reduced with LCC and may be described using the relationship of additivity of fluidity. Although the melt elasticity of the blends is increased with the concentration of LCC, the extrudate swell of the blends after extrusion from a capillary is decreased. This phenomenon, however, is complicated. A Theological analysis based on an idealized runner system is used to describe the spiral flow length as a function of the Theological properties of the molten polymers and also the operating conditions. The relative improvement of the spiral flow length of the CPVC compound due to blending with LCC could be correlated with the power-law fluid model at high shear rates.
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    Tg-Composition analysis of miscible polymer blends (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1355-1361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several authors have suggested a monotonic variation of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of miscible polymer blends as a function of composition. They usually express the results in terms of equations proposed by Couchman-Karasz, Gordon-Taylor, Fox, and several others. However, we have noticed that numerous systems exhibit a cusp when Tg is plotted as a function of composition (after correction for the presence of crystallinity when semi-crystalline polymers are involved). This cusp cannot appear when the Tg's of the two homopolymers involved are separated by less than about 52 degrees., It will be shown that this observation is quite general since it has been observed with several polyester/chlorinated polymer blends, polycaprolactone/nitrocellulose blends, and polystyrene/poly(vinylmethylether) blends; It will also be shown that this behavior is predicted in the framework of the free volume theory, with equations derived by Kovacs. According to this theory, above a critical concentration φc (relative to the plasticizer) and below a critical temperature Tc, the high-Tc, polymer no longer contributes to the free volume of the mixture whereas it does above Tc. This difference leads to a Tg-composition variation which has to be expressed by two different equations, one below Tc and the other above Tc, the cusp defining the limit of applicability of each equation.
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    Viscoelastic behavior of polymer blends (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1401-1404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There is a reciprocal relation between flow and structure in multiphase systems such as polymer blends or composites. For this reason characterization of these materials must be carried out under conditions which guarantee minimum modification of structure. Capillary rheometry is particularly ill suited as a test tool, but the small strain dynamic oscillatory method may provide the true material responses, Most frequently these are expressed as frequency, ω, dependent storage and loss shear moduli, G′ and G″, or real and imaginary viscosities, η′ = G″/ω and η″ = G′/ω. However, two other methods of data presentation seem to be more sensitive to melt structure. They are the Cole-Cole plot of η″ vs. η′ and the relaxation spectrum. Frequently, both of them indicate a binomial response. Various mechanisms leading to such behavior will be discussed.
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    Processing-morphology relationships of compatibilized polyolefin/polyamide blends. Part I: The effect of an lonomer compatibilizer on blend morphology (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1416-1426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of compatibilized polyolef in/polyamide blends was found to be significantly dependent on the concentration of an ionomer compatibilizer (polyethylene-methacrylic acid-isobutyl acrylate terpolymer) in the blend. For a dispersed phase content of 10% by weight, a maximum reduction in phase size was observed when only 0.5% by weight of ionomer was added to the blend, A more significant reduction of the dispersed phase size was observed when the minor phase was nylon, due to interactions which exist between the ionomer and the polyamide. These interactions have been confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At high concentrations of the ionomer, flocculation of the nylon dispersed phase was observed. In comparison to one-step mixing, blends prepared by two-step or batch mixing were characterized by a smaller dispersed phase when nylon was the matrix, and a larger particle size when nylon was the minor phase. The results observed are explained in terms of a speculative model of the interactions occurring across the nylon-polvolefin interface.
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    Determination of the nature and content of antioxidant and antioxidant synergist in polyethylene and crosslinked polyethylene used in cables (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1445-1449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that polyethylene and crossllnked polyethylene resins used for cable applications contain an antioxidant synergist in addition to an antioxidant. Their nature and content have been determined by a combination of ultraviolet and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis measurements. The results thus obtained suggest that part of the antioxidant compound is grafted to polymer chains during crosslinking.
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    The effect of cryogenically ground rubber on some mechanical properties of an unsaturated polyester resin (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1455-1461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of Cryogenically Ground Rubber (CGR) from old tires on some mechanical properties of an unsaturated polyester resin is presented. A delay in the free radical cure reaction of the unsaturated polyester resin was observed upon the addition of ground rubber. This delay in the cure reaction could be overcome with the further addition of the free radical initiator. The particle size, surface chemistry, and the chemical composition of the rubber had an effect on the cure and on the final properties of the rubber-filled composites. It was also found that the rubber particles decreased the tensile, flexural, and storage shear modulus of the unsaturated polyester. Composites made from silane-treated ground rubber showed better mechanical properties than composites made from untreated CGR. Finally, the particle size of the ground rubber was apparently too large to produce a toughening effect on the filled materials.
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    Computer-aided analysis of a linearly tapered coat-hanger die (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1517-1526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We describe the computer-aided engineering analysis of a linearly tapered coat-hanger die in this paper. The general governing equation for flow distribution inside the die was derived first. On the basis of this equation, we have developed the design formula for a die to deliver uniform flow. In addition, we have also examined the variations of lateral flow uniformities and residence time distributions of polymeric liquids under several different design and operating conditions: (1) using manifolds with non-circular cross-sections, (2) adjusting production widths, (3) delivering fluids with different viscosities, and (4) enlarging manifolds for practical production considerations.
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    The pressure drop/flow rate equation for non-Newtonian flow in channels of irregular cross-section (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1559-1564 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pressure drop/flow rate equation for non-Newtonian fluid flow in channels of irregular cross-section is determined theoretically by two numerical methods. Two representative non-Newtonian fluid models, the Ellis and the Herschel-Bulkley models, have been studied for several commonly encountered non-circular channels. The empirical methods proposed by Kozicki, et al, and Miller have been analyzed. The validity of their methods is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760282306
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    Memory effects in polymers. II. Processing history vs. crystallization rate of nylon 6 - observation of phenomenon and product behavior (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1600-1606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The observation of a novel phenomenon is reported whereby the processing history of a nylon 6 leads to a memory effect which in turn affects its crystallization rate from the molten state. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy are the primary techniques used to demonstrate that the melt-crystallization behavior of nylon 6 can be controlled by processing variables. Characterization data is presented to show that obvious parameters such as molecular weight, impurities, monomer and oligomers, etc. are not responsible for the observed changes in crystallization behavior upon processing. It is shown that the mechanical properties and/or morphology of a nylon 6 article can depend upon the processing technique (e.g., compression or injection molding) as well as the processing history of the nylon 6 resin itself.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760282405
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    A study of bubble nucleation in a mixture of molten polymer and volatile liquid in a shear flow field (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 1616-1627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bubble nucleation in a mixture of volatile liquid and polymer melt under shear flow conditions was investigated, using a light scattering technique. In the study, a mixture of polystyrene and trichlorofluoromethane was extruded through a slit die having glass windows and bubble nucleation in the flow channel was observed optically. A He-Ne laser was used to illuminate the nucleating and growing bubbles. The light flux scattered by the growing bubbles at a fixed angle was detected by a photomultiplier with the aid of a high-voltage power supply. The bubble nucleating site in the flow channel was located using a computer controlled tracking system, which was designed to move the entire optical system automatically in the three dimensional space, and also had the ability to follow the software control command and cooperate with the data acquisition system. When the site of bubble nucleation was located, the coordinates of this site in the flow channel and the experimental conditions were automatically recorded on a floppy diskette by entering a software command. The pressure profile along the flow channel was measured by pressure transducers, with the aid of a microprocessor-based pressure reading system. It has been found that the site of bubble nucleation varies with the position in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction, which is attributed to the nonuniform velocity and stress distributions in the slit flow channel. The present investigation suggests that bubble nucleation can be induced either by flow and/or shear stress; specifically, flow-induced bubble nucleation is the dominant mechanism at positions near the center of the die opening, and shear-induced bubble nucleation is the dominant mechanism at positions near the die wall. It should be mentioned that the bubble near the die wall may also be generated by cavitation brought about by the surface roughness of the wall and also by thermal fluctuations due to the heat transfer between the metal (die wall) and the mixture of polymer and volatile component. The present study indicates that bubble nucleation in a shear flow field can occur at an unsaturated condition. This is in contrast to bubble nucleation under static conditions, where supersaturation is necessary.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    Torsion Impregnated Cloth Analysis for resin rheological studies (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 578-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes the utility of Torsion Impregnated Cloth Analysis, a very versatile technique to characterize resin behavior during cure or after repeated thermal and environmental treatment. Multi-frequency scan data have been shown to help tremendously in interpreting the behavior during experimentation. The technique is also very useful in defining the cure conditions for new resin chemistry/systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280906
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    Characterization and role of an elastomeric interphase on carbon fibers reinforcing an epoxy matrix (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 568-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oxidized carbon fibers were coated using an on-line filament winding process with an elastomeric adduct crosslinkable and compatible with an epoxy matrix. The coating and modifications of the epoxy network were studied by dynamic mechanical measurements. Assuming that apparent activation energies of the secondary relaxation βe of the epoxy network and main relaxation αa of adduct are very different, it is possible at low frequencies to separate the two peaks. The composite material can be described as a three phase system: an epoxy network as matrix, carbon fibers, and a soft interlayer. The mechanical behavior of unidirectional composite materials studied by impact and bending tests is strongly dependent on the presence and the thickness of the coating at the carbon fiber surface.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280905
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    Crack propagation modes in fiber and particulate composites in the microstructure (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 610-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the hard or soft inclusions and the mesophase layers in either a soft-hard-soft or hard-soft-hard combination of biphase plates submitted to dynamic tensile loads on the fracture mode and bifurcation process in both phases was investigated in this paper. It was assumed that the soft or hard matrix is infolding the hard or soft inclusion of the plate, so that the plate constitutes a meridional section of the representative volume element of a unidirectional fiber composite, or a principal section of a particulate. The influence of the mechanical properties of either phase on the crack propagation velocity and the initiation of crack bifurcation was studied by using high-speed photography and dynamic caustics. The results showed that the propagating crack tended to bifurcate either in the brittle or in the mesophase layer under certain conditions of propagation velocity. It was shown that bifurcation of a propagating crack depends on the elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios of the phases, as well as on the extent of the mesophase layer, which depended on the adhesion quality of phases.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280910
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    Masthead (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760281001
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    Sorption of methylene chloride in polyethylene terephthalate (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 21-27 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sorption of methylene chloride in polyethylene terephthalate has been performed at three different temperatures: 21, 34, and 48°C. The solubility data are explained through dual sorption. The diffusivities are more difficult to explain since some anomalous effects were present.
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    Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with 1-olefins. Part IV. Investigation of rheological and mechanical properties of copolymers (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 7-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers of vinyl chloride with propene, 1-butene, and 1-pentene having the same content of 1-olefin (4.0 ± 0.5 mol%) and various molar mass and copolymers with a comparable molar mass and the same composition were prepared. By measuring rheological and mechanical properties of this assembly of samples, which also included the reference vinyl chloride homopolymer, it was possible to estimate the effect of molar mass and of the individual comonomers. The copolymers under investigation possessed improved processing properties and did not suffer any deterioration of important mechanical properties.
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    Structure of skin layer in injection-molded polypropylene (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 29-49 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure of skin layer in injection-molded polypropylen which displayed a clear two-phase structure of skin and core has been studied by means of wide-angle x-ray diffraction, small-angle x-ray scattering, melting behavior, density, dynamic viscoelasticity, and tensile test. In skin layer, the c-axis and a*-axis were highly oriented to the machine direction (MD), and the plane of the lamellar structure of about 160 Å in thickness was in normal to MD. The density was about 0.907 g/cm3, which was nearly the same as that of core layer. Although the majority of crystallites melted in the same temperature range as in that of the core layer, there was about 5.3% higher temperature melting structure (Tm = 182°C). The dynamic tensile modulus E′ in MD decreased more slowly with increasing temperature than that of the core layer and held high modulus in the range of ca. 30°C, just above the temperature at which E′ of the core layer suddenly dropped. E′ in MD was higher than that in TD in the temperature range below 33°C, which was slightly higher than the primary absorption temperature, and the order reversed above 33°C. The tensile yield stress in MD was 1.5 times higher than that of the core layer. The skin layer in MD ruptured just after yielding and did not show necking. The tensile yield stress in TD was about half of that in MD about 0.7 times that of the core layer. The necking stress in TD was about 0.6 times that of the core layer. In general, a polypropylene melt crystallizes under a high shear stress in injection molding. From these facts, it was concluded that the skin layer is composed of so-called “shishkebab”-like main skeleton structures, whose axis is parallel to MD, piled epitaxially with a*-axis-oriented imperfect lamellar substructure.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350104
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    Structure and properties of p-carboxysuccinanilic polyester resins (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 75-83 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyester resins were prepared by the reaction of p-carboxysuccinanilic acid ethyl ester with ethylene glycol and 1,4-butenediol. Also, unsaturated polyester resins were prepared by the copolymerization of p-carboxysuccinanilic acid ethyl ester and maleic anhydride with ethylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-butenediol, and 2-butyne-1,4-diol. All the polyester resins and the copolyesters have been characterized and were found to cure with styrene, except those prepared in the absence of maleic anhydride. The properties of the cured products in the form of films were determined. Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the polyester resins and their hydrolyzate products after curing with styrene.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350107
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    Grafting of poly(α-chloroacrylonitrile) (α-PCIAN) on carbon black and electrical properties of α-PCIAN-grafted carbon black compositions (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 127-134 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The electrical properties of poly(α-chloroacrylonitrile) (PCIAN) carbon black compositions were determined. These materials were prepared by polymerizing α-chloroacrylonitrile in the presence of carbon black (GC resistors). Resistivities measurement of GC resistors shows a semiconductor-like behavior. Moreover, the resistance change of GC resistors with electrical field strength is very large. It is concluded that the conduction of GC resistors is controlled by the thin polymer layer present at the surface of the carbon black particles. Heat degradation of such compositions was also investigated: A significant weight loss above 150°C is observed in all cases which can be attributed to thermal dehydrochlorination of PCIAN. After heat treatment at 300°C, during 1 h, the resistivities decrease of about 1 order of magnitude because of the formation of a semiconducting polyconjugated polymer by dehydrochlorination of PCIAN.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350111
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    Influence of molecular weight distribution on the linear viscoelastic properties of polymer blends (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 167-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Literature data for the dynamic viscoelastic properties of binary blends of nearly monodisperse polybutadienes, polystyrenes, and poly(methyl methacrylate)s was analyzed using logarithmic plots of dynamic storage modulus G′ versus loss modulus G″, based on a recent theoretical study by Han and John.28 It has been found that for binary blends of monodisperse polymers with molecular weights M much greater than the entanglement molecular weight Me, the value of G′ in log G′ - log G″ plots becomes independent of molecular weight, increases sharply as small amounts of a high-molecular-weight component are added to a low-molecular-weight component, and passes through a maximum G′max at a critical blend composition (φ2)max, and that G′max becomes larger and (φ2)max becomes smaller as the ratio of component molecular weights increases. However, as the molecular weight distribution of the constituent components becomes broader, the effect of blend composition on G′ in log G′ - log G″ plots becomes less pronounced. This observation has enabled us to explain why log G′ - log G″ plots of binary blends of commercial polymers, namely, blends of two low-density polyethylenes, blends of poly(∊-caprolactone) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile), and blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinylidene fluoride), all having broad molecular weight distributions, give rise to values of G′ between those of the constituent components. When one of the constituent components has molecular weight smaller than Me, while the other has molecular weight larger, and as small amounts of the high-molecular-weight component are added to the low-molecular-weight component, log G′ - log G″ plots of binary blends give rise to values of G′ larger than those of the constituent components at low values of G″, but approaches the value of G′ for the low-molecular-weight component as the value of G″ is increased. However as the amount of the high-molecular-weight component is increased above a certain critical composition, binary blends give rise to values of G′ close to that of the high-molecular-weight component at all values of G″. The experimentally observed dependence of G′ on blend composition in log G′ - log G″ plots is favorably compared to the theoretical prediction of a blending law proposed by Montfort and co-workers.14,15
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    Polyurethane-based sealants modified by blending with Kraft lignin (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 247-257 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation was conducted to establish the viability of blending Kraft lignin (L), a naturally occuring, readily available polymer resource, with polyurethane-(PU) based sealants. The sealants were tested in a detailed program where lignin-sealant blends, having blend ratios varying between 0 and 20 pbw L, were prepared on substrates of aluminum, mortar, and wood, and subjected to laboratory control (C), artificial weathering (AW), and natural weathering (NW) conditions. Results of tension testing showed that generally, lignin acts as a reinforcing agent which adds rigidity to the polymeric matrix, as indicated by the increase in toughness and modulus of blended sealants with the addition of lignin. In addition, the curing mode of PU, as determined by sequence hardness testing, was modified with the addition of lignin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350118
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    Density and thermal expansion of a trifluoropropylsiloxane polymer in solution (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 273-275 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350120
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    Common thermoanalytical characteristics of durable press reactants based on cyclic ureasPresented in part at the SW Regional Meeting, American Chemical Society, Houston, Texas, November 19-21, 1986. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 229-245 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal analyses, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), and differential thermogravimetry (DTG), were performed on a series of derivatives of cyclic ureas under nitrogen. Such compounds are used extensively for durable press finishing of cotton textiles. Three common features were discovered in 15 compounds analyzed. Two features related to the presence of an oxygen-containing substituent on the ring carbons or the ring nitrogens. The former substitution was expressed as an exothermic response between 200 and 300°C and the latter as an endotherm between 300 and 400°C. Specific substituent modifications that changed these responses are described. A final feature was identified. The presence of N-methylol groups was recognized. This represented the first evidence that compounds capable of releasing formaldehyde have a thermoanalytical marker. The amount of residue produced in TG analyses was related to structure and indicated that thermally induced polycondensations were occurring.
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    Structures, properties, and alkali metal ion transport membrane of polyelectrolyte complexes consisting of methyl glycol chitosan, glycol chitosan, and poly(vinyl sulfate) (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 259-271 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mixtures of methyl glycol chitosan and glycol chitosan were reacted with poly(vinyl sulfate) to form many different water-insoluble polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) in aqueous solution at various hydrogen ion concentrations. It was revealed from elemental analyses, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and solubilities of PEC that molecular structures of each PEC are dependent on [H+]. PEC membranes were made from casting solutions of all kinds of PEC, and transport phenomena through the membrane of PEC prepared in a pH 13.0 solution were investigated under various conditions. The transport ratio of Na+ and the electric potential difference between the left- and right-hand sides of the membrane were measured, and it is suggested that the driving force for active transport depends on the membrane potential, Donnan potential and diffusion potential. Moreover, permeability of K+ was higher than that of Na+ in selective transport.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350119
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    Micromechanisms of high-energy peel failure in polyester-aluminum-polyester laminates (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 279-297 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Symmetrical polyester-aluminum-polyester laminates are prepared using poly(ethylene terephthalate) film subjected to a glow discharge pretreatment. Extremely high peel energies (several hundred J m-2) are achieved, and the fracture path is principally cohesive: the laminate performance thus fully exploits the bulk mechanical properties of the PET. The peel surface exhibits extensive plasticity on a scale of tens of microns, with finer ductile tearing on a scale of order 1 μm. The mechanism of peel propagation and energy dissipation is discussed with regard to the optimisation of peel strength.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350201
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    Characterization of styrene-methyl methacrylate-n-butyl acrylate terpolymers. II. Effects of sequence distribution on glass transition temperature (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 311-319 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of sequence distribution on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the title terpolymers prepared by radical polymerization were studied. Tg was examined by thermomechanical analysis. The average diad concentrations, as estimation of sequence distributions were calculated from monomer reactivity ratios. A modified Gibbs-Dimarzio equation for binary copolymers was extended to terpolymers to explain the relation between observed Tg and average diad concentrations. The observed Tg showed good agreement with the calculated values determined by the extended equation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350203
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    Characterization of styrene-methyl methacrylate-n-butyl acrylate terpolymers. I. Average diad concentration determined by 1H-NMR (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 299-309 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The average diad concentrations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) unit, P2{MiMj}, of the title terpolymer prepared by radical polymerization with various conversions were studied by 1H-NMR measurements. Several methoxy proton peaks of MMA resolved by the diamagnetic shielding effects of styrene were assigned to the individual microstructures of MMA-centered triads. The P2{MiMj} were determined from these peak ratios according to the terminal copolymerization model and the Ham's assumption of statistical simplification for a multicomponent copolymer (P2{MiMj} = P2{MjMi}), The observed values, P2{MiMj}, agreed with the values calculated from the monomer reactivity ratios for each conversions, and agreement with the copolymerization theory was evident.
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    Van der Waals model for filled rubbers with modified interfacial contacts (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 345-362 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown how the global deformation mechanism in filler-loaded vulcanizates were modified by additional filler-to-matrix bonds. A quantitative description is given in terms of an extended van der Waals treatment including the formulation of a reduced mechanical equation of state. An interpretation of the Mullins softening is presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350206
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    High activity mixed metal alkyl cocatalysts for α-olefin polymerizationPresented at the Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Anaheim, California, September 1986. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High activity α-olefin polymerization catalysts are generally obtained by mixing MgCl2-supported TiCl4 (MgCl2/TiCl4) with an aluminum trialkyl cocatalyst. Surprisingly, AlEt2Cl, which is the preferred cocatalyst in polymerizations employing nonsupported Ti compounds, is a poor cocatalyst when used with MgCl2/TiCl4. It was found that in propylene and 1-butene polymerizations, using different MgCl2/TiCl4 catalysts, the cocatalyst activity of AlEt2Cl can be greatly improved by the addition of a magnesium or lithium alkyl. The mixed metal alkyl obtained from AlEt2Cl and MgBu2 is a particularly effective cocatalyst always yielding more polymer, of about the same stereospecificity, than the conventional aluminum trialkyls. The exact nature of the mixed metal alkyl cocatalysts is not known, but the available evidence argues against in situ aluminum trialkyl formation resulting from the alkylation of AlEt2Cl by the second metal alkyl.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350204
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    Effect of flaw size on tensile rupture and morphology of fracture surface of synthetic rubbers with special reference to rocket insulator compound (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 327-343 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies on tensile strength of polybutadiene (BR) and ethylene-propylene diene rubber (EPDM) having a wide range of flaw sizes have been carried out under both normal and aging conditions. A similar study has been done for a solid propellant rocket insulator compound, based on EPDM. The morphology of tensile fracture surface has also been reported in each case in order to understand the mechanism of rupture. Unlike NR, EPDM, and BR gum vulcanizates, both unaged and aged, show no critical cut length (lc). lc may be defined as the cut length at which the strength decreases abruptly (sometimes there is a drop of a factor of 3 or more, at lc). However, the insulator compound, based on EPDM, exhibits a definite lc in the region of 1.5-1.7 mm. This arises because of anisotropic effect of asbestos fibers. Scanning electron microscopic studies show that the mechanisms of rupture of EPDM and BR gum vulcanizates are similar throughout the whole range of precuts. It occurs through a tearing process originated from the given precut at the center of the samples. A quantitative relation between tensile strength and distance between crack lines/tear lines has also been found. Though insulator compound shows a definite lc, similar fracture surface has been observed over the entire range of flaw sizes.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350205
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    Photopolymerization of vinyl monomers using benzophenone-tetrahydrofuran initiation system and aldehydes at low temperatures (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 391-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photopolymerizations of vinyl trifluoroacetate (VTFAc), vinyl acetate (VAc), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) using the initiation system benzophenone-tetrahydrofuran were studied at low temperatures. At -78°C the rate of polymerization of VTFAc was higher than that of VAc, while MMA, which was solidified, did not polymerize. After melting the irradiated solid mixture the polymerization occurred at 4°C. The photoinduced polymerization of VTFAc occurred in the presence of butylaldehyde or isobutylaldehyde at -70°C. The degrees of polymerization and syndiotacticities of the polymers prepared were investigated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350208
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    Development of crystalline structure during tubular film blowing of low-density polyethylene (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 363-389 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Development of crystalline structure during the tubular film blowing of low-density polyethylene was investigated, using wide-angle X-ray diffraction technique, low-angle light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. In the study, commercial grades of both high-pressure low-density polyethylene (HP-LDPE) and low-pressure low-density polyethylene (LP-LDPE) (also, commonly referred to as linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE) were used. The applied stresses at the freeze line were determined using theoretical expressions derived in an earlier publication [C. D. Han and T. H. Kwack, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 28, 3399 (1983)]. The applied stresses, S11F and S33F, at and above the freeze line in the machine and transverse directions were expressed in terms of the tension at the take-up device, take-up ratio, blow-up ratio, and the pressure difference across the film of the bubble. These applied stresses were used to interpret the crystalline axes' orientation in the tubular blown films. It was found that the magnitude of S11F is an important process parameter for the crystalline axes' orientation and that the biaxial stress ratio (S11F/S33F) appears to be a determining factor in the distribution of fibrillous nuclei and crystalline texture, as well as film anisotropy.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350207
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    Synthesis of polymer materials by low energy electron beam. III. Effects of polymerization temperature in EB solid-state polymerization of semicrystalline urethane-acrylate film (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 397-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In an electron beam (EB) polymerization of a urethane-acrylate prepolymer, the polymerization temperature greatly affected the structure and properties of the resulting gel film. Urethaneacrylate, which was synthesized by the reaction of poly(butylene adipate)diol, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, was used as a prepolymer. The prepolymer was semicrystalline and showed a melting point in the region of 50-60°C. The maximum polymerization rate of the prepolymer was obtained when the prepolymer film was irradiated in the temperature range of 25-40°C. EB polymerization below the melting point (Tm) of the prepolymer produced semicrystalline polyurethane-acrylate gel films with a spherulitic texture. On the other hand, EB polymerization above the Tm destroyed the crystalline phase of the prepolymer to give transparent gel films. The gel film cured below the Tm had higher stress at yield, Young's modulus, and tensile strength than those cured above the Tm. Such temperature effects are attributed to whether or not the EB polymerization proceeds with retention of crystalline structure of the prepolymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350209
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    Effect of graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate on the properties of polyester fibers and fabric (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 439-448 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers using benzoyl peroxide (BP) as initiator was carried out in water and in water/organic solvent as a reaction medium. The effect of initiator concentration, reaction time, temperature, and reaction medium as well as addition of FeSO4 to the polymerization medium was studied. Percent grafting was enhanced significantly by increasing BP concentration up to 0.016 mol/L and then decreased upon further increase in initiator concentration. Increasing the monomer (HEMA) concentration up to 0.48 mol/L improves significantly the graft yield. Raising the polymerization temperature up to 85°C causes a significant increase in grafting yield; further increase in temperature leads to decrease in graft yield. Incorporation of Fe+2 ions in the polymerization system decrease the graft yield. The same situation is encountered when water/solvent mixture is used as reaction medium. Solvent employed were methanol, toluene, and benzene.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350211
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    Rheological properties of liquid crystalline solutions of ethyl celluloses with different molecular weight in m-cresol (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 407-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Steady-state shear rheological properties of liquid crystalline solutions of four ethyl celluloses (ECs) were determined at a low shear rate (1 s-1) and at relatively high shear rates by using two rheometers (cone-plate and capillary types), and were compared with those of liquid crystalline hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The effect of molecular weight (MW) on the viscoelastic behavior was also determined. The viscoelastic behavior was also determined. The viscometric behavior of EC solutions was similar to that of HPC solutions: (1) with respect to temperature, the shear viscosity (η) at shear rate of 1 s-1 exhibited a minimum (ηmin) and a maximum (ηmax), and the concentration-temperature superposition for η could be applied; (2) the behavior of η at relatively high shear rates as a function of shear rate or polymer concentration was typical of lyotropic liquid crystals. The MW dependence of ηmin was greater than that of ηmax for EC solutions. The behavior of the elastic parameters such as Bagley correction factor (v), entrance pressure drop (ΔPent), and die swell (B) at relatively high shear rates for EC solutions was essentially similar to that for HPC solutions: (1) the shear rate or stress dependence of the elastic parameters was greatly dependent on whether the polymer solution was in a single phase or biphase; (2) with respect to concentration the elastic parameters showed a maximum and a minimum and the maximum or minimum point for each parameter was not always identical to each other. η for the isotropic or fully anisotropic solutions at a given concentration (C) increased, whereas η for the solutions in the vicinity of the biphasic region showed a minimum, with respect to MW. The slope of η at a given shear rate vs. CMw depended on shear rate, and this slope for the isotropic solutions appeared to be greater than that for fully anisotropic solutions. ΔPent and v at a given concentration showed either a monotonical increase or a maximum or minimum with MW, and this behavior was not fully consistent with that of η. B for the isotropic solutions increased and B's for both biphasic and fully anisotropic solutions were almost constant, with MW.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350210
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    Infrared spectral study on the heat curing reaction of glycerin-terminated urethane prepolymers (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 449-464 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glycerin, toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and polyglycol (PG) were reacted at various molar ratios to produce glycerin-terminated urethane prepolymers of different molecular weights. The prepolymers were mixed with equivalent phenol-blocked trimethylol propane-TDI-urethane triisocyanate in m-cresol to give a coating solution. The solution was coated and baked to give polyurethane crosslinked films. The changes of the functional groups during the crosslinking reaction and the mechanical properties of the polyurethane crosslinked films were studies. Experimental results show that the phenol-blocked urethane triisocyanate will deblock phenol to regenerate free isocyanate groups above 120°C and then react with the hydroxyl groups of urethane prepolymers. At 220°C, the rate of deblocking phenol to regenerate isocyanate groups is faster than that of the reaction of urethane prepolymers with isocyanate groups. The deblocking reaction is contemporaneous with the reaction of isocyanate groups with hydroxyl groups, so that the characteristic absorption peaks of isocyanate groups can be observed from IR spectra during the crosslinking reaction. The absorption peak of isocyanate groups gradually decreased with the crosslinking reaction, but the absorption peak increased after curing for about 50-60 min. This feature is caused by the reactivity of the secondary hydroxyl groups of glycerin which is slower than that of the primary hydroxyl groups of glycerin.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350212
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    Preparation of photoresist polymer by a photoreactive monomer containing N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate group (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 465-473 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel photosensitive monomer with a pendant photoreactive diethyldithiocarbamoyl group, VBDC, was synthesized and copolymerized with some vinyl monomers by AIBN. The copolymers obtained have efficient photocrosslinking abilities, and are thermally stable. Therefore, there was no loss of dithiocarbamoyl group during radical polymerization, and the polymerization proceeded through vinyl group. The degree of photocrosslinking was proportional to the concentration of the photosensitive group, but photosensitivity of the polymer was not. Water-soluble photoreactive copolymers, VBDC with AAm or MA, were also prepared. AAm copolymer has a good photosensitivity by only 3 mol % VBDC incorporation. Photocrosslinking yields of these polymers depend on the viscosity of original polymers except in the case of low concentration of VBDC. The relation between copolymer composition and glass transition temperature was also investigated. From the investigation of Tg, it was concluded that the copolymer structure largely affected on ΔTg. The mechanism of photocrosslinking was studied by photodecomposition of benzyl N, N-diethyldithiocarbamate, and the result that the decreases of sulfur content clearly related to photocrosslinking points was also obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350213
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    Electrical conduction of CuxS-treated films (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 475-483 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electrical conductivity measurements have been made on CuxS-treated PET and nylon 6 films in the temperature region between 20 and 200°C. CuxS-treated films have been observed to have two transition temperatures at about 100 and 180°C, respectively. It should be reasonable to consider that the conductivity behavior between 100 and 180°C is attributed to the character of a metastable structure of the cuprous sulfide. Temperature dependence of conductivity of the CuxS-treated PET and nylon 6 films was investigated and compared with that of original PET and nylon 6 films. The current-voltage characteristics and time dependence of conductivity of samples were investigated. Conduction mechanism of the CuxS-treated films was not dependent on matrix polymers but dependent on CuxS crystal, and the conduction is mainly electronic.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350214
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    On the structure of glassy polymers. VIII. Use of Z contrast to elucidate the microstructure of epoxy and polyimid resins (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 485-505 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The technique of ultramicrotomy of polymers, followed by staining of the resulting thin sections with heavy metal ions and viewing with Z enhancement in the scanning transmission electron microscope is described. When applied to anhydride-cured epoxy resins, the structure is found to be heterogeneously crosslinked on a scale of a few hundred angströms. When the technique is applied to amine-cured epoxy resins, the microstructure is found to change from homogeneous to inhomogeneously crosslinked, depending on stoichiometries and cure cycles. For amine-cured resins whose cure conditions are within the range of microstructural change, the bright field of the stained specimens alone does not detect heterogeneities, and the Z contrast becomes crucial to discern the kind of microstructure. A commercial polyimide film examined in the same way is found to exhibit systematic variations in structure through the thickness of the film.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350215
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    Thermovulcanization of polychloroprene rubber and its blends with poly(vinyl chloride) (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 507-515 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Heat and mechanical stressing at higher temperatures effect changes in polychloroprene rubber leading to network formation. During thermovulcanization of polychloroprene rubber in the temperature range of 150-200°C, two reactions have been observed and their kinetic parameters determined. When the rubber is stressed by shearing forces, the rate of degradation crosslinking is fairly high even at relatively low temperatures (90-150°C). Thermovulcanization of polychloroprene rubber/poly(vinyl chloride) blends has been investigated in the entire concentration range at 180°C. Maxima have been observed on the dependences of some kinetic parameters of the thermovulcanization reaction on polymer blend composition.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350216
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    Gas transport in poly(vinyl cyclohexanecarboxylate) (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 517-528 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low-pressure gas permeation measurements were performed on poly(vinyl cyclohexanecarboxylate) to evaluate its transport characteristics. The transport data of CO2, O2, N2, He, and Ar, were presented as a function of temperature ranging from 15 to 85°C. The apparent transport parameters were determined by the time lag method above and below the glass transition temperature and they were compared with other polymers of similar chemical structures. The side chain of the polymer has a bulky cyclohexyl group, which seemed to increase gas diffusivity. The activation energy for diffusion seemed to be related with the polarity of side chain. The relationships between gas diffusivity, physical properties, and chemical structure were qualitatively discussed in comparison with the data on poly(vinyl benzoate) and poly(vinyl acetate).
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350217
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    Flame-retardation studies of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics treated with tris dibromo alkyl phosphatesIssued as NRCC No. 27692. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 529-535 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flammability characteristics of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS-BP), a known carcinogen, has been compared with other tris dibromo alkyl phosphates which show reduced mutagenic responses in experimental studies. The effectiveness of these alternative chemicals in releasing hydrogen bromide (HBr), a recognized combustion inhibitor, has been measured and the results compared with flammability evaluation of polyester fabrics treated with these chemicals. Results indicate that tris(2,3-dibromo-3,3-dimethyl propyl) phosphate, while having reduced mutagenicity and nephrotoxicity in comparison to TRIS-BP, exhibits excellent flame-retardant characteristics when applied to polyester fabrics. Meanwhile, other chemicals studied show comparable flame retardation to TRIS-BP, but with substantial reduced mutagenicity.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350218
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    Direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry of chlorine-containing polymers using capillary GC/MS (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 537-548 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A direct pyrolysis mass spectrometric technique has been developed and applied to several chlorine-containing polymers. The capillary column in the gas chromatograph has been replaced by uncoated fused silica tubing to avoid the problem of column degradation induced by the polymer pyrolyzates. Under appropriate conditions, the pyrolysis mass spectra were found to be highly reproducible and to serve as “fingerprints.” The technique can be readily applied to carbon-black-filled, crosslinked elastomers, as well as polyblends and composites. The quantitative aspects of the technique have also been addressed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350219
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