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  • Hymenoptera  (33)
  • Springer  (33)
  • Elsevier
  • 2015-2019
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (33)
  • 1988  (33)
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  • Springer  (33)
  • Elsevier
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  • 2015-2019
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (33)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 379-386 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cannibalism ; caste ; development ; Mischocyttarus ; Hymenoptera ; larva ; nourishment ; saliva ; trophallaxis ; Vespidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 387-392 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; foraging ; microhabitat preference ; learning ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; parasitoids ; Pseudococcidae ; mealybugs ; Anagyrus pseudococci ; Leptomastix dactylopii ; Leptomastidea abnormis ; temperature ; predicting development ; thresholds ; temperate glasshouses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les vitesses de développement de 3 parasitoïdes de cochenilles ont été étudiées dans les conditions de température de serre, avec thermopériode ou en température constante. En conditions constantes, la vitesse augmente jusqu'à 35°C, mais est létale à 40°C. Avec thermopériode, une thermophase de 40°C peut être tolérée pendant 12 heures. Les vitesses de développement sous thermopériodes pourraient être calculées à partir des données obtenues en conditions constantes, modifiées en fonction des durées respectives des cryophases et thermophases. Une méthode originale est présentée pour obtenir les seuils inférieurs de développement, en utilisant des thermopériodes, et pour calculer les vitesses de développement à températures élevées. Une méthode de régression polynomiale, non vérifiée préalablement, a été utilisée pour prévoir les durées moyennes des développements sous serre. Ces estimations sont beaucoup plus sûres que les prédictions basées sur le concept de degré-jour (Do), lorsque les températures extrêmes durent longtemps, mais en serre chaude elles ne présentent aucune différence significative. De plus, une méthode d'évaluation des 95% d'émergences, a donné de bonnes estimations des premières et dermières émergences en conditions périodiques.
    Notes: Abstract Developmental rates of three encyrtid mealybug parasitoids were examined under constant, cycling and glasshouse temperatures. Under constant conditions the rate of development increased with rising temperature up to 35°C, but a constant 40°C was lethal. Under cycling conditions, 12 h periods at 40°C could be tolerated. Developmental rates under cycling conditions could be calculated from constant temperature data, by incrementing development on an h/h basis. A new technique was developed to determine the lower thresholds for development, using cycling regimes and to calculate the rates of development over short periods at high temperature. A previously untested polynomial regression technique was used to predict mean developmental periods under glasshouse conditions. These predictions were considerably more accurate than day-degree (Do) predictions when substantial periods at extreme temperatures were involved, but not significantly different from day-degree predictions under ‘hot-house’ conditions. In addition a method was developed to calculate a 95% range for emergence, which gave consistently good estimates of first and last eclosion observed under fluctuating conditions.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: trap hosts ; parasitoid ; parasitism ; attack rates ; mealybug ; Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; Epidinocarsis diversicornis ; Acerophagus coccois ; Homoptera ; Pseudococcidae ; Phenacoccus herreni ; cassava ; yuca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pendant des expositions de 4 jours dans la nature de plants en pots de M. esculenta contaminés artificiellement par des P. herreni du troisième stade, les densités de cochenilles ont été réduites de 73%: de 235.7–1100.2/par plant contaminé à 63.7–314.2/par plant, par suite des évasions, de la pluie et de la prédation. Les attaques de parasitoïdes ne changent pas suivant les densités de cochenilles. Les mêmes espèces de parasitoïdes, ont été élevées dans à peu près les mêmes proportions (Acerophagus coccois, 88.1%, et Epidinocaris diversicornis, 11.3%) à partir de cochenilles sur pots artificiellement contaminés ou de manioc de la nature. Les taux d'attaques par les parasitoïdes sur les cochenilles artificiellement exposées, associés à un modèle de simulation du parasitisme, ont permis de prévoir avec précision les niveaux de parasitisme observés pour chaque stade dans la population de la nature.
    Notes: Abstract During 4-day field exposure intervals, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, third-instar mealybugs on artificially infested potted cassava plants were reduced 73% from initial densities of 235.7–1100.2/infested plant to 63.7–314.2/plant due to dispersal, rain, and predation. Frequency of parasitoid attack did not differ between high and low mealybug densities. The same species of parasitoids, in approximately the same proportions, were reared from mealybugs on artificially infested potted plants as from field mealybugs (Acerophagus coccois) Smith, 88.1% and Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard), 11.3%. Parasitoid attack rates on artificially exposed mealybugs, when combined with a simulation model of parasitism, accurately predicted observed levels of stage-specific parasitism in the field population.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Edovum puttleri ; Eulophidae ; Hymenoptera ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; host habitat conditioning ; parasitism ; host preference ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'oophage, E. puttleri a été élevé à partir des oeufs de Leptinotarsa decemlineata et L. texana. Il a été mis en expérience sur l'une des 3 plantes consommées par L. decemlineata: Solanum tuberosum tuberosum, S. melongena et Lycopersicon esculentum. Des expériences de choix ont permis de déterminer ses préférences pour les différentes catégories d'oeufs. Le choix de l'oophage est influencé par l'espèce de Leptinotarsa sur laquelle il a été élevé. E. puttleri élevé sur oeufs de L. decemlineata récoltés sur un mélange des 3 solanées, et mis en présence d'un choix de groupes d'oeufs provenant de ces 3 plantes, a parasité préférentiellement les oeufs récoltés sur S. t. tuberosum; élevé à partir d'oeufs de L. texana récoltés sur S. elaeagnifolium, et mis en présence d'un mélange de pontes des 3 solanées, il a préféré parasiter les oeufs provenant de L. esculentum. Son choix a été influencé aussi par la plante qui l'avait conditionné. E. puttleri, élevé à partir de L. texana et mis en expérience sur des pontes provenant de S. t. tuberosum a préféré pondre sur les oeufs provenant de cette solanée. De même, élevé à partir d'oeufs de L. decemlineata pondus sur S. t. tuberosum, il a préféré pondre sur les oeufs provenant de cette plante. Cependant, les oophages élevés à partir d'oeufs de L. decemlineata provenant de L. esculentum, et mis en présence de pontes provenant de L. esculentum, n'ont pas préféré significativement ces oeufs au détriment de ceux provenant des autres solanées, bien que les pontes récoltées sur L. esculentum aient été parasitées plus fréquemment quand 2 des 3 pontes (une de chaque plante) avaient été sondées ou parasitées. Le parasitisme à l'intérieur d'une ponte (nombre d'oeufs de la ponte parasités, sondés, etc) ne varie pas significativement avec la solanée d'origine. La discussion a porté sur les conséquences de ces observations sur l'écologie de l'oophage et sur la lutte biologique contre L. decemlineata.
    Notes: Abstract The egg parasitoid, Edovum puttleri Grissell, was cultured from eggs of two Leptinotarsa hosts, L. decemlineata (Say) and L. texana Schaeffer, and experienced on eggs from three L. decemlineata food plants, namely potato, Solanum tuberosum tuberosum L., eggplant, S. melongena L., and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Host preference of the various cultures was determined using choice tests. parasitoid choices were influenced by the Leptinotarsa rearing host. Wasps, reared from L. decemlineata eggs from a mixture of all three food plants and experienced on egg masses from all three food plants, preferred to parasitize egg masses from potato. Wasps, reared from L. texana eggs from silver leaf nightshade, S. elaeagnifolium L., and experienced on egg masses from all three food plants, preferred to parasitize egg masses from tomato. Choices were also influenced by the herbivore's food plant that wasps were conditioned to. Wasps, reared from L. texana and experienced on egg masses from potato, preferred to parasitize egg masses from potato. Wasps, reared from L. decemlineata on potato and experienced on egg masses from potato, preferred to parasitize egg masses from potato. Wasps, reared from L. decemlineata on tomato and experienced on egg masses from tomato, did not display a distinct host preference. Within-egg mass parasitism (i.e., number of eggs per mass that were parasitized, probed, etc.) did not consistently differ among the three food plants. The implications of these data in parasitoid ecology and biological control programs for L. decemlineata are discussed.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 293-300 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; egg parasitoid ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; host-community location ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences menées en olfactométrie avec le parasite oophage Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) et son hôte, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) donnent les résultats suivants. La présence de la phéromone sexuelle de l'hôte réduit de façon significative le nombre de passages entre les champs odorisés. De mème, les parasites visitent plus fréquemment le champ qui dispense l'odeur de la femelle en appel que le champ témoin placé à l'opposé. Par ailleurs, le temps passé dans le champ qui contient la phéromone sexuelle émise par les femelles vierges en appel est significativement supérieur à la durée de visite des champs témoins. Si l'on utilise comme source d'odeur des femelles vierges qui ne sont pas en appel, la réponse est inversée, les parasites sont alors repoussés par l'odeur de ces papillons et le nombre de visites est distribué de façon aléatoire entre les quatre champs. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le contexte de l'écologie du comportement de recherche chez les parasites oophages.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents results of olfactometer experiments with the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and its host the corn earworm moth, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The sex pheromone of the host significantly reduced the total number of border crossings between odour fields in the olfactometer. Also, female parasitoids made significantly more visits to the calling moth odour field than to the opposite control field in the olfactometer. Further, the wasps spent significantly more time in the olfactometer field containing the sex pheromone released by calling virgin moths, than in control fields. If non-calling virgin moths were used as odour source, the response was reversed and wasps were repelled by the odour of the moths, and the numbers of visits were evenly distributed over the four flow fields. These results are discussed in the context of foraging ecology of egg parasitoids.
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: tri-trophic level interactions ; nicotine ; alkaloid ; Hyposoter annulipes ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des quantités croissantes de nicotine dans l'alimentation ont prolongé la durée du développement des chenilles saines, bien que l'effet ait chuté aux concentrations les plus élevées. Le sexe de la noctuelle n'a pas eu d'effet sur la durée du développement ou l'action de la nicotine. L'influence de la nicotine sur le poids des chrysalides est inhabituel, en ce sens que les chrysalides les plus lourdes ont été obtenues aux concentrations moyennes. Des hypothèses sont proposés sur l'origine de ce phénomène. La mortalité et la durée de développement de H. annulipes ont augmenté et le poids des adultes a diminué quand la concentration de l'aliment de l'hôte en nicotine s'est élevée. L'effet différente de la nicotine sur des générations successives a pu provenir de modifications de la toxicité de la nicotine en fonction de changements dans la qualité de l'aliment. Quoi qu'il en soit, l'augmentation de la concentration de la nicotine dans l'alimentation de l'hôte a eu un effet négatif cohérent sur la valeur adaptative de H. annulipes.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of nicotine (at a range of concentrations) in the food of an herbivorous host on the development, size and survival of its parasitoid. Fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were reared on diets of 0, 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075% nicotine and exposed to parasitism by Hyposoter annulipes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). As nicotine concentration increased parasitoid mortality and development time increased and adult weight decreased. Development time, pupal weight and survival were recorded for unparasitized armyworms. Unparasitized fall armyworms showed lengthened development and higher mortality but pupal weights were greatest at intermediate nicotine concentrations.
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 221-225 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Competitive interaction ; parasitoids ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Ichneumonidae ; Cotesia kazak ; Hyposoter didymator ; Heliothis armigera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les interactions liées à la compétition entre deux parasitoïdes introduits d'H. armigera, le braconide C. kazak et l'ichneumonide H. didymator ont été examinées au laboratoire pour évaluer leur efficacité dans la nature. Séparément, C. kazak et H. didymator ont parasité respectivement 55% et 58% des chenilles d'H. armigera, et en combinaison, par multiparasitisme, 75%. Dans toutes les combinaisons de superparasitisme, après 24 h d'exposition, C. kazak a réduit de plus de 69% l'action de H. didymator. En plus de la mortalité des hôtes liées au succès du parasitisme, une mortalité larvaire élevée (23%) a été observée dans les cas de multiparasitisme, contre 10% avec parasitisme par une espèce. Cependant, quelle que soit la combinaison, la durée de développement de chacune des espèces n'a pas été modifiée. Puisque H. didymator s'est révélé intrinsèquement inférieur, il est suggéré de la lâcher le premier. C. kazak est un parasitoïde valable pour des libérations, là où déplacement compétitif de l'autre parasite n'est pas réalisé ou délibérément nécessaire.
    Notes: Abstract Competitive interaction between two introduced parasitoids of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) i.e. the braconid Cotesia kazak Telenga and the ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator (Thunb.) was studied in the laboratory. C. kazak and H. didymator individually parasitized about 55% H. armigera larvae, the combination of the two parasitoids gave more than 75% parasitism. C. kazak was found to be more effective, when the host was exposed to both parasitoids at the same time, reduced H. didymator population by 69% to 24 h. It is, therefore, better to release these two parasitoids individually in different locations to avoid any possible competitive interaction between the two. No difference in developmental time was observed irrespective of parasitoid sequence.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: competition ; multiparasitization ; parasitoid ; physical attack ; Trieces tricarinatus ; Triclistus yponomeutae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La compétition entre les deux ichneumonides endoparasitoïdes solitaires Trieces tricarinatus Grav. et Triclistus yponomeutae Aeschl. a été examinée en élevant et disséquant des Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus Retz. attaqués le même jour par les deux parasitoïdes. Les résultats des dissections des hôtes multiattaqués ont été comparés à ceux des hôtes attaqués par un seul parasite, pour séparer la mortalité ou l'absence de parasitoïde provoquées par la compétition à celles dues à d'autres facteurs. On a constaté qu'un seul parasite était capable d'achever son développement. Dès que l'hôte était nymphosé et que les deux parasitoïdes étaient au premier stade larvaire, une des larves tuait sa compétitrice. Pour une fraction importante des larves éliminées, il a été possible de montrer qu'elles avaient été tuées par une aggression physique, pour les autres ce mode d'élimination était vraisemblable. L'espèce de parasitoïde qui survit dépend du nombre de jours entre la ponte des ichneumonides et la nymphose de l'hôte. Ce délai détermine le degré de développment des parasitoïdes et le moment réel de la compétition. Probablement, T. tricarinatus est le seul à survivre lorsque la nymphose de l'hôte a lieu avant l'éclosion des oeufs de T. yponomeutae.
    Notes: Abstract Competition between the solitary endoparasitoids Trieces tricarinatus (Gravenhorst) and Triclistus yponomeutae Aeschlimann (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) results in the survival of one or the other of them. Once the host, Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus (Retzius) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) has pupated and both parasitoids have completed their development to first instar larvae, one of the parasitoid larvae kills the other. Which of the parasitoids survives depends on the number of days between parasitization and pupation. As a result of their type of development, this period determines the extent of development of the parasitoids at the moment of actual competition. Apparently, T. tricarinatus survives only if pupation of the host occurs before egg hatching of T. yponomeutae.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Monomorium ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; 2,5-dialkylpyrrolidines ; 3,5-dialkylpyrrolizidines ; ant venom alkaloids ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative analysis of the venom alkaloids produced by ants in the genusMonomorium (= Chelaner) collected on North Island and South Island, New Zealand, has been undertaken. All of the ants producetrans-2, 5-dialkylpyrrolidines along with 3,5-dialkylpyrrolizidines. The structures and sterochemistry of the novel alkaloidstrans-2-butyl-5-(8-nonenyl) pyrrolidine, (5E,8Z)-3,5-di(5-hexenyl)pyrrolizidine, and (5Z,8E)-3-methyl-5-(8-nonenyl)pyrrolizidine were established by unambiguous synthesis. The geographic distribution and the chemotaxonomic significance of the alkaloids produced by these ants are discussed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fire bee ; Trigona (Oxtrigona) mellicolor ; Trigona (Oxtrigona) tataira ; honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; mandibular gland secretion ; allomone ; nest plundering ; diketones ; (E)-3-heptene-2,5-dione ; (E)-3-nonene-2,5-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ten volatile compounds derived from the cephalic glands of the fire beeTrigona (Oxytrigona)mellicolor were bioassayed for possible allomonal activities facilitating nest plundering. Two diketones, (E)-3-heptene-2,5-dione and (E)-3-nonene-2,5-dione, caused the honeybeeApis mellifera to display avoidance behavior and reduced defensive behavior. These diketones are produced in relatively large quantities in fire-bee cephalic glands.
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  • 12
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 59-69 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Atta cephalotes ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Attini ; leafcutter ants ; mutualism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four natural products, of varying activity as deterrents of leafcutter attack, were tested for their effects on ant survival and on the growth of the mutualistic attine fungus. The substances were incorporated into an artificial liquid diet for bioassays on the ants or included in an agar culture medium for fungus growth-inhibition studies. Three of the four compounds exhibited deleterious effects on either adult leafcutting ants or their mutualistic fungus, and there appeared to be some correlation between deterrency and activity in these toxicity assays. The implications of these findings for leafcutting ant foraging patterns are discussed.
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  • 13
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1583-1596 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Biological control ; artificial diet ; preflight behavior ; wind tunnels ; oviposition ; age ; chemosensory receptors ; chilling pupae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed cowpea seedlings produced volatile semiochemicals to whichMicroplitis demolitor Wilkinson responded in a wind tunnel. However, mostM. demolitor females reared fromH. zea larvae fed an artificial diet were not responsive at emergence to the same volatile semiochemicals. A preflight contact with frass fromH. zea fed cowpea was needed to stimulate a response of sustained flight in a wind tunnel. The most consistent flight response was 7–10 days postemergence. Response resulting from both antennal and ovipositor contact with host frass during preflight stimulation was no better than from antennal contact alone. Chilling the parasitoid pupae rendered most of the emerging females unresponsive to volatile semiochemicals.
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  • 14
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1239-1252 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Third trophic level interaction ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidop-tera ; Pyralidae ; Diadegma terebrans ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; α-terthienyl ; berberine ; allelochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two plant-derived allelochemicals, berberine and α-terthienyl (α- T), were tested for their effects on the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, and its endoparasitoidDiadegma terebrans. The compounds were administered to the host insect in meridic diets, and the responses of the host larvae and parasitoids reared from treated hosts were measured in terms of growth parameters and survival. InO. nubilalis, survival to pupation and adult emergence were reduced significantly by the inclusion of berberine and α-T in larval diets at a concentration of 100 μg/g. However, in the parasitoid, adverse effects were much more apparent with the α-T treatment than with the berberine treatment. α-T and one of its metabolites were found in host larvae and in emerged adult parasitoids and their cocoons. Berberine residues were not detected. The implications of these responses to compounds of widely differing physiological properties are discussed with reference to host-plant resistance and biological control.
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  • 15
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    Ecological research 3 (1988), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Cardiochiles nigriceps ; Hymenoptera ; Mating system ; Parasitoids ; Protandry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory study was conducted of the emergence times and mating success ofCardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and in view of this information, the parasitoid's mating system was explored. Observations on laboratory populations ofC. nigriceps confirmed the occurrence of two types of protandry, i.e. seasonal and diurnal; males emerged 2 days before females in a generation, and emerged about 1 hr before females on a given day. An experiment on mating success showed that newly emerged females are not receptive to males that emerged 1 hr earlier, but that these males and females often mate successfully after 1 more hr. The experiment also showed that 1- to 5-day-old males are more successful than 1-hr-old males in mating with 0- to 1-hr-old females. Thus, it is argued that males emerging on a given day have a disadvantage in competition for mates with males that emerged days earlier, and that this disadvantage may serve as a selection pressure toward diurnal protandry. A monogamous mating system for females ofC. nigriceps is suggested because sexual selection would be expected to be strong in species exhibiting both seasonal and diurnal protandry. A possibility of a sibling mating system inC. nigriceps is questioned partly because newly emerged females are unreceptive to males that emerged 1 hr earlier and partly because this parasitoid is solitary in what is considered highly dispersed hosts in the field.
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  • 16
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2185-2196 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Pogonomyrmex ; Hepatica americana ; ants ; Ranunculaceae ; diglyceride ; elaiosome ; myrmecochory ; seed dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the chemical basis for ants carrying the seeds ofHepatica americana, an ant-dispersed plant of eastern North America. A laboratory bioassay of seed and elaiosome extracts was based on the distance test items were carried byPogonomyrmex rugosus. Ants responded equally to isolated elaiosomes and to the diglyceride fraction. Diolein was a major component of the diglyceride fraction, which is consistent with a finding that 1,2-diolein releases seed-carrying byAphaenogaster rudis. Ants' response to the free fatty acid fraction was less intense. Gas chromatography of the fatty acid fraction indicated that oleic acid was a primary component, and oleic acid is known to elicit necrophoric behavior. No evidence supports an earlier suggestion that ricinoleic acid stimulates seed-carrying behavior. Ants failed to respond to seeds from which elaiosomes were removed.
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  • 17
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 713-721 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Larch sawfly ; Pristiphora erichsonii ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; 3-carene-10-al ; benzaldehyde ; bornyl acetate ; larval snap-bending
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The emission of species-specific odors byPristiphora erichsonii andP. wesmaeli is accompanied by a characteristic defensive behavior called “snap bending.” When the larvae are disturbed, blends of volatile compounds are emitted from ventral glands. The odor ofP. erichsonii, a colonial species, is composed of bornyl acetate, borneol,trans-pinocarveol, myrtenol, benzaldehyde, and tetradecyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl acetates, whereas that of the solitaryP. wesmaeli is composed of 3-carene-10-al, linalool, myrtenal, and benzaldehyde. The role of these compounds in the defensive behavior of the larvae is discussed.
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  • 18
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 957-962 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (E)-9-oxo-2-decenoic acid ; tritium labeling ; Apis mellifera ; primer pheromone ; radiosynthesis ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A short synthesis of [4,5-3H2] (E)-9-oxo-2-decenoic acid (ODA), a high-specific-activity tritium-containing isotopomer of the queen bee pheromone, is described. Catalytic tritiation of the ketal of ethyl 9-oxo-4-decenoate introduces tritium into two positions, one of which is completely unactivated. Subsequent transformation by selenation, oxidation, and hydrolysis affords the labeled 9-ODA at 〉60 Ci/mmol. The material is suitable for biochemical studies of binding and catabolism in ovarian, antennal, and other target tissues.
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  • 19
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2099-2107 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; alarm pheromones ; wax compounds ; antiaggression pheromone ; exocrine glands ; chemisociality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A dazzling variety of honeybee behaviors are triggered by pheromones produced by disparate exocrine glands. A multiplicity of chemical releasers of social behavior has been demonstrated to regulate a diversity of societal interactions, and many of these compounds are synthesized with great caste specificity. Recent investigations have resulted in the identification of a host of new compounds that are products of either worker or queen honeybees. This report fractionates these newly identified exocrine products according to their glandular proveniences and focuses on both the structural and behavioral eclecticism that characterizes these chemical signaling agents.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Heliothis zea ; parasitoid ; host selection ; volatile attractant ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) to odors from a plant-host complex was investigated using a four-choice olfactometer. Female, but not male, parasitoids responded in a dose-dependent fashion to volatiles from the plant-host complex and oviposition experience enhanced this response. Female age had no apparent effect on the response. Both artificially damaged leaves and frass elicited positive responses but of lower magnitude than those elicited by the plant-host complex. Volatiles collected from the plant-host complex placed on filter paper also elicited positive responses by female parasitoids.
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  • 21
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 517-527 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tetraponera ; ant ; alkaloids ; poison gland ; contact poison ; tetraponerine ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Pseudomyrmecinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Neo-Guinean pseudomyrmecine ant,Tetraponera sp. utilizes its modified sting to smear upon enemies a contact poison with strong deterring and toxic properties. The venom, which originates from the poison gland, contains a mixture of eight closely related, alkaloids (tetraponerine-1 to -8). The structure of tetraponerine-8 was established by an X-ray diffraction analysis and was reported previously. The structure of five other members of the series has now been determined by comparison of their spectral properties with those of tetraponerine-8 and of model compounds.
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  • 22
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 825-838 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solenopsis invicta ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; imported fire ant ; Dufour's gland ; trail pheromone ; pheromone ; (Z,E)-a-farnesene ; sesquiterpene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract TheSolenopsis invicta trail pheromone is synthesized by the Dufour's gland and is released through the sting apparatus. The recruitment subcategory of theS. invicta trail pheromone was shown to be composed of a mixture of the orientation pheromone, (Z,E)-α-farnesene and an unidentified homosesquiterpene consisting of three rings and one double bond (C-1). C-1 is present in worker Dufour's glands at only 75 pg per worker equivalent. This is the first report that demonstrates that different exocrine products from the same gland control different subcategories of behavior related to mass recruitment.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis croceipes ; Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; parasitoids ; semiochemicals ; kairomones ; 13-methylhentriacontane ; stereoisomers ; enantiomers ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses ofMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) andMicroplitis demolitor Wilkinson to theR andS stereoisomers of the kairomone 13-meth-ylhentriacontane were evaluated. Singly and in combination at 5, 50-, and 500-ng dosage levels each were tested. There was a linear dosage response by both species to the three dosages. Furthermore, there was no difference between responses to the two stereoisomers or their combination by either species at any dosage level. The effects of the two stereoisomers were fully interchangeable and additive. This is the first report of parasitoid responses to stereoisomers of a kairomone.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Thoracic glands ; secretion ; Xylocopa varipuncta ; Xylocopa micheneri ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; terpenoid ; fatty acid ester ; fatty alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Some male carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.) possess massive propodeal exocrine glands that produce copious quantities of multicomponent blends of lipoidal material. Some of these compounds are volatile, producing a “flowery” aroma that can be easily detected several meters downwind from a territorial male. Chemical characterization of these secretions showed them to be blends of terpenoid compounds or fatty acid derivatives. InX. varipuncta, the mixture is composed of alltrans-geranylgeraniol, alltrans-farnesal, and an isomer of 3,7, 11-trimethyl-2,7,10-dodecatrienal in an approximate 9∶6∶1 ratio. The secretion ofX. micheneri contains isopropyl oleate, (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol, oleyl alcohol, and methyl palmitate at approximately 63∶24∶11∶1. We hypothesize that these compounds act as pheromones that aid in attracting and holding conspecific females to symbolic nonresource encounter sites where mating occurs. They also appear to have utility as chemotaxonomic markers at the subgeneric level.
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  • 25
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1475-1484 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; oviposition ; parasitoid ; Ascogaster reticulatus ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; smaller tea tortrix ; Adoxophyes sp. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An artificial egg with a Parafilm membrane was devised for the oviposition ofAscogaster reticulatus Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg-larval parasitoid of the smaller tea tortrix,Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Both external and internal kairomones were essential. The external kairomone, needed for host location and acceptance, was extracted with 70% ethanol, and the internal kairomone, needed for oviposition, was extracted with water. Female parasitoids responded to the external kairomone and oviposited through the membrane into the artificial egg when the supernatant of host egg-mass homogenate was inside, whereas they did not when water or saline solutions were inside. Thus an internal kairomone is responsible for the oviposition in the host egg. The internal kairomone apparently was not specific for the host egg mass because oviposition activity was found not only in egg, larval, and pupal stages of the host, but also in larvae of other species of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Biosteres longicaudatus ; Biosteries tryoni ; Biosteres arisanus ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Hagen's gland ; ethyl octanoate ; ethyl octenoate ; octan-4-olide ; dodecan-4-olide ; (3aα,5β,6aα)-5-butyltetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2(3H)-one ; (3aα,5β,6aα)-5-hexyltetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2(3H)-one
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and chemical content analysis of Hagen's glands of the braconid waspsBiosteres longicaudatus, B. tryoni, andB. arisanus were shown to be useful taxonomic markers.B. longicaudatus glands contain two components tentatively identified as (3aα,5β,6aα)-5-butyltetrahydro-furo[3,2-b]furan-2(3H)-one and a corresponding 5-hexyl derivative, whileB. tryoni glands contained dodecan-4-olide andB. arisanus glands contained ethyl octanoate, ethylZ-4-octenoate, and octan-4-olide.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solenopsis invicta ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; brood recognition ; pheromone ; fire ant ; behavior ; olfaction ; orientation ; bioassays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral and electrophysiological studies with live intact larvae and larval rinses of the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren, give undeniable evidence of a volatile material associated with the larvae of the ant that is capable of eliciting a response from brood-tending workers. In a Y-tube bioassay, worker ants were attracted equally to an airstream blown over sibling larvae or heterocolonial larvae. Workers were also attracted to a rinse of the larvae in a spot bioassay, aggregated about a piece of surrogate brood in another bioassay, and retrieved surrogate brood treated with the rinse material. A dose-response curve constructed from electroantennograms of workers revealed a receptor response of 1–100 brood equivalents.
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  • 28
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; correlation ; kinship ; Dufour's gland ; social bee ; Lasioglossum zephyrum ; Hymenoptera ; Halictidae ; lactones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Both males and females of the primitively eusocial beeLasioglossum zephyrum can distinguish among female conspecifics with regard to genealogical relationship. Closely related females covary with respect to Dufour's gland pheromone products which are believed to function in individual or kin recognition. This is the first report of a population-wide parallel between similarity of communicative glandular product and genetic similarity.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Monomorium ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; venom ; 2,5-dialkylpyrrolidines ; 2,5-dialkyl-1-pyrrolines ; dimethyldisulfide adducts ; insecticidal activity ; chemical ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Novel 2-ethyl-5-alkylpyrrolidines and their corresponding 1-pyrrolines have been identified as poison gland products from an unidentified Australian species ofMonomorium. The major alkaloids present in the venom of this ant aretrans-2-ethyl-5-undecylpyrrolidine andtrans-2-ethyl-5-(12-tridecen-1-yl)pyrrolidine. The position of the double bond in the latter was established from its dimethyl-disulfide adduct after the amine function had been protected, and the stereochemistry of the alkyl groups was determined by direct comparison with synthetic compounds. The corresponding 1-pyrrolines were also detected in varying amounts in this venom. The pyrrolidines and 1-pyrrolines possess considerable insecticidal activity when evaluated against termite workers. The alkaloidal venoms ofMonomorium appear to be an important factor contributing to the success of these small ants both as competitors and as predators.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sawflies ; Neodiprion pinetum ; Diprion similis ; Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol ; Pinus strobus ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromones ofNeodiprion pinetum (Norton) andDiprion similis (Hartig) consist of two isomers, 2S,3S,7S and 2S,3R,7R, in either the acetate orpropionate forms of 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol, respectively. The 2S,3S,7S acetate isomer is utilized byN. pinetum as the major pheromone component and the 2S,3R,7R acetate as a Synergist. ConverselyD. similis utilizes 2S,3R,7R as propionate the major pheromone component and 2S,3S,7S propionate as a Synergist. This was confirmed in the field in both Michigan and Wisconsin. Capillary gas-liquid chromatographie analyses revealed that these two isomers are present in the natural pheromones of both species at the ratios close to those predicted by artificial blending of the two optical isomers.
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  • 31
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1597-1606 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; biological control ; rearing on plant ; wind tunnels ; flight response ; preflight behavior ; imprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson were reared fromHeliothis zea larvae fed either an artificial diet or a diet of cowpea seedlings. Responses of females from these two sources to semiochemicals from the insect hostcowpea complex were compared in a flight tunnel. Very limited responses were obtained from females reared from hosts fed artificial diet unless they first had preflight contact with frass from plant-fed hosts. Female parasite is reared from plant-fed hosts were generally responsive without preflight contact. Contact with cocoons containing frass of the plant fed host at the time of emergence was an important source of stimulation. It increased their subsequent responsiveness to the volatile semiochemicals of the insect host-plant complex. The cocoons of females reared from artificial diet-fed hosts were apparently lacking plant chemicals that are vital to their subsequent responsiveness. Imprinting of the adults at time of emergence from the cocoon is strongly indicated.
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  • 32
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    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1607-1616 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis croceipes ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; olfaction ; flight ; olfactory experience ; rearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rearing the parasitoidM. croceipes on hosts fed cowpea-seedling leaves instead of artificial diet increased the percentage of oriented flights to odors of a cowpea seedling-H. zea complex in a flight tunnel. However, the increase in response was much stronger after adult females had searched a fresh plant-host complex just prior to a test. The host plant appears to be of major importance in the parasitoid-host relationship: host-plant species, growth phase, and part of the host plant influence the parasitoid's response in the flight tunnel. The percentage of inexperienced females responding to infested leaves was higher for 4- to 5-day-old females than for 0- to 1-day-old females, while the response to uninfested flowers was equally high for both age groups. Olfactory experience with odors of an attractive plant-host complex increased the response to an unattractive plant-host complex. Possible implications of the results are discussed.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemosensory cues ; olfaction ; kin recognition ; honeybees ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; differential conditioning ; proboscis extension reflex ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Differential training of honeybee workers using the proboscis extension reflex is applied to the problem of evaluating compounds that may potentially provide cues for kin recognition in the honeybeeApis mellifera. These cues were obtained by contaminating glass rods and steel needles with different materials found in the hive. In particular it is shown that workers discriminate between: cuticular waxes from different adult workers; eggs from the same and different hives; similar aged larvae within the same hive; and needles contaminated with the Nasonov gland secretions of different adult workers. It appears that some of these differences are due to phenotypic variation among individuals that cannot be directly attributed to environmental factors.
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