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  • Articles  (33)
  • lutte biologique  (16)
  • phosphorus  (15)
  • kinetics
  • Springer  (33)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (33)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
  • 1987  (33)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (33)
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  • Articles  (33)
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  • Springer  (33)
  • American Meteorological Society
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (33)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human vitamin C requirements (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: vitamin C ; functions ; kinetics ; pool ; saturation ; requirements ; RDA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung von Vitamin C für den menschlichen Organismus wird aus den wichtigen Funktionen ersichtlich, an denen das Vitamin beteiligt ist, wie zum Beispiel Kollagen- und Karnitinsynthesen. In neuerer Zeit entdeckt wurde seine Rolle bei der Noradrenalinsynthese, der Inaktivierung von freien Radikalen sowie der Verhinderung der Nitrosaminbildung. Die Vielfalt dieser Vitamin-C-abhängigen Funktionen läßt erkennen, daß die Bedarfsfestsetzung für Vitamin C nicht nur die Verhütung der Mangelkrankheit Skorbut anvisieren, sondern auch berücksichtigen sollte, daß alle diese Funktionen jederzeit genügend Vitamin C zur Verfügung haben müßten, um optimal reagieren zu können. Das Konzept der Gewebesättigung kommt diesem Ziel am nächsten. Studien mit einem kinetischen Modell haben ergeben, daß eine Sättigung mit täglicher Einnahme von 100 mg Vitamin C bei Nichtrauchern und von 140 mg bei Rauchern eintritt, Mengen, die als optimale Werte gelten können. Bei verschiedenen Krankheiten dürfte der Bedarf höher sein; die genauen Mengen müssen jedoch erst noch ermittelt werden.
    Notes: Summary The importance of vitamin C is reflected in its multifunctional roles which include participation in collagen and carnitine syntheses, promotion of iron absorption and the more recently discovered participation in noradrenaline synthesis, inactivation of free radical chain reactions, prevention of N-nitroso compound formation and more. Given the many extra-antiscorbutic functions of the vitamin, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) should not just prevent deficiency disease but should aim at providing sufficient amounts for all vitamin C-dependent functions to operate at full capacity. The concept of vitamin C tissue saturation is best able to meet this demand. The use of kinetic models has shown that the body pool is saturated with a daily intake of 100 mg vitamin C in non-smokers and 140 mg in smokers, amounts that may be regarded as optimal RDA values. Certain disease states may be accompanied by still higher vitamin C requirements but the exact amounts are not yet known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019608
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The variation of element contents in triticale during vegetative growth (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: triticale ; contents of nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; stage of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Schwankungen in den Konzentration von N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As und Hg in Triticale unter Feldbedingungen untersucht. Von der Bestockung bis zur Vollreife wurden alle 10 Tage von je 0.5 m2 pro Parzelle Pflanzenproben genommen. In allgemeinen haben die Konzentrationen von Frühjar bis zur Ernte abgenommen. Der elementengehalt in Triticale war demjenigen der übrigen Getreidearten verschieden, aber der Trend der Änderungen war ähnlich.
    Notes: Abstract The variation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As and Hg concentrations was studied under field conditions in triticale. The samples were collected every 10 days from tillering to full ripening stage using plant material from 0.5 m2 per plot. The concentrations generally decreased from early growth to harvest. The elemental concentrations in triticale differed from the other cereals, but the variation's trend was similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064828
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066606
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of two unusual high analysis compounds as fertilizers, including possible slow release features (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; high analysis nutrient compounds ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Rhodes grass ; slow-release ; sulphur ; Townsville stylo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer potential of two unusual N-P compounds with cage structures was evaluated in pot experiments where plants were repetitively cut over 400 days. One of the compounds, hexamethyl-hexaaza-tetraphosphaadamantane (APA), having 41.6% P and 28.2% N, showed high fertilizer capability. After more than 400 days, dry matter yield of Rhodes grass given APA was 83–102% of that given conventional N-P sources, and yield of Townsville stylo 60–70%. Curves for N and P uptakes over time were of sigmoidal form, with the steepest parts between days 40 and 120, suggesting a slow-release feature. However growth was depressed up to day 40, presumably by some toxic factor associated with the decomposition of the APA. This toxicity was avoided if some conventional fertilizer was applied with the APA. The other compound, the tetrasulphide of APA (APAS) had only limited fertilizer potential. Plants did absorb P and S at least from this compound, but Townsville stylo yield was only 32–38% of that with conventional fertilizers, and Rhodes grass yield not much greater than from control pots. The possible slow-release feature, and the toxic effect, did not occur with APAS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049562
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc and phosphorus interaction in a wheat-maize cropping system (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: zinc ; phosphorus ; interactions ; limed ; unlimed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the interaction effect of Zn and P in a wheat-maize cropping system, a field experiment was conducted at the H.P. Agricultural University Research Station, Palampur (India). Zinc was applied as ZnSO4·7H2O at the rate of 0, 20 and 40 kg per ha and P as superphosphate at the rate of 0, 60 and 120 kg per ha. The direct Zn-P interaction effect was investigated on wheat (S—308) and its residual effect on maize (early composite). Added Zn did not increase the grain and straw yield of wheat when P was not applied, but when P was applied, 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly. Contrary to this, in maize, only 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly when P was not applied, but when P was applied, even 40 kg per ha Zn increased the grain and straw yield of maize. The grain and straw yield of wheat and maize were higher under limed than under unlimed conditions. The concentration of Zn increased with the application of Zn and decreased with the application of P. The concentration of Zn was comparatively higher in grain than in straw of wheat and maize. The P concentration in wheat and maize plants decreased with the increasing levels of applied Zn. The concentrations of Zn were lower under limed than under unlimed condition, whereas the reverse was true for P concentrations. The respective absorption of Zn and P in wheat was 9.7 and 7.3 per cent upto tillering, 47.9 and 49.4 per cent between tillering and flowering, and 42.3 and 43.3 per cent between flowering and maturity. The corresponding absorption of Zn and P in maize was 11.7 and 9.4, 59.9 and 52.1, and 29.3 and 38.5 per cent before booting stage, between booting and tasseling stage and between tasseling and maturity stage, respectively. At maturity, about 53.1 and 13.0 per cent of the Zn and P taken up were retained by wheat straw and 46.9 and 87.0 per cent by wheat grain. The respective values for Zn and P in maize straw and grain were 66.8 and 30.3 and 33.2 and 69.7 per cent. When more Zn was applied, less Zn was translocated to grains; when more P was added, more Zn was translocated to grains. The effects of P and Zn on P distribution at maturity were opposite to that of Zn distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049804
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of P, K, and liming on soil pH, Al, Mn, K, and forage barley dry matter yield and quality for a newly-cleared Cryorthod (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum ; Cryorthod ; dry matter yield ; fertilization ; forage barley ; liming ; managanese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; protein ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forage barley dry matter yield and quality, as well as soil pH, Al, and Mn were monitored in response to P, K, and lime application on a newly cleared Typic Cryorthod (Orthid Podzol). The overall yearly yield level was affected by precipitation. Without liming soil acidification occurred after three years of production. The liming rate of 2.2 Mg.ha−1 was found optimal for maintaining initial pH levels (5.66) and increasing forage barley yields. It was also found optimum for K and P utilization for these first years of production. Soil pH dropped an average of 0.33 units over the three years on unlimed P plots and 0.46 units over 4 years on K plots. Phosphorus and K fertilization increased N utilization and resulted in decreased soil acidification. Phosphorus availability was greater in the first year of cropping than in subsequent years, this was likely due to the effects of higher available moisture, liming release of native P, and effects of initial fertilization. There was a 148% increase in total dry matter yield and an 85% increase in protein yield of forage barley with P application. Liming increased total forage barley yields an average of 69% and total protein yields 48%. Reduced barley yields in unlimed plots were due to low soil pH. After two years of cultivation, unlimed plots contained exchangeable Al and soluble Mn levels reported toxic for other soils. The higher liming rates of 4.4 and 6.6 Mg.ha−1 reduced soluble Mn to near critically low levels. soil Al and Mn were highly correlated to pH. Soil exchangeable Al, Mn, and soluble Mn along with tissue Al were inversely correlated to percentage yield. The average yield respone to three levels of applied K, increased from zero initially to 67% by the fourth year. Total dry-matter production increased 32% and total protein yield increased an average of 32% and total protein yield increased an average of 15% with K fertilization over four years. About 60% of the yield response occurred between the 0 and 22kg K.ha−1 rates. Initial soil exchangeable K levels were not maintained even at the highest 66kg K.ha−1 treatment. Soil exchangeable Al and soluble Mn were elevated with dropping pH. Soil K reserves and resupply of exchangeable K in these soils over the long term will be an important factor in crop production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372527
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of added organic residues and calcium carbonate on polyphosphate hydrolysis in four Quebec soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: organic residues ; phosphorus ; polyphosphate hydrolysis ; polyphosphates ; pyrophosphatase ; pyrophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polyphosphate hydrolysis was studied in three surface samples and one subsurface sample of Quebec soil treated with alfalfa residues (44.8 t ha−1) and farmyard manure (FYM; 44.8 t ha−1); and in two acid soil samples treated with CaCO3 (12.5 t ha−1). The polyphosphates used were Na4P2O7. 10H2O (NaPP) and PolyN (a triammonium pyrophosphate-orthophosphate mixture). Each polyphosphate was added at a rate of 1.00g P kg−1 soil. Addition of alfalfa residues promoted polyphosphate hyrolysis of both NaPP and PolyN through reduced polyphosphate sorption and increasing pyrophosphatase activity. Application of FYM increased polyphosphate hydrolysis in Uplands topsoil and retarded hydrolysis in the other soils. Hydrolysis was probably reduced because of orthophosphate (OP) introduced with the FYM. Added CaCO3 accelerated polyphosphate hydrolysis in an acid topsoil sample through reduced sorption, but slowed hydrolysis in the subsoil sample, due to a reduction in enzyme activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372528
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of natural and artificially induced reduction on soil solution phosphorus in rice soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: flooded soil ; phosphorus ; phosphorus fertilization ; Oryza sativa L ; oxidized ; reduced ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of natural and artificial reduction on P extractability from soils used for rice production and the relation of these values to response to fertilizer P were investigated. Soil solution P increased from a mean of 3.8 mg P·kg−1 soil for naturally oxidized slurries of 28 soils to 19.8mg P·kg−1 when the soils were naturally reduced. The mean values were further increased to 40.8 and 45.3 mg·kg−1 when the soils were reduced with 0.1M Na2S2O4 and 0.2M Na2S2O4, respectively. These P-values compare with 18.2 mg kg−1 when the dry soils were extracted with Bray No. 1 extractant. When the yields of rice were correlated with solution and extracted P, the R2's for the quadratic relationships were 0.40**, 0.31*, 0.34**, 0.30*, and 0.55** for the naturally oxidized, the naturally reduced, 0.1M Na2S2O4, 0.2M Na2S2O4 and Bray No. 1, respectively. The Cate-Nelson calculation confirmed the superiority of the weak acid Bray extractant and the critical value of 8.6 mg P·kg−1 soil needed for satisfactory yields of rice. There was little response of rice to added fertilizer P on soils with solution P-values greater than 0.09 mg P·l−1 in oxygenated soil slurries. Some soils with solution P of this order and high amounts of Bray No. 1 extractable P still gave modest responses to fertilizer P. Although natural or chemically induced reduction increased soil solution P, it did not improve prediction of yield response of rice to added fertilizer P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370699
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water stress effects on leaf elongation, leaf water potential, transpiration, and nutrient uptake of rice, maize, and soybean (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 155-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf elongation rate ; leaf water potential ; maize ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; soybean ; transpiration rate ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine and compare the responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. var, IR 36), maize (Zea mays L. var. DMR-2), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Clark 63) to soil water stress. Leaf elongation, dawn leaf water potential, transpiration rate, and nutrient uptake in stressed rice declined earlier than in maize and soybean. Maize and soybean, compared with rice, maintained high dawn leaf water potential for a longer period of water stress before leaf water potential. Nutrient uptake under water stress conditions was influenced more by the capacity of the roots to absorb nutrients than by transpiration. Transport of nutrients to the shoots may occur even at reduced transpiration rate It is concluded that the ability of maize and soybean to grow better than rice under water stress conditions may be due to their ability to maintain turgor as a result of the slow decline in leaf water potential brought about by low, transpiration rate and continued uptake of nutrient, especially K, which must have allowed osmotic adjustment to occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370385
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of VAM and reduced nutrient availability on growth and phosphorus and micronutrient uptake of wheat and field beans under greenhouse conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; iron ; manganese ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; phosphorus ; VAM ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) on field bean and spring wheat dry matter production and on phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron and manganese uptake was determined under greenhouse conditions. Nutrient availability was varied by using different sizes of pots and by diluting the soil with sand. VAM increased plant dry matter production under all sets of growth conditions. VAM were found to directly increase the uptake of P, Zn, Cu and Fe by field beans and of P and Zn for wheat in both experiments. Increased uptake of the other nutrients measured was attributed to increased dry matter production or other factors. The effect of VAM decreased as the pot size holding the host plants decreased, but was not affected by the ratio of soil to sand if the pot size was kept constant. Nutrient uptake by beans as a proportion of total amount of nutrient present increased as the amount of nutrient decreased. Increase in root-soil contact and altered chemical equilibria are probable reasons for increased efficiency of nutrient uptake by beans as the level of available nutrient decreased. For wheat, which has a relatively fibrous root system, decreasing the nutrient availability had minimal effects on nutrient uptake in these experiments. Increases in total uptake of a particular nutrient resulting from inoculation with VAM are not necesarily indicative of a direct uptake of that nutrient by the VAM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370627
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fixation and plant growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at different levels of phosphorus availability (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bean ; sand-alumina ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of the alumina system for differentiating between bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for growth at different levels of phosphorus availability was determinated. In addition to response to P levels, comparisons were made between plants receiving N either from fertilizer or nitrogen fixation. When the cv. Carioca was provided with either 100 ppm of N or inoculated withRhizobium leguminosarum biovarphaseoli, differences in shoot dry weight and nodule number were related to P level. There was a greater proportion of green, ineffectivevs. red, active nodules at the low P concentration than at the higher P concentration. In a second experiment, two cvs., Puebla 152 and Carioca and the breeding line UW 24-21, either were inoculated with rhizobia or provided with 150ppm of N. Each genotype-nitrogen combination was grown at 8 levels of P. There was a positive effect of P level on shoot dry weight, nodule number and nodule mass. Root mass was affected less than nodule or shoot mass by the P level of the growth medium. Nodule mass, but not P concentration in the nodules, was affected by P level, whereas in the other plant tissues, P concentrations were lower at lower P levels in the media.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370628
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineral nutrients in floodwater and floating rice growing at water depths up to two metres (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: floodwater ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; oxygen ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of N, P and K were measured in floodwater and in floating rice cultivars growing at up to 2m water depths in the central flood plain of Thailand. Concentrations of N, P and K in floodwater were often higher than those reported for oligotrophic lakes, nevertheless the floodwater contained 4–45 times less K and 15–90 times less N than concentrations reported in most soil solutions. P concentrations were similar in the floodwater and in most soil solutions. Concentrations of nutrients in leaves indicated there may be deficiencies of P at two sites and a deficiency of N at one of two sites. Data are discussed in terms of reduced nutrient uptake in rice fields at low O2 concentrations which have recently been measured in these areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370637
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of intermittent waterlogging on the mineral nutrition of cotton (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 211-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeration ; calcium ; cotton ; flooding ; magnesium ; manganese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sodium chloride ; waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of intermittent waterlogging on the nutrient status of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Deltapine 61). The crop was grown in a sloping plot of soil in which a gradient of water-table depth ranging from 0.04m above to 0.60m below the soil surface was established during two periods of waterlogging in mid summer and early autumn. The first waterlogging lasted 8 days; the second lasted 16 days. Dry matter increases were less for severely waterlogged plants than for plants with well-aerated root systems during the first flooding, but the increases were similar during the second. Waterlogging impaired uptake of most nutrients by young plants in the first flooding, but had much less effect on nutrient uptake by older plants in the second. Waterlogging consistently reduced concentrations of P and K in the petioles and laminae of young fully-expanded leaves, and severely waterlogged plants were deficient in these nutrients by the end of the first flooding. Mn did not accumulate to toxic levels in waterlogged plants. During each flooding, waterlogged plants gained in total content of all nutrients studied, but the gains of each nutrient, except for Na, were proportionally smaller than for well-aerated plants. Fluxes of K-, Cl- and HPO4- ions in xylem sap exuded from stumps of detopped plants which had been waterlogged were lower than those from plants with well-aerated root systems. Seed cotton yields and concentrations of nutrients in mature bolls were not affected by the two periods of waterlogging. It is concluded that although intermittent waterlogging induced nutrient stress in cotton plants, especially for P and K in young plants before flowering, they recovered with no detrimental effect upon yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370647
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition for N and P between wheat and wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) according to the proximity of their time of emergence (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; phosphorus ; wheat ; wild oats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the cultivated wheat fields of the Mediterranean area, wild oats (Avena sterilis L.), is commonly found a weed, which competes with the wheat for soil nutrients, water and light. To study this mutual competition for N and P, a pot experiment was devised in which the planting of wheat and weed seeds, in the pots, was so arranged that the lengths of time between the emergence of each specie was different for each treatment. When the time of emergence of the wild oat coincided with that of wheat, the latter was affected in its development, productivity and total accumulation of N and P. However, the earlier the emergence of wheat was relative to that of wild oat, the greater was the suppression of the weed, with a lower total accumulation of N and lower P content in the plant. Bringing forward the emergence of either of the two species conferred advantages for the development of the earliest emerger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370914
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization rates in salinevs. salt-amended soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonification ; kinetics ; nitrification ; osmotic potentials ; soluble salts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted to compare N mineralization rates in salt-amended nonsaline soils to naturally-occurring saline soils. NaCl, CaCl2, and Na2SO4 were added to nonsaline soils at rates that produced electrical conductivities of the saturation extracts (ECe) of 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m−1. Saline soils with similar properties were leached to the same ECc levels. N mineralization in the Chino soil was inhibited by salt addition, particularly with sodium and calcium chlorides. In the Domino soil there was some inhibition of N mineralization with the chloride salts, but enhancement with Na2SO4 was observed. Nitrification in both soils was more sensitive to salt addition than ammonification. N mineralization occurred more slowly in both leached saline soils compared to the salt-amended soils. Leached saline soils often accumulated greater amounts of inorganic N compared to their native saline counterparts, particularly with the 5 dS m−1 Chino soil (native, 44 dS m−1) and with the 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS m−1 Domino soils (native, 32 dS m−1). Kinetic parameters were estimated by the linear least squares (LLS) and the nonlinear least squares (NLLS) methods. Generally, the LLS transformation estimated greater values of potentially mineralizable N (No) and lower rate constants (k). With the NLLS equation, No values for the leached saline soils were usually lower, and k values usually higher than in the salt-amended soils. The nonsaline controls generally had the highest No and lowest k estimates. Average LLS rate constants for the salt-amended and leached saline soils were 0.055 and 0.083 for the Chino, and 0.104 and 0.137 week−1, respectively, for the Domino soils. With the NLLS equation, average k values for the salt-amended and leached saline soils were 0.087 and 0.089 for the Chino, and 0.181 and 0.387 week−1, respectively, for the Domino soils. These results suggest that N mineralization rates obtained in salt-amended nonsaline soils may not be representative of those in naturally-occurring saline soils.
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    Effect of nutrient seed coating on the emergence of wheat and oats (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 205-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; phenyl phosphorodiamidate ; ammonia ; toxicities ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments was conducted under controlled soil moisture and temperature conditions in a growth chamber to examine the effect of a range of nutrient seed coatings on the emergence to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kite) and oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Blackbutt) sown in a coarse sandy loam soil. Final emergence of oats was not reduced by a coating containing 10 kg P ha−1 (as monocalcium phosphate [MCP]) whereas the same coating reduced wheat emergence by 15%. The emergence of both wheat and oats was severely reduced by urea coatings (supplying 10 kg N ha−1) to 33 and 13% respectively; this injury was lessened markedly by the inclusion of phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) in the urea coatings at 1% (w/w) (emergence increased to 66 and 56% respectively). Low soil moisture (67% of field capacity [FC]) resulted in almost no emergence of wheat coated with urea (± bentonites of different pH). In soil at FC, the addition of bentonite of pH 5 (B5) to urea coatings permitted greater emergence (54%) than when bentonite of pH 9 (B9) was added (32%) which, in turn, permitted greater emergence than urea coating alone (10%). When PPD and bentonite (B5 or B9) were combined either singly or together with urea in seed coatings, PPD was more effective than either of the bentonites in reducing injury and masked the slight positive effect of B5. Coatings containing various combinations of N and P sources (at 3.6 and at 8 kg ha−1 respectively) all reduced the emergence of wheat compared to raw seed (91% emergence). When applied alone, MCP was least damaging (74%); the combination of MCP with ammonium sulfate (AS) caused somewhat more injury (68%) whilst combination with calcium nitrate (CN) caused most injury (29%). In contrast, CN alone caused relatively little damage (73%) whilst AS alone was more damaging (50%). There was no significant regression found between percentage emergence and either the calculated partial salt index or the pH of the nutrient coatings. Further work is needed to examine the mechanisms of injury due to nutrient seed coatings so that safe but effective formulations can be developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050665
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    A model to describe the pattern of availability of broadcast phosphorus fertilizer during the growth of a crop (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cabbage ; fertilizer ; granule ; interception ; lettuce ; model ; phosphorus ; root ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model is described which compares the rate of phosphorus demand of a field grown lettuce crop with the rate at which the crop can obtain phosphorus from broadcast fertilizer. Early root growth of lettuce is so slow that on average it takes about 21 days for the first granule of fertilizer to be exploited by a plant, whereas seed reserves of phosphorus are depleted within about 8 days of sowing. This is likely to result in a reduction in yield which cannot be overcome by simply applying more broadcast fertilizer. Some placement of fertilizer near to each plant is required if phosphorus deficiency is to be avoided. The model can also be applied to other crops, and the delay before the first fertilizer granule is exploited is shown to be slightly shorter in cabbage and very short in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370656
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    Host-specificity and biology ofMetallactus patagonicus [Col.: Chrysomelidae] introduced into Australia for the biological control ofBaccharis halimifolia [Compositae] (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 329-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Metallactus patagonicus ; Baccharis halimifolia ; Biological control ; Metallactus patagonicus ; Baccharis halimifolia ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La biologie et la spécificité deMatallactus patagonicus, défoliateurChrysomelidae ont été étudiées au Brésil afin de déterminer ses aptitudes en vue de son introduction en Australie pour lutter contreBaccharis halimifolia L. Des essais de préférence réalisés avec de multiples plantes voisines deBaccharis et appartenant à toute une série de familles végétales, ont montré queM. patagonicus est inféodé auxBaccharis spp. Il a été lâché en Australie en 1975, mais il ne s'est pas établi.
    Notes: Abstract Biology and host-specificity of the foliage-feeding chrysomelidMetallactus patagonicus Suffrian were studied in Brazil to determine its suitability for introduction into Australia to control the shrubBaccharis halimifolia L. Multiple-choice host preference testing of plants related toBaccharis and of desirable plants from a range of plant families, showed thatM. patagonicus was restricted toBaccharis spp. It was released in Australia in 1975, but did not establish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372441
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  • 19
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    Biological control ofAphis pomi [Hom.: Aphididae] ofAphidoletes aphidimyza [Dip.: Cecidomyiidae]; a predator-prey model (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 339-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphidoletes aphidimyza ; Aphis pomi ; Biological control ; predatoryprey model ; Aphidoletes aphidimyza ; Aphis pomi ; lutte biologique ; modèle prédateur/proie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La prédation d'A. pomi parAphidoletes aphidimyza a été simulée dans un verger de pommiers du Michigan en employant un ordinateur et les résultats ont été validés par comparaison aux données récoltées à partir de cages de mousseline enfermant des pousses terminales de pommiers infestées d'Aphides. Les seuils de température inférieur et supérieur pour le développement étaient 2.9 et 35°C pour les larves d'A. pomi avec une durée moyenne de développement de 162.3(degré/jour). La survie moyenne d'un adulte d'A. pomi était de 364,3 (degré/jour) avec une fécondité moyenne de 60,7 descendants/♀. Le seuil inférieur et la durée de développement étaient respectivement pour l'œuf d'A. aphidimyza 10,5°C et 25,5 (degré/jour) et pour la larve 8,1°C et 65.5 (degré/jour). La réponse fonctionnelle des larves était du type II avec sur les ordonnées une asymptote de 45 aphides tués/prédateur. L'utilisation d'un modèle à générations multiples à partir de différentes densités prédateurs/proies indiquait que les rapports critiques courants prédateurs/proie employés à l'extérieur pour décider d'un intervention peuvent sous estimer l'efficacité du prédateur.
    Notes: Abstract Predation ofAphis pomi DeGeer [Hom.: Aphididae] byAphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) [Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae] was simulated in Michigan apple orchards using a computer and output validated against field data collected from sleeve cages enclosing aphid infested apple terminals. Lower and upper temperature thresholds for development were 2.9 and 35°C for nymphs ofA. pomi with a mean immature developmental period of 162.3 heat units. Median survivorship of adultA. pomi was 364.3 heat units with an average fecundity of 60.7 offspring per female.A. aphidimyza egg and larval lower threshold and developmental periods were 10.5 and 25.5, 8.1°C and 65.5 heat units, respectively. Larval functional response showed Type II behavior with a y-asymptote of 45 aphids killed per predator. Multiple generation model runs performed under different initial predator: prey densities indicated that current critical predator: prey ratios used in the field for control decisions may underestimate predator efficacy.
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    Host-specificity of fiveAnacassis species [Col.: Chrysomelidae] introduced into australia for the biological control ofBaccharis halimifolia [Compositae] (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 377-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Baccharis halimifolia ; Anacassis spp. ; Biological control ; Baccharis halimifolia ; Anacassis spp. ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des Coléoptères phytophages du genreAnacassis (A. phaeopode) Buzzi,A. fuscata (Klug),A. fuscata var.unicolor (Burmeister),A. cribrum (Klug) etA. dubia ont été récoltés surBaccharis spp. etBaccharidastrum spp. en Amérique du Sud. Les études portant sur la spécificité ont montré qu'elle était limitée à ces 2 genres d'hôtes. Entre 1974 et 1976 ces espèces ont été introduites en Australie pour lutter contreBaccharis halimifolia. A. phaeopoda etA. fuscata furent lâchés initialement en 1976. Une colonie d'A. fuscata persista durant 3 ans, mais on ne découvrit aucun individu d'A. phaeopoda après la première génération développée en plein air. Les autres espèces moururent dans les locaux de la quarantaine et aucune ne put être lâchée.
    Notes: Abstract Foliage-feeding beetles of the genusAnacassis [A. phaeopoda Buzzi,A. fuscata (Klug),A. fuscata var.unicolor (Burmeister),A. cribrum (Klug) andA. dubia (Boheman)] were collected fromBaccharis spp. andBaccharidastrum spp. in South America. Specificity studies showed that they were restricted to these 2 host genera. Between 1974 and 1976 these species were introduced into Australia for the control ofBaccharis halimifolia. A. phaeopoda andA. fuscata were first released in 1976. One field colony ofA. fuscata persisted for up to 3 years but no recoveries ofA. phaeopoda were made after the 1st field generation. The other species died out in quarantine and were not released.
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    Seasonal abundance of the crapemyrtle aphid,Sarucallis kahawaluokalani, in relation to the pecan aphids,Monellia caryella andMonelliopsis pecanis and their common predators (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 511-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: alternate host ; biocontrol ; habitat manipulation ; augmentation ; Hôte alternant ; lutte biologique ; manipulation de l'environnement ; augmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'abondance saisonnière du puceron de la myrte noire,Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) et la majorité de ses prédateurs qui sont communs avec les pucerons du pacanier,Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell etMonellia caryella (Fitch) ont été déterminés dans le nord de la Floride. Les populations deS. kahawaluokalani furent tri et bimodales au cours des 2 années étudiées et les populations maximales deS. kahawaluokalani précédaient celles du complexe des pucerons du pacanier. Les sommets des populations de prédateurs représentés par desCoccinellidae, desSyrphidae, desChrysopidae, desMiridae et desAnthocoridae soit coïncident, soit se produisent juste après les sommets deS. kahawaluokalani. L'implication de ces observations en ce qui concerne l'emploi deS. kahawaluokalani, comme hôte alternant des prédateurs des pucerons du pacanier et les possibilités de manipulation du système pour accroître la lutte biologique dans le cas du pacanier sont discutées. L'emploi de ce système est préconisé pour augmenter et manipuler des prédateurs polyphages dans d'autres systèmes de culture.
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal abundance of the crapemyrtle aphid,Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy), and the majority of its predators that are common with the yellow pecan aphid,Monelliopsis pecanis Bissel, and the blackmargined aphid,Monellia caryella (Fitch), were determined in norh Florida.S. kahawaluokalani populations were tri — and bimodal in the 2 years studied and peak populations ofS. kahawaluokalani preceeded those of the pecan aphid complex. Peaks in predator populations consisting of Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae and Anthocoridae, either coincided with or occurred just afterS. kahawaluokalani peaks. The implications of the findings with respect to use ofS. kahawaluokalani as an alternate host of predators of pecan aphids and the potential for manipulation of the system to enhance biological control in pecan are discussed. The use of this system is advocated for augmentation and manipulation of generalist predators in other crop systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373520
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    Collections of natural enemies ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] in Mexico, 1980–1985 (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; biological control ; Mexico ; Oplomus ; Chrysomelobia labidomerae ; Edovum puttleri ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; lutte biologique ; Mexique ; Oplomus ; Chrysomelobia labidomerae ; Edovum puttleri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Trois voyages ont été entrepris dans le centre du Mexique pour rechercher les ennemis naturels deLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) en 1980, 1983 et 1985. Dix-huit espèces d'ennemis naturels ont été trouvées associées aux 10 espèces deLeptinotarsa. Les pentatomides Asopine dominent dans les récoltes, suivis par les tachinaires parasites et les hémiptères et les coléoptères prédateurs. Les ennemis naturels peuvent jouer un rôle primordial dans la régulation des populations deLeptinotarsa au Mexique. Leur capacité d'adaptation aux climats septentrionaux est incertaine.
    Notes: Abstract Three trips were taken to central Mexico to search for natural enemies ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in 1980, 1983, and 1985. 18 natural enemy species were found associated with 10 species ofLeptinotarsa. Asopine pentatomids dominate the collections, followed by tachnid parasites and hemipteran and coleopteran predators. Natural enemies may play a major role in regulating populations ofLeptinotarsa in Mexico. Their adaptability to northern climates is unclear.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373247
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    Predation and parasitism of cotton leafworm eggs,Alabama argillacea [Lep.: Noctuidae] (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Cotton leafworm ; Alabama argillacea ; biological control ; predation and predatism ; Noctuelle du coton ; Alabama argillacea ; lutte biologique ; prédation et parasitisme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'identification et l'efficacité des arthropodes prédateurs et parasites intervenant dans la limitation naturelle des populations d'Alabama argillacea (Huebner) ont fait l'object d'études dans une culture de coton à Jaboticabal, Etat de São Paulo au Brésil. Les plantes ont été marquées au hasard et les œufs trouvés ont été indiqués par des flèches de ruban adhésif pour l'observation de la prédation et du parasitisme. Pour évaluer et identifier la faune des arthropodes sur le mètre linéaire contenant la plante marquée, des observations visuelles et des récoltes au moyen du D-Vac ® et du “beat sheet” ont été utilisées. Le taux moyen de prédation pendant la saison, en présence de 23,0 prédateurs par mètre linéaire a été de 50,6% et le parasitisme parTrichogrammatoidea sp. a été de 44,9% soit au total une réduction de 95,5% des œufs. Les espèces de prédateurs trouvés, ont été, en ordre décroissant:Pheidole sp. (Formicidae), Chrysso clementinae Petrunkewitch (Araneidae), Orius insidiosus Say. (Anthocoridae), Ceratocapsus marilieasis Carvalho & Fontes (Miridae) etHyperaspis festiva (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae).
    Notes: Abstract The identification and efficiency of arthropod predator and parasites related to natural control of cotton leafworm eggs,Alabama argillacea (Huebner), were studied in a cotton field, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Plants were marked randomly and the eggs found on them were indicated by arrow tapes for predation and parasitism observations. To evaluate and identify the arthropod fauna in the row-meter containing the marked plant, visual countings and collections using D-Vac ® and “beat sheet” were used. The average predation rate during the season, in the presence of 23.0 predators per row-meter, was 50.6% and the parasitism byTrichogrammatoidea annulata was 44.9% totaling 95.5% of egg reduction. In decreasing order of abundance, the arthropod predators found were the antPheidole sp., the spiderChrysso clementinae Petrunkevitch, the hemipteraOrius insidiosus Say andCeratocapsus mariliensis Carvalho & Fontes, and the coccinellidHyperaspis festiva (Mulsant).
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    Selection on the male hemizygous genotype in arrhenotokous insects and mites (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphytis ; arrhenotoky ; biological control ; haplo-diploidy ; selection ; Aphytis ; arrhénotoquie ; lutte biologique ; haplo-diploïdi ; sélection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les Hyménoptères et les Acariens à reproduction arrhénotoque renferment beaucoup d'ennemis naturels importants. Ce système de reproduction offre l'occasion de sélection sur les mâles hémizygotes, avec les avantages afférents d'un génotype non masqué totalement exposé à la sélection, d'une fréquence augmentée de génotypes exprimant des gènes rares et d'une discrimination accrue de caractères dans les populations mâles produites par les femelles vierges. Une intensité de sélection amplifiée et une dérive génétique réduite peuvent offrir des avantages supplémentaires. La méthode est limitée aux caractères affichés par les mâles et peut réclamer des techniques intensives de laboratoire et une recherche d'espèce spécifique. On a montré que cette méthode est utilisable avecAphytis holoxanthus DeBach (Hym.: Aphelinidae), parasite important du Pou de Floride,Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (Hom.: Diaspididae).
    Notes: Abstract Arrhenotokously reproducing Hymenoptera and Acarina include many important natural enemies. This reproductive system offers the opportunity of selection on hemizygous (♂ ♂), with the attendant advantages of an unmasked genotype fully exposed to selection, in creased frequency of genotypes expressing rare genes, and enhanced discrimination of characters, in all-♂ populations produced by virgin (♀ ♀). Increased selection intensity and reduced genetic drift may offer additional advantages. The method is limited to characters displayed by (♂ ♂), and may require labor-intensive techniques and species-specific research. The method has been shown to be practicable withAphytis holoxanthus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an important parasite of the Florida red scale,Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (Homoptera: Diaspididae).
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    A test method for pesticide tolerance in minute parasiticHymenoptera (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 83-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphytis ; biological control ; parasitic Hymenoptera ; pesticide tolerance ; resistance ; toxicological methodology ; Aphytis ; lutte biologique ; hyménoptères parasites ; pesticide ; tolérance ; résistance ; essais toxicologiques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La résistance aux pesticides est devenue largement répandue chez les ravageurs, mais elle n'a été que rarement mentionnée chez leurs ennemis naturels. Des agents de lutte biologique résistants peuvent jouer un rôle important dans les programmes de Lutte Intégrée en réduisant le nombre d'espéces nécessitant une lutte chimique et en limitant l'ensemble des applications de pesticides. Le manque de techniques toxicologiques appropriées aux insectes petits, fragiles et hautement actifs, peut limiter les projets de choix et de sélection. Les méthodes toxicologiques disponibles ont été trouvées comme non satisfaisantes pour notre travail avecAphytis holoxanthus DeBach—(Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae), parasite du Pou de Floride,Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (Homoptera : Diaspididae). Une méthode alimentaire test, basée sur l'accès contrôlé à des solutions pesticides appâts, a été développée. Des concentrations progressives de malathion dans des solutions de sucrose ont été offertes dans des cellules de Munger adaptées en combinant ainsi les effets par contact et par ingestion du poison. Les cages d'élevage et de traitment, les procédés de fabrication et de manipulation ont été adaptés pour le travail avec les grands nombres d'individus requis pour des résultats statistiquement significatifs. La méthode se prête à la récupération des survivants qui pourraient être utilisés dans des expériences de multiplication et de sélection. Les résultats obtenus avec plusieurs populations test sont représentés par le rapport entre le dosage et la mortalité dont les valeurs de la DL 50 correspondante et leur limite ont été calculées. Le procédé décrit peut se révéler souhaitable pour des programmes de sélection avec des espèces semblables, dont beaucoup sont d'importants agents de lutte biologique et avec un large éventail de pesticides combinant les effets de contact et d'ingestion.
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to many pest species, important biological control agents have only rarely been found to be pesticide resistant. Biochemical and ecological mechanisms have been implicated, but lack of toxicological techniques suitable for the minute and fragile insects concerned may limit screening and research projects. Standard techniques are criticized, and a method utilizing controlled access to pesticidecontaining sucrose solutions is described. The method was used to test tolerance ofAphytis holoxanthus to malathion, and is suggested for screening and selection experiments with this and similar species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390934
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    RearingTetrastichus gallerucae [hymenoptera: Eulophidae] for biological control of the ELM leaf beetleXanthogaleruca luteola (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 457-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Tetrastichus gallerucae ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; biological control ; rearing techniques ; egg parasitoids ; Tetrastichus gallerucae ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; lutte biologique ; techniques d'élevages ; parasitoïdes oophages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Tetrastichus gallerucae (Fonscolombe) a été récolté, en France en 1985 et a été élevé à la Division de Lutte Biologique à Albany, Californie, pour la lutte contreXanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), la galéruque de l'orme, en Californie du nord. On peut élever ce parasitoïde facilement en gardant les œufs sur un substrat humide, pour empêcher leur dessication et en arrêtant la croissance des moisissures par une forte ventilation. Une colonie de laboratoire d'adultes de la galéruque de l'orme fournit constamment des œufs frais pour les parasitoïdes. En 1985 et 1986 plus de 80.000T. gallerucae ont été introduits dans 17 points de lâchers.
    Notes: Abstract Tetrastichus gallerucae (Fonscolombe) was collected in southern France in 1985 and is being reared at the Division of Biological Control in Albany, Ca for use against the elm leaf beetle (ELB),Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller) in northern California. This egg parasitoid can be reared easily by keeping the beetle eggs on a moist substrate to prevent desiccation and by inhibiting the growth of mold with air currents. A laboratory colony of ELB adults provides a constant supply of fresh eggs for the parasitoids. In 1985 and 1986 over 80,000T. gallerucae were released at 17 sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373514
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    Parasitism ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] byEdovum puttleri [Hymenoptera: Eulophidae] in different cultivars of eggplant (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 503-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Edovum puttleri ; eggplant ; biological control ; Doryphore ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Edovum puttleri ; aubergine ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En vue de quantifier le parasitisme Du Doryphore,Leptinotarsa decemtineata (Say) par le parasitoïde oophageEdovum puttleri Grissell, des expériences furent conduites sur trois différents cultivars d'aubergine,Solanum melongena L. Les niveaux de parasitisme étaient plus élevés (P〈0.05) sur «Black Pride» que sur les autres cultivars. Le pourcentage des pontes parasitées était 1,2 fois plus élevétés par ponte était 1,3 et 1,4 fois plus grant (P〈0.05) sur «Black Price» que sur «Harris Spccial» et «White» respectivement. Le pourcentage d'œufs parasités par ponte et le pourcentage de parasitoïdes adultes émergeant ne variaient pas (P〉0.05) entre les cultivars et s'établissait en moyenne entre 47 et 55 et 73 et 79% respectivement sur tous les cultivars. Les sex-ratio des parasitoïdes éclos ne différaient pas (P〉0.05) entre les cultivars; entre 2,1 et 2,6 fois plus de femelles que de mâles émergeaient des œufs sur tous les cultivars durant la saison-Edovum puttleri supprimait la deuxième génération deL. decemlineata sur «Black Pride» et «Harris Special», mais ne la supprimait pas sur «White».
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to quantify parasitism of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), by the egg parasitoid,Edovum puttleri Grissell, on 3 different cultivars of eggplant,Solanum melongena L. Levels of parasitism were higher (P〈0.05) on ‘Black Pride’ than on other cultivars. The percentage of egg masses that were parasitized was 1.2-fold higher (P〈0.05) on ‘Black Pride’ than on ‘Harris Special’ and ‘White’. The number of eggs per mass that were parasitized was 1.3- and 1.4- fold greater (P〈0.05) on ‘Black Pride’ than on ‘Harris Special’ and ‘White’, respectively. The percentage of eggs that were parasitized per mass and percentage of emerged adult parasitoids did not differ (P〉0.05) among cultivars; between 2.1- to 2.6- fold more females than males emerged from eggs on all cultivars during the growing season.Edovum puttleri suppressed the 2nd generation ofL. decemlineata on ‘Black Pride’ and ‘Harris Special’, but did not suppress populations on ‘White’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373519
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    Biological control of citrus mealybug,Planococcus citri with an introduced parasite,Leptomastix dactylopii in India (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Citrus ; mealybug ; Planococcus citri ; biocontrol ; Leptomastix dactylopii ; Citrus ; Cochenille farineuse ; Planococcus citri ; lutte biologique ; Leptomastix dactylopii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Planococcus citri (Risso) est un des principaux ravageurs des vergers de citrus indiens. Pour lutter contreP. citri, un parasite Encyrtidae,Leptomastix dactylopii How. a été introduit de la région des Caraïbes en 1983. Le parasite a été multiplié et des lâchers inoculatifs ont été réalisés dans 2 vergers de citrus choisis où les infestations sur fruits (oranges douces, limes sans pépins, limes acides) s'échelonnaient de 38 à 65 p. 100. Il résulta de l'établissement du parasite dans les 2 vergers de lâchers, le contrôle complet de la Pseudococcine en l'espace de 3 à 4 mois. En conséquence, nul traitement insecticide ne fut nécessaire au cours des saisons suivantes pour lutter contreP. citri.
    Notes: Abstract Planococcus citri (Risso) is one of the major pests of citrus orchards in India. For the control ofP. citri, an encyrtid parasite,Leptomastix dactylopii How. was introduced from West Indies in 1983. The parasite was mass bred and inoculative releases were made in 2 selected citrus orchards where infestation of mealybug on fruits (sweet orange, seedless lime and acid lime) ranged from 38 to 65 per cent. Establishment of the parasite in the 2 release orchards resulted in complete control of the mealybug within 3 to 4 months. No insecticidal sprays were required subsequently for the control ofP. citri in the following seasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373124
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  • 29
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    Introduction dans le Sud-Est de la france d'un parasite:Pauesia cedrobii [Hym.: Aphidiidae] du puceron:Cedrobium laportei [Hom.: Lachnidae] du cèdre de l'atlas:Cedrus atlantica (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 127-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Cedrus atlantica ; Cedrobium laportei ; lutte biologique ; introduction auxiliaire ; Pauesia cedrobii ; Cedrus atlantica ; Cedrobium laportei ; biological control ; natural enemies introduction ; Pauesia cedrobii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Pauesia cedrobii Stary et Leclant, a specific parasite of the cedar aphidCedrobium laportei Rem. has been collected in the middle Atlas (Morocco) for introduction into a stand of cedar (Cedrus atlantica Manetti) in the south-east of France in spring 1981. The parasite was collected as mummified aphids in Morocco and kept in climatised room for emergence in order to get rid of hyperparasites. After copulation, 225 adults were released in sleeve cages put on branches with colonies ofC. laportei. The development of host and of parasite population was followed both at the point of release and in the general area. The definitive establishment of the parasite in the area occurred 1 year after release aided by a particularly mild autumn and winter, which promoted the multiplication of the host. The parasite is definitely established and is still present 4 years after the release. During this time it was dispersed to other cedar forests in the south-east of France. Eight species of local hyperparasites have attackedP. cedrobii, but have not prevented the success of the introduction.
    Notes: Résumé Le parasitePauesia cedrobii Starý et Leclant, spécifique du puceron du CèdreCedrobium laportei Remaudière, a été récolté dans le Moyen-Atlas, (Maroc) puis introduit dans un peuplement de cèdre (Cedrus atlantica Manetti) du sud-est de la France au printemps 1981. La méthode utilisée a consisté en une introduction directe des parasites, préalablement isolés sur le lieu de récolte (momies) puis mis à éclore en chambre climatisée de façon à éliminer les hyperparasites. Après accouplement, 225 adultes ont été introduits dans des manchons installés sur des rameaux abritant des colonies deC. laportei. L'évolution des populations de l'hôte et du parasite a été suivie au niveau des points de lâcher d'une part, et dans la parcelle d'autre part. L'installation définitive du parasite dans la parcelle s'est produite, 1 an après le lâcher, grâce à un automne et à un hiver particulièrement doux, qui ont favorisé la multiplication de l'hôte. Le parasite est définitivement implanté: il est encore présent 4 années après le lâcher. Entre temps, il a été étendu à d'autres forêts de cèdre du sud-est de la France. Huit espèces d'hyperparasites autochtones se sont portés surP. cedrobii, mais ceci ne remet pas en cause la réussite de l'introduction de l'aphidiide.
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    Biological control of the water fernSalvinia molesta infesting a lily pond in Bangalore (India) byCyrtobagous salviniae (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Salvinia molesta ; Cyrtobagous salviniae ; Biological control ; India ; Salvinia molesta ; Cyrtobagous salvinae ; lutte biologique ; Inde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fougère d'eau,Salvania molesta D. S. Mitchell est une sérieuse mauvaise herbe en Inde, spécialement dans l'état de Kerala. Le curculionideCyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands (Col.: Curculionidae) fut introduit d'Australie et limite avec succès la mauvaise herbe infestant un étang de nénuphars à Bangalore.
    Notes: Abstract The aquatic fernSalvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell is a serious weed in India, espacially in the state of Kerala. The weevilCyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands (Col.: Curculionidae) was introduced from Austrialia and successfully controlled the weed infesting a lily pond at Bangalore.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373127
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    Biological studies withChrysocharis parksi [Hym.: Eulophidae] a parasite ofLiriomyza spp. [Dipt.: Agromyzidae] (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Liriomyza ; leafminers ; Chrysocharis ; biological control ; parasites ; biology ; Liriomyza ; mineuses de feuille ; Chrysocharis ; lutte biologique ; parasites ; biologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études biologiques ont été réalisées surChrysocharis parksi, parasite endophage des Mouches Agromyzides, mineuses des feuilles.C. parksi parasite avec succès les espèces suivantes du genreLiriomyza Mik.,L. huidobrensis (Blanchard),L. sativae Blanchard,L. trifolii (Burgess) etL. trifoliearum Spencer. Le parasite se développe avec succès sur 8 familles de plantes et 16 genres. Les plantes-hôtes qui sont favorables au développement jusqu'à l'adulte des mineuses le sont également pour le développement du parasite. La durée moyenne du développement (de l'œuf à l'adulte, avecL. trifolii comme hôte) à 21°1, 26°7 et 32°2 C était pour les deux sexes, de 23, 14 et 14 jours respectivement. La longévité des fe melles nourries d'eau exclusivement était inversement proportionnelle à la température; la survie était significativement prolongée à 21°1 C (5,0 jours) comparativement à 26°7 C et 32°2 C (3,2 et 2,1 jours respectivement). L'adjonction de miel dans l'alimentation augmentait d'une manière significative la longévité des 2 sexes à toutes les températures. Les adultes femelles à qui l'on fournissait une moyenne journalière de 33 larves deL. trifolii avaient une descendance moyenne de 135 individus à la température constante de 26°7 C.C. parksi se nourrissait en moyenne de 3,7 larves de mineuse/jour durant les 11 jours de sa vie adulte.
    Notes: Abstract Biological studies withChrysocharis parksi Crawford, a parasite of agromyzid leafminers, were conducted.C. parksi successfully parasitized the following species in the genusLiriomyza Mik.,L. huidobrensis (Blanchard),L. sativae Blanchard,L. trifolii (Burgess), andL. trifoliearum Spencer. Successful parasite development was recorded from 8 plant families and 16 genera. Host plants which were suitable for leafminer development to the adult stage were also suitable for parasite development. Mean immature developmental period (egg to adult, usingL. trifolii as the host) at 21.1°, 26.7°, and 32.2° C was (for both sexes) 23, 14, and 14 days, respectively. Longevity of females provided only water was inversely related to temperature; significantly longer survival occurred at 21.1° C (5.0 days) compared to 26.7° C and 32.2° C (3.2 and 2.1 days, respectively). The addition of honey to the diet significantly improved longevity of both sexes at all temperatures. Adult female parasites which were provided an average of 33.0L. trifolii larvae per day produced an average of 135 offspring at a constant 26.7° C.C. parksi host-fed on ca. 3.7 leafminer larvae per day over an 11-day adult lifespan.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373122
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  • 32
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    Patch-exploitation patterns in an egg parasite of elm leaf beetle (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Pyrrhalta luteola ; Tetrastichus gallerucae ; spatial density dependence ; biological control ; Pyrrhalta luteola ; Tetrastichus gallerucae ; dépendance de la densité spatiale ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les œufs de la Galéruque de l'Orme,Pyrrhalta luteola (MULLER) sont déposés normalement en paquets visibles sous forme de plaques d'hôtes discrètes dans l'espace et dans le temps. L'analyse de plus de 800 plaques issues de trois localités du Nord de la Californie révèle que le nombre d'œufs/plaque varie de 2 à plus de 40 et que le parasite oophage importéTetrastichus gallerucae (FONSC) exploite une proportion relativement grande des plaques d'œufs à certaines périodes. La relation spatiale entre le parasitisme et le nombre d'œufs/plaque s'estime de 2 façons différentes: par les plaques exploitées uniquement ou par toutes les plaques combinées, qu'elles soient attaquées ou non. Le pourcentage de parasitisme est indépendant de la densité dans la plupart des cas. On suggère que les 2 méthodes d'analyse peuvent fournir des modèles qui son applicables dans la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs.
    Notes: Abstract Eggs of elm beetle,Pyrrhalta luteola (Muller), normally occur in masses which can be viewed as discrete host patches in space and time. Analysis of〉800 egg masses from 3 field sites in northern California revealed that the number of eggs/mass varied from 2 to〉40 and that the imported egg parasiteTetrastichus gallerucae (Fonsc.) exploited a relatively large proported of the egg masses at certain times. The spatial relationship between parasitization and number of eggs/egg mass was assessed in 2 ways-i.e., for exploited masses only and for all masses combined (exploited+nonexploited). Percent parasitization was density independent in most cases for both data sets. It is suggested that both methods of analysis can provide patterns which are relevant to biological control of insect pests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373245
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    Field evaluation ofAllorhogas pyralophagus [Hym.: Braconidae], imported into texas for biological control of the stalkborerEoreuma loftini [Lep.: Pyralidae] in sugar cane (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 483-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Allorhogas pyralophagus ; Eoreuma loftini ; biological control ; sugar cane ; parasite-host interaction ; stalkborers ; Allorhogas pyralophagus ; Eoreuma loftini ; lutte biologique ; canne à sucre ; interaction parasite/hôte ; mineuse de la tige
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ectoparasite grégaireAllorhogas pyralophagus Marsh a été libéré à l'intérieur de cages disposées dans des cultures de canne à sucre elles-même infestées parEoreuma loftini Dyar. Les facteurs qui affectent le taux de parasitisme sont examinés et le rôle du parasite dans la mortalité larvaire de l'hôte est déterminé. Trois essais ont eu lieu respectivement en juillet, septembre et décembre 1984. Le parasitisme moyen a été de 25.2% dans cette étude et fut la source la plus importante de mortalité. Les pyrales sont susceptibles d'être attaquées aussi bien dans la gaine des feuilles, que dans le bourgeon terminal ou dans la tige. Les larves qui pénètrent plus profondément à l'intérieur des tiges sont les moins parasitées. Le succès du parasite est fonction de certains comportements de l'hôte à l'intérieur des tiges.A. pyralophagus est probablement incapable d'effectuer le “contrôle” total d'E. loftini dans la canne à sucre, mais il peut être un élément utile dans un programme bien organisé de lutte contre ce fléau, conjointement avec d'autres espèces de parasites.A. pyralophagus est susceptible de parasiterE. loftini lorsqu'il est présent dans les graminées sauvages servant de plantes hôtes secondaires.
    Notes: Abstract The external, gregarious, braconid parasite,Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh was mass released into field cages enclosing sugar cane infested with the pyralid,Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) to examine factors affecting parasitism rates and to assess the parasite's potential contribution to borer larval mortality. Three field experiments were conducted in July, September, and December, 1984. Total parasitism was 25.2% for the study and was the single most important source of borer mortality. Borers were equally susceptible to attack in leaf sheaths, whorls, and stalks in general, but larvae tunneling deep within stalks were parasitized less. An interaction between tunneling behavior of the borer and attack strategy of the parasite was important for parasite success.A. pyralophagus is probably unable to effect complete control ofE. loftini in sugar cane becauseA. pyralophagus is physically unable to parasitize borers deep in the stalks. However, the parasite may be useful as part of an intergrated pest management program, acting in concert with other parasite species, or attacking the borer in small-stemed grasses that serve as alternate host plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373517
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