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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apple IPM Implementation in North America (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 29 (1984), S. 435-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.29.010184.002251
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LIFE-STYLES OF PHYTOSEIID MITES AND THEIR ROLES IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 42 (1997), S. 291-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review categorizes the diversity of life-styles in the Phytoseiidae, based primarily on food habits and related biological and morphological traits. The life-styles proposed are as follows: Type I, specialized predators of Tetranychus species represented by the Phytoseiulus species; Type II, selective predators of tetranychid mites (most frequently associated with species that produce dense webbing) represented by Galendromus, some Neoseiulus, and a few Typhlodromus species; Type III, generalist predators represented by some Neoseiulus species and most Typhlodromus and Amblyseius species, as well as species in all other genera about which information is available; Type IV, specialized pollen feeders/generalist predators represented by Euseius species. Consideration is given to the relative importance of each of these types in biological control and pest management programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.291
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of Arthropod Natural Enemies to Insecticides (1975)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 20 (1975), S. 285-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.20.010175.001441
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developed resistance to azinphosmethyl in a predator-prey mite system in greenhouse experiments (1981)
    Springer
    BioControl 26 (1981), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'acarien prédateur,Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) et la proie,Tetranychus urticae (Koch) manifestent des niveaux comparables de résistance à l'azinphosméthyl en présence d'une nourriture illimitée au cours de traitements de sélection semblables pendant 22 générations. Des populations sensibles au pesticide de chacune de ces espèces, hybridées avec des nombres limités d'acariens résistant, acquièrent rapidement la résistance à des taux comparables après 5 à 8 générations. Une sélection portant sur des populations interactives, au taux de 75% de sélection de la proie, mais à un taux supérieur pour le prédateur, provoque seulement une résistance limitée chez la proie après 9 générations, alors que le prédateur développe une résistance appréciable, égale au niveau de sensibilité de la proie. Ces données sont discutées par rapport à la résistance acquise à l'azinphosméthyl chez des populations naturelles d'acariens prédateurs et de tétranyques en vergers de pommier.
    Notes: Abstract Susceptible predatory,Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), and prey mites,Tetranychus urticae Koch, developed comparable levels of resistance to azinphosmethyl when provided with unlimited food and similar selection treatments over 22 generations. Susceptible populations of each when hybridized with limited numbers of resistant mites, incorporated the resistance rapidly and at comparable rates when selected for 5–8 generations. When selected together as interacting populations at 75% selection of the prey, but higher selection of the predator, prey developed only limited resistance after 9 selections, but predators developed appreciable resistance, equal to the susceptibility level of the prey. Data are discussed in relation to developed resistance to azinphosmethyl observed in field populations of spider mites and predators in apple orchards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375032
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to arthropod natural enemies and pests of agricultural crops (1982)
    Springer
    BioControl 27 (1982), S. 3-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les composés courants à base de pyréthroides, la perméthrine et le fenvalerate, ont un large spectre d'activité contre de nombreux ravageurs des cultures et leur emploi dans l'avenir est assuré sur une grande variété de cultures. Actuellement ces compoés présentent une sélectivité favorable à l'égard de certains ennemis naturels par rapport à leurs hôtes. Cependant, si l'on considère le contexte de l'ensemble du complexe ravageur/ennemi naturel associé à une culture déterminée, ces pyréthroides sont généralement trop toxiques pour les cortèges d'ennemis naturels et ont une activité trop variable contre beaucoup d'espèces nuisibles secondaires (d'après les données concernant les ravageurs du coton et du pommier). Pour l'application future de la protection intégrée, on doit développé la mise au point des méthodes sélectivité écologique pour les pyrethroides couramment disponibles, ainsi que la sélection d'ennemis naturels résistants dans le cas de cultures subissant des traitements intensifs, comme le coton et le pommier. Pour les pyrèthroides de l'avenir, des efforts sont à faire, par le «screening» et la recherche sur les rapports structure activité, afin de trouver des composés ayant des toxicités plus uniformes (pas nécessairement élevées) pour les ravageurs secondaires (par exemple les pucerons et les acariens) et présentant le minimum d'effets dommageables aux auxiliaires. Même s'il n'est probablement pas possible de satisfaire les exigences précises pour l'obtention d'un pyrèthroide idéalement sélectif (voir tableau 7), des progrès considérables dans la découverte et le développement de composés ayant la plupart de ces propriétés idéales sont envisageables.
    Notes: Abstract Data on the toxicity and selectivity of synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) to arthropod natural enemies and their host or prey are reviewed with emphasis on cotton, apple, alfalfa, cereal and vegetable inhabiting species. Generally, SPs are variably toxic and selective (in relation to their hosts or prey) to species within most families of natural enemies. Exceptions are low to moderate toxicity and favorable selectivity to most hemipteran predators, and high toxicity and unfavorable selectivity to virtually all phytoseiid mites in comparison to their prey. In North America, SPs are more favorably selective to cotton natural enemies over their prey or host than to apple inhabiting species. These differences may be due to intrinsic levels of susceptibility (preselection levels) between the types of natural enemies exploited on both crops in IPM programs (i.e. hemipteran species on cotton versus phytoseiid mites on apple) and/or to tolerances or resistances differences due to previous patterns of chemical use on these crops. Possible means of increasing selective use of SPs in future IPM systems based on ecological and physiological selectivity including the development of SP-resistant predators are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371933
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research advances on pesticide resistance in natural enemies (1979)
    Springer
    BioControl 24 (1979), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les récentes recherches sur les facteurs déterminant le développement d'une résistance aux pesticides chez les arthropodes ennemis naturels des ravageurs sont rappelées, y compris les études sur la sélection pour cette résistance de l'acarien prédateur,Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) et deTetranychus urticae Koch, ainsi que les types de toxicité des pesticides pour un ensemble de ravageurs et de leurs parasites et prédateurs. De nouveaux domaines dans les phénomènes de la résistance chezPhytoseiulus persimilis A.H. etTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten sont discutés, telles que les études génétiques de la résistance chezP. persimilis et la toxicologie de la résistance chezA. fallacis. Enfin la très abondante documentation sur la résistance deA. fallacis, prédateur d'acariens phytophages, deAphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond), cecidomyie prédatrice de pucerons et de deux parasites de cicadelles en vergers en Amérique du Nord, est discutée en fonction de l'utilisation prolongée d'insecticides à base d'organophosphorés et de programmes de lutte intégrée.
    Notes: Abstract Recent research on the factors governing resistance development among arthropod natural enemies is reviewed, including selection studies of resistance development in the predatory miteAmblyseius fallacis (Garman) andTetranychus urticae Koch and patterns of toxicity to pesticides and mixed function oxidase activity in a group of pests, predators and parasites. New areas of resistance development in the speciesPhytoseiulus persimilis A. H. andTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten are discussed as are genetic studies of resistance inP. persimilis and the toxicology of resistance inA. fallacis. Lastly, the widespread documentation of resistance inA. fallacis, a predator of plant-feeding mites, the cecidomyidAphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond.), a predator of aphids and 2 parasites of leafhopper in orchards of North America, is discussed relative to the long-term use of organophosphate-based insecticides and programs of integrated pest control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377504
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological control ofAphis pomi [Hom.: Aphididae] ofAphidoletes aphidimyza [Dip.: Cecidomyiidae]; a predator-prey model (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 339-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphidoletes aphidimyza ; Aphis pomi ; Biological control ; predatoryprey model ; Aphidoletes aphidimyza ; Aphis pomi ; lutte biologique ; modèle prédateur/proie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La prédation d'A. pomi parAphidoletes aphidimyza a été simulée dans un verger de pommiers du Michigan en employant un ordinateur et les résultats ont été validés par comparaison aux données récoltées à partir de cages de mousseline enfermant des pousses terminales de pommiers infestées d'Aphides. Les seuils de température inférieur et supérieur pour le développement étaient 2.9 et 35°C pour les larves d'A. pomi avec une durée moyenne de développement de 162.3(degré/jour). La survie moyenne d'un adulte d'A. pomi était de 364,3 (degré/jour) avec une fécondité moyenne de 60,7 descendants/♀. Le seuil inférieur et la durée de développement étaient respectivement pour l'œuf d'A. aphidimyza 10,5°C et 25,5 (degré/jour) et pour la larve 8,1°C et 65.5 (degré/jour). La réponse fonctionnelle des larves était du type II avec sur les ordonnées une asymptote de 45 aphides tués/prédateur. L'utilisation d'un modèle à générations multiples à partir de différentes densités prédateurs/proies indiquait que les rapports critiques courants prédateurs/proie employés à l'extérieur pour décider d'un intervention peuvent sous estimer l'efficacité du prédateur.
    Notes: Abstract Predation ofAphis pomi DeGeer [Hom.: Aphididae] byAphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) [Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae] was simulated in Michigan apple orchards using a computer and output validated against field data collected from sleeve cages enclosing aphid infested apple terminals. Lower and upper temperature thresholds for development were 2.9 and 35°C for nymphs ofA. pomi with a mean immature developmental period of 162.3 heat units. Median survivorship of adultA. pomi was 364.3 heat units with an average fecundity of 60.7 offspring per female.A. aphidimyza egg and larval lower threshold and developmental periods were 10.5 and 25.5, 8.1°C and 65.5 heat units, respectively. Larval functional response showed Type II behavior with a y-asymptote of 45 aphids killed per predator. Multiple generation model runs performed under different initial predator: prey densities indicated that current critical predator: prey ratios used in the field for control decisions may underestimate predator efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372443
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trans-epoxide hydrolase: A key indicator enzyme for herbivory in arthropods (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 176-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An epoxide hydrolase selective for a trans-epoxide substrate is more commonly associated with arthropod herbivory than is a cis-selective epoxide hydrolase. The distinct selectivities in epoxide hydrolase activities between herbivorous pests and entomophagous arthropods used in their biological control may aid design of integrated pest management systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01963586
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detecting differences in arthropod aggregation by comparing the proportion of occupied sample units (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Taylor's power law ; spatial distribution ; clumping ; Phytoseiidae ; Tetranychidae ; Acari
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using data sets of phytophagous and predaceous mites, we introduce a method for estimating standard error bands for the proportion of habitat occupied by a species as a function of mean density, by transforming error bands from the variance-mean power law. Error bands produced by this method were more conservative than bands produced by bootstrapping and repeated subsampling methods applied to the same data. Though conservative, the binomial model showed potential to be an easily interpreted, powerful method for detecting differences in the proportion of habitat occupied among data sets (interpreted as differences in species aggregation) on one spatial scale. This was demonstrated in three specific cases: between years for the predaceous mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees (Malus pumila Miller), for the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), whether or not it was preyed upon by the predaceous mite Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on hops (Humulus lupulus L.), and among individual life stages of the predaceous mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003178729368
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overwintering and effects of autumn habitat manipulation and carbofuran on Neoseiulus fallacis and Tetranychus urticae in peppermint (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 20 (1996), S. 249-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Biological control ; cultural control ; twospotted spider mite ; insecticide effects ; Phytoseiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The percentages of Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) in four subhabitats of peppermint fields in November were 37% on dead leaves, 45% in debris below dead leaves, 3% in hollow stems and 15% on live foliage. In December, the percentages were 36, 39, 7 and 18%, respectively, for these same sites. The values were 40, 37, 18 and 5% and 6, 80, 14 and 0% for January and February, respectively. By April, 95% of all predators were on new foliage feeding on Tetranychus urticae Koch, while the rest were still in debris. Augmenting plots with debris increased overwintering survival of N. fallacis compared to the natural condition while removal of debris decreased it. An autumn carbofuran (Furadan 4F) treatment completely eliminated overwintering N. fallacis, thus leading to outbreaks of T. urticae the following spring. The results of these overwintering studies are discussed in relation to improved biological control and spider mite management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052875
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