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  • Articles  (52)
  • Solanum tuberosum L.  (26)
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  • Articles  (52)
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  • Springer  (52)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists
  • American Chemical Society
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  • Cambridge University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Straw ; Phytotoxins ; Acetic Acid ; Wheat ; Barley ; Cultivar ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Acetic acid production over 10 days from fresh barley straw was greater than that from fresh wheat straw, but there were only minor consistent differences between different cultivars. The effect depended on the soil type on which the straw had been produced and acid production was greatest with the largest amounts of N fertilizer which had been used. The fertilizer also affected the C:N ratio of the straw
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; nitrogen ; grain protein content ; grain filling ; urea spraying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of foliar urea spraying during or after anthesis, on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the wheat grain of two cultivars, differing in grain protein content. The experiment was carried out in the field, and 20 kg N ha−1 as urea (46-0-0) was sprayed at anthesis, 7 or 14 days after anthesis. Dry weight, N content and N percentage of the grain were determined at several stages of its development. Neither the rate nor the duration of dry matter accumulation in the grain was significantly modified by N sprayings at anthesis or later and, consequently, not its final weight. Nitrogen sprayings at anthesis or later increased the grain N content and N percentage at ripeness in both cultivars, but to a greater extent in the low grain protein cultivar. Greater N content in the grain was attributed to a rapid uptake of the N applied and not to a longer duration of the period of N accumulation. The different responses of the cultivars to N sprayings can be related to differences in N demand, and is probably associated, also, to a genetic ability to accumulate N in the grain.
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  • 3
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 209-222 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; maize ; barley ; rice ; foliar urea ; grain yield ; breadmaking quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that there are several potential benefits of providing nitrogen to cereals via the foliage as urea solution. These include: reduced nitrogen losses through denitrification and leaching compared with nitrogen fertilizer applications to the soil; the ability to provide nitrogen when root activity is impaired e.g., in saline or dry conditions, and uptake late in the season to increase grain nitrogen concentration. Factors that influence the degree of foliar absorption in field conditions have not, however, been clearly defined and losses to the atmosphere and soil can occur. Foliar urea applications may also hinder crop productivity although the explanations for this vary, and include desiccation of leaf cells, aqueous ammonia and urea toxicity, biuret contamination and the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism. It has not yet been determined which one, or combinations, of these mechanisms are most important in field situations. When damage has not been severe, foliar urea applications have increased grain yield, particularly when applied before flag leaf emergence and when nitrogen availability is limiting. Increases in grain nitrogen content are often larger when applications of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil are reduced, and when the urea solution is sprayed either at anthesis or during the following two weeks. It is during this period that foliar urea sprays can be of greater benefit than soil applications with regard to nitrogen utilization by the crop. Increases in wheat grain nitrogen concentration following urea application can improve breadmaking quality. Responses in loaf quality may, however, be variable particularly when increases in grain nitrogen content have been large, and/or when the nitrogen: sulphur ratio in the grain is increased. These circumstances have lead to alterations in the proportions of the different protein fractions which influence breadmaking potential. To exploit the full potential benefits of foliar urea application to cereals, more needs to be known about the mechanisms, and thus how to prevent losses of nitrogen from the foliage, and to reduce the phytotoxic influences of sprays. More information is also required to exploit the reported effects that urea may have on limiting the development of cereal diseases.
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  • 4
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    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1992), S. 265-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dehydrogenase activity ; Microbial biomass C ; Microbial biomass N ; N fertisisation ; C additions ; Soil respiration ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Substrate-induced respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A range of soil microbiological parameters were measured at intervals throughout the growing season of a potato crop. Treatments applied to the soil at sowing were zero N fertilisation of N fertilisation at 120 kg N ha−1, either alone or supplemented with straw or sucrose at 1200 kg C ha−1. C and N flushes determined by fumigation-incubation and fumigation-extraction, and substrate-induced respiration, were measured as indicators of microbial biomass. Microbial activity was measured as respiration (CO2 production) and dehydrogenase activity (formazan production). The greatest effects were obtained from the addition of N plus sucrose. Both biomass size and activity were significantly stimulated for up to 25 days after incorporation, with the magnitude of the effects consistently diminishing over time. By 125 days after planting, there was no detectable legacy from any of the treatmentson any of the biomass parameters that were measured, and all values had reverted to those prevalent at planting. There was no consistent effect from adding N, either alone or supplemented with straw, on any of the biomass parameters. There was no evidence for crop-induced stimulation of the biomass. The experiment demonstrates that biomass is only influenced where the quantity, quality, and rate of incorporation of C into the soil is appropriate, in this case, only by adding C as a pulse of sucrose.
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  • 5
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    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 165-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; 15N-isotope enrichment ; Nitrogen fixation ; Auxine ; 2,4-dichlorphenoxy acetic acid ; 3,5-dichlor-phenoxy acetic acid ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat seedlings, treated with the auxine 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) during germination developed only a residual root system. Root elongation was extremely restricted and root tips were deformed to thick club-shaped tumours. When 2,4-D was added in a later stage of plant growth the plants developed additional nodule-like knots along primary roots. Root and shoot dry-matter production was slightly repressed in all 2,4-D treatments and N translocation from roots to shoots was repressed as well. When transferred to an auxine-free growth medium, the 2,4-D-affected roots were not capable of complete recovery. In plants inoculated gnotobiotically with Azospirillum brasilense, either with the wild type or with the NH 4 + -excreting mutant strain C3, a 2,4-D addition increased rhizosphere acetylene-reduction activity at pO2 1.5 kPa. The O2 sensitivity of root-associated nitrogenase activity tended to be reduced. The number of root-colonizing bacteria, at approximately 108 colony-forming units (cfu) per g dry root, was similar in the 2,4-D treatments and untreated controls. Plant treatment with high concentrations of the chemical isomer 3,5-dichlor-phenoxy acetic acid (3,5-D) did not have comparable effects, either on plant development or on rhizosphere-associated nitrogenase activity. Root-tumour tissue inhabited by A. brasilense showed purple staining when subjected to a tetrazolium chloride solution, which may indicate intensive local nitrogenase activity in this tissue. Exposed to an 15N2-enriched atmosphere, plants treated with 2,4-D and with A. brasilense incorporated significantly higher amounts of 15N than untreated controls. In all cases the highest values of 15N enrichment were found following inoculation with the NH 4 + -excreting mutant strain C3.
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  • 6
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    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 246-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Volcanic ash soil ; Fluorescent pseudomonads ; Rhizosphere ; Wheat ; Bacterial groups ; Phosphate fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Populations of several bacterial groups on the root surface of wheat and in root-free soil were investigated in volcanic ash soil and non-volcanic ash soil throughout a series of predetermined intervals. Over time, the populations changed similarly both on the root surface and in root-free soil. The numbers of total bacteria, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and NH inf+ sup4 -oxidizing bacteria, were consistently lower in the plots with volcanic ash soil than with nonvolcanic ash soil, but the numbers of cellulose-decomposing bacteria were opposite to those of the other groups. Superphosphate application improved the growth of wheat in the volvanic ash soil. It did not, however, bring about any significant changes in the bacterial populations among the volcanic ash soils supplemented with three different levels of superphosphate, though there were some variations with plant age.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: ring rot ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; ELISA ; immunofluorescence ; detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to monitor potato stems of three cultivars for the presence of the ring rot pathogen,Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus, during the growing season and in progeny tubers after harvest. The highest ELISA values were obtained with the highest concentration of bacteria used to inoculate seed pieces in all cultivars tested. Low ELISA values were obtained for stems and progeny tubers selected from plants grown from seed inoculated at lower bacterial concentrations. Estimates of bacterial densities in stems and progeny tubers by immunofluorescence indicated that low ELISA values were most probably caused by low bacterial numbers. It is suggested that the sensitivity of ELISA for detecting the ring rot pathogen in potato stems and progeny tubers is a function of the concentration of bacteria in individual seed pieces.
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  • 8
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 249-260 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: bud ; cultivar ; primordium ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; tuber weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato tuber dormancy is usually defined as lasting from tuber initiation until a sprout of 2 mm long has been formed under storage conditions optimal for sprouting. We tried to find out whether there is a period during which buds of seed tubers do not grow and whether different batches of seed take the same time to grow sprouts 2 mm long. We measured changes in number of leaf primordia and length of tuber buds of cvs Diamant and Désirée over two years. After early haulm pulling, buds did not grow for at least 60 days (‘Diamant’) or 95 days (‘Désirée’). Buds in both cultivars and two tuber weights of ‘Diamant’ took about 20 days from the estimated onset of sprouting to grow 2 mm long. We question whether this period is always similar and thus whether the moment sprouts 2 mm long have formed is a good criterion for the end of dormancy.
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  • 9
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: cultivar ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; tuber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The duration of dormancy of seed potatoes varies between years and between origins. Therefore, the effects of conditions during crop growth on dormancy of progeny tubers were studied. The effect of nitrogen during tuber bulking on the duration of dormancy was investigated in three field experiments with two cultivars. In addition to an application of 125 kg N/ha at planting, top dressings of 0–150 kg N/ha were given about 2 weeks after tuber initiation. Haulm was pulled about 4 weeks later. The effect of nitrogen rate at planting was also examined in one experiment. Nitrogen top dressings shortened dormancy in all experiments by 5–8 days. An increased nitrogen rate at planting resulted in a shorter dormancy when the duration of dormancy was expressed in days after tuber initiation, but not when it was expressed in days after haulm pulling, probably because extra nitrogen also delayed tuber initiation.
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  • 10
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 55-58 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: glucose ; fructose ; sucrose ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A sensitive, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for quantifying the glucose, fructose and sucrose content of potato tubers. The method, based on selective enzyme-coupled reaction systems and the reduction of NAD to NADH, uses a microplate reader fitted with a 340 nm filter. In one microtiter plate 96 samples can be analysed for all three sugars in less than two hours. Several plates can be processed in parallel.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: imazalil ; resistance ; black scurf ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seed tubers, cv. Désirée, derived from stocks treated annually with thiabendazole were infected with thiabendazole-resistant strains ofHelminthosporium solani andPolyscytalum pustulans. Samples of seed tubers were either untreated or immersed for 5 min in fungicide suspensions of thiabendazole, imazalil or thiabendazole plus imazalil and planted on four farms in 1988 and 1989. After harvest, tuber samples from each treatment were treated with thiabendazole and stored for 6 months. Applying imazalil or thiabendazole plus imazalil to seed tubers decreased the severity of silver scurf and skin spot on stored progeny tubers. Thiabendazole applied to seed tubers or to progeny tubers after harvest did not affect the severity of either disease, but post-harvest treatment decreased the incidence of black scurf after storage.
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  • 12
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: bacteria ; fungi ; herbicides ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Spray application at locally recommended rates of the herbicides thiobencarb and fluchloralin to potatoes reduced the rhizosphere and general soil microbial populations. Within 30 days the populations had generally recovered although there were some changes in the species composition of the fungal community that persisted until the final sample at harvest time.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; progeny test ; disease screening ; inheritance ; general combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary TenSolanum tuberosum genotypes differing in resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) in foliage and tubers were intercrossed to determine the inheritance of disease resistance in their progenies. Plots of 10–15 clones per progeny were established in each of 2 years and resistance assessed by field or laboratory tests. The parental genotypes were similarly tested each year. The parents differed in general combining ability (GCA) for both foliage blight (FB) and tuber blight (TB). The parental and GCA scores were significantly correlated for both aspects of the disease, but the correlations between foliage and tuber scores for parents and for GCAs were not significant. Three parental genotypes were highly resistant in both foliage and tubers, and the genotype with the highest GCA for resistance to both FB and TB (cv. stirling) is recommended as the best parent. There was no evidence of strong genetic correlation between both aspects of resistance, and it is suggested that both be selected for in a breeding programme.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: ring rot ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; ELISA ; immunofluorescence ; eggplant ; detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato stems and tubers grown in the field from seed tubers inoculated withClavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus, which causes bacterial ring rot, were tested by indirect, sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in five laboratories. Correlation between values for each experimental treatment from the five laboratories was greater (r=0.86) than correlation between values for individual samples (r=0.71). When three or more laboratories obtained ELISA values of ≥0.200 for a sample, that sample was presumed to be positive. Conversely, when three or more laboratories obtained ELISA values 〈0.200, the consensus determination was regarded as negative. The percentage of stem and tuber samples that were in agreement with the consensus ELISA determination varied from 65.5 to 96.7%. Indirect immunofluorescence tests, conducted on the same samples in two laboratories, were consistent with 83.4–91.9% of the consensus ELISA determinations. Presence or absence ofC.m. sepedonicus was confirmed in some samples by an eggplant bioassay and direct isolatiion of the bacterium. The ELISA procedure was well suited for screening large numbers of samples and this study confirms it to be a promising procedure in routine indexing of seed potatoes forC.m. sepedonicus.
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  • 15
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 389-401 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: cultivar ; seed tuber ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four experiments (three with four cultivars, one with twenty cultivars) investigated the effect of different storage temperature regimes on the duration of dormancy of seed potatoes harvested immature. Regimes included constant temperatures (18 and 28°C), hot pre-treatments (20 days at 28°C and subsequently 18°C) and cold pre-treatments (20 days at 2°C and subsequently 18°C). Compared with 18°C, storage at 28°C slightly prolonged dormancy of some cultivars with a genetically short dormancy and shortened dormancy by up to 45 days in cultivars with a long dormancy. Some tubers of one cultivar lost their ability to sprout after storage at 28°C for 90 days. A hot pre-treatment shortened dormancy by 2–3 weeks on average, for all cultivars examined. A cold pre-treatment shortened dormancy by 2 weeks on average in some cultivars with a short dormancy and in all cultivars with a long dormancy.
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  • 16
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 419-432 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed production ; rapid multiplication ; tuber pruning ; non-destructive harvest ; nutrient supply ; plant density ; plant arrangement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Minitubers can be produced in large quantities by repeated harvesting of tubers from in vitro propagated plantlets at 4, 7 and 10 weeks after transplanting to the glasshouse at high plant densities. Yield parameters of minitubers can be manipulated by crop husbandry. By supplying nutrients or using a square plant arrangement, minituber yield increased. Effects on numbers of tubers were cultivar-dependent. Changing plant density from 50 to 800 plants per m2 or the minimal diameter of harvested tubers from 5 to 12 mm did not significantly affect tuber yield per m2. Higher plant densities resulted in more tubers per m2 but fewer tubers per plant. Removing smaller tubers greatly increased the number of small tubers, but did not affect yield and number of tubers in larger grades. Crop husbandry techniques affected minituber yield mainly through their effects on leaf area duration, and the number of minitubers through their effects on growth of tubers to a harvestable size.
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  • 17
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 261-269 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: cultivar ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; tuber weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The variation in duration of dormancy within a seed tuber lot was studied over three years by harvesting individual plants of cvs Diamant and Désirée from field plots and by storing the tubers at 18°C. The variation in dormancy within a tuber lot was large (especially for cv. Diamant) and was mainly caused by variation within plants. For cv. Diamant there was a close negative relation between dormancy and the cube root of tuber weight, whereas for cv. Désirée a relation with tuber weight was almost absent. The duration of dormancy of a seed lot comprising tubers with a narrow range in weight can be well described by two parameters. It is proposed to maintain the moment of 80% sprouting as the criterion for the end of dormancy of a tuber lot and to characterize the spread in dormancy duration by the time lapse between 10% and 90% sprouting.
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  • 18
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 343-354 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: desprouting ; planting date ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; sprout length ; sprout number ; stem number ; total dry weight ; tuber number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Young seed tubers of several cultivars were exposed to storage temperatures of 4–24°C in light and dark intended to optimise their growth vigour following early plantings. In five experiments during four autumn and winter periods, the effects of storage conditions on subsequent initial plant development in the glasshouse were studied. Storage of seed potatoes for 2 months at temperatures of 12°C or higher greatly increased early plant development of five cultivars following early plantings. Light during storage had a favourable effect, but desprouting before planting was greatly disadvantageous.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: seed tuber weight ; relationships ; model ; density ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The number of stems per seed tuber produced by 17 seed stocks of cv. Record was determined in glasshouse and field experiments to assess the feasibility of predicting the number of stems produced in the field. Multiple regression analysis showed that seed tuber weight alone gave the most satisfactory fit to stems produced in the field, which was not improved by adding terms involving the number of stems produced in the glasshouse. Quadratic relationships between the number of above-ground stems per tuber and tuber weight were most appropriate for each stock, with the fitted curves for individual stocks differing only in the constant term. However, there were significant rank correlation coefficients between the constant terms for relationships between field stems and tuber weight and glasshouse stems and tuber weight, suggesting that in other cultivars and seed stocks a predictive glasshouse test might still be useful.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: stem numbers ; tuber numbers ; distribution model ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tuber samples taken at 2-week intervals from plots of cvs King Edward, Majestic and Pentland Crown in 1964–75 showed that the maximum bulking rates ranged from 1 to 5 tonnes/hectare/week. Maximum tuber numbers were usually produced by 11 weeks after planting and thereafter numbers declined. In September, about 70% of the tubers initiated were recovered, and between 24 and 52% of the tubers had reached marketable size (〉4 cm). Tuber size distributions developed similarly in all years with all cultivars. During tuber initiation the distributions appeared as one population, and usually between 9 and 11 weeks after planting a second population of larger tubers developed. The population of small tubers later declined although in most years it was still present in September. This development fitted a model based on a mixture of two normal distributions and was determined by five parameters; the proportion of tubers in the small population and the means and standard errors of both populations.
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  • 21
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Erwinia chrysanthemi ; resistance bacteria ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Calcium levels in the periderm of tubers (cv. Sebago) growing in irrigated sands were influenced by the stem position at which the tuber grew, but the effect was not consistent over two seasons. Calcium levels were increased at all tuber positions by addition of calcium to soil; combined treatments of gypsum (1400 kg Ca2+/ha) pre-plant and calcium nitrate (37 kg Ca2+/ha) side dressings gave the greatest response. Percentage incidence of soft rot lesions caused byErwinia chrysanthemi pv.zeae was not influenced by periderm calcium content. The severity of infection (weight of tissue macerated within 48 h at 30°C) was significantly reduced only by the pre-plant gypsum treatment, but there was no correlation with calcium content of the periderm. Calcium levels in periderm tissue (60–208 mg Ca2+/100g) are within the range of published data for other cultivars and results support previous reports that the correlation between tuber susceptibility toErwinia spp. and periderm calcium content is inconsistent.
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  • 22
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 365-375 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: cultivar ; heat sprouting ; nitrogen ; second growth ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; sprout ; tuber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In two indoor experiments under short day conditions, the effect of temperature during tuber bulking on dormancy of tubers was investigated for cvs Diamant and Désirée. Temperature treatments started after tuber initiation and lasted for 4 weeks, after which the haulm was removed. In Experiment 1, the day/night temperature regimes 18/12, 22/22, 26/18 and 32/12 °C (T18/12 etc.) were compared. In Experiment 2, three day temperatures (18, 24 and 30 °C) were combined with three night temperatures (12, 18 and 24 °C), resulting in nine treatments. The dormancy of cv. Diamant was shortest after very high day temperatures (30–32 °C), but intermediate day temperatures (22–26 °C) had no shortening effect compared to T18/12. Dormancy of cv. Désirée was not shortened, but rather tended to be prolonged by high temperatures (22–32 °C) during growth. High temperatures during growth resulted in more sprouts per tuber after dormancy had ended.
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  • 23
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Corynebacterium sepedonicum ; dwarf-rosetting ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plants were grown in the field from seed pieces of potato cultivars injected with ring rot bacteria (Corynebacterium sepedonicum). Symptoms were produced with both 18 and 180 colony forming units (cfu) on cvs Norchip and Red Pontiac and with 180 cfu on cv. Belrus plants. Tuber symptoms were detected in all cultivars except Belrus and Teton. Tuber progeny produced plants that developed top symptoms on all cultivars except those of cv. Nooksack, Russet Burbank, and Teton. Tuber progeny of the second crop produced both plants and tubers with symptoms developing only in the cv. Nooksack. In another 3-year experiment, variability in the disease response of selected cultivars and lines was examined following knife-inoculation of tuber seed with a high level of ring rot bacteria. Significant correlations between top and tuber symptoms were detected, but they were not high enough to make unnecessary the examination of both top and tuber symptoms in ring rot disease selection studies.
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sucrose breakdown ; UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tissue from developing tubers, mature tubers, and mature tubers that had been stored at 4°C, was killed and extracted with trichloroacetic acid in diethylether. Inorganic pyrophosphate was detected in the aqueous phase of the extracts with pyrophosphate fructose-6-phosphate-1-phosphotransferase. No pyrophosphate could be detected in extracts that had been pretreated with pyrophosphatase. Pyrophosphate contents of about 3–12 nmol/g fresh weight were found. It is suggested that potato tubers contain sufficient pyrophosphate to allow the enzyme UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase to convert UDPglucose to glucose-1-phosphate during cucrose breakdown.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; drought tolerance ; heat tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Wirkungen des Wassermangels auf Kartoffeln, die im Feld aufwuchsen, untersucht. Die Sorten Blanka, Monalisa, Romano, Kondor, Diamant, Désirée, Alpha, Draga, Cara und ein unbenannter Sämling (‘S’) wurden im Frühjahr (Februar bis Juni) und im Sommer (April bis Juli) bei verhältnismässig hohen Temperaturen angebaut. In beiden Jahreszeiten wuchsen die Sorten mit drei Bewässerungsverfahren auf (Tab. 2); Ausreichende Wasserversorgung (Behandlung 1), mässiger Wassermangel (Behandlung 2) und starker Wassermangel (Behandlung 3). Man erhielt diese drei Bewässerungsverfahren durch Modifikation des ‘Line source’-Beregners (Abb. 2). Die Klimadaten der entsprechenden Wachstumsperioden sind in Abb. 1 dargestellt. Differenzen im physiologischen Alter zwischen den 1982 und 1983 gepflanzten Knollen konnten an Hand der unterschiedlichen Anzahl der Stengel festgestellt werden (Tab. 2). Die verschiedenen Bewässerungsverfahren wurden erst nach fortgeschrittenem Wachstum der Pflanzen eingesetzt, sie konnten deshalb die Anzahl der Stengel/Pflanze nicht beeinflussen (Tab. 2). Starke Trockenheit verringerte die Anzahl der Knollen/Pflanze (Tab. 2). Besonders auffällig war die Verringerung der Knollenzahl pro Pflanze bei der Sorte Cara während der Sommersaison (Tab. 2). Im Jahre 1982 reduzierte die Trockenheit bei den meisten Sorten das Durchschnittsgewicht der marktfähigen Knollen (〉60 g/Knolle) (Abb. 3), nich jedoch in 1983 (Abb. 4). Das Durchschnittsgewicht der marktfähigen Knollen war bei den meisten Sorten während der Sommersaison niedriger (Abb. 3 und 4). Blanka, und in geringerem Masse auch Draga, Diamant und Monalisa erreichten in der Sommersaison das Durchschnittsgewicht in der Folge ihrer relativen Toleranz gegenüber hohen Temperaturen (Abb. 3 und 4). Trockenheit und hohe Sommertemperaturen reduzierten bei den meisten Sorten den Knollenertrag (Abb. 3 und 4). In der Sommersaison zeigte Cara den grössten Ertragsverlust und Blanka den geringsten (Abb. 3 und 4). Unter den milden Klimaverhältnisse während der Frühjahrssaison hatten die späten Sorten (Cara und Alpha) und die mittelfrühen Sorten (Désirée, Kondor, Diamant) (Tab. 3) ein hohes Ertragsvermögen (Abb. 3 und 4). Draga, Désirée und Monalisa waren in der Frühjahrsaison verhältnismässig tolerant gegenüber mässigem Wassermangel (Tab. 3). Das Auftreten von Knollenschädigungen als Reaktion auf die Stressbedingungen im Feld, wie Keimbildung, Fäulnis und Missbildungen, variierte erheblich. Hohe Temperaturen können Keimbildung, Fäulnis und Missbildungen begünstigen (Abb. 5, 6 und 7) und auch Trockenheit kann Keimung und Missbildungen fördern (Abb. 5, 6 und 7). Die Berücksichtigung dieser unterschiedlichen Reaktionen der Sorten auf hohe Temperaturen und auf Wassermangel kann sowohl der Erkennung toleranter Sorten förderlich sein als auch der Selektion von Genotypen, die sich im Hinblick auf Ertrag und Qualität für eine wirtschaftliche Kartoffelproduktion in heiss-trockenen Klimaten eignen.
    Abstract: Résumé Les effets d'un déficit hydrique sur une culture de pommes de terre sont étudiés au champ. Les variétés Blanka, Monalisa, Romano, Kondor, Diamant, Désirée, Alpha, Draga, Cara ainsi qu'un hybride, (‘S’) sont cultivés au printemps (février à juin) et en été (avril à juillet) sous températures relativement élevées. Au cours des deux saisons, les variétés sont cultivées sous trois régimes hydriques (tabl. 2): apport en eau suffisant (traitement 1), déficit hydrique modéré (traitement 2), et déficit hydrique important (traitement 3). Les trois régimes hydriques sont obtenus par modification du débit de la canalisation primaire alimentant les sprinklers (fig. 2). Les relevés climatologiques des périodes concernées sont donnés fig. 1. La différence d'étal physiologique des plants se traduit par une variation du nombre de tiges obtenues entre les années 1982 et 1983 (tabl. 2). Les différents régimes hydriques ayant été appliqués après la levée, ils n'ont pas affecté le nombre de tiges par pied (tabl. 2). Un déficit hydrique important réduit le nombre de tubercules par pied (tabl. 2). Pour la variété Cara, on observe une réduction importante du nombre de tubercules par pied pour la période estivale (tabl. 2). En 1982, la sècheresse entraîne une diminution du poids moyen des tubercules commercialisables (〉60 g/tubercule) pour la plupart des variétés (fig. 3), mais aucun effet n'est observé en 1983 (fig. 4). Pour la période estivale celui-ci est plus faible pour la plupart des variétés (fig. 3 et 4). Blanka, et à un degré moindre Draga, Diamant et Monalisa conservent un poids moyen de tubercules commercialisables pour la période estivale montrant ainsi leur tolérance relative vis à vis des hautes températures (fig. 3 et 4). Un déficit hydrique et des hautes températures estivales réduisent le rendement en tubercules de la plupart des variétés (fig. 3 et 4). En été, la plus forte baisse est observée pour la variété Cara, la plus faible pour la variété Blanka (fig. 3 et 4). Sous les conditions climatiques tempérées du printemps, les variétés tardives (Cara et Alpha) et moyennes (Désirée, Kondor, Diamant) (tabl. 3) ont un potentiel de production élevé (fig. 3 et 4). Draga, Désirée et Monalisa sont relativement tolérantes vis à vis de déficits hydriques modérés au printemps (tabl. 3). La présence de défauts sur tubercules, germinations, pourritures et déformations en réponse aux conditions de stress varie énormément. Les hautes températures peuvent favoriser la germination, les pourritures et les déformations (fig. 5, 6 et 7). La sècheresse peut également entraîner la germination et des déformations (fig. 5, 6 et 7). L'analyse des différences de réponses des variétés vis à vis des hautes températures et d'un déficit hydrique, permet l'identification de variétés tolérantes ainsi que la sélection de génotypes pouvant assurer une production économiquement rentable et de qualité sous climats chauds et secs.
    Notes: Summary The effects of high temperatures and water deficit on potatoes were investigated under field conditions. Nine cultivars and one un-named seedling were grown in the spring and in the summer under high temperatures. In both seasons the cultivars were grown under 3 water regimes: adequate water supply, moderate water deficit, and severe water deficit that were achieved by a modification of the single line source sprinkler irrigation system. Severe drought reduced tuber yields in both seasons. Moderate tolerance to a moderate water deficit in the spring season was exhibited by Draga, Désirée, and Monalisa. Late and intermediate cultivars produced high tuber yields in the spring season, and early cultivars had relatively smaller yield losses in the summer. The extent of tuber disorders, sprouting, rotting and malformation, varied considerably. High temperatures enhanced sprouting, rotting and malformation and drought may enhance sprouting and malformation.
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  • 26
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    Potato research 29 (1986), S. 391-393 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; 1-naphthylacetic acid ; 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid ; tuber development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato stem cuttings, cv. Désitrée, were treated with a powder formulation of 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid (IBA), a gel formulation of 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), or a powder formulation of NAA. Both the IBA powder and the NAA gel stimulated significantly more roots per rooted cutting than were produced by the untreated controls but the NAA gel also significantly reduced the number of root branches per rooted cutting (Table 1). Untreated cuttings of cvs. Désirée and Recond were more likely to form only roots when the basal internode was long and more likely to form only tubers when the basal internode was short (Table 2). We suggest that the number of stem cuttings forming roots would be increased if, where necessary, the cuttings were trimmed to leave a long basal internode.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; germes ; tubercules ; tubérisation ‘in vitro’ ; survie ; degré d'incubation ; phytochrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Short spells (5 min) of red light applied to etiolated potato sprouts after excision (0 time) caused opposite effects on rate of tuberisation after the sprouts had been planted; tuberisation was speeded up by light red (RC) radiation and slowed down by dark red (RS) radiation. If the treatment was postponed to after subjecting the sprouts to darkness, RS effect was reduced whereas that of RC enhanced in relation to the duration of the dark period (Table 1). The effect of RS at 0 time could be explained in terms of the presence of a low level of preformed Pfr (active form of phytochrome) in the etiolated sprouts. The Pfr would disappear gradually in darkness resulting in the loss of efficiency of RS radiation and an increase in the efficiency of RC radiation. The marked effect of RS radiation at 0 time was even more evident if the sprouts were excised from physiologically older tubers (higher incubation temperature). The increase in related physiological responses —persistence and speed of tuberisation in vitro — could be explained by the development during incubation of conditions more favourable to the activity of the photoreceptor in the cells (Table 2). Red light treatment at low temperatures (Table 3) on mature tubers (Table 4) caused an increase in total phytochrome content in etiolated sprouts which would develop later on those tubers in the dark. Light appeared to control tuberisation through its action on an organ which detects the stimulus (tuber) to an organ derived from it (sprout).
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kurze Belichtung von Dunkelkeime mit Rotlicht (5 min) nach dem Ansetzen (Zeit 0) übt eine hemmende Wirkung auf die Knollenbildungsgeschwindigkeit. Die hellroten Strahlen fördern und die dunkelroten Strahlen hemmen die Knollenbildung (Abb. 1). Falls das Aussetzen in diese Farblichter verschoben wird, nachdem die Knollen im Dunkeln gehalten wurden, so beobachtet man, dass der Effekt der dunkelroten Strahlen abnimmt, hingegen nimmt die Wirkung der hellroten mit verlängerter Dunkelperiode zu (Abb. 1). Die Wirkung von Dunkelrot zur Zeit 0 könnte durch das Vorhandensein von einer kleiner Menge der Aktivform des Phytochrom in Dunkelkeimen erklärt werden. Im Dunkeln verschwindet die Aktivform des Phytochrom allmählich. (Dies zur Folge hat, dass die Wirksamkeit der dunkelroten Strahlen verloren geht, sowie auch der erzielte Effekt der hellroten Strahlen.) Je älter die Mutterknolle der geprüften Keime ist (vorgerücktes Inkubationstadium) desto besser ist die Wirkung der dunkelroten Strahlen zur Zeit 0. Die Verbesserung der physiologischen Reaktionen gekoppelt mit —Überleben und Knollenbildungsgeschwindigkeit ‘in vitro’ — könnte sich erklären durch eine bessere Disposition des Zellmaterials gegenüber dem Lichtempfänger. Das Phytochrom würde somit bei stark inkubierten Keimen als alterungshemmender Faktor wirken (Tab. 2). Behandlungen mit Rotlicht bei kühlen Temperaturen (Abb. 3) auf reifen Knollen (Abb. 4) erhöhen den Gesamt-Phytochromgehalt in den Keimen, welche später im Dunkeln aus diesen Knollen gebildet werden. Das Licht würde somit durch das Organ, welches den Stimulus (Knolle) aufnimmt eine Kontrolle auf ein daraus entstehendes Organ (Keim) ausüben.
    Notes: Résumé De brèves irradiations de lumière rouge appliquées à des germes étiolés, isolés de tubercules de pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.), ont montré des effets variables sur la vitesse de la tubérisation selon la nature des radiations et le moment de leur application après le prélèvement. La survie des germes et la rapidité de tubérisation ‘in vitro’ seraient des phénomènes liés, et placés sous le contrôle probable du phytochrome qui serait présent sous la forme Pfr* dans les germes. Des traitements lumineux périodiques à basse température sur des tubercules ayant eu un temps suffisant d'incubation permettent un enrichissement de la teneur totale en phytochrome des germes qui en seront issus. Dans tous les cas (germes et tubercules-mères), la sensibilité aux radiations rouges augemente en même temps que le degré d'incubation.
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; nematodes ; eelworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An apparatus was developed for inoculating large numbers of experimental units with cysts ofGlobodera spp. The inoculator is adjustable and releases different and equal volumes of cysts from an internal reservoir. It was found to dispense accurate amounts of inoculum and to be much faster than manually counting cysts.
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  • 29
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; soluble solids ; drought ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) of the cultivars Alpha, Cara, Blanka, Désirée and Idit, were exposed to a transient water deficit during tuber growth. Drought stress increased the concentration of solutes as assessed by refractometry and lowered the osmotic potentials as assessed by cryoscopy in both leaf and tuber tissues of the five cultivars. Differences among cultivars, as well as between leaf and tuber tissue of the same cultivar, could indicate variability of the soluble components contributing to the osmotic potential. Differences were noted in the response of the cultivars to the environment in terms of osmotic potentials. Essentially, two types of responses were identified: transient maintenance of lower osmotic potential for 24–48 h after stress relief; and inherently high concentration of solutes and low osmotic potential. The possible advantage of sensitivity to environmental changes is also considered.
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  • 30
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    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 12-20 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Globodera pallida ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; water-use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A good agreement was found between drought induced water-use efficiencies and carbon isotope fractionation of potato plants of the same age. Discrimination of13Carbon isotope increased with plant age and with the rank order of the distinguished plant organs. In young plants, nematode infection (contrary to drought) reduced13C discrimination but also reduced the water-use efficiency, leading to the conclusion that nematode infection, by slowing down the plant metabolism may have reduced the extrusion of13C. Towards senescence both nematode infection and drought reduced13C discrimination and increased water-use efficiencies indicating that then nematode caused water stress in the plants.
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  • 31
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 42 (1992), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Wheat ; buttermilk ; fermentation ; phytic acid ; protein digestibility ; starch digestibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fermentation of raw as well as autoclaved wheat flour with buttermilk at 30, 35 and 40°C for 6, 12, 18, 24 ad 48h significantly decreased the level of phytic acid; maximum decrease was observed at 40°C for 48h. Starch as well as protein digestibility (in vitro) improved with an increase in temperature and period of fermentation. Phytic acid had a significant (P〈0.05) negative correlation with digestibility (in vitro) of both starch and protein ofrabadi.
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  • 32
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    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Irrigation schedules ; Root growth ; Seasonal water use ; Shallow water table ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Irrigation experiments with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in clay loam, silty clay loam and the silty clay loam. Contrary to this, irrigation at late jointing, and late jointing and milk stages produced deepest root system in the loam. Roots followed the receding water table. was greatest in the loam. Avoiding irrigation at late jointing stage caused shifting of the zone of peak root density downwards and concentration of roots near water table both in the clay loam and the silty clay loam. Contrary to this, irrigation at late jointing, and late jointing and milk stages produced deepest root system in the loam. Roots followed the receding water table. Seasonal evapotranspiration (E) was affected by number of irrigations and water table depths. Water table contribution ranged from 61.6–64.5% of the total E in clay loam, from 39.0–46.8% of the total E in silty clay loam and from 4.0–8.1% of the total E in loam. Irrigations after late jointing contributed largely to the drainage. Yield was significantly higher in the treatments with scheduled irrigations at crown root initiation and late jointing stages in the clay loam and silty clay loam and at crown root initiation, late jointing and milk stages in the loam.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Development ; Model ; Root ; Shoot ; Thermal time ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A model has been developed of root growth in winter wheat based on cumulative thermal time with description of the extension and branching of individual age classes of seminal and crown root axes. The model requires, as input, the sowing date and average monthly mean air temperatures and gives, as output, the maximum depth of penetration of each age class of root and the root length density or root weight in any 10 cm layer of soil contributed by main axes, first-order and second-order laterals on any calendar date. The impact of soil temperature on root length density distributions with time was assessed by comparing a warm site (Perth, Australia) with a cool site (Rothamsted Experimental Station, England). Simulated values of root length density for plants with six leaves were consistently high when soil temperature was held constant at 10°C, but variable soil temperatures at each site resulted in rooting profiles characteristic for the two sites, although root length densities were larger than commonly observed at either location. The model simulates well described sequences of root production and permits calculation of maximal root development rates for unstressed plants growing in moist soil with no mechanical impedance to growth. It allows the co-development of root and shoot to be modelled and since it uses only about 5 K bytes of computer memory could be easily used for the assessment of management practices in the field.
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    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Associative nitrogen fixation ; Azospirillum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Spring-wheat plant seedlings were inoculated with various isolates of nitrogen-fixing rhizosphere bacteria, includingAzospirillum brasilense, in gnotobiotic sand cultures. Bacteria which had lost their acetylene reduction activity (ARA) during purification did not regain it in the presence of the plant. Bacteria with stable ARA were stimulated to low ARA (maximum 5.6 nmol C2H4 plant−1 h−1) by young (22–32-day) wheat seedlings.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum amazonense ; A. brasilense ; N NR− mutant ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were performed to examine the effects of inoculation of field grown wheat with various Azospirillum strains. In the first experiment the soil was sterilized with methyl bromide to reduce the Azospirillum population and15N labelled fertilizer was added to all treatments. Two strains ofAzospirillum brasilense isolated from surface sterilized wheat roots and theA. brasilense type strain Sp7 all produced similar increases in grain yield and N content. From the15N and acetylene reduction data it was apparent that these increases were not due to N2 fixation. In the second experiment performed in the same (unsterilized) soil, twoA. brasilense strains (Sp245, Sp246) and oneA. amazonense strain (Am YTr), all isolated from wheat roots, produced responses of dry matter and N content while the response to the strain Sp7 was much smaller. These data confirm earlier results which indicate that if natural Azospirillum populations in the soil are high (the normal situation under Brazilian conditions), strains which are isolated from wheat roots are better able to produce inoculation responses than strains isolated from other sources. The inoculation of a nitrate reductase negative mutant of the strain Sp245 produced only a very small inoculation response in wheat. This suggests that the much greater inoculation response of the original strain was not due to N2 fixation but to an increased nitrate assimilation due to the nitrate reductase activity of the bacteria in the roots.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cochliobolus sativus ; Coleoptile-node-tiller ; Common root rot ; Imazalil ; Nuarimol ; Subcrown internode ; Triadimenol ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of seed treatment with triadimenol at 0.175 and 0.3, imazalil at 0.15 and 0.2, and nuarimol at 0.1 and 0.15 g a.i./kg seed on subcrown internode (SCI) length, occurrence of coleoptile-node-tillers (CNTs), and common root rot severity was studied in two spring wheat cultivars at three locations in Saskatchewan. All three fungicides showed similar effects on both Cypress and Neepawa cultivars. All fungicides significantly reduced severity of common root rot and SCI length, promoted the early development of CNTs and increased (P〈0.01) the proportion of CNTs that produced fertile heads of grain.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Germination inhibition ; Straw rotting ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Freshly prepared straw extract inhibited wheat seed germination by about 18 per cent but did not affect water absorption by germinating wheat seeds. The maximum germination inhibition (47 per cent) was noticed with extract of straw rotted for 15 days. The germination inhibitory effect of rotting straw was over at 31 days of straw rotting.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Available K ; Available P ; Build up ; Depletion ; Rice ; Sodic soil ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment initiated at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal in 1974 involving rice wheat cropping sequence and NPK fertilizer use on sodic soil (pH 9.2, ESP 32.0), an attempt was made to evaluate the available P and K status of the soil and their uptake by the crops during 1982–83 and 83–84. Application of P to either or both the crops significantly enhanced the yields of rice and improved available P status of the soil. Wheat yields remained unaffected. Fertilizer N reduced P content in rice but increased P uptake in crops and considerably brought down available P to a level (4.5 ppm) where rice plants showed reduced tillering and phosphorus deficiency. Application of K did not affect the yield of either crop but enhanced its available status in soil and uptake by the crops. Contribution of the non-exchangeable K towards total potassium removal was about 93% in the absence of applied K which decreased to 87% with the use of K. Application of K to both crops resulted in lesser uptake from non-exchangeable form as compared to its application to either crop. Laboratory studies carried out on soils of the experimental plots showed that cumulative K release measured after five successive extractions was higher in K-treated soils as compared to untreated ones. The major difference was only in the first extraction representing the exchangeable K after which release became independent of the available K of the soil.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen cycling ; Nitrogen-15 tracer ; Split root experiments ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Wheat ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary One part of a split root system of wheat seedlings received full nutrient solution with15N-nitrate, the other received an identical solution with unlabelled nitrate. Appearance of labelled amino compounds was measured in the xylem sap exuding from roots not supplied directly with15N-nitrate after removal of the15N-nitrate-fed roots. This material indicates cycling of nitrogen from the shoots and through the roots. About 60 per cent of the nitrogen in the xylem appears to be cycling in this way.
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    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrate accumulation ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrogen fertilizing ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In pot experiments the NO 3 − accumulation and the occurrence of nitrate reductase (NR) capacity of wheat plants were investigated depending on late N applications at tillering, shooting and heading. NO 3 − is preferentially accumulated in the stems, while NR dominates in the leaves. NO 3 − accumulation is enhanced by late N treatments especially if N supply at seeding is sufficient. NR capacity of the plants is stimulated by late nitrogen supply, but its increment rates decrease with increasing NO 3 − accumulation.
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  • 41
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    Plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 343-348 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Wheat ; nutrient stress ; cytokinins ; thidiazuron ; paclobutrazol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the synthetic cytokinin thidiazuron on the yield of wheat growing under conditions of varying nutrient supply was investigated. Applications of thidiazuron during the early growth stages of wheat promoted tillering but reduced yield. Applications of thidiazuron during flag leaf senescence had little effect on yield. However, the yield of plants was increased at all levels of nutrient supply by treating plants with paclobutrazol during the early growth stages followed by thidiazuron during flag leaf senescence. Yield increases were greatest in moderately nutrient stressed plants, but were accompanied by a reduction in the N concentration of the grain. Possible reasons for the interaction between thidiazuron and paclobutrazol in increasing the yield of wheat are discussed.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; isozymes ; genetic markers ; tuber skin color ; tuber flesh color
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Andean farmer conserves and maintains the existing genetic diversity of potato cultivars by means of clonal propagation of tubers. However, surveys of traditional farms showed that botanical seed propagation was used for disease elimination, stock rejuvenation and the creation of new cultivars. Electrophoretic surveys based on 542 tubers collected from 18 markets sampled in the Cusco area disclosed a total of 229 different cultivars from diploid, triploid and tetraploid forms of Solanum tuberosum L. These could be classified by isozyme cluster analysis into four major groups and six minor groups. However, they did not agree with groups based on flesh or skin color. It is therefore concluded that all genotypes belong to a single, large gene pool with considerable gene flow between cultivars of different groups. When the samples were grouped by the three most common tuber skin colors, namely red/pink (‘Q'ompis type’), purple (‘Yana Imilla’ type), and yellowish/brown (‘Yuraq Kusi’ type), similar allozymes were observed in all three classes. The structure of the isozymic phenotypes within each group indicate that they may have been derived as segregants after outcrossing of diverse parental types. In order to provide further evidence for the origin of new types by hybridization, two segregating diploid progenies were generated by crossing purple by yellow skin types. In the resulting F1, most of the tuber phenotypes observed in the Andean varieties were reproduced in these crosses. It can be concluded that the Andean potatoes form a large and plastic gene pool amplified and renovated by outcrossing followed in some cases by human selection of desirable phenotypes.
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  • 43
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    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 149-161 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Compaction pan Earthworms ; Pea ; Pisum sativum ; Root channels ; Root entry ; Trematotropism ; Triticum aestivum ; Tunnels ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Roots which grow down through a seed-bed and encounter a strong, untilled sub-soil beneath may be unable to penetrate the sub-soil and may be deflected horizontally. They will continue to grow horizontally along the top of the sub-soil either until the seed-bed dries out and the roots wilt and cease elongating, or until they find some path of low resistance down through the sub-soil. Such paths are often cylindrical biopores such as earthworm tunnels or channels left after the decay of previous root systems. Model experiments were done with artificial impenetrable sub-soils containing arrays of round holes of various diameters. Roots of pea and wheat were grown down through beds of aggregates to encounter the artificial sub-soils at random positions. The roots were deflected horizontally until they encountered the vertical holes. The proportions of roots which entered the holes were found to decrease with decreasing hole diameter. Computer simulation studies were done to investigate some aspects of roots encountering impenetrable sub-soils containing random arrays of round holes. The distances that randomly-deflected roots would have to travel before encountering holes were studied as functions of hole diameter and hole density. The experimental results were combined and compared with the results from the computer simulations. It was found that the numbers of roots encountering holes within certain distances in practice were not significantly different from those simulated on the basis of random chance. Therefore there was no evidence for the roots sensing and growing preferentially towards the holes (trematotropism) in the well-aerated system used in the experiments. However, limited evidence shows that the possibility of trematotropism cannot be ruled out for poorly-aerated systems.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Potassium ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Comparative effects of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate at various levels of potassium on the performance of ARZ variety of wheat were studied at Agriculture Research Station Dera Ismail Khan, N.W.F.P., Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in three different rotationsviz, rice-wheat, maize-wheat and fallow-wheat. Potassic fertilizers were applied at the rate of 0, 37, 74, 111 and 148 kg k/ha alongwith the basal dose of 135 kgN plus 44 kg P/ha. Wheat yield data showed that the application of 37 kg K/ha of potassium chloride was found better in case of rice-wheat and fallow-wheat rotation and 37 kg K/ha of potassium sulfate for maize-wheat rotation. On the average of the three rotations, potassium sulfate at the rate of 74 kg K/ha (90 kg K2O/ha) was found better and economical. Both the sources were almost equally effective but potassium sulfate out-yielded potassium chloride. Protein content of grains was significantly increased due to K application irrespective of the source and potassium sulfate was found with significantly higher protein content than potassium chloride.
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  • 45
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    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon balance ; Corn ; Net productivity ; Post-harvest residues ; Soybeans ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total annual input of carbon with crop residues to the soils in Missouri (North Central Region of the USA) was found to be about 3.7 t ha−1 for wheat, 3.4 t ha−1 for soybeans and 9.2 t ha−1 for corn. Root biomass represented 40–50% of total residues and its accumulation appears to be influenced by climatic conditions. Estimates of carbon outflow from the ecosystem in the form of CO2 were in good agreement with the biomass input.
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  • 46
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    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregate ; Compaction pan ; Penetrometer ; Root penetration ; Seed-bed ; Soil strength ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary When elongating seminal roots of developing plants reach the base of a tilled seedbed, they often encounter a layer of dense, strong untilled soil. At this interface, they may be deflected horizontally and instead of penetrating the sub-soil, they may form a horizontal mat of roots at the base of the seed-bed. If this occurs, the plants are unable to absorb the reserves of water in the sub-soil, and are very sensitive to short periods of drought. Model experiments were done with artificial sub-soil layers having a range of strengths and with artificial seed-beds having sieved soil aggregates in the 4–7.7, 2–4 and 1–2 mm size ranges. Roots of wheat were grown through the aggregate beds and the proportions of roots which penetrated into the sub-soil were investigated as functions of sub-soil strength and diameter of the aggregates in the seed-bed. The proportion penetrating was found to decrease exponentially with sub-soil strength. The rate of decrease was similar for the 2–4 and 1–2 mm aggregates but was greater for the 4–6.7 mm aggregates. It is concluded that, provided that the roots of different plant species behave similarly, the base of the seed-bed should be composed of fine aggregates and that the penetrometer strength of the underlying untilled sub-soil should not exceed 0.4 MPa for plants with a single seminal axis or 3 MPa for plants such as wheat with 4 seminal axes.
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  • 47
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    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacterial inoculation ; N2 fixation ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil + charcoal (1∶3) carrier based and liquid cultures of Rhizobia were used to inoculate wheat seed cv. HD2329. The plants received 100 kg N in two equal splits and 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K20 ha−1. Inoculation with rhizobia had little effect on grain yield of wheat. Significant increase in straw yield and N-uptake occurred due to inoculation. A comparison of results of a similar experiment conducted during 1983–84, showed that inoculation with the same strains of rhizobia and application 50 kg N ha−1 as basal dressing, was more effective in increasing yield and N-uptake in wheat cv. HD2329. It appears reasonable to assume occurrence of nitrogen fixation by root nodule bacteria in rhizosphere of wheat.
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  • 48
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    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 85-93 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14CO2 atmosphere ; Maize ; Microbial biomass ; Rhizosphere ; Turnover root-derived material ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The release of organic materials by roots of maize and wheat was studied using a growth chamber with a14CO2 atmosphere at constant total CO2 concentration and constant specific activity. The distribution of14C within shoots, roots and soil was determined for both plants after 4 and 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, 1.5% of the total amount of14C fixed by maize was found as a residue in the soil, while for wheat this figure was 2.0%. Rhizosphere14CO2 production was measured in a second experiment and plants were harvested after 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks growth. The rhizosphere14CO2 evolution by wheat accounted for some 20% of the total amount of fixed14C and was a constant value throughout the growth period. Root-derived products were slowly incorporated by the soil microbial biomass to a maximum of 20% of the residual soil14C content after 6 weeks growth.
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  • 49
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    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14CO2 atmosphere ; Cobalt ; Complexation ; Maize ; Manganese ; Rhizosphere ; Wheat ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Water-soluble14C-labelled organic material, released into soil from roots of wheat and maize plants, was recovered with a mild percolation technique, without disturbing the root-soil interface. Extraction yields were relatively high for the14C materials (up to 11% of residual soil14C for 6 weeks maize) illustrating the water soluble character of the freshly added material. The complexation potential of the soil extracts was evaluated by adding57Co,65Zn and54Mn to the extract and determining their distribution among the organic fractions by a gel filtration technique. The results show that within four weeks a micro-environment is created around a plant root, characterized by an accumulation of root-derived organic materials. In parallel with this time dependent accumulation, a gradual shift from ionic metal to higher molecular weight forms occurred. The three metals were increasingly complexed throughout the growth period. Extracts from a fallow soil complexed minor amounts of the added tracer (6.4%; 1.9% and 0.2% for57Co,65Zn and54Mn respectively) while cropped soil extracts after 6 weeks complexed 61%; 16% and 6% of respectively Co, Zn and Mn in the case of maize, and 31%, 15% and 1% in the case of wheat. Although the effects are most pronounced in the case of Co and maize, evidence is given for similar effects with wheat and the other metals. The results indicate that the physicochemical status of transition metals in the rhizosphere is entirely different from that in the bulk soil.
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  • 50
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    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; Critical deficiency level ; Manganese uptake ; Seed manganese ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The importance of seed manganese (Mn) content for seedling growth of two wheat cultivars under soil Mn deficiency was demonstrated in growth cabinet experiments. Seed was obtained from different field sites (giving a Mn content range of 0.1 to 6.4 μg Mn seed−1), as well as from soaking seed in MnSO4 prior to sowing. Seed soaking greatly increased the seed Mn content, however, only about 15–20% of this additional Mn was recovered in the seedlings after 26 days growth. In these experiments, the seed rather than the soil provided the major source of plant Mn. Manganese critical deficiency levels (CDLs) were also obtained for leaves, shoots and roots. Increased grain yields from seed soaking were also evident in the field.
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  • 51
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    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 303-316 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bicarbonate ; Calcium ; Carbonate ; Chloride ; Coleoptile ; Germination ; Nitrate ; Root ; Salinity ; Sodium ; Sulphate ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Osmotic and specific ion effect are the most frequently mentioned mechanisms by which saline substrates reduce plant growth. However, the relative importance of osmotic and specific ion effect on plant growth seems to vary depending on the drought and/or salt tolerance of the plant under study. We studied the effects of several single salts of Na+ and Ca2+−NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and Ca(NO3)2—on the germination and root and coleoptile growth of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, TAM W-101 and Sturdy, the former being more drought tolerant than the latter. The concentrations used were: 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 mol L−1. Significant two- and three-way interactions were observed between cultivar, kind of salt, and salt concentration for germination, growth of coleoptile and root, and root/coleoptile ratio. Salts differed significantly (P〈0.001) in their effect on seed germination, coleoptile and root growth of both cultivars. Germination of TAM W-101 seeds was consistently more tolerant than that of Sturdy to NaCl, CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, and NaHCO3 salts at concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 mol L−1. The osmotic potential, at which the germination of wheat seeds was reduced to 50% of that of the control, was different depending on the kind of salt used in the germination medium. NaCl at low concentrations (0.02 and 0.04 mol L−1) stimulated the germination of both wheat cultivars. At concentrations of 0.02 to 0.16 mol L−1, Ca2+ salts (CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2) were consistently more inhibitory than the respective Na+ salts (NaCl and NaNO3) for germination of Sturdy. This did not consistently hold true for TAM W-101. Among the Na+ salts, NaCl was the least toxic and NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 were the most toxic for seed germination. Root and coleoptile (in both wheat cultivars) differed in their response to salts. This differential response of coleoptile and root to each salt resulted in seedlings with a wide range of root/coleoptile ratios. For example, the root/coleoptile ratio of cultivar TAM W-101 changed from 2.09 (in the control) to 3.77, 3.19, 2.8, 2.44, 1.31, 0.32, and 0.0 when subjected to 0.08 mol L−1 of Na2SO4, NaCl, CaCl2, NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3, respectively. Na2CO3 at 0.08 mol L−1 inhibited root growth to such an extent that germinated wheat seeds contained coleoptile but no roots. The data indicate that, apart from the clear and more toxic effects of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 and lesser toxic effect of NaCl on germination and seedling growth, any toxicity-ranking of other salts done at a given concentration and for a given tissue growth may not hold true for other salt concentrations, other tissues and/or other cultivars. The more drought-tolerant TAM W-101, when compared to the less drought tolerant Sturdy, showed higher tolerance (at most concentrations) to NaCl, CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2 and NaHCO3 during its seed germination and to Na2SO4 and CaCl2 for its root growth. This supports other reports that some drought-tolerant wheat cultivars are more tolerant to NaCl. In contrast, the coleoptile growth of drought-sensitive Sturdy was noticeably more tolerant to NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2 and NaHCO3 than that of drought-tolerant TAM W-101. Based on the above and the different root/coleoptile ratios observed in the presence of various salts, it is concluded that in these wheat cultivars: a) coleoptile and root tissues are differently sensitive to various salts, and b) at the germination stage, tolerance to certain salts is higher in the more drought-tolerant cultivar.
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  • 52
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    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Daily P uptake per m root length ; P requirement during life cycle ; Pot experiment ; Solution culture ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In pot experiments root growth and P uptake were found to precede shoot growth. The high rate of P uptake in the early stages of the life cycle is not an expression of luxury consumption but reflects a high P requirement in plants. Plants cultivated in nutrient solutions with different P concentrations during various stages of development showed that a high P supply (1 ppm) between Feekes stages 6 and 9 (30 days) caused a higher grain yield than the same P concentration between Feekes stages 11 and 17 (30 days). The early applied P caused a high number of fertile ears per area, a high number of grains per ear, and a high P pool in vegetative parts. The latter could be mobilized during the grain-filling period. Therefore, for high grain yields soil and fertilizers have to meet the high P requirement (about 20 μg P/m root · day) in an early stage of plant growth. During the grain filling period the P supply can be much lower.
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