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  • Articles  (22,516)
  • Springer  (15,194)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (7,322)
  • 1985-1989  (22,516)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1985  (22,516)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (16,971)
  • Mathematics  (5,545)
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  • Articles  (22,516)
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  • 1985-1989  (22,516)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A general mechanism underlying bursting is proposed and described. It consists of two coupled nonlinear oscillators with different frequencies, where the slower oscillator alternatively switches the faster one on and off. This mechanism is shown to work in an extended Bonhoefer-van der Pol oscillator as well as in a modified version of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations.
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 145-153 
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    Notes: Abstract Pointwise upper and lower bounds for the solution of a class of nonlinear diffusion problems with Michaelis-Menten kinetics are presented. Simple analytical bounding curves are obtained and for an illustrative case the calculated values bound the recent numerical solution of P. Hiltmann and P. Lory, 1983.Bull. math. Biol. 45, 661–664.
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 337-342 
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    Notes: Abstract The cellular response in terms of steady-state variance of cell mass concentration to fluctuations in incoming nutrient concentration to a chemostat has been examined. A white noise process is assumed to describe incoming nutrient concentration fluctuations and the variance of cell mass concentration has been found to depend on cell yield (a lumped measure of nutrient concentration fluctuation magnitude and lifetime) and two system time constants.
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 343-365 
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    Notes: Abstract In a well-known collection of his essays in cognitive psychology Miller (The Psychology of Communication. Penguin, 1974) describes in detail a number of experiments aiming at a determination of the limits (if any) of the human brain in processing information. He concludes that the ‘channel capacity’ of human subjects does not exceed a few bits or that the number of categories of (one-dimensional) stimuli from which unambiguous judgment can be made are of the order of ‘seven plus or minus two’. This ‘magic number’ holds also, Miller found, for the number of random digits a person can correctly recall on a row and also the number of sentences that can be inserted inside a sentence in a natural language and still be read through without confusion. In this paper we propose a dynamical model of information processing by a self-organizing system which is based on the possible use of strange attractors as cognitive devices. It comes as an amusing surprise to find that such a model can, among other things, reproduce the ‘magic number seven plus-minus two’ and also its variance in a number of cases and provide a theoretical justification for them. This justification is based on the optimum length of a code which maximizes the dynamic storing capacity for the strings of digits constituting the set of external stimuli. This provides a mechanism for the fact that the ‘human channel’, which is so narrow and so noisy (of the order of just a few bits per second or a few bits per category) possesses the ability of squeezing or ‘compressing’ practically an unlimited number of bits per symbol—thereby giving rise to a phenomenal memory.
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  • 5
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 409-424 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Electrical polarization of an artery or an arteriole may be modeled by the use of equations developed for two-dimensional cable theory. Two special cases have previously been solved: those corresponding to the case in which the radius is either zero (one-dimensional cable theory) or infinite. This paper presents the general solution.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 367-407 
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    Notes: Abstract The distance geometry approach for computing the tertiary structure of globular proteins emphasized in this series of papers (Goelet al., J. theor. Biol. 99, 705–757, 1982) is developed further. This development includes incorporation of some secondary structure information—the location of alpha helices in the primary sequence—in the algorithm to compute the tertiary structure of alpha helical globular proteins. An algorithm is developed which estimates the interresidue distances between chain-proximate helices. These distances, in conjunction with the global statistical average distances obtainable from a database of real proteins and determined by the primary sequence of the protein under study, are used to determine the tertiary structure. Five proteins, parvalbumin, hemerythrin, human hemoglobin, lamprey hemoglobin, and sperm whale myoglobin, are investigated. The root mean square (RMS) errors between the calculated structures and those determined by X-ray diffraction range from 4.78 to 7.56 Å. These RMSs are 0.21–2.76 Å lower than those estimated without the secondary structure information. Contact maps and three-dimensional backbone representations also show considerable improvements with the introduction of secondary structure information.
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  • 7
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. I 
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  • 8
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 425-434 
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    Notes: Abstract If a plane membrane consists of patches, each with a given area and a given diffusion coefficient, then the transient of the total unidirectional flux of a diffusing substance (as defined experimentally by Ussing) is predictable. Here the inverse problem is studied: given only the observed transient of the total unidirectional diffusion flux, the unknown membrane heterogeneity transverse to the flux is to be quantified. The ratio of the arithmetic and of the harmonic means (both area-weighted) of the diffusion coefficients, evaluated over the membrane, is expressed in terms of the observed transient alone and is used to characterize the heterogeneity. A unique exact solution of the inverse problem for two kinds of patches is obtained in closed form. A singular limit of this solution pertains to currently postulated models of endothelial membranes, for which a characteristically shaped transient is predicted.
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  • 9
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 435-435 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 437-474 
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    Notes: Abstract Major types of sequence similarity searching (often, and incorrectly, called ‘homology’ searching) are reviewed and examples of each are presented. The features and limitations of each type of program, and individual implementations of each type are discussed. Two pairs of sequences are used as examples to show how implementations of each type differ in their results and their presentation. Both local and global alignment programs are examined, and the programs reviewed run on many different types of computer architectures, from laboratory computers such as the IBM PC, minicomputers such as the VAX, to large mainframe computers such as DEC-10/20 series.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 489-494 
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    Notes: Abstract Criteria for the existence of globally stable equilibria in classical Volterra predator-prey systems represented by loop graphs are provided by comparing the community matrix with a matrix belonging to matrix classS W .
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 475-487 
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    Notes: Abstract Ordinary reaction-diffusion mechanisms do not account for size invariance properties of morphogenetic fields. We show that such a failure results from ignoring cell individuality. By considering purely topological factors, such as the number of intercellular contacts or the extent of the cell surface in contact with neighbouring cells, size invariance exists in reaction-diffusion systems. Our results are general, model independent and may be applied to any multi-unit ensemble exhibiting coherent behaviour.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 495-502 
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    Notes: Abstract The artery is treated as a thick-walled cylindrical shell. Using the large deformation theory, an analytical expression for the pulse wave speed is obtained and the effect of twist on the wave speed is discussed. Numerical results indicate that although phase velocity increases with pressure, it decreases with increasing twist angle.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 545-550 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of the shape of stenosis on the resistance to blood flow through an artery with mild local narrowing has been studied. It is shown that the resistance to flow decreases as the shape of stenosis changes and the maximum resistance is attained in the case of symmetric stenosis.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 535-543 
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    Notes: Abstract A set of 2n−2 relations (edges) and a set ofn−1 hypothetical taxonomic units (HTUs) derive from the estimation of a binary phylogeny of a set ofn operational taxonomic units (OTUs). We propose an easy way for numbering thesen−1 hypothetical taxonomic units, as well as for then−2 interior points of an unrooted binary phylogeny. We also present an alternative method to the one proposed by Rohlf (Bull. math. Biol. 45, 33–40, 1983) for numbering the π i=1 n (2i−3) possible rooted binary phylogenies and the π i=1 n−1 (2i−3) possible unrooted binary phylogenies conerning a set ofn operational taxonomic units. An illustrative example of the method is presented. It is hoped that some studies in phylogenetics will become more accessible, from the viewpoint of computational economy, by the use of this method.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 503-512 
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    Notes: Abstract The heterogeneity of rat brain opiate receptors was examined by analyzing competition data. The binding of three prototypical tritiated opioid agonists, [3H]-dihydromorphine ([3H]-DHM), [3H]-D-ala2-D-leu5-enkephalin ([3H]-DADLE), and [3H]-ethylketocyclazocine ([3H]-EKC) was determined in the presence of varying concentrations of each of these unlabeled ligands, generating nine displacement curves. A computer program was then used to find the best fit of a model system to these data, assuming two, three or four independent binding sites. The best fit was a four-site model. One of these sites is specific for DHM; two are relatively selective for DHM and DADLE respectively, but also bind EKC. The remaining site binds only EKC with high affinity. These results, together with displacement data using naloxone, FK33824, and D-ala2-met5-enkephalinamide, are discussed in terms of current opiate receptor models.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 651-668 
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    Notes: Abstract This work continues with an examination of capillary exchange models as operators, namely the operatorsO k andK αk relating extravascular and intravascular concentration to input for the Krogh cylinder model of a single capillary, a model basic to many organ models. Fundamental algebraic and analytic properties are presented: the operators belong to a commutative Banach algebra; an addition theorem holdsK αk +K βk =K α+β,k ; the operatorK αk has an inverse;K αk -1 , (as an operator on LebesgueL p space or on the locally integrable functions); partial derivatives are given forK αk [f](t) andO k [f](t) (sensitivity functions); and inequalities are established for the derivatives. Dominance relations between model curves are inferred. Error bound formulas are presented forK andO as bounds on ‖K αk f-K βl f‖ p and ‖O k f-O l f‖ p for allL p . Consequent limitations on relative errors are shown. The implications for operators on a finite time interval are deduced.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 669-683 
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    Notes: Abstract The nonlinear nature of the hydraulic permeability, as well as the corresponding pressure and displacement fields, in a soft tissue are studied for steady-state permeation. From a two-phase continuum model analytical expressions are derived that can be used with the results from a permeation experiment to determine the dependence of the permeability on the strain. In the process it is found that, because of the compaction of the tissue arising from fluid flow, it is necessary to distinguish between the apparent and intrinsic permeability. The former, which is an averaged quantity, is the permeability usually obtained in permeation studies. However, as shown from the analysis, it can differ substantially from the latter, which is the local permeability in the tissue.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. I 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 695-695 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 697-738 
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  • 22
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    Notes: Abstract The analytic, eccentric spheres model of the torso was used to examine the validity of approximating the ‘infinite medium’ potential by integrating ‘finite medium potentials’ over the torso surface. Although idealized, the analytic model is sophisticated enough for all important torso conductivity and geometry parameters to be preserved in the formulation. The model generates both ‘finite medium’ potentials (for which the torso is surrounded by air) and also ‘infinite medium’ potentials (for which the outermost layer of the torso extends outward to infinity). The finite medium torso potentials were integrated over the torso surface in accordance with the approximation used by many investigators in an effort to make the surface distribution more representative of the primary cardiac sources. The resulting potential distribution was compared with the true infinite medium potential, in which the effects of internal inhomogeneities (secondary sources) were taken into account. The difference between the two representations was found to be significant, and caution should be used when interpreting such data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 739-748 
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    Notes: Abstract Environ analysis, an input-output analysis for models of ecological systems, has been previously formulated for linear systems. This note has a twofold purpose: first, we indicate that a variation of parameters technique can be applied, at least in principle, to computeboth input and output environs; and second, we show that this technique may be used for computation of environs in nonautonomous, nonlinear compartment models. This nonlinear theory, obtained as a direct extension of dynamical system developments, allows the traditional environ partitioning of compartmental storages and flows. An example of a nonlinear nutrient-producer-consumer system whose output environs can be computed asymptotically is presented to illustrate these concepts.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 749-755 
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    Notes: Abstract Prolonged exposure to cyanide leads to a delayed but reversible disappearance of tetanic hyperpolarization in theXenopus node (G. M. Schoepfle,Am. J. Physiol. 231, 1033–1038, 1976). This effect is attributed to a pronounced decline in the absolute values of the ATP and ADP concentrations, such that the ATP-driven ion translocation is no longer possible, regardless of the existing values for (Na)i, (K)i and the (ATP)/(ADP) ratio. Mathematically, this would imply a vanishing of a constant pump conductance gp in the exression for electrogenic pump current densitityJ p, whereJ p=g p (V m −E p) in whichV m is membrane potential andE p is an ATP-and sodium-dependent e.m.f.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 757-764 
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    Notes: Abstract For the two-parameter (A, α) exponentially-stiffening constituitive relation, typical of many biological materials, it is shown that the uniaxial stress-strain behavior of an initially curved strip is significantly changed by the residual bending stresses. Closedform theoretical results depend on the thickness to radius ratio (h/R) and the relative strain level ε(h/R). The bending stresses tend to obscure accurate measurement ofA and α unless care is taken. However, it is shown that by changing co-ordinates to (dℝ/d∈, ℝ)-space, bothA and α can be recovered from the high stress data, and α alone can be recovered from the low stress data. This has practical application to the mechanics of cornea, sclera, and heart muscle.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 765-769 
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    Notes: Abstract An axisymmetric flow of a power law fluid through circular tubes under constant pressure gradient with the flow parameters varying radially is analyzed theoretically. The main finding is that for the Fahraeus-Lindqvist (F-L) effect to occur, it is necessary to have at least one of the parametersK (consistency) andn (index) as a discontinuous function ofr in the absence of wall slip; and with slip condition the parameters could be continuous functions ofr under specific conditions. In both the cases the existence of more than one discontinuity cannot be ruled out. The results obtained are consistent with experimental findings of blood flow through narrow tubes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 771-782 
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    Notes: Abstract This is a study of the properties of a zygotic algebra of two linked autosomal loci with different recombination rates in males and females, without selection or mutation and with random mating. The above-mentioned zygotic algebra contains a genetic subalgebra. A canonical basis of this subalgebra is constructed and the train roots are calculated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 799-799 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 783-789 
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    Notes: Abstract Among the conformations which the DNA molecule can adopt, the transition beween the A and B families, controlled by water content (relative humidity), seems to be implicated in the transcription process. Focusing on the main structural difference involved (tilting of base normals with respect to the helix axis), a model is constructed, solitary wave solutions of the resulting equation of motion are demonstrated and possible experimental implications indicated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 791-797 
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    Notes: Abstract Balls are removed one-at-a-time at equal time intervals from an urn initially containingw 0 white balls and a large number b of black balls and each black or white ball is immediately replaced by a black ball. The distribution of the number of white balls remaining aftert iterations (under certain limiting operations) is taken from the literature. The problem is to use this result to find the time required to remove a fixed number of white ballsw 1 from the urn. We then find the mean and variance of this distribution and also look at the special case whenw 1 =w 0.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. I 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 35-52 
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    Notes: Abstract The present study deals with the effect of externally-imposed body accelerations on blood flow in arteries. Body accelerations may be caused deliberately, for example making the subjecs lie down on vibrating tables: or unintentionally during travel in road vehicles, aircraft or spacecraft. A mathematical model of flow in single arteries subject to a pulsating pressure gradient as well as body acceleration is presented. The resulting equations are solved by using the technique of Laplace transforms. Computational results are presented for the effects of body accelerations on flow variables namely flow rate, velocity of flow, acceleration and shear stress corresponding to typical arteries of human subjects.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 53-70 
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    Notes: Abstract The left ventricle is modelled as a prolate spheroid of viscoelastic material with an aim to demonstrate the qualitative effects of anistropy and nonhomogeneity in the calculation of intact ventricular wall stresses. The pericardial pressure is accounted for in the analysis and an attempt is made to examine to what extent this influences the ventricular stresses. Numerical results are also obtained by computing the analytical expressions derived through the analysis.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 111-122 
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    Notes: Abstract A Montes Carlo computer simulation is designed in order to described the evolution of an ecosystem under imposed environmental conditions of energy. Some preliminary results of a simple situation show a suggestive matching between the detailed random behaviors of individuals and a global deterministic model. This fact may provide a new insight into the understanding and control of biomass production processes and represents a new tool for the evaluation of the reliability of the classical treatments.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 71-110 
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    Notes: Abstract A commonly accepted mathematical model for the slow-wave electrical activity of the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and animals comprises a set of interconnected nonlinear oscillators. Using a van der Pol oscillator with third-power conductance characteristics as the unit oscillator a number of structures have been analysed using a matrix Krylov-Bogolioubov method linearisation. The mode analysis of one-dimensional chains and two-dimensional arrays has been reported. In this paper the method has been extended to consider a tubular structure which is relevant to modelling small-intestinal rhythms. It is shown that this structure is capable of producing stable single models, non-resonant double modes and degenerated modes. General expressions are obtained for anm×n structure and examples given of two special conditions of 3×4 (i.e. odd numbers of oscillators in a ring) and 4×3 cases. The analytical results obtained for these two cases have been vertified experimentally using an electronic implementation of coupled van der Pol oscillators. Results obtained using fifth-power non-linear oscillators are summarised.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 157-157 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 161-192 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 159-159 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 205-213 
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    Notes: Abstract An urn contains balls ofs different colors. The problem of the reinforcement of a specified color and random depletion of balls has been considered by Shenton (1981, 1983). In this paper, the theory is applied to the biological age dependent half-life of radioactive iodine in man; the data of Cook and Snyder (1965) is used. The intake of radioactive iodine and its retention subsequently is studied.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 193-204 
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    Notes: Abstract One of the limitations of stochastic, linear compartmental systems is the small degree of variability in the contents of compartments. S. R. Bernard's (1981) urn model (S. R. Bernardet al., Bull. math. Biol. 43, 33–45.) which allows for bulk arrivals and departures from a one-compartment system, was suggested as a way of increasing content variability. In this paper, we show how the probability distribution of the contents of an urn model may be simply derived by studying an appropriate set of exchangeable random variables. In addition, we show how further increases in variability may be modeled by allowing the size of arrivals and departures to be random.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 231-238 
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    Notes: Abstract A stochastic model based on Eigen and Schuster's theory of biomolecular self-replication is studied by treating the master equation with the system-size expansion technique. The steady-state results are found to be in good agreement with the previous results and with those derived from the principle of detailed balancing. Multispecies competition and coexistence are studied carefully with the conclusions that a stable steady state is predicted for the former and a metastable state for the latter. The stochastic selection processes are also analyzed and discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 215-229 
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    Notes: Abstract A consensus in dex method comprises a consensus method and a consensus index that are defined on a common set of objects (e.g. classifications). For each profile of objects, the consensus method returns a consensus object representing information or structure shared among profile objects, while the consensus index returns a quantitative measure of agreement among profile objects. Since the relationship between consensus method and consensus index is poorly understood, we propose simple axioms prescribing it in the most general terms. Many taxonomic consensus index methods violate these axioms because their consensus indices measure consensus object invariants rather than profile agreement. We propose paradigms to obtain consensus index methods that measure agreement and satisfy the axioms. These paradigms salvage concepts underlying consensus index methods violating the axioms.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 239-262 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of multitype branching processes is applied to the kinetics of polynucleotide replication. The results obtained are compared with the solutions of the deterministic differential equations of conventional chemical kinetics.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 263-272 
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    Notes: Abstract We investigate the circumstances under which the moments of the order statistics of the extinction times of a set of independent branching processes exist. This extends a result of Schuster and Sigmund,Bull. math. Biol. 46, 11–17, 1984, which was found in a special random selection model. Furthermore we discussed existence of the expectation of extinction times of multitype branching processes and extend well known results for irreducible processes to the reducible case.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 287-293 
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    Notes: Abstract This note presents a general time-dependent study of linear stochastic compartmental models in discrete time. The transient distribution of the state of the system is obtained by adapting methods used in the continuous time analysis. Covariance functions with and without a time lag are then deduced by a simple probabilistic argument. Results are derived in the Markov case and are partly extended to the semi-Markov case.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 273-286 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple practical method exists for classifying and comparing planar curves composed of connected line segments. This method assigns, a single numberD, the fractal dimension, to each curve.D=log(n)/[log(n)+log(d/L)], where:n is the number of line segments,L is the total length of the line segments, andd is the planar diameter of the curve (the greatest distance between any two endpoints). At one end of the spectrum, for straight line curves,D=1; at the other end of the spectrum, for random walk curves,D→2. Standard statistics are done on the logarithms of the fractal dimension [log(D)]. With this measure, trails of biological movement, such as the growth paths of the cells and the paths of wandering organisms, can be analyzed to determine the likelihood that these trails are random walks and also to compare the straightness of the trails before and after experimental interventions.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 295-304 
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    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed of an ecological community where some (or all) of the subpopulations exhibit mutual interference. Mutual interference introduces sublinearities which makes the persistence analysis of the community more complex since the model is no longer a dynamical system. A transformation is introduced which yields a dynamical system, thereby making a persistence analysis more tractable. The results are applied to determining top-predator persistence of a simple food chain and to the question of invasibility of a stable community by a new subpopulation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 613-627 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the fluid-mechanical study of the effects of permeability of the wall of an arteriosclerotic blood vessel by idealizing the tissue space as a porous medium bounding the blood vessel and the arteriosclerotic blood vessel as a constricted axisymetric tube of slowly but arbitrarily varying cross-secton. An analytical solution in the general case is obtained by perturbation technique and several important particular geometries of constriction are discussed as special cases. Numerical results for the effects of permeability on the wall shear stress and filtration velocity are shown graphically.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 629-650 
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    Notes: Abstract Beginning from the notion of semantic network structure, we develop a quantitative description of how much can be learned by an animal whose developmental programme is a set of co-acting epigenetic rules. In the model considered, the activity of the rules regulates the size, connectivity and innate information content of the semantic network. The network itself is associated with a behavioral repertoire. The modeling approach shows how to begin accounting for the effects of both genetic and environmental information, in a manner that quantifies the roles of specific epigenetic rules for psychological development. In previous models the Shannon-Weaver information contentI of a semantic network follows power lawsI ∞N ξ, withN the number of interrelated concept elements in the network and ξ a scaling exponent labeling a universality class of semantic networks. Our calculations provide evidence that epigenetic rules of the type considered, involving both innate and learned semantic network components, sustain a new universality class for which ξ=1.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 23-34 
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    Notes: Abstract An earlier paper by E. L. Keller, 1980,Bull. math. Biol. 42, 181–189, gave necessary and sufficient conditions for primitivity of a product of two Leslie matrices. This paper generalized that result to an arbitrary number of Leslie matrices. The generalized result shows that Keller's is, from one viewpoint, more conveniently stated in a slightly different form (our equation (6)). This restatement in turn simplifies the proof of his special case of the general result. It also shows that the case of products of just pairs of matrices is a special one in that the simple form of result obtained for that case doesnot retain its simplicity when generalized to higher order products.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 155-155 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 123-143 
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    Notes: Abstract A theoretical analysis of electric and magnetic fields of the heart, based solely upon the scalar multipole expansion, is carried out in order to gain an insight into the interrelation of the data contained in electro- and magnetocardiological measurements. The usual multipole expansion is applied for the electric field, however corresp[nding equivalent multipoles are formulated as idealized generators, having not only flow sources, but also vortex sources of the field. Furthermore, the magnetic field in a homogeneous infinite volume conductor is expressed as a sum of two series, the first being the usual multipole expansion of the nonvortex component of the magnetic field, and the second being a sequence of magnetic fields set up by the aforementioned electric multipole generators reduced to axial form. The former term is uniquely defined by the electric multipole components, but the latter reflects properties of the cardiogenerator that can be revealed only by means of magnetic measurements. Features of the electric and magnetic multipole components as integral characteristics of the cardiogenerator are discussed and concepts of the magnetic centre and magnetic axis of the cardiogenerator are proposed. The analysis is illustrated by examples of simple generator configurations.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. I 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 305-316 
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    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of multifurcations in essentially binary trees is investigated with respect to two methods for testing growth models,viz. subtree partition analysis and vertex analysis. It is shown that under certain conditions multifurcations may be incorporated in the analysis. Although the conditions are more restrictive for subtree partition analysis only minor loss of information occurs if forbidden multifurcations are simply ignored.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 317-320 
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    Notes: Abstract An equation with five exponential terms is shown to fit the depolarized potassium current with different initial conditions. This equation has a molecular basis and was derived from the assumption that the potassium ions are transported under the combined forces via Newton's second law. It points out that the initial phase of the potassium current may take a different form and the usual concept that potassium conductance has a time delay may be misleading.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 321-321 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. I 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 323-336 
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    Notes: Abstract A growth model for topological trees is formulated as a generalization of the terminal and segmental growth model. For this parameterized growth model, expressions are derived for the partition probabilities (probabilities of subtree pairs of certain degrees). The probabilities of complete trees are easily derived from these partition probabilities.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 513-533 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider a Markov chain modeling competition between two alleles in a haploid population of constant size and undergoing mutation, selection and Fisher-Wright mating. The Markov chain is rescaled to a diffusion process. We study the interaction of external noise (due to a random selection coefficient) and internal fluctuations (due to mating); the interaction is found to be additive. The stationary probability density displays a critical point. We draw an analogy between the behavior of the probability density at the critical point and the theory of phase transitions; critical exponents are introduced and calculated. We also analyze the effect of external noise on the genetic diversity of the population and on mean first passage times of the gene frequency.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. I 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 551-564 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a double-layer enzyme-membrane model representing the Na+−K+ pump in living cells. We present a mathematical solution to the problem of controlling the sodium flux in malignant cells, where an inhibitor exists in the outer layer of the membrane. We give an algorithm for the numerical resolution of this problem of optimal control with illustrations. Finally, we point out the biological importance of this study.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 565-589 
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    Notes: Abstract In order to determine the growth of inhaled aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract the relative humidity in a lung model has been calculated using a numerical method. The computations take into account different types of airflows, enhanced transport mechanisms and an optimized wall temperature profile in the upper airways. These parameters are varied to fit experimental temperature data. Under certain conditions the corresponding relative humidity shows a maximum near the first bifurcation, which exceeds the final humidity in the alveoli. This high humidity forces dry NaC1 particles with diameters less than 0.5 μm to grow to their maximum size in the first bronchi. Thereafter the droplets loose water and reach their final size in the terminal bronchioles.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 47 (1985), S. 591-612 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider a class of differentiable dynamical systems that fulfill a criterion of adaptation, or beingfit. The adaptation criterion is found to be sufficient for the existence of hierarchical behavior in these systems, once they become complex. Commutative diagram methods are used to show that under reasonable conditions the hierarchical behavior takes the form of a closed dynamics of aggregate variables. This dynamics characterizes the system functions as a whole. Existence conditions for the aggregate dynamics are obtained, together with their differential form and their connections to the original system description. The results indicate that evolutionary processes are likely to produce systems that are hierarchically organized in term of their function as well as their structure.
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    Mathematical programming 32 (1985), S. 249-277 
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    Keywords: Minisum Locations ; Location-Allocation ; Network Location ; Dynamic Location
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we consider multiperiod minisum location problems on networks in which demands can occur continuously on links according to a uniform probability density function. In addition, demands may change dynamically over time periods and at most one facility can be located per time period. Two types of networks are considered in conjunction with three behavioral strategies. The first type of network discussed is a chain graph. A myopic strategy and long-range strategy for locatingp-facilities are considered, as is a discounted present worth strategy for locating two facilities. Although these problems are generally nonconvex, effective methods are developed to readily identify all local and global minima. This analysis forms the basis for similar problems on tree graphs. In particular, we construct algorithms for the 3-facility myopic problem and the 2-facility long-range and discounted cost problems on a tree graph. Extensions and suggestions for further research on problems involving more general networks are provided.
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    Mathematical programming 32 (1985), S. 366-370 
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    Keywords: Cores ; Dual Prices ; Linear Production Games
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    Notes: Abstract Consider a game in which resources may be combined to produce products of known values. For linear production processes, the game may be characterized by a family of linear programs. It is shown that appropriately defined market prices for the resources coincide with the set of optimal dual solutions to one of these linear programs. This result generalizes and unifies the known cases in game theory, in which the core of a game coincides with the set of dual optimal solutions to a corresponding master linear programming problem.
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 61-67 
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    Keywords: Conjugate Gradient Methods ; Global Convergence
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    Notes: Abstract The paper examines a method of implementing an angle test for determining when to restart conjugate gradient methods in a steepest descent direction. The test is based on guaranteeing that the cosine of the angle between the search direction and the negative gradient is within a constant multiple of the cosine of the angle between the Fletcher-Reeves search direction and the negative gradient. This guarantees convergence, for the Fletcher-Reeves method is known to converge. Numerical results indicate little, if anything, is lost in efficiency, and indicate gains may well be possible for large problems.
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 120-121 
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 93-114 
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    Keywords: Nonlinear Optimization ; Pairwise Comparison ; Priority Theory ; Fuzzy Sets ; Triangular Membership Functions ; Performance Evaluation
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we extend the deterministic performance evaluation of nonlinear optimization methods: we carry out a pairwise comparison using fuzzy estimates of the performance ratios to obtain fuzzy final scores of the methods under consideration. The key instrument is the concept of fuzzy numbers with triangular membership functions. The algebraic operations on them are simple extensions of the operations on real numbers; they are exact in the parameters (lower, modal, and upper values), not necessarily exact in the shape of the membership function. We illustrate the fuzzy performance evaluation by the ranking and rating of five methods (geometric programming and four general methods) for solving geometric-programming problems, using the results of recent computational studies. Some general methods appear to be leading, an outcome which is not only due to their performance under subjective criteria like domain of applications and conceptual simplicity of use; they also score higher under more objective criteria like robustness and efficiency.
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 139-145 
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    Keywords: Computational Complexity ; NP-Complete ; Linear Program ; Polyhedron ; Cell
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    Notes: Abstract A nonempty closed convex polyhedronX can be represented either asX = {x: Ax ⩽b}, where (A, b) are given, in which caseX is called anH-cell, or in the formX = {x: x = Uλ + Vμ, Σλ j = 1,λ ⩾ 0,μ ⩾ 0}, where (U, V) are given, in which caseX is called aW-cell. This note discusses the computational complexity of certain set containment problems. The problems of determining if $$X \nsubseteq Y$$ , where (i)X is anH-cell andY is a closed solid ball, (ii)X is anH-cell andY is aW-cell, or (iii)X is a closed solid ball andY is aW-cell, are all shown to be NP-complete, essentially verifying a conjecture of Eaves and Freund. Furthermore, the problem of determining whether there exists an integer point in aW-cell is shown to be NP-complete, demonstrating that regardless of the representation ofX as anH-cell orW-cell, this integer containment problem is NP-complete.
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 123-138 
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    Keywords: Set Packing ; Integer Programming ; Linear Programming ; Simplex Method
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    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the set packing problem max{wx: Ax ⩽ b, x ⩾ 0 and integral}, whereA is anm × n 0–1 matrix,w is a 1 ×n weight vector of real numbers andb is anm × 1 vector of ones. In equality form, its linear programming relaxation is max{wx: (x, y) ∈P(A)} whereP(A) = {(x, y):Ax +I m y =b, x⩾0,y⩾0}. Letx 1 be any feasible solution to the set packing problem that is not optimal and lety 1 =b − Ax 1; then (x 1,y 1) is an integral extreme point ofP(A). We show that there exists a sequence of simplex pivots from (x 1,y 1) to (x*,y*), wherex* is an optimal solution to the set packing problem andy* =b − Ax*, that satisfies the following properties. Each pivot column has positive reduced weight and each pivot element equals plus one. The number of pivots equals the number of components ofx* that are nonbasic in (x 1,y 1).
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 1-27 
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    Keywords: Traveling Salesman Problem ; Integer Polyhedron ; Facet ; Graph ; Series-Parallel Graph ; Steiner Tree ; Polynomial Algorithm
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    Notes: Abstract Given a graphG = (N, E) and a length functionl: E → ℝ, the Graphical Traveling Salesman Problem is that of finding a minimum length cycle goingat least once through each node ofG. This formulation has advantages over the traditional formulation where each node must be visited exactly once. We give some facet inducing inequalities of the convex hull of the solutions to that problem. In particular, the so-called comb inequalities of Grötschel and Padberg are generalized. Some related integer polyhedra are also investigated. Finally, an efficient algorithm is given whenG is a series-parallel graph.
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 146-161 
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    Keywords: Infinite Linear Programming ; Ordered Fields ; Extreme Points ; Extreme Directions ; Opposite Sign Property ; Nonlinear Equations
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    Notes: Abstract This paper provides a characterization of extreme points and extreme directions of the subsets of the space of generalized finite sequences occurring as the constraint sets of semi-infinite or infinite linear programs. The main result is that these sets are generated by (possibly infinitely many) extreme points and extreme directions. All results are valid over arbitrary ordered fields.
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 204-233 
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    Keywords: Linear Programming ; Simplex Methods ; Piecewise-Linear Programming ; Nondifferentiable Optimization
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    Notes: Abstract The simplex method for linear programming can be extended to permit the minimization of any convex separable piecewise-linear objective, subject to linear constraints. This three-part paper develops and analyzes a general, computationally practical simplex algorithm for piecewiselinear programming. Part I derives and justifies the essential steps of the algorithm, by extension from the simplex method for linear programming in bounded variables. The proof employs familiar finite-termination arguments and established piecewise-linear duality theory. Part II considers the relaxation of technical assumptions pertaining to finiteness, feasibility and nondegeneracy of piecewise-linear programs. Degeneracy is found to have broader consequences than in the linear case, and the standard techniques for prevention of cycling are extended accordingly. Part III analyzes the computational requirements of piecewise-linear programming. The direct approach embodied in the piecewise-linear simplex algorithm is shown to be inherently more efficient than indirect approaches that rely on transformation of piecewise-linear programs to equivalent linear programs. A concluding section surveys the many applications of piecewise-linear programming in linear programming,l 1 estimation, goal programming, interval programming, and nonlinear optimization.
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 339-351 
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    Keywords: Variational Inequality ; Nondifferentiable Optimization ; Nonconvex Programming ; Network Optimization
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    Notes: Abstract The variational inequality problem in Euclidian space is formulated as a nonconvex, nondifferentiable optimization problem. We show that any stationary point is optimal, and we propose a solution algorithm that decreases the nondifferential objective monotonically. Application to the asymmetric traffic assignment problem is considered.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 7-17 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden einige Arten von Optima eines Vektoroptimierungsproblems untersucht. Es handelt sich dabei um minimale, schwach minimale, stark minimale und eigentlich minimale Lösungen. Für diese Optimalitätsbegriffe werden verschiedene Optimalitätsbedingungen vorgestellt, die sich durch Skalarisierung ergeben. Außerdem wird auf einige numerische Aspekte eingegangen.
    Notes: Summary In this paper several kinds of optima of a vector optimization problem are investigated; these are minimal, weakly minimal, strongly minimal and properly minimal solutions. For these optima various optimality conditions resulting from a scalarization approach are presented. Furthermore some numerical aspects are discussed.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 39-42 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two pro rata warranty models are considered in which the renewal costs during the warranty period depend on the time of failure. In the first model replacements or minimal repairs may be carried out during a fixed warranty period. In the second model the warranty for replaced items is renewed. For both models the expected cost per warranty cycle and the mean cycle length are determined.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Behandelt wird ein allgemeines Modell, bei dem die Erneuerungskosten bei einem Ausfall in einem Garantieintervall vom Ausfallzeitpunkt abhängen. Dabei werden 2 Fälle untersucht: 1) Die bereits verstrichene Garantiezeit wird angerechnet. Dabei werden vollständige bzw. minimale Garantiereparaturen durchgeführt. 2) Unter Zugrundlegung von vollständigen Reparaturerneuerungen wird auf jede Reparatur wieder die volle Garantiezeitw gewährt. Für beide Modelle werden die mittleren Erneuerungskosten pro Garantiezyklus sowie die mittlere Zyklenlänge berechnet.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 58-59 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 61-62 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 101-109 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird das Problem der rationalen Betriebsführung des Lago Maggiore (eines Mehrzweckreservoirs in Norditalien) betrachtet. Zuerst wird die historische Betriebsführung analysiert, und es wird aufgezeigt, warum die Benutzer des unteren Teils des Sees nicht mit den Benutzern des oberen Teils kooperieren. Daraufhin wird die beste nicht-kooperative Lösung ermittelt und bewiesen, daß sie gegenüber der historischen dominant ist. Schließlich wird die beste kooperative Lösung bestimmt und mit der nicht-kooperativen Lösung verglichen. Wie üblich in Bewirtschaftungsproblemen natürlicher Ressourcen ist der Preis einer derartigen Nicht-Kooperation sehr hoch. Die Untersuchung zeigt ebenfalls einige einfache Vorschläge für eine Gesamtoptimalität und zur Konfliktauflösung auf.
    Notes: Summary The problem of the rational management of Lake Maggiore (a multipurpose reservoir in Northern Italy), is considered in this paper. First, the historical management is analyzed and it is shown why the downstream users do not cooperate with the upstream users of the lake. Then the best non-cooperative solution is found and proved to be quite superior to the historical one. Finally, the best cooperative solution is obtained and compared with the non-cooperative one. The price of such non-cooperation is very high, as usually in natural resources management problems. The analysis also points out some simple suggestions for overall optimality and conflict resolution.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 127-128 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 153-164 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with an operational search game in military area. One side is interested in getting an allocation of its units inside a given inhomogeneous regionG. The other side wants to allocate its search effortT uponG. The solution takes into account the visibility and operational values of the subregions ofG. Of main interest is how the results depend on the search timeT. The relationship to search theory is also discussed. We refer to some open and extended problems, too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit behandelt ein operationelles Suchspiel im militärischen Bereich, wobei eine Seite eine Aufteilung ihrer Einheiten in einem gegebenen inhomogenen GebietG vornimmt, die andere ihre SuchkapazitätT aufG verteilt. In die Lösung gehen die Einsehbarkeit und die operationeile Bedeutung der Teilgebiete vonG ein. Von besonderem Interesse sind die Abhängigkeit der Ergebnisse von der Suchzeit und der Zusammenhang mit der Suchtheorie. Auf offene und weiterführende Fragen wird hingewiesen.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 187-188 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 189-189 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 208-208 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 209-215 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bedienungssysteme mit wiederholten Versuchen sind von großem praktischen Nutzen bei der Bemessung von Vermittlungseinrichtungen und Computersystemen. Das Modell, das in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt wird, berücksichtigt nicht nur Wiederholungen nach vorangegangener Blockierung, sondern auch die Rückkopplungseffekte aller Arten von Fehlern, die beim Aufbau einer Verbindung auftreten können. Um die charakteristischen Größen des zugrundeliegenden Warteschlangenprozesses zu bestimmen, wird ein semi-regenerativer Ansatz gewählt.
    Notes: Summary Queueing systems with repeated attempts have wide practical use in designing switching networks and computer systems. The model presented in this paper not only takes into account repetitions by congestion but also considers the feedback effects from all types of failures in establishing a connection. A semi-regenerative analysis is applied in order to determine the characteristics of the underlying queueing process.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 225-236 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The budgetary laws in the Federal Republic of Germany require that large items of public expenditure be subject to prior cost-benefit analysis. This paper presents a cost-benefit method suitable for the analysis of urban public transport projects which is presently being tested. The methodical concept, which combines various aspects of differing forms of analysis, is described. The areas of conflict arising between practical and theoretical considerations are made clear and the experience gained so far with the concept is illustrated with examples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für größere Investitionsvorhaben der öffentlichen Hand sind nach den Haushaltsgesetzen des Bundes und der Länder Nutzen-Kosten-Untersuchungen durchzuführen [1]. In dem Beitrag wird ein entsprechendes Verfahren vorgestellt, das zur Beurteilung von Investitionsvorhaben des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs entwickelt wurde und sich derzeit in der Erprobung befindet. Der Beitrag beschreibt das methodische Konzept des Bewertungsverfahrens, das eine Integration der verschiedenen Verfahren von Nutzen-Kosten-Untersuchungen beinhaltet. Konfliktbereiche zwischen methodisch-wissenschaftlichem Anspruch und dem Zwang zu praktikablen Verfahrensweisen werden aufgezeigt. Bisherige Anwendungserfahrungen werden an Beispielen dargelegt.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 237-248 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit fast allen Unternehmungen in Bayern, die OR-Methoden anwenden, wurden strukturierte Interviews durchgeführt. Der Schwerpunkt lag bei diesen Interviews auf den situativen Bedingungen, unter denen OR-Prozesse stattgefunden hatten. Diese Bedingungen sind in ihrer Gesamtheit geeignet, Scenarien für OR-Prozesse in Unternehmungen zu beschreiben. In den untersuchten Unternehmungen wurden höchst unterschiedliche Scenarien festgestellt. Das Muster für die Integration des OR in Management-Prozesse wird als zentraler Aspekt herangezogen, um drei typische Scenarien für OR-Prozesse herauszuarbeiten.
    Notes: Summary The authors have conducted structured interviews with almost all business firms in a major area of Germany that apply OR-methods. The focus of these interviews was placed on the situational conditions under which OR-processes were run. These conditions, when taken as a whole, are suitable to describe the scenarios for OR-processes in business firms. The scenarios of the firms surveyed differ to a great extent. Nevertheless, the integration pattern of OR into management processes is obviously a key aspect, useful for elaborating three distinctive scenarios for OR-processes.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 250-250 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 252-254 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 19-26 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht die Unterklasse der 1-konvexenn-Personen-Spiele. Es stellt sich heraus, daß ein 1-konvexesn-Personen-Spiel durch die Struktur des Kerns charakterisiert werden kann und sein Nucleolus im Gravitätszentrum des Kerns liegt. Unter Benutzung der Formel für den Nucleolus wird gezeigt, daß für 1-konvexe Spiele der Durchschnitt von (Pre-)Kernel und Kern aus einem eindeutigen Punkt besteht. Allerdings kann der (Pre-)Kernel auch Punkte außerhalb des Kerns enthalten. Deshalb fällt die Verhandlungsmenge des 1-konvexenn-Personen-Spiels nicht notwendigerweise mit dem Kern zusammen, und der Teil der Verhandlungsmenge, der außerhalb des Kerns liegt, braucht sogar nicht mit dem Kern zusammenzuhängen. Zudem wird eine Einteilung der Klasse der 1-konvexen Spiele gegeben, die einen “großen” Kern besitzen.
    Notes: Summary The subclass of 1-convexn-person games is central in this paper. It turns out that an 1-convexn-person game can be characterized by the structure of the core and that its nucleolus lies in the center of gravity of the core. Using the formula for the nucleolus, it is shown that for 1-convex games the intersection of the (pre-) kernel with the core consists of a unique point. Nevertheless, the (pre-)kernel may contain points outside the core. Hence, the bargaining set of an 1-convexn-person game not necessarily coincides with the core and the part of the bargaining set outside the core may even be disconnected with the core. Furthermore, the class of 1-convex games which possess a “large” core, is classified.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 51-56 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 43-50 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zweck des vorliegendes Aufsatzes ist es, ein optimales Instandhaltungsmodell von Kamien und Schwartz [8] durch Einbeziehung der Produktionsrate als zusätzliche Steuervariable zu erweitern. Zwei Modelle werden untersucht: beim ersten handelt es sich um die optimale Aufteilung von vorbeugenden Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen an einer Maschine und Produktion, während im zweiten Fall die Aktivitäten unabhängig voneinander simultan ausübbar sind. Unter Benützung des Pontrjaginschen Maximumprinzips wird u. a. gezeigt, daß bei optimaler Einsatzdauer der Maschine die optimale Produktionsrate mit dem Alter der Anlage monoton steigt, während die optimale Rate der Instandhaltung abnimmt. Unter den gesetzten Modellannahmen erweist es sich also etwa alssuboptimal, einer Abnahme der Maschinenzuverlässigkeit infolge gesteigerter Produktion durch erhöhte Aufwendungen für die Instandhaltung zu begegnen.
    Notes: Summary The purpose of the following paper is to extend the optimal maintenance model of Kamien and Schwartz [8] by including the production rate as an additional control variable. Two models are considered: the first model deals with the optimal allocation of preventive maintenance of a machine and production, whereas in the second case both activities may be carried out independently and simultaneously. Using the maximum principle it is shown that for the optimal life time of the machine the optimal production rate increases monotonically with the age of the machine, whereas the optimal maintenance rate is decreasing. Thus, under the assumptions made it is, e.g.,not optimal to counteract a decrease in the machine's survival probability arising from an increasing production rate by a higher maintenance rate.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 81-90 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The stochastic programming problem is described as a stochastic multiple criteria model (SMCM). The solution found by the SMCM has to be efficient. The chance constrained programming model and the two stage programming model derived from suitable defined SMCM satisfy this condition. Another solution approach is presented which determines efficient solutions, too. Furthermore a solution method for this approach is constructed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die stochastische lineare Optimierungsaufgabe wird als stochastisches mehrfaches Zielsetzungsmodell (SMZM) dargestellt. Es wird verlangt, daß die mit Hilfe eines SMZM ermittelte Lösung effizient ist. Das Modell mit Wahrscheinlichkeitsrestriktionen und das Kompensationsmodell, die aus geeignet definierten SMZM hergeleitet werden, erfüllen diese Forderung. Zu einem weiteren Lösungsansatz, der ebenfalls effiziente Lösung determiniert, wird unter der Voraussetzung spezieller Verteilungsannahmen an die Zufallsvariablen ein Lösungsalgorithmus konstruiert.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 111-114 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die Kosten eines gemieteten Datennetzes zu senken, kann ein Teilnehmer Multiplexer vom Netzeigner mieten. Diese liegen zwischen den Terminals und der zugehörigen Vermittlungsstelle und können in Serie geschaltet sein. Ein Verfahren zur Optimierung der Standorte solcher Multiplexer wird hier dargestellt.
    Notes: Summary In order to reduce the costs of using (or leasing) a data telecommunication network, a subscriber can lease multiplexers from the network carrier. These multiplexers are placed between the subscriber terminals and the corresponding exchange, several multiplexers being able to be connected in series. An optimization method for the location of such multiplexers is presented here.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 143-151 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit befaßt sich mit diskreten Markoffschen Entscheidungsmodellen mit endlichen Zustands- und Aktionsräumen. Ein lineares Programm wird entwickelt für die Berechnung von optimalen Politiken über den ganzen Bereich des Diskontierungsfaktors. Anschließend wird ein Verfahren angegeben für die Bestimmung einer Blackwell-optimalen Politik.
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with a finite-state, finiteaction discrete-time Markov decision model. A linear programming procedure is developed for the computation of optimal policies over the entire range of the discount factor. Furthermore, a procedure is presented for the computation of a Blackwell optimal policy.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 190-194 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 216-216 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 217-224 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with models concerning the use of a limited number of missiles in a sea or air-sea battle. The central question is about how a smaller but qualitatively superior unit of surface vessels or aircraft ought to allocate its missiles upon a larger unit which is distributed in depth. Mathematical formulation and solution of these problems takes place in the framework of stochastic dynamic programming.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Modelle zum Einsatz von Flugkörpern im See- bzw. See-Luftgefecht vorgestellt. Im Vordergrund steht die Frage, wie ein quantitativ unterlegener, aber qualitativ überlegener Verband von Überwasserstreitkräften oder Flugzeugen seine Flugkörper gegen einen größeren, in der Tiefe gestaffelten Verband einsetzt. Die mathematische Formulierung und Beantwortung der Fragen erfolgt im Rahmen der stochastischen dynamischen Programmierung.
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 250-250 
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 252-252 
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