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  • Springer  (48,496)
  • Elsevier  (44,981)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (1,893)
  • 1985-1989  (95,370)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1985  (95,370)
  • 101
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    Electronic Resource
    Performance evaluation of nonlinear optimization methods via pairwise comparison and fuzzy numbers (1985)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 93-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Optimization ; Pairwise Comparison ; Priority Theory ; Fuzzy Sets ; Triangular Membership Functions ; Performance Evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we extend the deterministic performance evaluation of nonlinear optimization methods: we carry out a pairwise comparison using fuzzy estimates of the performance ratios to obtain fuzzy final scores of the methods under consideration. The key instrument is the concept of fuzzy numbers with triangular membership functions. The algebraic operations on them are simple extensions of the operations on real numbers; they are exact in the parameters (lower, modal, and upper values), not necessarily exact in the shape of the membership function. We illustrate the fuzzy performance evaluation by the ranking and rating of five methods (geometric programming and four general methods) for solving geometric-programming problems, using the results of recent computational studies. Some general methods appear to be leading, an outcome which is not only due to their performance under subjective criteria like domain of applications and conceptual simplicity of use; they also score higher under more objective criteria like robustness and efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01582014
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  • 102
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    On the complexity of four polyhedral set containment problems (1985)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Computational Complexity ; NP-Complete ; Linear Program ; Polyhedron ; Cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A nonempty closed convex polyhedronX can be represented either asX = {x: Ax ⩽b}, where (A, b) are given, in which caseX is called anH-cell, or in the formX = {x: x = Uλ + Vμ, Σλ j = 1,λ ⩾ 0,μ ⩾ 0}, where (U, V) are given, in which caseX is called aW-cell. This note discusses the computational complexity of certain set containment problems. The problems of determining if $$X \nsubseteq Y$$ , where (i)X is anH-cell andY is a closed solid ball, (ii)X is anH-cell andY is aW-cell, or (iii)X is a closed solid ball andY is aW-cell, are all shown to be NP-complete, essentially verifying a conjecture of Eaves and Freund. Furthermore, the problem of determining whether there exists an integer point in aW-cell is shown to be NP-complete, demonstrating that regardless of the representation ofX as anH-cell orW-cell, this integer containment problem is NP-complete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01582241
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  • 103
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    Simplex pivots on the set packing polytope (1985)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 123-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Set Packing ; Integer Programming ; Linear Programming ; Simplex Method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the set packing problem max{wx: Ax ⩽ b, x ⩾ 0 and integral}, whereA is anm × n 0–1 matrix,w is a 1 ×n weight vector of real numbers andb is anm × 1 vector of ones. In equality form, its linear programming relaxation is max{wx: (x, y) ∈P(A)} whereP(A) = {(x, y):Ax +I m y =b, x⩾0,y⩾0}. Letx 1 be any feasible solution to the set packing problem that is not optimal and lety 1 =b − Ax 1; then (x 1,y 1) is an integral extreme point ofP(A). We show that there exists a sequence of simplex pivots from (x 1,y 1) to (x*,y*), wherex* is an optimal solution to the set packing problem andy* =b − Ax*, that satisfies the following properties. Each pivot column has positive reduced weight and each pivot element equals plus one. The number of pivots equals the number of components ofx* that are nonbasic in (x 1,y 1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01582240
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  • 104
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    The traveling salesman problem on a graph and some related integer polyhedra (1985)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Traveling Salesman Problem ; Integer Polyhedron ; Facet ; Graph ; Series-Parallel Graph ; Steiner Tree ; Polynomial Algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Given a graphG = (N, E) and a length functionl: E → ℝ, the Graphical Traveling Salesman Problem is that of finding a minimum length cycle goingat least once through each node ofG. This formulation has advantages over the traditional formulation where each node must be visited exactly once. We give some facet inducing inequalities of the convex hull of the solutions to that problem. In particular, the so-called comb inequalities of Grötschel and Padberg are generalized. Some related integer polyhedra are also investigated. Finally, an efficient algorithm is given whenG is a series-parallel graph.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01582008
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  • 105
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    On constraint sets of infinite linear programs over ordered fields (1985)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 146-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Infinite Linear Programming ; Ordered Fields ; Extreme Points ; Extreme Directions ; Opposite Sign Property ; Nonlinear Equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides a characterization of extreme points and extreme directions of the subsets of the space of generalized finite sequences occurring as the constraint sets of semi-infinite or infinite linear programs. The main result is that these sets are generated by (possibly infinitely many) extreme points and extreme directions. All results are valid over arbitrary ordered fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01582242
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  • 106
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    A simplex algorithm for piecewise-linear programming I: Derivation and proof (1985)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 204-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Linear Programming ; Simplex Methods ; Piecewise-Linear Programming ; Nondifferentiable Optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The simplex method for linear programming can be extended to permit the minimization of any convex separable piecewise-linear objective, subject to linear constraints. This three-part paper develops and analyzes a general, computationally practical simplex algorithm for piecewiselinear programming. Part I derives and justifies the essential steps of the algorithm, by extension from the simplex method for linear programming in bounded variables. The proof employs familiar finite-termination arguments and established piecewise-linear duality theory. Part II considers the relaxation of technical assumptions pertaining to finiteness, feasibility and nondegeneracy of piecewise-linear programs. Degeneracy is found to have broader consequences than in the linear case, and the standard techniques for prevention of cycling are extended accordingly. Part III analyzes the computational requirements of piecewise-linear programming. The direct approach embodied in the piecewise-linear simplex algorithm is shown to be inherently more efficient than indirect approaches that rely on transformation of piecewise-linear programs to equivalent linear programs. A concluding section surveys the many applications of piecewise-linear programming in linear programming,l 1 estimation, goal programming, interval programming, and nonlinear optimization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01582246
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  • 107
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    A new algorithm for solving variational inequalities with application to the traffic assignment problem (1985)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 339-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Variational Inequality ; Nondifferentiable Optimization ; Nonconvex Programming ; Network Optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The variational inequality problem in Euclidian space is formulated as a nonconvex, nondifferentiable optimization problem. We show that any stationary point is optimal, and we propose a solution algorithm that decreases the nondifferential objective monotonically. Application to the asymmetric traffic assignment problem is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01584381
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  • 108
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    A numerical study of the effects of a large Sandbar upon Sea Breeze development (1985)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1985), S. 3-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die zweidimensionale, numerische Simulierung der Seebrisenentwicklung über einer großen Sandbank an der Nordseeküste Deutschlands wird beschrieben. Das hier angewandte Modell enthält eine detaillierte Behandlung der Bodenfeuchte, welche eine Auswertung des Effektes differenzierter Oberflächencharakteristika auf die Luftströmung erlaubt. Rechnungsresultate zeigen, daß der Kontrast zwischen Sandbank und benachbartem, trockenem Land, die gezeitenbewirkte Überflutung der Sandbank und die nach Osten vorrückende Seebrise der Ostsee eine wichtige Rolle in der Entwicklung von mesoskalaren Strömungsverteilungen im Gebiet der Sandbank spielen.
    Notes: Summary Two-dimensional numerical simulations of sea breeze development over a large sandbar on the North Sea coast of Germany are reported. The numerical model used in these experiments contains a detailed treatment of soil moisture, which allows evaluation of the effects of differential surface characteristics on the airflow pattern. Results of the simulations indicate that the contrast between the moist sandbar and adjacent dry land, the tidal inundation of the sandbar, and the westward penetration of the Baltic sea breeze play important roles in the development of mesoscale airflow patterns in the sandbar region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267392
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  • 109
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    Fehlende Wirkung von Alkohol auf den Harnsäurestoffwechsel (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Harnsäure im Blut ; Harnsäureausscheidung ; äthanolwirkung ; Formeldiät purinfrei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Six healthy men received a purine-free formula diet. Uric acid was measured from day to day in blood and urine. After an adaptation period of five days, six apparently healthy volunteers received ethanol in a dosage of 1.22 g/kg bw for the next five days. The subjects drank the ethanol between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. In the beginning the uric acid concentration in blood was 5.3±1.1 mg/dl. After five days of testing the uric acid concentration was 5.6±1.2 mg/dl (n.s.). No alterations of uric acid elimination during day (7 a.m. and 7 p.m.) and night (7 p.m. and 7 a.m.) was observed. Uric acid clearance remained constant. The total uric acid elimination rate was 568±133 mg/d during the adaptation period. After ethanol consumption the uric acid elimination was 682+66 mg/d (n.s.). The tested ethanol consumption of 100 g/d thus resulted in no significant alterations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es sollte untersucht werden, ob Alkohol in einer Dosis von 1,22 g/kg und Tag bei gesunden Erwachsenen eine Störung des Harnsäurestoffwechsels auslösen kann. Untersucht wurden 6 gesunde Männer über einen Zeitraum von 10 Tagen. Die Probanden erhielten eine purinfreie Formeldiät. Zusätzlich wurden 840 mg Adenosin und Guanin verabreicht. Die Harnsäurekonzentration betrug am Anfang der Untersuchung 5,3±1,1 mg/ dl. Nach der Alkoholbelastung von 5 Tagen fand sich eine Konzentration von 5,6±1,2 mg/dl (n. s.). Die Harnsäureausscheidung wurde fraktioniert im Tages- und Nachturin gesammelt. Eine änderung der Harnsäureausscheidung wurde nicht gefunden. Die Gesamt-Tagesharnsäureausscheidung betrug am Anfang 568±133 mg/24 Stunden. 5 Tage nach Gabe von äthanol betrug die Harnsäureausscheidung 682±66 mg/24 Stunden. änderungen der Harnsäurekonzentration und der Harnsäure-Clearance wurden durch Alkohol ebenfalls nicht induziert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023892
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  • 110
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    Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Vitamin-B6-Status gravider und nichtgravider Ratten bei unterschiedlicher Vitamin-B6-Versorgung (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 30-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin-B6-Status ; unterschiedliche Vitamin-B6-Versorgung ; Gravidität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a two-factorial experiment the influence of graded vitamin B6 supplements on the vitamin B6 status of pregnant and nonpregnant rats was examined. Additionally the question concerning a vitamin B6 super-retention in pregnancy should be investigated. The experiment was carried out with 69 female SPF-Sprague-Dawley rats. Nine rats served as controls and were killed at the beginning of the experiment. On the first experimental day half of the remaining animals were mated at an average body weight of 210 g. The rats were then divided into five dietary groups, each containing 6 gravid and 6 nongravid animals. Throughout the experiment the rats received a semisynthetic casein-starch diet, containing 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 mg vit. B6/kg respectively. The trial ended at day 19 of pregnancy. Liver, right and left gastrocnemius muscle and the remaining carcass (without the intestinum and the reproductive product of the pregnant animals) were microbiologically analysed for their vitamin B6 contents. The vitamin B6 status of the liver, which contained an average of 8.4 Μg vit. B6/g fresh matter (FM) was not influenced by pregnancy. In muscle and carcass, however, pregnancy caused significantly reduced vitamin B6 levels of 4.8 and 2.6 Μg vit. B6/g FM. Compared to the concentrations of the nongravid animals the values of the gravid rats were decreased by 6 and 7 % respectively. The vitamin B6 supply of 1 mg/kg diet caused significantly lowered vitamin B6 concentrations in muscle and carcass of all animals. Intake levels of more than 6 ppm vitamin B6, however, did not further improve the vitamin B6 status of these organs. The carcass was only poorly affected by the vitamin B6 supplementations. Significant differences in vitamin B6 concentrations were only found between the 1 and 48 ppm vitamin B6 treatment. The whole vitamin B6 pool of the maternal organism, except the reproductive product, decreased in pregnancy from an average of 651 to 596 Μg vitamin B6. Because of these results a super-retention could not be proved for vitamin B6. Moreover, a recommendation for the optimal vitamin B6 requirement in pregnancy was derived from the present results. Accordingly a supply of 6 mg vit. B6/kg diet, equivalent to a daily intake of 80 Μg vitamin B6, is thought to be adequate to ensure an optimal vitamin B6 status in pregnant rats.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe eines zweifaktoriellen Versuchsmodelles sollte der Einfluß unterschiedlicher alimentärer Vitamin-B6-Zulagen auf den Vitamin-B6-Status gravider und nichtgravider Ratten untersucht werden. Dabei sollte auch geklärt werden, ob sich ein Trächtigkeitsanabolismus von Vitamin B6 in der Gravidität ausbildet. Für den Versuch standen 69 weibliche SPF-Sprague-Dawley-Ratten zur Verfügung. 9 Ratten wurden als Kontrollen zu Versuchsbeginn getötet. 30 Tiere wurden zu Versuchsbeginn bei einem Gewicht von 210 g gepaart. Die 60 Versuchstiere erhielten, aufgeteilt auf 5 Diätgruppen mit je 6 graviden und 6 nichtgraviden Tieren, eine halbsynthetische Diät auf Stärke-Casein-Basis mit einem Vitamin-B6-Gehalt von 1, 6, 12, 24 bzw. 48 mg Vit. B6/kg. Der Versuch endete am 19. Trächtigkeitstag der graviden Tiere. Der Vitamin-B6-Gehalt der Leber, des rechten und linken Oberschenkelmuskels sowie des verbleibenden Restkörpers, nach Entnahme des Intestinums und des gesamten Reproduktionsproduktes bei den graviden Tieren, wurde mikrobiologisch mit Saccharomyces uvarum bestimmt. Der Vitamin-B6-Status der Leber, die durchschnittlich 8,4 Μg Vit. B6/g FS enthielt, war vom Leistungsstadium nicht beeinflußt. Dagegen prägten sich in Muskel und Restkörper der graviden Tiere mit durchschnittlich 4,8 bzw. 2,6 Μg Vit. B6/g FS um 6 und 7 % signifikant geringere Vitamin-B6-Konzentrationen im Vergleich zu nichtgraviden Vergleichstieren aus. Die Versorgung mit 1 mg Vit. B6/kg Diät ergab unabhängig vom Leistungsstadium im Vergleich zu den übrigen Zulagestufen signifikant verringerte Vitamin-B6-Konzentrationen in Leber und Muskel. Höhere Vitamin-B6-Zulagen als 6 ppm erhöhten den Vitamin-B6-Status dieser Organe nicht weiter. Im Restkörper, der kaum auf die Vitamin-B6-Supplementierung reagierte, bildeten sich nur zwischen den Gruppen mit 1 und 48 ppm Vitamin B6 signifikante Konzentrationsunterschiede aus. Aus der Summe dieser Ergebnisse ergab sich bei den graviden Tieren ein Vitamin-B6-Pool von 596 Μg Vitamin B6 im maternalen Organismus, der gegenüber den Vergleichstieren um etwa 8 % vermindert war. Ein Trächtigkeitsanabolismus kann damit aufgrund dieses Ergebnisses für das Vitamin B6 nicht nachgewiesen werden. Aus den Untersuchungen ließ sich als Empfehlung für den optimalen Vitamin-B6-Bedarf gravider Ratten ableiten, daß eine Zulage von 6 mg Vit. B6/kg Diät, entsprechend einer täglichen Aufnahme von 80 Μg Vitamin B6, ausreicht, um in hochtragenden Ratten einen optimalen Vitamin-B6-Status zu gewährleisten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023893
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  • 111
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    The influence of two different essential amino acid/keto analogue preparations on the clinical status of patients with chronic renal failure (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 96-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: chronic renal failure ; low protein diet ; supplementation ; branched chain amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 58 ambulante Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz (Serumkreatinin 6–10 mg/dl) erhielten eine eiweißreduzierte Diät (30 g), substituiert mit essentiellen Aminosäuren (EAS) bzw. deren Ketoanalogen (KS). Gruppe A (n=19) erhielt Substitutionspräparat A mit einer Zusammensetzung entsprechend dem Rose-Schema, Gruppe B (n=39) erhielt das Substitutionspräparat B mit einer höheren Konzentration an verzweigtkettigen KS, entsprechend den Vorschlägen von Walser. Zu Beginn und nach Beendigung der Untersuchungsperiode von 6 Monaten wurden neben den Plasmakonzentrationen der verzweigtkettigen Aminosäuren Parameter der Nierenfunktion, des Ernährungsstatus und des Knochenstoffwechsels bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß ein höherer Anteil an verzweigtkettigen EAS/KS (Gruppe B) in der Substitution eine Verbesserung ergab bezüglich des Ernährungsstatus. Es kam zu einem Anstieg des Körpergewichts, zu einem Abfall des Serumharnstoffs und zu einer Normalisierung der Plasma-Aminosäuren. Die Veränderungen bezüglich der renalen Osteopathie waren in Gruppe B deutlich geringer: Die Konzentrationen von Serumphosphat und alkalischer Phosphatase fielen ab, die Calciumwerte stiegen an. In beiden Gruppen ergab sich eine verlangsamte Progression der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz, die in Gruppe B deutlicher ausgeprägt war. Sämtliche hier genannten Ergebnisse waren statistisch signifikant (p〈0,01).
    Notes: Summary 58 outpatients with a serum creatinine between 6–10 mg/dl received a low protein diet (LPD) with 30 g protein/day, supplemented with essential amino acids (EAA) or their keto analogues (KA). Group A (n=19) was given an EAA/KA supplement according to the pattern proposed by Rose and group B (n=39) received a preparation with an increased amount of KAs of branched chain amino acids (BCKA), as recommended by Walser. At the start of treatment with a LPD supplemented with either of the two supplements and after 6 months of treatment we assessed: plasma branched chain amino acids (BCAA), renal function, nutritional status, and bone metabolism. After six months of dietary treatment the results showed in group B in contrast to group A an improvement of nutritional status (body weight increased, urea decreased, and BCAA normalized). The same was true for bone metabolism (significantly lower phosphate levels, increased calcium values). In both groups progression of chronic renal failure slowed down, but the delay was more pronounced in group B. All results were statistically significant (p〈0.01).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02020456
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  • 112
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    Berichtigung (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 140-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02020461
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  • 113
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    Effect of Acarbose on the production of hydrogen and methane and on hormonal parameters in young adults under standardized low-fibre mixed diets (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Acarbose ; hydrogen exhalation ; methane exhalation ; insulin ; gastric inhibitory polypeptide ; intestinal bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An gesunden Probanden unter standardisierter, ballaststoffarmer Mischkost mit bzw. ohne Acarbose wurden kurz- und mittelfristige Einflüsse auf Toleranzerscheinungen mittels Bestimmung von Peptidhormonen und Atemgasmessungen untersucht. Wasserstoff und Methan wurden im Tagesprofil quantitativ bestimmt. Dabei bewirkte Acarbose infolge von Kohlenhydratvergärung im Dickdarm einen rund 20fachen Anstieg der Wasserstoffexhalation, die Methanexhalation änderte sich im Mittel nur wenig. Methanbildende Probanden exhalierten nach Stimulierung durch Acarbose signifikant weniger Wasserstoff als Personen ohne Methanbildung. Die unter Acarbose erniedrigten Glukose-, Insulin- und GIP- bzw. erhöhten Glukagonspiegel zeigen die verzögerte Glukoseresorption an und sind im regulatorischen Rahmen der Kohlenhydratassimilation verständlich. Im Laufe einer fünfwöchigen Acarboseeinnahme zusammen mit standardisierter Kost nahmen die aufgetretenen abdominellen Empfindungen wie z.B. Meteorismus deutlich ab, während die mikrobielle Kohlenhydratfermentation erhöht und die GIP-Sekretion erniedrigt blieben. Funktionelle Reaktionen des Gastrointestinaltrakts auf die durch Acarbose bewirkte veränderte Kohlenhydratzufuhr in das Colon wurden somit anhand von drei unabhängigen Parametern untersucht: anaerobe Gasproduktion, Freisetzung von Peptidhormonen und subjektive abdominelle Empfindungen. Die objektiven Parameter scheinen längerfristig konstant zu bleiben, während subjektive Parameter in dieser Zeit Anpassung zeigen.
    Notes: Summary Short and middle term effects of Acarbose were studied in volunteers on a standardized, low-fibre, mixed diet for the development of tolerance phenomena with gas exhalations and some peptide hormone levels as main parameters. Both hydrogen and methane were measured quantitatively as diurnal profiles. Acarbose caused an about 20-fold increase of H2 exhalation and had only moderate effects on methane production, indicating the presence of fermentable carbohydrates in the large bowel. Methanogenic individuals exhaled significantly less H2 than did nonmethanogenic subjects. Changes in blood glucose, serum insulin, GIP, gastrin, and plasma glucagon, caused by Acarbose, reflected delayed glucose absorption and were plausible within the regulatory framework of carbohydrate assimilation. When the Acarbose regime was maintained for 5 weeks on a controlled diet, abdominal sensations like e.g. meteorism declined remarkably while carbohydrate fermentation remained high and lowered GIP was sustained. Thus functional responses of the gastro-intestinal tract to altered carbohydrate supplies, elicited by Acarbose, were found by 3 independent parameters: anaerobic gas production, peptide hormone levels, and subjective abdominal sensations. The objective parameters seem to remain constant in the longer run, while subjective parameters show long-term adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023891
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  • 114
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    Zum Einfluß der Zn-Versorgung auf die Aktivität der alkalischen Ribonuclease bei Ratten (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zn-Mangel ; alkalische Ribonuclease Aktivität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of this paper was to show whether the activity of the zinc-dependent enzyme alkaline ribonuclease in zinc-sensitive tissues allows conclusions to be drawn on the Zn supply status. For this 27 weaned male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups of 9 animals each. A Zn deficiency group, which was given a diet with a Zn content of 3 ppm ad libitum, was compared to a pair-fed and an ad libitum control group with a Zn content in the diet of 60 ppm each. After 22 trial days the animals were killed, and the zinc and protein contents as well as the activity of the alkaline ribonuclease in the serum, testicles, femur, urine, liver, and kidneys were determined. Although the Zn concentration in the serum, testicles, femur, and kidneys of the deficiency animals were significantly reduced, the alkaline ribonuclease showed an increased activity only in the kidneys, in the testicles the activity was reduced, and in the serum, femur, urine and liver it remained unchanged. The protein concentration in serum and femur was reduced because of Zn deficiency, whereas the decrease in testicles, liver and kidneys must be attributed to the reduced feed intake. The influence of the dietary Zn deficiency on the activity of the alkaline ribonuclease was therefore more the result of an altered feed intake and growth rate than a direct effect of zinc on the enzymatic system. Therefore the determination of the activity of the alkaline ribonuclease can be excluded as a parameter for the diagnosis of Zn supply and Zn deficiency.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zu zeigen, ob die Aktivität des zinkabhängigen Enzyms alkalische Ribonuclease in zinksensitiven Geweben Rückschlüsse auf den Zn-Versorgungsstatus zuläßt. Hierzu wurden 27 entwöhnte männliche Sprague-Dawley-Ratten in drei Gruppen zu je 9 Tieren eingeteilt. Dabei standen einer Zn-Mangelgruppe, die eine Diät mit einem Zn-Gehalt von 3 ppm zur freien Verfügung erhielt, eine Pair-fed sowie eine Ad-libitum-Kontrollgruppe mit einem Diät-Zn-Gehalt von jeweils 60 ppm gegenüber. Nach 22 Versuchstagen wurden die Tiere getötet, die Zink- und Proteingehalte sowie die Aktivität der alkalischen Ribonuclease in Serum, Hoden, Femur, Urin, Leber und Nieren bestimmt. Obwohl die Zn-Konzentrationen in Serum, Hoden, Femur und Nieren der Mangeltiere signifikant erniedrigt waren, zeigte die alkalische Ribonuclease nur in den Nieren eine erhöhte, in den Hoden jedoch eine reduzierte und in Serum, Femur, Urin und Leber eine unveränderte Aktivität. Die Proteinkonzentration war in Serum und Femur infolge des Zn-Mangels erniedrigt, wogegen die Abnahme in Hoden, Leber und Nieren der verminderten Futteraufnahme zugeschrieben werden mußte. Die Wirkung des Diät-Zn-Mangels auf die Aktivität der alkalischen Ribonuclease war also mehr die Folge einer veränderten Futteraufnahme und Wachstumsrate als eines direkten Effektes von Zink auf das Enzymsystem. Somit scheidet die Aktivitätsbestimmung der alkalischen Ribonuclease als Parameter zur Diagnose der Zn-Versorgung und des Zn-Mangels aus.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1985)
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    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 133-139 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Das Rückstandsverhalten von Chloramphenicol nach intramuskulärer Applikation beim Schwein (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 113-119 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Chloramphenicol ; pharmacokinetics ; residue ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Residues of Chloramphenicol (CAP) were examined in 24 pigs after intramuscular injection of 30 mg CAP/kg body weight. Two pigs were slaughtered after 3, 6, 12,18, 24, 36 hours, 2, 3, 6, 10, 21 and 30 days, respectively. CAP-concentrations were determined in muscle, blood, urine, liver, kidney, bile, and fat. Methods used were gas-liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Detection limits reached were 1−5 ppb. The concentration-time curves obtained reflected a long elimination phase and allowed only calculation of this half-life. Elimination half-life was estimated to be for muscle, blood and urine 160–170 hours, for kidney 310 and for bile 250 hours. Significant correlations were found to exist between CAP-concentrations in plasma and muscle. It appears that blood would be a good body fluid for monitoring CAP-residues in tissue.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung des Rückstandsverhaltens von Chloramphenicol (CAP) wurden 24 Mastschweine, 24–28 Wochen alt, intramuskulär mit 30 mg CAP/kg Körpergewicht behandelt und je 2 Tiere nach 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 Stunden, 2, 3, 6, 10, 21 und 30 Tagen geschlachtet. Die CAP-Gehalte in Muskulatur, Blut, Urin, Leber, Niere, Galle und Fett wurden gaschromatographisch und radioimmunologisch bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze beider Methoden liegt in Abhängigkeit von der Matrix zwischen 1 und 5 ppb. Die erhaltenen Kinetiken weisen eine terminale Elimination auf, deren Halbwertszeiten für Muskulatur, Blut und Urin ca. 160–170 Stunden, für Niere 310 Stunden und für Galle 250 Stunden betragen. Die CAP-Konzentration in Muskulatur und Blut weisen eine signifikante, lineare Korrelation auf. Blutuntersuchungen könnten deshalb als Screening-Methode bei umfangreichen Rückstandskontrollen eingesetzt werden.
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    Influence of dietary casein and soy protein isolate on intestinal cholesterol and bile acid concentration (1985)
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    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 158-171 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: pig ; dietary protein ; intestine ; bile acids ; cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie werden quantitative und qualitative Unterschiede im Gehalt an Gallensäuren und Cholesterin beschrieben, die im Dünndarm von Miniaturschweinen nach Diäten beobachtet wurden, die entweder Casein oder Sojaproteinisolat enthielten. Die intestinale Gesamtmenge an Gallensäuren war signifikant höher, wenn Sojaproteinisolat gefüttert worden war. Wurde das Protein als einzige Komponente verfüttert, so lagen die Werte bei 4.51±0.39 mmol, während die Caseingruppe 2.43±0.08 mmol aufwies. Wurde das Protein als Teil einer semisynthetischen Diät gegeben, waren die Werte für die Sojagruppe 6.44±1.04 mmol und für die Caseingruppe 3.95±0.39 mmol. Bei der Caseingruppe lagen die prozentualen Anteile an der Gesamtmenge der Gallensäuren im Dünndarm bei 39.6 % Hyocholsäure, 31% Hyodeoxycholsäure und 27.6% Chenodeoxycholsäure. Die Tiere, die Sojaproteinisolat bekamen, hatten in der Tendenz mehr sekundäre Gallensäuren. Das Chymusfrischgewicht im Dünndarm lag in der Sojagruppe um 63 % über dem der Caseingruppe. Unter allen experimentellen Bedingungen wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen dem Gehalt an Chymus und Gallensäuren im Dünndarm beobachtet. Die Sojagruppe wies in der Tendenz höhere Mengen an Gallensäuren im distalen Jejunum auf. Die Soja- und Caseingruppe wiesen keine Unterschiede im Cholesteringehalt des Dünndarms auf.
    Notes: Summary This study reports quantitative and qualitative differences in intestinal bile acids and cholesterol in miniature pigs following dietary casein or soy protein isolate. The total amount of bile acids in the small intestine was significantly higher when soy protein isolate was fed in comparison to casein. The values were (mean±SEM) 4.51 ±0.39 mmol and 2.43±0.08 mmol, respectively, when the proteins were given as the sole component of the diet. When the proteins were given as part of a semipurified diet, these values were 6.44±1.04 mmol and 3.95±0.39 mmol, respectively. Hyocholic acid amounted to 39.6%, hyodeoxycholic acid to 31 %, and chenodeoxycholic acid to 27.6% of total bile acids in the small intestine when casein was fed. The soy-fed animals tended to have more secondary bile acids. The total small bowel chymus content, on a wet weight basis, was 63 % higher in the soy group. In all experimental conditions studied, there was a close correlation between small bowel chyme content and bile acid content. The distribution of bile acids in the small intestine showed that the soy fed animals tended to have more bile acids in the distal parts of the jejunum. The intestinal cholesterol contents were not significantly different between dietary groups.
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    Some characterizations of the optimal solutions of a vector optimization problem (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 7-17 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden einige Arten von Optima eines Vektoroptimierungsproblems untersucht. Es handelt sich dabei um minimale, schwach minimale, stark minimale und eigentlich minimale Lösungen. Für diese Optimalitätsbegriffe werden verschiedene Optimalitätsbedingungen vorgestellt, die sich durch Skalarisierung ergeben. Außerdem wird auf einige numerische Aspekte eingegangen.
    Notes: Summary In this paper several kinds of optima of a vector optimization problem are investigated; these are minimal, weakly minimal, strongly minimal and properly minimal solutions. For these optima various optimality conditions resulting from a scalarization approach are presented. Furthermore some numerical aspects are discussed.
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    Garantie- und Kulanzstrategien (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 39-42 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two pro rata warranty models are considered in which the renewal costs during the warranty period depend on the time of failure. In the first model replacements or minimal repairs may be carried out during a fixed warranty period. In the second model the warranty for replaced items is renewed. For both models the expected cost per warranty cycle and the mean cycle length are determined.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Behandelt wird ein allgemeines Modell, bei dem die Erneuerungskosten bei einem Ausfall in einem Garantieintervall vom Ausfallzeitpunkt abhängen. Dabei werden 2 Fälle untersucht: 1) Die bereits verstrichene Garantiezeit wird angerechnet. Dabei werden vollständige bzw. minimale Garantiereparaturen durchgeführt. 2) Unter Zugrundlegung von vollständigen Reparaturerneuerungen wird auf jede Reparatur wieder die volle Garantiezeitw gewährt. Für beide Modelle werden die mittleren Erneuerungskosten pro Garantiezyklus sowie die mittlere Zyklenlänge berechnet.
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    Tagungen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 58-59 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    Buchbesprechungen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 61-62 
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    The management of lake maggiore: Conflict analysis and the price of noncooperation (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 101-109 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird das Problem der rationalen Betriebsführung des Lago Maggiore (eines Mehrzweckreservoirs in Norditalien) betrachtet. Zuerst wird die historische Betriebsführung analysiert, und es wird aufgezeigt, warum die Benutzer des unteren Teils des Sees nicht mit den Benutzern des oberen Teils kooperieren. Daraufhin wird die beste nicht-kooperative Lösung ermittelt und bewiesen, daß sie gegenüber der historischen dominant ist. Schließlich wird die beste kooperative Lösung bestimmt und mit der nicht-kooperativen Lösung verglichen. Wie üblich in Bewirtschaftungsproblemen natürlicher Ressourcen ist der Preis einer derartigen Nicht-Kooperation sehr hoch. Die Untersuchung zeigt ebenfalls einige einfache Vorschläge für eine Gesamtoptimalität und zur Konfliktauflösung auf.
    Notes: Summary The problem of the rational management of Lake Maggiore (a multipurpose reservoir in Northern Italy), is considered in this paper. First, the historical management is analyzed and it is shown why the downstream users do not cooperate with the upstream users of the lake. Then the best non-cooperative solution is found and proved to be quite superior to the historical one. Finally, the best cooperative solution is obtained and compared with the non-cooperative one. The price of such non-cooperation is very high, as usually in natural resources management problems. The analysis also points out some simple suggestions for overall optimality and conflict resolution.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 127-128 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    Ein operationelles Suchspiel (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 153-164 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with an operational search game in military area. One side is interested in getting an allocation of its units inside a given inhomogeneous regionG. The other side wants to allocate its search effortT uponG. The solution takes into account the visibility and operational values of the subregions ofG. Of main interest is how the results depend on the search timeT. The relationship to search theory is also discussed. We refer to some open and extended problems, too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit behandelt ein operationelles Suchspiel im militärischen Bereich, wobei eine Seite eine Aufteilung ihrer Einheiten in einem gegebenen inhomogenen GebietG vornimmt, die andere ihre SuchkapazitätT aufG verteilt. In die Lösung gehen die Einsehbarkeit und die operationeile Bedeutung der Teilgebiete vonG ein. Von besonderem Interesse sind die Abhängigkeit der Ergebnisse von der Suchzeit und der Zusammenhang mit der Suchtheorie. Auf offene und weiterführende Fragen wird hingewiesen.
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    Tagungen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 187-188 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    Eingegangene Bücher (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 189-189 
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    Buchbesprechungen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 208-208 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    The M/G/1/1 queue with repeated attempts and different types of feedback effects (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 209-215 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bedienungssysteme mit wiederholten Versuchen sind von großem praktischen Nutzen bei der Bemessung von Vermittlungseinrichtungen und Computersystemen. Das Modell, das in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt wird, berücksichtigt nicht nur Wiederholungen nach vorangegangener Blockierung, sondern auch die Rückkopplungseffekte aller Arten von Fehlern, die beim Aufbau einer Verbindung auftreten können. Um die charakteristischen Größen des zugrundeliegenden Warteschlangenprozesses zu bestimmen, wird ein semi-regenerativer Ansatz gewählt.
    Notes: Summary Queueing systems with repeated attempts have wide practical use in designing switching networks and computer systems. The model presented in this paper not only takes into account repetitions by congestion but also considers the feedback effects from all types of failures in establishing a connection. A semi-regenerative analysis is applied in order to determine the characteristics of the underlying queueing process.
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    Standardisierte Bewertung von Verkehrswegeinvestitionen des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 225-236 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The budgetary laws in the Federal Republic of Germany require that large items of public expenditure be subject to prior cost-benefit analysis. This paper presents a cost-benefit method suitable for the analysis of urban public transport projects which is presently being tested. The methodical concept, which combines various aspects of differing forms of analysis, is described. The areas of conflict arising between practical and theoretical considerations are made clear and the experience gained so far with the concept is illustrated with examples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für größere Investitionsvorhaben der öffentlichen Hand sind nach den Haushaltsgesetzen des Bundes und der Länder Nutzen-Kosten-Untersuchungen durchzuführen [1]. In dem Beitrag wird ein entsprechendes Verfahren vorgestellt, das zur Beurteilung von Investitionsvorhaben des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs entwickelt wurde und sich derzeit in der Erprobung befindet. Der Beitrag beschreibt das methodische Konzept des Bewertungsverfahrens, das eine Integration der verschiedenen Verfahren von Nutzen-Kosten-Untersuchungen beinhaltet. Konfliktbereiche zwischen methodisch-wissenschaftlichem Anspruch und dem Zwang zu praktikablen Verfahrensweisen werden aufgezeigt. Bisherige Anwendungserfahrungen werden an Beispielen dargelegt.
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    Distinctive scenarios for OR-activities in German business firms (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 237-248 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit fast allen Unternehmungen in Bayern, die OR-Methoden anwenden, wurden strukturierte Interviews durchgeführt. Der Schwerpunkt lag bei diesen Interviews auf den situativen Bedingungen, unter denen OR-Prozesse stattgefunden hatten. Diese Bedingungen sind in ihrer Gesamtheit geeignet, Scenarien für OR-Prozesse in Unternehmungen zu beschreiben. In den untersuchten Unternehmungen wurden höchst unterschiedliche Scenarien festgestellt. Das Muster für die Integration des OR in Management-Prozesse wird als zentraler Aspekt herangezogen, um drei typische Scenarien für OR-Prozesse herauszuarbeiten.
    Notes: Summary The authors have conducted structured interviews with almost all business firms in a major area of Germany that apply OR-methods. The focus of these interviews was placed on the situational conditions under which OR-processes were run. These conditions, when taken as a whole, are suitable to describe the scenarios for OR-processes in business firms. The scenarios of the firms surveyed differ to a great extent. Nevertheless, the integration pattern of OR into management processes is obviously a key aspect, useful for elaborating three distinctive scenarios for OR-processes.
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    Ausschreibung eines Studentenpreises (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 250-250 
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    Buchbesprechungen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 252-254 
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    Properties of 1-convex n-person games (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 19-26 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht die Unterklasse der 1-konvexenn-Personen-Spiele. Es stellt sich heraus, daß ein 1-konvexesn-Personen-Spiel durch die Struktur des Kerns charakterisiert werden kann und sein Nucleolus im Gravitätszentrum des Kerns liegt. Unter Benutzung der Formel für den Nucleolus wird gezeigt, daß für 1-konvexe Spiele der Durchschnitt von (Pre-)Kernel und Kern aus einem eindeutigen Punkt besteht. Allerdings kann der (Pre-)Kernel auch Punkte außerhalb des Kerns enthalten. Deshalb fällt die Verhandlungsmenge des 1-konvexenn-Personen-Spiels nicht notwendigerweise mit dem Kern zusammen, und der Teil der Verhandlungsmenge, der außerhalb des Kerns liegt, braucht sogar nicht mit dem Kern zusammenzuhängen. Zudem wird eine Einteilung der Klasse der 1-konvexen Spiele gegeben, die einen “großen” Kern besitzen.
    Notes: Summary The subclass of 1-convexn-person games is central in this paper. It turns out that an 1-convexn-person game can be characterized by the structure of the core and that its nucleolus lies in the center of gravity of the core. Using the formula for the nucleolus, it is shown that for 1-convex games the intersection of the (pre-) kernel with the core consists of a unique point. Nevertheless, the (pre-)kernel may contain points outside the core. Hence, the bargaining set of an 1-convexn-person game not necessarily coincides with the core and the part of the bargaining set outside the core may even be disconnected with the core. Furthermore, the class of 1-convex games which possess a “large” core, is classified.
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    NETRELAP (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 51-56 
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    Optimal modification of machine reliability by maintenance and production (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 43-50 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zweck des vorliegendes Aufsatzes ist es, ein optimales Instandhaltungsmodell von Kamien und Schwartz [8] durch Einbeziehung der Produktionsrate als zusätzliche Steuervariable zu erweitern. Zwei Modelle werden untersucht: beim ersten handelt es sich um die optimale Aufteilung von vorbeugenden Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen an einer Maschine und Produktion, während im zweiten Fall die Aktivitäten unabhängig voneinander simultan ausübbar sind. Unter Benützung des Pontrjaginschen Maximumprinzips wird u. a. gezeigt, daß bei optimaler Einsatzdauer der Maschine die optimale Produktionsrate mit dem Alter der Anlage monoton steigt, während die optimale Rate der Instandhaltung abnimmt. Unter den gesetzten Modellannahmen erweist es sich also etwa alssuboptimal, einer Abnahme der Maschinenzuverlässigkeit infolge gesteigerter Produktion durch erhöhte Aufwendungen für die Instandhaltung zu begegnen.
    Notes: Summary The purpose of the following paper is to extend the optimal maintenance model of Kamien and Schwartz [8] by including the production rate as an additional control variable. Two models are considered: the first model deals with the optimal allocation of preventive maintenance of a machine and production, whereas in the second case both activities may be carried out independently and simultaneously. Using the maximum principle it is shown that for the optimal life time of the machine the optimal production rate increases monotonically with the age of the machine, whereas the optimal maintenance rate is decreasing. Thus, under the assumptions made it is, e.g.,not optimal to counteract a decrease in the machine's survival probability arising from an increasing production rate by a higher maintenance rate.
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    Die Ermittlung effizienter Lösungen zur stochastischen linearen Optimierungsaufgabe (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 81-90 
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    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The stochastic programming problem is described as a stochastic multiple criteria model (SMCM). The solution found by the SMCM has to be efficient. The chance constrained programming model and the two stage programming model derived from suitable defined SMCM satisfy this condition. Another solution approach is presented which determines efficient solutions, too. Furthermore a solution method for this approach is constructed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die stochastische lineare Optimierungsaufgabe wird als stochastisches mehrfaches Zielsetzungsmodell (SMZM) dargestellt. Es wird verlangt, daß die mit Hilfe eines SMZM ermittelte Lösung effizient ist. Das Modell mit Wahrscheinlichkeitsrestriktionen und das Kompensationsmodell, die aus geeignet definierten SMZM hergeleitet werden, erfüllen diese Forderung. Zu einem weiteren Lösungsansatz, der ebenfalls effiziente Lösung determiniert, wird unter der Voraussetzung spezieller Verteilungsannahmen an die Zufallsvariablen ein Lösungsalgorithmus konstruiert.
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    An optimization method for multiplexer locations (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 111-114 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die Kosten eines gemieteten Datennetzes zu senken, kann ein Teilnehmer Multiplexer vom Netzeigner mieten. Diese liegen zwischen den Terminals und der zugehörigen Vermittlungsstelle und können in Serie geschaltet sein. Ein Verfahren zur Optimierung der Standorte solcher Multiplexer wird hier dargestellt.
    Notes: Summary In order to reduce the costs of using (or leasing) a data telecommunication network, a subscriber can lease multiplexers from the network carrier. These multiplexers are placed between the subscriber terminals and the corresponding exchange, several multiplexers being able to be connected in series. An optimization method for the location of such multiplexers is presented here.
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    Sensitivity-analysis in discounted Markovian decision problems (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 143-151 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit befaßt sich mit diskreten Markoffschen Entscheidungsmodellen mit endlichen Zustands- und Aktionsräumen. Ein lineares Programm wird entwickelt für die Berechnung von optimalen Politiken über den ganzen Bereich des Diskontierungsfaktors. Anschließend wird ein Verfahren angegeben für die Bestimmung einer Blackwell-optimalen Politik.
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with a finite-state, finiteaction discrete-time Markov decision model. A linear programming procedure is developed for the computation of optimal policies over the entire range of the discount factor. Furthermore, a procedure is presented for the computation of a Blackwell optimal policy.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 190-194 
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    Buchbesprechungen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 216-216 
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    Markoff-Modelle zum Einsatz von Flugkörpern im Seegefecht (1985)
    Springer
    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 217-224 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with models concerning the use of a limited number of missiles in a sea or air-sea battle. The central question is about how a smaller but qualitatively superior unit of surface vessels or aircraft ought to allocate its missiles upon a larger unit which is distributed in depth. Mathematical formulation and solution of these problems takes place in the framework of stochastic dynamic programming.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Modelle zum Einsatz von Flugkörpern im See- bzw. See-Luftgefecht vorgestellt. Im Vordergrund steht die Frage, wie ein quantitativ unterlegener, aber qualitativ überlegener Verband von Überwasserstreitkräften oder Flugzeugen seine Flugkörper gegen einen größeren, in der Tiefe gestaffelten Verband einsetzt. Die mathematische Formulierung und Beantwortung der Fragen erfolgt im Rahmen der stochastischen dynamischen Programmierung.
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    Dank den Referenten (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 250-250 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    Eingegangene Bücher (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 252-252 
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    Groups of prime-power order having an abelian centralizer of type (r, 1) (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 1-18 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The lower central series and the power structure of the groups with the property in the title are calculated.
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    On the number of primitive lattice points in plane domains (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 37-42 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss the error term in the asymptotic formula for the number of integral points with coprime coordinates in star like plane domains assuming the validity of the Riemann Hypothesis.
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    Minding-Isometrien bei (k+1)-Regelflächen (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 29-36 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we investigate (k+1)-dimensional generalized ruled surfaces generated by a oneparameter family ofk-dimensional linear subspaces of then-dimensional Euclidean spaceE. Minding-isometries of ruled surfaces are special isometries, which let the generating space invariant. Some new results will be given, concerned with Mindingisometries of generalized ruled surfaces of arbitrary codimension. In this investigations quadratic hypersurfaces in the normal spaces are of great importance.
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    Uniform distribution and diophantine inequalities (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 147-152 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Uniformly distributed sequences with respect to the summation methodH ∞ are investigated; the results are applied to certain diophantine inequalities.
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    Complex strict convexity of certain Banach spaces (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 199-211 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Istratescu's characterization of complex strict convex (csc) Banach spaces is used to show that a modulared sum of a sequence ofcsc Banach spaces is again acsc Banach space. The equivalence of the Strong Maximum Modulus Property and complex strict convexity is used to show thatL 1(μ,X) iscsc whenX is (real) strictly convex and thatl 1(X n) iscsc if and only if eachX n iscsc.
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    Uniquely generated Grothendieck space ideals (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 235-244 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Starting from a result of Pietsch on the Grothendieck ideal of strictly nuclear locally convex spaces, we classify all those Grothendieck ideals of nuclear locally convex spaces that are generated by a unique operator ideal on the class of Banach spaces.
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    On the asymptotic behaviour of sums Σg(n){x/n} k (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 213-221 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we estimate the difference between the sum given in the title (whereg(t) is an arbitrary real-valued non-decreasing function,k is a positive integer and summation is extended over all positive integersn≤x) and the corresponding integral, obtaining the boundO(g(x)x 1/3logx). Furthermore, we show that these differences (for giveng and varyingk) are all “approximately equal”, with an error term ofO(g(x)x 3/10). Finally it is remarked without proof that these estimates can be refined toO(g(x)x θ) (with any θ〉0,329...) resp.O(g(x)x 109/382).
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    Über die Distributivität des Idealverbandes eines kommutativen Ringes (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 267-278 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract LetR be a commutative ring and ℐ (R)the lattice of all ideals ofR. . In the first part of this paper we give a sufficient condition for an ideal ofR to belong toD (R) using a certain prime ideal systemP (R). In the second part we investigateD (S) whenS is an integral extension of the integral domainR. An idealI ofS belongs toD (S) if noP∈P (R) containsI∩R.
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    The profinite completion of certain residually-finitep-groups (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 311-314 
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    Notes: Abstract It is proved that the profinite completions of the residually finitep-groups constructed by Gupta and Sidki are not torsion groups.
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    Affine complete semilattices (1985)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 99 (1985), S. 297-309 
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a structural characterization of affine complete and locally affine complete semilattices.
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    Wirkung von Milchbestandteilen auf den Lipidstoffwechsel (1985)
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    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 141-157 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Milchbestandteile ; Gesamtcholesterin ; HDL-Cholesterin ; Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The cholesterol lowering effect of various milk constituents was examined in six trials with growing pigs. Each trial is described. By means of main component analysis 44 factors were tested in order to see whether they influenced the lipid metabolism. We observed that there was no specific component in the milk which showed a cholesterol lowering effect. Milk and milk constituents change the nutrient composition of the food and can, e.g. by means of the changed amino acid pattern, indirectly lower the lipid content in the blood.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In sechs Versuchen mit wachsenden Schweinen wurden verschiedene Milchbestandteile auf ihre cholesterinsenkende Wirkung untersucht. Die Versuche werden einzeln beschrieben. Mit Hilfe der Hauptkomponenten-Analyse wurden anschließend 44 Faktoren geprüft, ob sie den Lipidstoffwechsel beeinflussen. Dabei zeigte sich, daß nicht ein bestimmter Inhaltsstoff der Milch eine cholesterinsenkende Wirkung hat. Milch und Milchbestandteile verändern die Nährstoffzusammensetzung der Nahrung und können indirekt, z. B. über das veränderte Aminosäuremuster den Lipidgehalt des Blutes senken.
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    Development of a chronic canine model for measurement of absorption by substrate appearance in portal venous blood (1985)
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    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 197-213 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: absorption ; portal venous flow ; catheter jejunostomy ; canine model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein neues chronisches Hundemodell zur Resorptionsmessung am wachen Tier wird beschrieben. Ein portalvenöser sowie ein arterieller Katheter, eine Katheterjejunostomie und ein portalvenöser elektromagnetischer Strömungsaufnehmer werden implantiert. Während intrajejunaler Infusion kann damit die Resorption beliebiger Substrate beim nicht sedierten Tier als das Produkt von portoarterieller Konzentrationsdifferenz und portalvenösem Blutfluß bestimmt werden. Dieses Modell wurde bei fünf Tieren validisiert: 1. Katheter und Strömungsaufnehmer wurden derart modifiziert, daß sie über mehrere Monate funktionsfähig bleiben. 2. Die Empfindlichkeit der Resorptionsmessung wurde nach intrajejunaler Applikation des Dipeptides l-Glycin-l-Tyrosin untersucht. Bei Infusion von 4 mmol/h (20 mM Lösung, 200 ml/h) konnte eine portoarterielle Konzentrationsdifferenz und damit Resorption gemessen werden. 3. Die Infusion einer nährstoffdefinierten Diät führte zu einem raschen Anstieg des portalvenösen Blutflusses, während weder Kochsalz noch die genannte Peptidlösung einen entsprechenden Effekt hatten. 4. Nach sechswöchiger Implantation eines Strömungsaufnehmers wurde ein zweiter Aufnehmer leberfern des ersten in einem zuvor unberührten Abschnitt der Portalvene implantiert. Trotz histologisch eindeutiger narbiger Verdickung der Gefäß-wand unter dem chronischen Implantat gaben beide Aufnehmer gleiche Strömungssignale. Die beschriebene Methode gestattet daher erstmals quantitative Resorptionsmessungen durch Bestimmung von portalvenösen Erscheinensraten enteral infundierter Substrate.
    Notes: Summary Research in absorption physiology requires animal models which closely resemble the in vivo situation. The description of a new canine model satisfying these requirements is the objective of this report. Dogs were instrumented with indwelling portal vein and carotid artery catheters, a catheter jejunostomy and an electromagnetic flow measuring probe around the portal vein enabling continuous flow recordings. Following intrajejunal infusion of nutritive substrates in the conscious animal, absorption was measured as the product of porto-arterial substrate difference and portal venous flow. The model was validated in five mongrel dogs: (1) Catheters and flow measuring device function over several months. (2) The sensitivity of the method was evaluated following intrajejunal infusion of 1-glycine-l-tyrosine and its constituent amino acids. A significant portoarterial concentration difference of both amino acids enabling quantitative measurement of absorption resulted when the peptide was infused at 4 mmoles/hour (20 mM solution, 200 ml/h). (3) Infusion of complete nutritive formulas caused a significant increase in portal venous flow whereas neither saline nor the amino acids or the peptides investigated had a comparable effect. (4) A validation experiment by implantation of a second flow probe distal to the chronically implanted device provided evidence that granulomatous tissue forming around the probe does not alter the accuracy of the flow recording. In summary, this method permits for the first time quantitative measurement of absorption by appearance rates in portal venous blood instead of by disappearance from the intestinal lumen.
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    The nutritional quality of drum-dried algae produced in open door mass culture (1985)
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    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 256-263 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: algae ; Scenedesmus ; Chlorella ; Coelastrum ; mass culture ; nutritional quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Proben von Massenkulturen der Algen Scenedesmus acutus, Chlorella vulgaris und Coelastrum proboscideum wurden getrocknet und untersucht. Die Aminosäurezusammensetzung der Proteine der drei Stämme war mit der von der FAO (11) empfohlenen vergleichbar außer für Methionin und Isoleucin. Die biologische Auswertung der drei Algenproteine ergab folgende Werte: Protein efficiency ratio 1,9–2,1; net protein ratio 2,4–2,8; biologischer Wert 75–78; digestibility coefficient 88–89; berechnete net protein utilization 67–69. Der Gesamt-Nucleinsäuregehalt betrug etwa 4%. Die Harnsäurekonzentration im Serum von mit Algen gefütterten Ratten war signifikant höher als bei Tieren mit einer Casein-Diät.
    Notes: Summary The yield of three large scale cultures ofScenedesmus acutus, Chlorella vulgaris, andCoelastrum proboscideum was drum dried. The amino acid composition of the three species proved to compare well with the FAO (11) amino acid pattern except for methionine and isoleucine. Bio-assay evaluation of the three algal proteins gave the following values: protein efficiency ratio, 1.9–2.1; net protein ratio, 2,4–2.8; biological value, 75–78; digestibility coefficient 88–89; and calculated net protein utilization 67–69. Total nucleic acid content was about 4%. Uric acid content in the plasma of rats fed Scenedesmus, Chlorella, and Coelastrum diets was significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) than in plasma of rats fed on a casein diet.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1985)
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    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 67-71 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Verfahrensvarianten der Stichprobeninventur bei nicht aktueller Bestandsführung, halb-chaotischer Lagerung und/oder Lagerung von Einzelgegenständen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 91-99 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Even if the type of inventory differs from the normal situation usually described with respect to kind of stock, organizational form or stock management, it is usually possible to carry out a sample inventory using suitable procedure variants that fulfills the usual conditions. The following considerations are based on experiences with several inventories for single objects in the production area. The storing process is done in a semihazard manner. The amount-oriented stock management is a condition for steering the production and is extraordinarily reliable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auch wenn der Typ eines Lagers nach Vorratsart, Organisationsform oder Bestandsführung von der üblicherweise beschriebenen Normalsituation abweicht, ist es meist durch geeignete Verfahrensvarianten möglich, eine den Anforderungen entsprechende Stichprobeninventur durchzuführen. Den folgenden Überlegungen liegen Erfahrungen mit mehreren Lägern für Einzelgegenstände im Produktionsbereich zugrunde. Die Lagerung erfolgt halb-chaotisch. Die mengenmäßige Bestandsführung ist Voraussetzung für die Produktionssteuerung und daher außerordentlich zuverlässig.
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    Tagungen (1985)
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    OR spectrum 7 (1985), S. 251-251 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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    Treatment of engineering design constraints in a relational data base (1985)
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    Engineering with computers 1 (1985), S. 27-37 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    The demand for money during a period of inflationary expectations. Some FIML based estimates for Greece (1985)
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    Empirical economics 10 (1985), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper estimates and tests a model of the demand for money function, which uses the public's expectations of future inflation as a proxy of the opportunity cost of holding money. The hallmark of the paper is that expectations are rational inMuth sense. The cross-equation rational expectations restrictions are derived and then tested, using quarterly Greek data of the high inflation period 1973I to 1981 IV. The paper concludes that the evidence is consistent with the rational expectations assumption and supports the adopted specification of the money demand function.
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    Monetary aggregates, their information content and their aggregation error: Some preliminary findings for Austria, 1965–1980 (1985)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 10 (1985), S. 13-25 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary In this paper we use information theory to assess the indicator quality, in the Austrian economy, of various monetary aggregates. In addition to simple sum aggregates we utilise discrete Divisia quantity indices, which have reputable aggregation and statistical attributes. Without using a particular macro-economic model we estimate the expected information gains, with respect to various policy objectives like inflation, real growth and unemployment, derived from monitoring various monetary aggregates. Finally, we compare the empirical results derived for Austria with those provided in earlier studies, using UK and United States data.
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    Testing the rational expectations and structural neutrality hypotheses: Some further results for the U.K. (1985)
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    Empirical economics 10 (1985), S. 51-58 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we test directly for the restrictions implied by rational expectations and structural neutrality. The tests are direct in the sense that they employ theLucas output equation father than the approximations to it, which replace the lagged output term by lagged monetary shocks, commonly considered in the literature. The direct approach is considered preferable because it avoids these ad hoc approximations and saves significantly on degrees of freedom. The latter permits us to pursue a fully nested testing procedure, which was not possible in earlier work employing postwar U.K. annual data. The main result is that the rational expectations restrictions are not accepted.
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    Consumer demand for meat and the evaluation of agricultural policy (1985)
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    Empirical economics 10 (1985), S. 65-89 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study utilizes an econometric model of equilibrium in the U.S. livestock and feedgrain markets to investigate a number of questions of economic methodology and policy. Both nonlinear consumer demand equations that obey the constraints of neoclassical demand theory and a model of supply are used. This approach allows for the measurement of the effects on consumer welfare of actual government policies. In particular, the model is employed to analyze the welfare effects of an actual policy situation — the sale of U.S. grain to the Soviet Union in the third quarter of 1972.
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    A dynamic disaggregated model of finnish imports of goods (1985)
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    Empirical economics 10 (1985), S. 103-120 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to test and estimate dynamic aggregated and disaggregated models of import demand with quarterly Finnish data. The main conclusions are that the log-linear functional form is preferable to the linear form and that there is empirical support in favor of estimation of import demand models in a disaggregated framework. On the whole, adjustment of Finnish imports of goods is relatively fast.
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    On the neglect of foreign exchange risk premiums (1985)
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    Empirical economics 10 (1985), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This note discusses the slope coefficient of a linear regression of the rate of exchange rate depreciation on the interest differential. It is shown that the variance of the rationally expected rate of depreciation exceeds the variance of the foreign exchange risk premium if that coefficient exceeds the value 0.5 (and vice versa). Empirical results indicating that the variance of the risk Premium typically exceeds the variance of the rationally expected rate of depreciation are presented.
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    The demand for liquid assets and involvement in exports; some empirical results (1985)
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    Empirical economics 10 (1985), S. 125-129 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis that the greater a firm's involvement in exports, the greater will be that firm's demand for liquid assets, is empirically tested in this paper. The results are supportive of the hypothesis. In addition it was found that firms owned by labor cooperatives have lower demand for liquid assets than other firms.
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    Sonic-velocity measurements as a suitable tool for the observation of structural changes in polymeric materials (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 15-20 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The sonic velocity of preoriented PET fibres as a function of temperature was measured in dependence on the degree of orientation, stress applied to the fibres, and heating rate. The results reflect the structural and orientation changes which take place in the range of and above the glass transition temperature.
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    Unusual stress-strain properties of natural rubber vulcanizates with high primary molecular weight (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 29-33 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Natural rubber vulcanizates with high primary molecular weight were prepared by mixing raw rubber and dicumyl peroxide in benzene followed by freeze-drying. The stress-strain properties of these vulcanizates were quite different from those prepared by conventional mastication method. The important characteristics of these vulcanizates is high tensile modulus, high tensile strength, large hysteresis loss, and higher degree of strain-induced crystallization. The difference in the stress-strain behavior between these rubbers and conventional vulcanizates are discussed from the standpoint of the network structure.
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    Stable carbocationic species observed during the oligomerization of p-isopropyl-α-methyistyrene initiated by CH3SO3H in CH2CI2 solution (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 89-89 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264246
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    Importance of junction functionality in highly crosslinked polymers (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 91-96 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A modification of a theoretical model for the determination of the number average molecular weight between crosslinks, ¯Mc, is presented for the case of multifunctional junction functionalities in highly crosslinked, macromolecular systems.
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    New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by polyfunctional initiator transfer agents (inifers) (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 97-102 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Three-arm star polyisobutylenes carrying tert.-chlorine end groups and a phenyl ring at the center of the star (see formula II in the Introduction) have been prepared by a continuous polymerization process. Thus into a stirred glass reactor were fed continuously a mixed feed of monomer plus trinifer (TCC) and a separate feed of BCl3 coinitiator in methyl chloride solvent at −40°C, and the product plus unreacted ingredients were removed continuously. Stationary conditions were maintained by keeping the rates of input and output (i.e., volumes) equal and constant. After a short induction phase (∼2–3 residence times) telechelic polymers of essentially theoretical number average end functionalities (¯Fn=3.0+0.1), close to theoretical molecular weights (¯Mn) and molecular weight distributions were obtained. The polymerization kinetics are discussed and compared to that of an earlier semicontinuous process used for the routine synthesis of telechelic polyisobutylenes.
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    Monotropic liquid crystalline poly(β-thioester)s containing bis (p-oxybenzoate) mesogenic units (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 131-137 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new series of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(β-thioester)s was prepared by a Michael-type polyaddition of α,ω-polymethylenedithiols of different length to a mesogenic diacrylate containing two bis(p-oxybenzoate) units symmetrically connected through a dodecamethylene segment. The thermotropic behaviour was studied by combined DSC and thermal-optical analyses. All the poly(β-thioester)s investigated exhibited quite unusual monotropic mesomorphism.
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    Preparation of low-density polyethylene composites by UV irradiation (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 163-169 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Composites of low-density polyethylene were prepared by the sorption of vinylic monomers and a photoinitiator into a polymer matrix, followed by UV irradiation. Gravimetric determinations showed that 2–4% incorporation of the polymer in the host matrix is possible by this method. Transmission and reflectance infrared spectra measurements showed that the vinylic polymer is lodged in the bulk of the polymer film with no surfacial deposition.
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    Announcement (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 193-193 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Chromatographic determination of polymer solubility parameters (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 463-467 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Weight fraction activity coefficients (Ω1)∞ and interaction parameters x have been determined for seven different solvents in Polyarylate at three temperatures by the gas chromatographic method (inverse gas chromatography). Data have been used to calculate infinite dilution solubility parameters according to the method proposed by DiPaola-Baranyi and Guillet. The validity of the plots involved in the above mentioned method is also discussed.
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    Compositional sequence distribution and second-order Markov statistics in vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymers by Carbon-13 NMR (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 473-479 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 90 MHz-1H-NMR and 22.635 MHz-13C-NMR spectroscopy were used in a study of vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride co-polymers. Triad sequence distribution of CCl2 and CHCl carbon was generated for these copolymers and compared to calculated distributions based on Bernoullian, first-order Markov and second-order Markov statistics. It was observed that for samples different in the conditions of preparation including commercial materials in each case different Markov models give the best fit in formally mathematical treatment without kinetic significance but with the aim of interpretation of physical and/or chemical properties of the copolymers. The 52–56 ppm region of the VC-VDC copolymer spectra is complicated by the superposition of the effects of tacticity, sequence distribution and the presence of both CH and CH2 carbons.
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    Reactive polymers (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 265-270 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two methods of the synthesis of tributyl ammonium derivatives of glycidyl methacrylate — ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers with various contents of the crosslinking agent were examined. While the two-step process which consists in a reaction with dibutyl amine followed by alkylation with butyl bromide gives products with up to 1.5 mmol/g of required groups, in the case of the single-step reaction of the epoxide group with tributyl amine the content does not exceed 0.4 mmol/g. The use of diamines for increasing the distance between the quaternary group and the polymer backbone does not yield a readily definable product, and cannor therefore become the method of choice.
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    The synthesis and characterization of cationic photoinitiators bearing two and three photoactive triarylsulfonium groups in the same molecule (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 279-286 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel series of photoinitiators for cationic polymerization have been prepared which bear two and three photoactive triarylsulfonium groups in the same molecule. These compounds have been fully characterized by means of their UV and C-NMR spectra and liquid chromatography as well as by their elemental analyses. The multifunctional triarylsulfonium salts have been compared among themselves and against monofunctional triarylsulfonium salts in the photoinitiated cationic polymerization of dl-limonene dioxide.
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    Miscibility and melting in poly(butylene terephthalate)/ poly(bisphenol A-carbonate) blends (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 399-406 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The miscibility of blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(bisphenol A-carbonate) was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. Contrary to previously reported data, PBT and PC were found to be almost completely immiscible over the entire compostion range studied. The minor change in Tg's observed for samples quenched form the melt can be attributed to transesterification at elevated temperatures. The melting behavior and normalized enthalpy of fusion are somewhat dependent on composition but the behavior is erratic.
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    Living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers with a functional group (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 417-423 
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    Notes: Summary Two unsaturated ester-containing vinyl ethers, 2-vinyloxyethyl acrylate $$(\mathop 1\limits_ )$$ and sorbate $$(\mathop 2\limits_ )$$ , were polymerized by the hydrogen iodide/iodine (HI/I2) initiating system in toluene at −15 or −40°C, to give “living” polymers, having a very narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/¯Mn=1.10–1.15) and crosslinkable via their pendant C=C double bonds. The number-average molecular weight of the polymers increased in direct proportion to conversion, and further increased on addition of a new monomer feed to a polymerized reaction mixture. According to 1H and 13C NMR structural analysis, the polymerization proceeds exclusively via the vinyloxyl group of the potentially bifunctional monomers without undesirable side reactions of the unsaturated ester pendants.
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    Copolymerization of methyl- and buthylmethacrylate with electron-donor N-(2-hydroxyethyl)carbazolyl methacrylate and electron-acceptor (β-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl methacrylate (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 439-445 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The radical copolymerization of methyl- and butyl methacrylates with an electrondonor monomer: N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-carbazolyl methacrylate and an electron-acceptor monomer: (β-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-methacrylate respectively, in dioxane at 60°C was investigated. The reactivity ratios of the binary systems were computed by using the Kelen-Tüdös method. The azeothropic compositions were established according to the respective copolymerization diagrams.
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    Small-angle X-ray scattering study of halato-telechelic polybutadienes (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 461-468 
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    Notes: Summary The small-angle X-ray scattering curves of carboxy-telechelic polymers exhibit very strong scattering at the lowest angles which points to the presence of large aggregates in the samples. Beyond the position of the main scattering maximum, common to all ionomers, a faint modulation is observed at a position corresponding to a second diffraction order. These observations are discussed with respect to other data in the litterature.
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    Announcement (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 477-477 
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    Polylactones (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 491-495 
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    Notes: Summary Bulk polymerizations of L,L-lactide were conducted at 120 and 180°C, but mainly at 150°C. Magnesium oxide, ethoxide, acetate, stearate, and 2,4-pentane dionate were used as catalysts. Time conversion curves show that at least a temperature of 150°C and a reaction time of 72 h is required for maximum conversion. The highest yields (up to 96 %) were obtained with magnesium oxide. However, all initiators, in particular magnesium oxide, caused racemization which increased with reaction time and temperature. Polymerizations in solutions at temperatures around 100°C failed regardless of the solvent.
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    Polylactones (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 497-502 
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    Notes: Summary L,L-lactide was polymerized in bulk at 120°C, 150 or 180°C by means of various metal oxides, carbonates or carboxylates. Yield, viscosities and optical rotation were measured and compared. Several catalysts enable a nearly complete conversion even at 120°C indicating rapid diffusion of the monomer in the solid reaction mixture. At 180°C only SnO and Sb2O3 proved to be useful catalyst, because they gave within 12 h yields 〉 80% along with an optical purity around 97%. Longer reaction times lead at 180°C to substantial racemization in all cases.
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    Diacetoxyiodobenzene and bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene as photoinitiators for cationic polymerisations (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 523-526 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that i-butyl vinyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorhydrin and cyclohexene oxide, which undergo typically cationic polymerisation, are polymerised by UV-irradiation in the presence of diacetoxyiodobenzene or bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene.
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    Investigations on the role of acyl initiators and CO2 in nylon 4 polymerization (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 527-534 
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    Notes: Summary The preparation of high molecular weight nylon 4 with alkali metal pyrrolidonate catalysts, acyl initiators, and CO2 was studied. Isolated sodium pyrrolidonate and the appropriate amount of acyl initiator gave unusually high molecular weight nylon 4 (mw 〉200,000). The molecular weight-initiator concentration relationship indicates that acyl compounds play a dual role in the polymerization, acting both as initiators and scavengers for chain-terminating impurities. One potential chain terminator was identified as 4-aminobutyric acid. The high polymer molecular weights obtained in the presence of CO2 can also be explained by the scavenging of chain terminators by CO2. Determination of the number of growing chains, however, shows that CO2, unlike the acyl compounds, is not an initiator in nylon 4 polymerization.
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    Volume 263, number 11, November 1985 (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. A3 
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    Improved properties of molecular composite of nitrile rubber and poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) by blending with poly (vinyl chloride) (1985)
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 35-42 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Nitrile rubber (NBR) was reinforced by poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) with a coprecipitation method from a common solvent of them. PPTA was converted to N-sodium PPTA with sodium hydride in DMSO, forming homogeneous solution. DMF dissolves NBR. Both solutions were blended to form an isotropic solution. The precipitant was NBR reinforced by PPTA which was regenerated from N-sodium PPTA at coagulation as reported previously. The molecular composite thus obtained was mill-blended with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in order to enhance solvent resistant property. The vulcanized composite of NBR/PVC reinforced by PPTA showed higher modulus, higher strength and more improved solvent resistance than the gum stock and the black stock of NBR/PVC. The properties of the molecular composite containing 5phr PPTA found approximately comparable to those of the black stock of NBR/PVC with 30–40phr ISAF carbon black.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264238
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  • 191
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    Copolymerization via zwitterion 3. Phthalic anhydride and 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymers of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline and phtalic anhydride without initiator in DMF at 60 °C were synthesized. The copolymers were statistical, rich in 2-ethyl-2-oxazo1ine. A partial hydrolisis of pendant groups -COCH2CH3 is observed. The composition and the hydrolisis degree of the copolymers was determined by 1H-NMR. A copolymerization scheme via zwitterion is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264242
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  • 192
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    Twenty-Third Canadian High Polymer Forum (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 90-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264247
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  • 193
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    Static measurements of refractive index increments at 633 nm with a modified refractive index detector (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A R 401 Waters Assoc. differential refractometer has been modified to obtain the variation of refractive index increments, dn/dc, of polymer solutions at 633 nm. The introduced modifications were in the sample injection system and in the light source. The performance of the modified refractometer both with aqueous and organic solutions is analyzed. In order to localize a conformational transition in lysozyme, the dependence of dn/dc on temperature for lysozyme solutions in phosphate buffer is studied. Similarly, (dn/dc)k values for the ternary n-alkane/butanone/poly(dimethyl siloxane) systems over the whole composition range of the binary solvent mixtures are evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264245
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  • 194
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    Towards the synthesis of electroactive block copolymers via anionic-to-Ziegler-Natta transformation reactions (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 109-114 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diblock copolymers of acetylene and styrene were prepared by treating Ti(OBu)4 with polystyryl lithium followed by reaction with acetylene. Reliable evidence for the formation of block copolymers was derived from dual radiotagging experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254218
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  • 195
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    Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic polyisobutylene/poly(ethylene glycol) di- and triblock copolymers (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly (isobutylene-b-ethylene glycol) PIB-b-PEG diblock copolymers have been synthesized by reacting tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate-capped polyisobutylene with monohydroxyl-ended poly(ethylene glycol). The block copolymers form stable benzenewater emulsions and show surface activity decrease in interfacial surface tension, and existence of critical micelle concentration. Turbidimetry of the block copolymers indicates the expected wide range of solubility from nonpolar to polar solvents. The temperature dependence of the intrinsic viscosity of the block copolymers exhibits characteristic discontinuities. The intrinsic viscosity of the block copolymer as a function of solvent polarity was studied and the observations were explained as the sum of segment contributions based on the “segregated” conformation model. DSC also indicates microphase separation in the solid state due to segment incompatibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254220
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  • 196
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    Quantitative determination of non-defect unstable structures in PVC through selective nucleophilic substitution with C6H5SNa (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The nucleophilic substitution with C6H5SNa, at -30°C, is compared for five PVC samples with various contents of isotactic triads. The conversion curves consist of a very fast stage followed by a steady one. All the samples are found to behave in the same way except for the content of the structures involved in the fast period. This content is estimated by extrapolating the straight lines of the steady stages to zero time. The obtained values are found to be a linear function of the content of isotactic triads. The results, together with some earlier ones, allow for the content of the labile non-defect structures in PVC to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254224
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  • 197
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    Importance of the texture of the resin in crown ether supported catalysis (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of non macroporous and macroporous supports on a test reaction is studied. t-BuOH reacts with tetra O-acetyl bromoglucose in presence of silver nitrate and a supported crown ether. Two reaction products are formed. Yield and selectivity are affected by the morphology of the support. The selectivity depends on the crosslinking degree. This dependence is explained by the rigidity of the matrix and by the variation of steric hindrance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254229
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  • 198
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    Macroscopic and crystallographic density of solid-state extruded polyethylene (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of draw ratio on macroscopic and crystallographic density of polyethylene with different initial morphologies, has been investigated by solid-state extrusion. An initial drop followed by an increase in macroscopic density as a function of draw ratio has been observed. Since precision X-ray measurements of unit cell parameters showed no variation of crystallographic density, it was concluded that plastic deformation of polyethylene upon drawing proceeds with a decrease of the degree of crystallinity. This was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254916
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  • 199
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    Synthesis and anionic polymerization of 2-isopropenylquinoline (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 2-lsopropenylquinoline has been synthesized, and anionic homopolymerization has been performed with n-butyllithium and with dibutylmagnesium, yielding polymers with high glass transition temperatures, with Mn ranging from 3700 to 210300. Molecular heterogeneities have been determined by GPC. Mw has been measured by light scattering. The glass transition temperature for infinite molecular weight is 475 K. The ceiling temperature, 367 K, was calculated from 1H-NMR spectra recorded from living poly-(2-isopropenylquinoline) at different temperatures. Two- and threeblock-copolymers have been obtained by initiating 2-isopropenylquinoline with living polybutadiene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254918
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  • 200
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    Physico-chemical studies of polymeric carriers (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Densitometric conformational studies were made on poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-co-maleic acid) in the presence of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2, in order to control ion-binding of the polyanion in dilute aqueous solution. Experimental verification of principal role of deprotonation in the conformational transition of the polyacid chains during titration is given. Correlation was found between the apparent molar volume of the copolymer and the ionic radius of the bound cation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254922
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