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  • Articles  (117)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (116)
  • Microwave plasma
  • 1985-1989  (117)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
  • 1940-1944
  • 1985  (117)
  • Technology  (117)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron density measurements of argon surface-wave discharges (1985)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 5 (1985), S. 255-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Microwave plasma ; surface-wave discharge ; Stark broadening ; argon plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The electron density of microwave-generated surface-wave discharges in argon have been measured using Stark broadening and calculated from the measured wavelengths of the standing surface wave. Results obtained from these two techniques compare well. The electron density varies from 1013 to 1014/cm3 for pressures ranging from 50 to 800 torr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615124
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel flow arteriovenous shunt for the ex vivo evaluation of heparinized materials (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 161-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The patency of heparin-polyvinyl alcohol (hep-PVA) coated polyethylene tubing was found to be significantly longer than control tubes coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) but without heparin at low flow rates in dogs using a novel parallel flow arteriovenous shunt designed to avoid surgical artifacts. A standard Silastic chronic shunt (3.18 mm i.d.) was inserted between the iliac artery and vein of a dog. After a 2-week recovery period, a small diameter coated polyethylene tube (1.14 mm i.d.) was connected in parallel with the exteriorized portion of the chronic shunt through a pair of Silastic Y-connectors, so that 〈3% of the shunt flow was diverted into the test tube. The chronic shunt was reused many times over a 〉6 month patency period, eliminating the need for frequent surgery and reducing interanimal variability in the results. The difference in patency between heparinized and control tubes was greater at higher mainshunt flow rates indicating the presence of a significant effect of the Y-connectors on platelet adhesion or aggregation. This effect was manifested in a time-dependent reduction in circulating platelet count. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the midportion of the heparinized tubes after occlusion demonstrated the absence of platelet and fibrin deposits, unlike the control tubes without heparin. Although the Y-connectors played a significant role, they did not dominate the thrombotic processes occurring in this shunt and consequently the biological effectiveness of the immobilized heparin could be demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical stability of elastomeric polymers for blood pump applications (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 179-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As a series of studies on the mechanical properties of materials used in cardiac prostheses, static and dynamic characteristics and stability of five kinds of elastomeric polymers have been studied by uniaxial tensile and fatigue tests in air at room temperature and in saline solution at 37°C. Of all materials tested in this study, Texin MD85A, a segmented polyether polyurethane, has the lowest flexibility under static and dynamic conditions, with relatively high strength. Hexsyn, a polyolefin rubber, is highly flexible with little stress relaxation. However, this material has very low tensile strength and short elongation, and shows unstable change in the elastic modulus during cyclic deformation. Avcothane 51, a copolymer of polyurethane and silicon, has unstable mechanical properties and gradually stiffens upon cyclic deformation. On the other hand, Biomer, a segmented polyether polyurethane, has high flexibility and shows the most stable behavior during cyclic deformation regardless of test environment. Toyobo TM5, a similar segmented polyurethane to Biomer, has higher strength and ductility than Biomer, although its static and dynamic flexibility are slightly worse and less stable than those of Biomer. These results indicate that Biomer and Toyobo TM5 are more suitable for flexible components of cardiac prostheses.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190207
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface: “Symposium on implant-stimulated interface reactions,” Klinikum Steglitz, free university of Berlin, February 18 and 19, 1983 (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 197-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190303
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure of bone apatite surfaces (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This is a review of the surface chemistry of bone mineral and its synthetic counterpart hydroxypapatite. Small-angle x-ray scattering and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption measurements show bone mineral surfaces range from 100 to 200 m2/g. The heats of adsorption of small molecules on bone and apatite surfaces show that these materials have polarizing surfaces which form strong bonds with polar and polarizable molecules. Water is hydrogen bonded to these surfaces with energies ranging from 23 Kcal/mol, for low coverage, to 11 Kcal/mol after two full layers; the latter value shows that after two monolayers the water is bonded as strongly to the solution as it is to the apatite surface. Stearic acid in cyclohexane adsorbs on bone and apatite surfaces in a closed-packed manner with the straight-chain molecules in parallel array with the end carboxyl groups hydrogen bonded to surface electronegative ions. Synthetic hydroxyapatite has long been used in chromatography because of the bonding capacity apatite surface has for certain proteins and polynucleotides. The metabolic interplay between bone mineral and the body results from the high magnitude and high reactivity of the mineral surface.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190307
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of drug-vinyl copolymer delivery composites on the rat prostate (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 615-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A radiation polymerized drug-vinyl copolymer delivery composite (0.8 mm in diameter, 3 mm long) was inserted into the right-lobe ventral prostate (I), into the right testis (II), and subcutaneously (III) into the back of male Wistar rats. The implantation was carried out over a period of 12 weeks maximum. From the relationship between the site of surgical insertion of the implant and the physiologic response (as measured by the decrease in the weight of the prostatic organs, e.g., ventral prostates, dorsolateral prostates, and seminal vesicles), it was found that in an AA560-containing composite (36 μg daily), the physiologic response is increased in order of (III) 〉 (II) 〉 (I). The same tendency was observed in the Estracyt-containing composite system (15 μg daily). The difference in the physiologic response owing to the site of surgical insertion of the implant was not observed in an E2-17β-containing composite (6 μg daily), although this composite showed the strongest physiologic response. No physiologic response in rats with CMA-containing composite (28 μg daily) was noted.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190602
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and performance characteristics of a new vascular graft (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 991-1010 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190912
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of an antibiotic coated indwelling catheter: A preliminary report (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1031-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study was conducted to examine if an aminoglycoside (dibekacin sulfate, DKB) incorporated into a coating layer on outer and inner surface of indwelling catheters would be released into urine both in vitro and in clinical cases on a sustained basis and if the released DKB would have any efficacy on delaying lower urinary tract infections. Released amounts of DKB from the catheter silicone rubber (SR) catheter were periodically measured both in vitro and in clinical applications. During the clinical applications, the catheters were indwelled in 14 patients. Organism counts in the patients' urine were determined and organisms were isolated from bacteriuria (defined as ≧104 CFU/mL) and MICs to DKB were measured. Observations on several combined symptoms frequently associated with indwelling catherization were performed. Results showed that sustained release of DKB continued for more than 25 days and 13 days in vitro and in clinical cases, respectively. Clinical studies suggested that 8 days of sterile urine after catherization might be expected in patients without systemic administration of antibiotics and more than 2 weeks if combined with it. No particular problems in its use and associated symptoms were recognized.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190915
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical behavor of aluminum in human plasma (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1073-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The electrochemical behavior of aluminum in isotonic saline solutions, citrated human plasma, and citrated human blood is studied using potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization techniques complemented with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dispersive x-ray analysis. The effect of corrosion products on plasmatic proteins is investigated using electron microprobe analysis and immunoelectrophoresis analysis. Electrochemical data show a breakdown of the protective film on aluminium, due to the action of chloride, leading to the pitting of the metal. During pitting, the interaction of aluminium ion and the plasma proteins produces a nonadherent precipitate. Strong protein denaturation can be observed by immunoelectrophoresis of the precipitate suspended in physiologic solutions. The convenience of using organic fluids in addition to saline solutions to evaluate in vitro the behavior of metal for implants is suggested.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190917
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rat peritoneal macrophage adhesion to hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ethyl methacrylate copolymers and hydroxystyrene-styrene copolymers (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1101-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Macrophage adhesion to a wide variety of substrates has been measured, but no systematic study of the influence of specific substrate chemical properties on adhesion is available. These studies were conducted using two series of materials, copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and copolymers of hydroxystyrene and styrene, to determine the effect of a single chemical property, polar character, on adhesion. Rat periotoneal macrophages were allowed to contact polymer substrates for periods ranging from 1 to 240 min before being subjected to a shear stress of 60-120 dynes/cm2 in a thin-channel flow cell. Percentage adhesion was calculated from the number of cells that remained adherent to the substrate after 30 s of applied shear stress. Macrophages remained adherent to 100% EMA and all hydroxystyrene-styrene copolymer surfaces after only 1 min of contact. In copolymers of the HEMA-EMA series, the time required to attain peak adhesion levels increased with increasing substrate hydrophilicity (increasing HEMA content). Cells did not attach to the 20% EMA/80% HEMA copolymer and the 100% HEMA polymer. The results demonstrate that there is a time delay between contact and adhesion of the cells to surfaces of increasing hydrophilicity within the HEMA-EMA series and no time delay with the hydroxystyrene-styrene series. The time delay is thought to be a function of the excluded volume provided by polymers that are able to undergo significant chain rotation and or swelling in the solvent, water. Small excluded volumes present in copolymers of high EMA content and all hydroxystyrene-styrene copolymers offer little or no resistance to formation of adhesive bonds by macrophages, whereas copolymers with large excluded volumes (high HEMA content) prevent contact and/or adhesion. A mechanism based on the net excluded volumes of both the cell and substrate surface macromolecule is proposed to explain this phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190919
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190101
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunogenicity of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardial tissue xenografts in rabbits (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Xenograft valves of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardial tissue have been claimed to be an excellent choice for the replacement of malfunctioning human heart valves. These valves exhibit low thrombogenicity, hemodynamic function, and transvalvular gradients superior to their mechanical and tissue counterparts. However, there are differences of opinion concerning the immunogenic properties of these valvular devices. This study was conducted to evaluate the immune reactivity of such implants. Data obtained indicated that whole xenograft sections of both untreated and treated valvular tissue remain immunogenic following initial and secondary subcutaneous implantations in rabbits. Homologous and cross-reacting antibodies were detected by means of indirect hemagglutination test 30 days after initial implantation of the grafts. Presence of cellular immune response as judged by skin reaction and leukocyte migration inhibition tests indicated that glutaraldehyde treatment of tissues does not destroy cellular immunity. Data obtained also suggest that chemical modification of such implants by glutaraldehyde probably alters, but does not abolish some antigenic determinant sites on the tissue surface. Glutaraldehyde treatment of bovine pericardial tissue does not render the tissue immunologically inert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190103
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 97-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190109
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The initial stages of adsorption of plasma derived proteins on artificial surfaces in a controlled flow environment (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Surfaces of amorphous carbon, polystyrene, and polycarbonate were exposed to solutions of fibrinogen, a modified fibrinogen which lacked the alpha chain protuberance, and serum albumin. The results were studied by electron microscopy. The exposures occurred in a well characterized flow environment at a shear rate of 135/s. All three protein species formed a film when adsorbed to carbon films. When the proteins were adsorbed to polystyrene surfaces, formation of a network was observed. Polycarbonate surfaces adsorbed the proteins both as a network and as a continuous film. It was observed that the nature of the adsorption process depended upon the specific combination of molecule and material. For example, on carbon, individual fibrinogen molecules retain their trinodular structure and adsorb randomly until a monolayer forms. On polystyrene, the individual fibrinogen molecules appear as globules and a network forms before complete coverage occurs.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190106
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of drug release from polymer matrices by oscillating magnetic fields (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 67-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The reproducible regulation of release of a macromolecule (bovine serum albumin) from biocompatible polymer systems has been demonstrated. Small magnetic spheres or cylindrical magnets were embedded within the polymer matrix which was then subjected to an oscillating magnetic field. In this fashion baseline release rates could be increased 5- to 10-fold with 5-10% standard error. Parameters critical to the regulation of this release included the position, orientation, and magnetic strength of the embedded objects and the amplitude and frequency of the applied magnetic field. Scanning electronmicrographs of the polymer matrix surface reveal that a gap, approximately 100/μm wide, is formed between the embedded object and adjacent polymer material after repeated exposure to an oscillating magnetic field.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190107
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of thromboresistance of intravenous cannulae by 125I-fibrinogen scanning (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 99-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Assessment of potentially thromboresistant polymers and other materials has been impeded by the lack of a simple and safe test procedure in man. This report describes the use of a portable gamma radiation detector to assess accumulation of 125I-fibrinogen in thrombi related to intravenous cannulae. The method was first employed in 19 dogs and one sheep with FEP-Teflon forelimb intraveneous cannulae which were scanned for up to 6 h after insertion. Results were compared with findings at post mortem examination. Eleven thrombi developed, nine of which emitted more than 3500 counts per minute; eight of these (89%) were detected by external scanning. The smallest thrombus detected weighed 0.7 mg. The method did not distinguish between thrombus and hematoma. Fifty FEP-Teflon cannulae were then studied in 39 patients after injection of 100 μCi 125I-fibrinogen. Cannulae and control sites were scanned twice daily and an independent blind clinical appraisal was performed by an experienced nurse. A rise in percentage uptake (count at a limb site/heart count × 100) of 20 or a difference of 40 between adjacent sites was regarded as a positive test. Scans became positive up to 30 h before clinical evidence of phlebitis was observed. The interval between insertion and thrombosis of both large and small cannulae detected by scanning was significantly shorter than that determined by clinical assessment (p 〈 0.001). Physical signs of phlebitis were noted with 58% of large cannulae (16 or 18 gauge) and 33% of small cannulae (22 gauge) at the time of removal. Positive 125I-fibrinogen tests were obtained with 70% of large cannulae and 75% of small cannulae. 125I-fibrinogen scanning is a safe simple sensitive technique to detect thrombosis related to intravenous cannulae. The test should enable comparisons of different cannula materials in man.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190202
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190301
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implant-stimulated interface reactions during collagenous bone matrix-induced bone formation (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The sequential cellular reactions in the interface of collagenous bone matrix implants are described. The multistep cascade in response to bone matrix implantation include: binding of fibrin and fibronectin to the implanted matrix, chemotaxis of cells, proliferation of fibroblasts, differentiation into chondroblasts, cartilage formation, vascular invasion, bone formation, remodeling, and bone marrow differentiation. The mechanism of action is not known. However, several properties governing the implantcell interface are described. It is possible that bone matrix is a suitable biomaterial with potential applications in periodontal and orthopedic practice.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190306
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo corrosion of sodium silicate glasses (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Square-shaped implants of various sodium silicate glasses were weighed and implanted intraperitoneally in rats for periods ranging from 8 to about 60 days. The implants were then removed and their aspect was compared to their aspect before exposure to physiological environment. The corrosion products were studied by x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. Weight changes were also measured to calculate a biodegradation rate. The glass 66 S O (66.6 SiO2-33.3 Na2O) was strongly corroded, as early as after the first week. The nonsoluble degradation products formed a cocoon encapsulating the now smaller specimen. The analysis of the cocoon showed that it was made of a silica-rich layer containing also calcium and phosphorus. In this layer the ratio Ca/P could correspond to that of an apatite. The biodegradation rate reached 71 × 10-4 g · cm-2 · day-1. The glass 75 SO (75 SiO2-25 Na2O) was not so quickly corroded: Cracks appeared at the surface and progressively reached the center of the implants. There was no removable shell but a white deposit, adherent to the surface. This deposit contained silica and also calcium and phosphorus at the periphery. The biodegradation rate was only 2.6 × 10-4 g · cm-2 · day-1.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190310
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of and tissue reaction to 50:50 poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 349-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biodegradation of the copolymer 50:50 poly(DL-lactide-CO-glycolide)-lypressin microcapsules was studied by light and electron microscopic methods and 14C release. Intramuscular injection sites of microcapsules in rats were studied by dissecting and conventional light microscopy as well as scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. A minimal localized acute myositis was seen initially at the injection sites. By Day 4, a few small foreign body giant cells were present participating in the minimal foreign body response. Later the inflammatory cells decreased and the individual microcapsules were walled off by immature fibrous connective tissue and large syncytial foreign body giant cells. By Day 35, definitive changes in some microcapsules, consisting of a granular and slightly eroded appearance of the internal matrix, were seen by SEM. By Day 42, the outer rims of the microcapsules were extensively eroded. At Day 56, the inflammatory and connective tissue reactions were almost completely resolved and biodegradation continued so that only remnant pieces of the microcapsules were present at Day 63. The morphologic picture correlated well with loss of 14C radioactivity, which could no longer be detected at the injection sites on Day 56. Phagocytosis did not seem to be an important factor in the biodegradation.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190315
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The blood compatibility of chitosan and N-acylchitosans (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 413-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A segment of silk polyfilament suture [No. 2-0(USP)], ca. 10 cm long, was coated with a thin membrane (2-6 μm) of chitosan, N-acetylchitosan, or N-hexanoylchitosan. The suture was directly inserted into the lumen of dog's peripheral veins. The in vivo blood compatibility of these membranes was macroscopically determined from the blood coagulum formed on the membrane surface at 2 h. An intense thick blood coagulum formed on the chitosan membrane surface and a thin blood coagulum formed on N-acetylchitosan membrane surface, but no blood coagulum formed on N-hexanoylchitosan membrane surface.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190406
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    The intracellular degradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 437-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly(ε-caprolactone) [PEC], a biodegradable aliphatic polyester, undergoes a two-stage degradation process: The first lengthy phase involves nonenzymatic hydrolytic cleavage of ester groups, the second phase beginning when the polymer is more highly crystalline, and of low molecular weight. The cellular events of the second phase were examined by implanting gelatin capsules containing 25 mg of low molecular weight (Mn 3000) PEC powders, 106 to 500 μm, in rats. PEC fragments ultimately were degraded in phagosomes of macrophages and giant cells, the process requiring less than 13 days for completion at some sites. PEC was also identified within fibroblasts. These studies support the intracellular degradation of PEC as the principal pathway of degradation once the molecular weight of the aged polymer is reduced to 3000 or less.
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    Optical properties of esthetic restorative materials and natural dentition (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 469-488 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The diffuse reflectance spectra of dental ceramic and composite resin specimens were analyzed by the Kubelka-Munk (K-M) theory of light scattering materials. This enabled the prediction of the spectra and color of differing thicknesses of these materials on various backgrounds, which were in good agreement with observation. The reflectance spectra of natural enamel and dentine sections were also measured on white and black backgrounds. This allowed the calculation of the K-M scattering (S) and absorption (K) parameters, which were compared with those of the restorative materials. The Chroma of these tooth sections increased slightly with the age of the patient, but the Hue and Value showed no systematic variation. Comparisons of the measured Munsell color for a range of composite resins and ceramics with that of the natural tooth sections showed that they generally exhibited a similar range of colors.
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    The biocompatibility of a dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au-based casting alloy and its structural components (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 535-548 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The biocompatibility of a type III casting gold alloy, an Ag-Pd-Cu-Au-based dental casting alloy and its two main structural components, a CuPd-rich and an Ag-rich phase, was studied after subcutaneous implantation for 7 weeks in 20 guinea pigs. The Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy was surrounded by a capsule of immature collagen with fibroblasts and an increased vascular supply. The CuPd-rich component induced and maintained an acute inflammation with highly vascularized granulation tissue. The tissue reaction to the Ag-rich component and the Au-based alloy was slight. Ten of the guinea pigs were sensitized to PdCl2 prior to the implantation period, but this caused no enhanced tissue reaction, except for an increase in the number of mast cells around three of the alloys.
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    Tensile strength of suture materials (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 595-600 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Comment on fatigue properties of carbon- and porous-coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 607-608 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190601
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    Effect of silicone oil on the corneaPresented at the Second World Congress on Biomaterials, April 27-May 1, 1984, Washington, D.C. (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 643-652 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Silicone oil can dissolve about seven times more oxygen that can water. Placed in a depot between a rigid scleral lens and the corneal surface, silicone oil might thus be useful for treating severe dry-eye patients and for preventing exposure keratitis. To explore this possibility, generic (300, 500, 1000, and 12,500 cs) and medical-grade (1000 cs) silicone oils were tested on rabbit eyes. When oxygenated silicone oil was placed in a cup formed by the lids and hanging sutures and allowed to remain for 3 h on the eyes of anesthetized rabbits, the immediate reaction was mild epithelial edema. By 3 to 6 days later, the thickness of the epithelium and of the entire cornea had increased irregularly. The most common histologic finding was intracellular epithelial edema, particularly in the basal cell layer. The reaction was most intense for the generic oils of the lowest viscosities. The medical-grade oil was the best tolerated, but it too affected epithelial and corneal thickness. Ultrastructural studies of treated eyes showed abnormal epithelial surfaces but no major changes within the epithelial cells. Biochemical analysis showed some decrease of glycogen in the corneal epithelium of eyes kept under oxygenated medical-grade silicone oil. A smaller decrease of glycogen level persisted after 2 days exposure of the treated eye to air, suggesting that the corneal epithelium was injured by a mechanism other than hypoxia.
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    Mechanical properties and biomechanical compatibility of porous titanium for dental implants (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 699-713 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Titanium powder with a granule diameter of 420-500 μm was prepared and porous titanium specimens were made from this powder. The mechanical properties of these specimens were examined. The compressive strength and low cyclic compressive fatigue strength were 182 and 40 MPa, respectively. Fractography was also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Typical fatigue characteristics of the bonding areas of the powder were observed. In addition, porous-titanium-coated dental implants with pure titanium cores were prepared. The compressive strength of the material used was 230 MPa, fatigue strength not being improved. Biomechanical stress calculations using the finite element method were made using a model that employed the use of the material implanted in alveolar bone. Shear stress at the implant-bone interface as well as compressive stress concentrations in the bone was calculated. The most suitable elastic modulus for the dental implant was then estimated from these calculations. Finally, based on these results, the use of porous titanium for dental implants was assessed.
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    Divanillates and polymerizable vanillates as ingredients of dental cementsThis work was supported by NIDR/NBS Interagency Agreement Y01-DE-40015. The use of brand names in this publication is solely for the purpose of rendering the information contained more useful and implies no endorsement of said products by the National Bureau of Standards or any participating government agency; nor is such a listing to be used as an indication of efficacy of said products. (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 715-725 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Vanillate esters with multifunctional groups that react with metal oxides to give chainextended molecules have been synthesized. Divanillates were obtained from vanillic acid and the corresponding polymethylenediols. Methacryloylethyl vanillate (MEV) and vanillyl methacrylates were prepared respectively from hydroxyethyl vanillate or vanillyl alcohol and methacryloyl chloride. The properties of cements prepared with liquids incorporating these compounds were determined. Liquids containing divanillates dissolved in the reactive chelating agent o-ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) when mixed with zinc oxide powders harden within a few minutes. The resulting cements have a tensile strength much higher than the commonly used zinc oxide-eugenol cements, have low solubility, do not inhibit polymerization, and adhere well to metallic substrates. Similarly, liquids with MEV as an ingredient yield cements with excellent strength and good adhesion to stainless steel and composites. Their brittleness can be overcome by addition of an oligomeric methacryloylethyl vanillate to the liquid or silanized glass to the powder ingredient. These cements, subject to their biocompatibility to oral tissues, could be most useful for a number of dental applications.
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    Surface energies and the bone induction principle (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 833-849 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The macroscopic and histologic sequence of events in the induction of ectopic bone formation by porous demineralized bone and by synthetic porous sponges of poly-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (poly-HEMA) is described and reviewed. The observed relationship between the yield of new bone generated, and in vitro calcification, with the zeta potential, seems to parallel the connection between general adhesion in biologic systems and the critical surface tension. Consistent with experimental findings over the years, the bone induction principle (BIP) is probably associated with porous, mechanically suitable, hydrophilic materials with a high polar surface energy. It can be inferred that such surfaces are exposed when bone is suitably demineralized and treated, as has been reported. The discovery of noncollagenous proteins that are important to the BIP may be viewed in this light. Local heterogeneities on cellular surfaces are known to be important but are not detected by macroscopic techniques. It is suggested, following Lerchental, that induced stresses in the cell membranes cause a redistribution of surface charges that increases the local surface energy. This may lead therefore to an agglomeration and alignment of cells, as a response to the stress, accompanied by differentiation, as well.
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    Errata (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 874-874 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190713
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    Compressive properties of polymer coated synthetic hydroxyapatite for bone grafting (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 957-969 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A porous hydroxyapatite material hydrothermally converted from the calcium carbonate exoskeleton of the coral, genus Goniopora (CHAG) was either microcoated using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polylactic acid (PLA) to cover all internal surfaces, or externally coated to produce a shell, with the objective of reducing the brittleness of the material. Compressive testing showed that while CHAG, externally coated with PMMA, showed the largest increases in strength, stiffness, and energy absorption, the uncoated hydroxyapatite core cracked at low loads although the shell remained intact. CHAG internally microcoated with PMMA showed a 3.84 increase in compressive strength while specimens with internal PLA coatings had 1.81 times the compressive strength of uncoated CHAG specimens. Compared to the mechanical properties of cancellous graft material, specimens internally microcoated with either polymer could be produced having properties equivalent to or greater than those of cancellous graft.
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    Dr. C. William Hall curriculum vitae (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. vii 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    A tribute to C. William Hall (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. xv 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    A man after my own pump (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. xvii 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190908
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    The artificial heart todayThis work was supported in part by USPHS Research Grants R01-20356 and R01-13426 from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, The H. G. Barsumian Memorial Trust Fund and the McKean County Cardiac Committee. (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 987-990 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190911
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    Glucose-sensitive membranes containing glucose oxidase: Activity, swelling, and permeability studies (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1117-1133 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The development of membranes that swell in response to glucose is reported. The membranes may prove to be useful in glucose monitoring or glucose-dependent insulin delivery. The polymers were synthesized by the radiation-induced polymerization of frozen solutions containing hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol, water, and glucose oxidase. The polymers were hydrogels, with water contents in the range of 60-90%, depending on the pH or glucose concentration. Changes in swelling and permeability of the hydrogel were caused by exposure to glucose solutions. The gluconic acid formed by the glucose oxidase catalyzed oxidation of glucose in the membrane lowered the pH of the system and thus caused the changes in the membrane. The retention of enzyme activity by the membranes in vitro and in vivo is also reported. The large differences in properties among membranes made with different chemical formulations suggest that glucose-sensitive membranes with performance characteristics needed for an artificial pancreas may be an achievable goal.
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    Material test system for the evaluation of mechanical properties of biomaterials (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 133-144 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new material test system has been designed to evaluate the mechanical properties of biomaterials which are very often subject to complicated dynamic and repetitive force and deformation inside the body. The test system has high versatility, being incorporated with a miniature servohydraulic testing machine which can smoothly apply various modes of load and deformation to materials, and a vidicon displacement analyzer for the accurate, non-contact measurement of specimen length. A minicomputer system is used for the data acquisition and processing. Performance tests of the system and preliminary experiments on elastomeric polymers have indicated that the test system is very useful for the detailed studies of the mechanical properties of various kinds of biomaterials.
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    Announcements (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 195-196 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190208
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    The mechanism of “primary mineralization” in the reaction of bone to injury and administration of implant (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 225-231 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of the present article is to discuss the role of extracellular matrix vesicles as a marker of primary mineralization after injury to bone with or without the implantation of foreign artificial or biological materials.
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    The interface of various glasses and glass ceramics with a bony implantation bed (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 251-271 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Basing on histomorphological evaluations and morphometrical quantifications in a standardized model experiment, a comparison is made between the reactions of skeletal tissues to various glasses, glassceramics and enamels. On the surface of these so-called reactive biomaterials either a direct bonding to mineralized bone or also different amounts of osteoid or chondroid tissue formation can be observed, depending on the composition of the material. It is shown that (1) the solubility of the glasses cannot directly be related to the reactivity and the resulting bone bonding; (2) bone binds only to glasses with a controlled release of constituents and which exhibit a seam of extracellular matrix on their surface, in which normal primary mineralization can occur; (3) the release of constituents such as Al2O3, Ta2O5, ZrO2, or phosphates from the material can inhibit this normal mineralization and the transformation of chondroid tissue to bone; (4) if connective tissue instead of bone is present at the interface (either primarily or after bone remodelling), the dissolution (or corrosion) of the material may be no longer controllable, and the tissue reacts with a continuous inflammatory response to the corrosion products.
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    Protein adsorption and desorption phenomena on clean metal surfaces (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 313-320 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The noncompetitive adsorption of the proteins albumin and fibrinogen onto 17 different metal surfaces has been studied in vitro using 125I-labeled proteins. Although many of the metals showed very similar adsorption characteristics to polymers, several of them adsorbed considerably greater amounts. Copper, gold, and silver were the most significant in this respect, all three being face-centered cubic, group 1B metals known to bind to many types of protein in vitro and in vivo. The desorption of the proteins was studied in an in vivo model in which preproteinized metals were implanted in rats. There was considerable variation in the amounts of the proteins removed from the various metal surfaces. Generally those metals onto which protein is most readily adsorbed tend to lose the protein quickly, whereas others, such as iron, with only moderate adsorbed amounts, may retain a large part of the adsorbed layer for a long time.
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    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190401
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    Roughness and thrombogenicity of the outer surfaces of intravascular catheters (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 381-395 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Thirty-seven types of catheters made from plastics including silicone rubber, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, and polyurethane were tested for thrombogenesis in the cephalic vein of sheep. The range in the mass of thrombus on the catheters at autopsy 9 days after insertion was 20-fold. There was considerable variation when catheters made from the same types of plastic were compared, but polyethylene catheters tended to be more thrombogenic than other types. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a variety of surfaces ranging from very smooth to very rough. Roughness was frequently associated with the presence of radioopaque particles which in several catheters were concentrated into radio-opaque tracer strips. Within types of plastics, catheters with rougher surfaces were usually more thrombogenic than those with smooth surfaces.
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    A segmented polyurethane composite prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament in vivo study (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 589-594 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A segmented polyurethane prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament prototype has been developed and its in vivo integrity assessed in canine subjects. Prosthetic ligaments surgically implanted for 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 months were assessed clinically in living subjects, at time of autopsy, and microscopically postautopsy. It was found that the ligaments were adequate in strength to provide stability and last for periods up to 16 months. Notching of the ligaments was observed at two designated friction points.
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    Author's reply to letter by Andersen et al. (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 608-609 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190514
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    Announcements (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 613-614 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190516
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    A modification of the cell culture agar diffusion test using fluoresceindiacetate staining (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 653-661 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to reduce the uncertainties involved in the morphologic evaluation of the cell culture agar diffusion test, the originally recommended neutral red stain was replaced by fluoresceindiacetate (FDA). This stain proved to be nontoxic in the concentrations used in this study (0.002%). Toxicity tests with phenol, formalin, and methylmethacrylate monomer revealed results corresponding to literature evaluations by other methods. Since FDA makes cell metabolism visible and easily accessible to automated evaluation techniques, it presents certain advantages over the morphologic evaluation using the neutral red stain.
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    A new glass-ceramic for bone replacement: Evaluation of its bonding to bone tissue (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 685-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Glass powders (350 mesh) of the composition MgO, 4.6; CaO, 44.9; SiO, 34.2; PO, 16.3; CaF, 0.5 in weight ratio were compacted, heated to 1050°C at a rate of 5°C/ min and kept at 1050°C for 2 h. The resultant glass-ceramic having oxyapatite, fluoroapatite, and wollastonite crystals showed high bending and compressive strengths of 157 and 1060 MPa, respectively. The biocompatibility and bonding ability of this new glass-ceramic to the bone tissue was evaluated using rabbit tibial bones, and the failure load to break the bonding of several ceramics (the new glass-ceramic, dense hydroxyapatite, 45S5 Bioglass, alumina-ceramic) to bone tissues was measured. The new glass-ceramic showed tight bonding to bone comparable with dense hydroxyapatite, and in 25 weeks its load was 70% of that of bone tissue.
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    Beryllium localization in base metal dental casting alloys (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 747-750 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Investigation of dissolution of base metal dental casting alloy constituents in aqueous solutions revealed an unexpectedly high level of beryllium as compared with the other constituents. Analysis of atomic emission spectroscopy is presented here showing the outer surface (0-100 Å) is decidedly enriched in beryllium as compared with the bulk composition of the alloy. This localization is consistent in all samples and forms of the alloy tested.
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    Development of a prosthetic venous valve (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 827-832 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The pathology of thrombophlebitis primarily results from the obliteration of venous valves in the lower extremities. The objective of this study was to develop a prosthetic venous valve that could be implanted in the human femoral system to ameliorate the deleterious effects of thrombophlebitis. Prosthetic venous valves were produced from two materials: Pellethane valves were fabricated from a dip-casting process; umbilical vein valves were produced by a fixation process. The valves were evaluated as implants within the external jugular veins of 10 research dogs. Each animal was implanted with one Pellethane valve in one external jugular vein and one umbilical vein venous valve in the contralateral jugular vein. Each valve was positioned over a stainless-steel cylinder that had been implanted into the jugular veins in such a manner that there existed no blood-cylinder interaction. Patency of the valves was determined by X-ray venography at 24, 48, and 72 h and at 5 and 8 days postoperatively. All of the umbilical vein venous valves were occluded by the end of 48 h, whereas two of the Pellethane venous valves remained patent for at least 5 days but were occluded at 8 days. The results of this study suggest the possibility of success of Pellethane valve implants in the venous circulation and indicate future directions for study.
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    Announcement (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 873-873 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190712
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    A note from the editor (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190102
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    In situ replication techniques: II. Quantitative methodologies for replicate materials (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 35-55 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Because replicate materials have requirements different from those of recording or impression materials, quantitative methodologies were sought using commercial impression materials. Two satisfactory objective techniques resulted, a laser-scattering and a capillary flow test. Using high-resolution gratings to simulate tooth detail (〈1 μm), the reproduction quality of 36 two-stage replicas was determined in diffraction, reflection, and in an unblazed state. Using precision bore glass tubes (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mm diameters) to simulate the high-energy surface of enamel, the flow characteristics of nine elastomers (the first stage replicates) and four epoxies (the second stage replicates) were determined at isobaric conditions. Because the laser spot size was relatively large (0.6 mm) and the pressure differential was small (25 mm Hg), both the global resolution and the low shear rate characteristics could be measured. Of the commercial materials tested, Reprosil Light had the best combination of fluidity and resolution, regardless of which positive material was used. Although Permagum Low, Silene Wash, and Xantopren Blue scored high in one of the two tests, none of these materials could compare to Reprosil Light within the context described herein.
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    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190201
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    Pyruvic acid as an etching agent in clinical dentistry (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 335-348 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of pyruvic acid as an alternative etching agent to phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Solutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 m/m % pyruvic acid and 50% m/m H3PO4 were prepared. The tensile bond strengths of a composite resin to enamel surfaces etched with the respective etching agents were determined. The rates of etching of enamel surfaces by each of the etching solutions were evaluated. Unground and polished enamel surfaces were etched with the respective etching solutions and the surfaces examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tensile bond strengths of the resin to enamel surfaces etched with 10-30% pyruvic acid exceeded those obtained on enamel surfaces etched with 50% H3PO4. The rates of etching of all the pyruvic acid solutions were significantly less than that of H3PO4. Well-defined etching patterns were observed on the enamel surfaces etched with all the etching solutions. The results of this laboratory study suggest that pyruvic acid may be a suitable alternative to phosphoric acid as an etching agent in clinical dentistry.
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    Editorial: Our ultimate ignorance (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190402
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    The structure of highly crosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 397-411 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Films were prepared by reaction of HEMA monomer with the crosslinking agent ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) at crosslinking ratios, X, of 0.005, 0.01, 0.0128, 0.025, and 0.050 mol EGDMA/mol HEMA in the presence of 40 wt. % water at 60°C for 12 h. These membranes were subsequently swollen in water at 37°C and their structure analyzed using a modified Gaussian distribution equation of equilibrium swelling. The calculated values of Mc varied between 800 and 3700 daltons, which corresponded to a correlation length of the mesh size ζ of 16.2 to 35.6 Å. The structural analysis and diffusive studies of PHEMA membranes indicate that the recent determinations of Mc for PHEMA by Migliaresi et al. (C. Migliaresi, L. Nicodemo, L. Nicolais, and P. Passerini), “Physical characterization of PHEMA gels,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 15, 307 (1981) and others are not accurate. The methods presented can also be used for analysis of any highly crosslinked polymer network produced by simultaneous polymerization and crosslinking reactions.
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    Polymers for the controlled release of macromolecules: Effect of molecular weight of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 445-460 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Matrices composed of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) have been used for controlled delivery of macromolecular bioactive agents. Three EVAc samples of different molecular weight (MW) were selected from solution fractionated samples. The polymer MW is a sensitive factor in affecting the release rate of bovine serum albumin (BSA); the higher the MW of EVAc, the slower the release rate. Depending on the degree of hydrophilicity of the device, the relatively hydrophilic drug particles would cause various degrees of swelling pressure upon water uptake. The relatively hydrophobic EVAc carrier would impose different degrees of restrictive force as determined by polymer MW. The interaction between the restrictive force of the carrier and the swelling pressure of the drug particles is a key factor in affecting the drug release kinetics. As a result, the selection of the polymer carrier can be used to affect the kinetics of a controlled release device.
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    Biocompatibility test procedures for materials evaluation in vitro. II. Objective methods of toxicity assessmentSupported in part by FDA Contract 223-75-5013. (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 489-508 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methods of assessing the biocompatibility of materials for use in medical devices were evaluated. Ten materials were tested using quantative, objectively graded in vitro biochemical and functional assays employing four cell lines (CCL 1, 74, 76, and 131) used in previous work and five primary cell types (human lymphocytes, polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes, and mixed leukocytes, mouse macrophages, and mouse embryo). The biochemical methods (DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and ATP activity) demonstrated good agreement in toxicity ranking of the materials, regardless of which cell culture was used and, also, the cell cultures responded similarly for each method. Methods that measured functional characteristics of cells (adhesion and phagocytosis) were highly sensitive but had low toxicity ranking agreement and reproducibility. Assays (defined as method and cell culture combinations) using cell lines were more reproducible than assays using primary cell types. Significant differences in sensitivity were noted among the assay systems for particular material types. The in vitro assays were more sensitive to differences in material composition than was a 90-day assay by subcutaneous implantation in rats.
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    Interface reactions between machinable bioactive glass-ceramics and bone (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 303-312 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new biomaterial for bone substitution, a “machinable bioactive glass-ceramic” has been developed. The material contains two main crystal phases, mica and apatite, and is therefore machinable and bioactive. It has the advantage to be workable by the surgeon, if necessary, during operation. The preparation method of this glass-ceramic is described. Different types of the material can be produced in dependence of the composition, nucleation, and crystallization of the basic glass. In vivo and in vitro investigations showed a characteristic solubility of the material. A Caphosphate-rich interface layer with apatite crystals (from the basic glass-ceramic) and a thickness of about 5-10 μm grows as solid-state reaction between glass-ceramic and bone. This interface reaction is interpreted as a chemical process which includes a slight solubility of the glass-ceramic and a solid state reaction between the stable apatite crystals in the glass-ceramic and the bone.
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    Biomaterials: An interfacial approach, L. L. Hench and E. C. Ethridge, New York, Academic, 1982, 384 pp. 14 Chapters, Glossary, Bibliography, and Index. Price: $42.00 (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 611-612 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190515
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    Auger electron spectroscopic studies of stainless-steel implants (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 663-671 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Auger electron spectroscopy together with scanning electron microscopy has been used to study the interface between stainlesssteel implants and human tissue. The thickness and nature of the oxide layer on the implants have been found to depend on the location of the implants in the body. Before implantation, the oxide layer is about 50 Å thick, consisting mainly of chromium oxide. For implants located in cortical bone the thickness of the interfacial oxide layer remains unaffected, while it increases by a factor of three to four on samples located in bone marrow. In both these cases calcium and phosphorus are incorporated in the oxides. Implants located in soft tissue have an interfacial oxide layer with a thickness of about one and one-half times that on an unimplanted sample. On these samples, calcium and phosphorus are not found, but occasionally sulfur is found in the oxide layer. All these samples originated from the oral region of the body; the reason for this finding, however, is not known at present time. The interactions between the implants and human tissues resulting in the observed changes of the implant surfaces are discussed in terms of oxygen pressures and metabolic activity.
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    Change in creep rate and microstructure in an aged, low-copper amalgam (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 727-746 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Low-copper amalgams aged at 37°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C for periods of 7 and 30 days were examined using a scanning electron microscope and an x-ray diffractometer. Gamma-one Ag-Hg grain size and γ2 Sn-Hg volume fraction, and surface area were determined by quantitative metallography. At 60°C and below, γ1 was the predominant matrix phase. Little β1 Ag-Hg was found. In this temperature range, both γ1 grain size and ADA creep were found to obey an Arrhenius law. A linear relationship was found between the log of the mean ADA creep and the mean γ1 grain size. Above 60°C, the γ1 phases and the majority of the γ Ag-Sn particles disappeared. In their place, β1 appeared. Gamma-two volume fraction increased during aging at temperatures over 60°C, but a coarsening of γ2, reflected in a decrease in γ2 surface area per unit volume, also took place. Aging for 30 days or less resulted in decreases in ADA creep. At 60°C and below, the decrease was caused by increases in γ1 grain size. Above 60°C, the decrease in ADA creep was caused by several factors, one of which was the appearance of large β1 grains.
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    Fracture properties of composite and glass ionomer dental restorative materials (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 771-783 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The double-torsion technique has been used to determine critical stress intensity factor (K1c) values for a range of composites and glass ionomer cements used in restorative dentistry. From these values and determined elastic modulus (E) and tensile strength (σT) values, two other fracture properties: G1c, the critical strain energy release rate and a0, the inherent flaw size, have been evaluated. Glass ionomers have low K1c and high a0 values, coarse particle composites high K1c and high a0 values, microfine materials low K1c and low a0 values and fine particle composites medium to high K1c values and medium to low a0 values. Light curing materials have K1c values according to their group but tend to have lower a0 values than their chemically curing analogues. Glass ionomers have very low G1c values; however, there is no significant difference between the G1c values of the composite groups. The K1c and a0 values have been used to predict relative performance of the materials in highly stressed restorations and wear.
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    A new instrument to assess animal joint stiffness in vitro (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 601-605 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Influence of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride on composites subjected to hygrothermal cycling (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 631-642 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Pastes were made by spatulating a hydroxyapatite powder into triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) that contained benzoyl peroxide. For comparison, similar pastes included 5 wt-% 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride (4-META) in the TEGDMA. Composites were made by heating at 120°C under pressure. Inclusion of 4-META reduced the rate of diffusion of water by about one-third, at 27°C. Also after thermal cycling in water, inclusion of 4-META decreased the fractional drop in compressive strength by about one-half. Examination of fracture surfaces indicated that inclusion of 4-META improved the wetting of filler particles and gave more coherent composites. All these findings are consistent with the view that 4-META acts as a coupling agent.
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    Wire-induced osteogenesis in marrow (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 673-684 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Although it has been reported, in observations connected to electrically stimulated bone repair, that intramedullary electrodes not attached to any electrical source can also induce osteogenesis, there has been only one systematic attempt to study this effect per se. We have extended these studies, implanting selected metal and plastic wires longitudinally into the medullary diaphyses of rat femora. Atomic absorption analysis was used for the first time in analyzing for medullary calcium. This technique and the histologic evaluation clearly indicate that osteogenesis occurs within 2 weeks after this wire implantation. Osteogenesis was not observed when the wire was immediately removed after the original trauma of wire insertion.
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    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190701
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    Leaching of tobramycin from PMMA bone cement beads (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 751-756 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The in vitro leaching characteristics of tobramycin from acrylic resin (PMMA) bone cement beads have been determined by a radioimmune assay. Tobramycin was incorporated at two concentrations into bone cement beads fabricated from three commercial brands of acrylic resin. Antibiotic leaching followed a curvilinear relationship of the form X · Y = A · X + B · Y. All beads showed similar tobramycin leaching rates over time but the initial amount of leached material differed with the amount of tobramycin incorporated in the bead and the source of the PMMA bone cement. The data indicate that tobramycin-impregnated PMMA beads permit antibiotic leaching at a controlled rate compatible with possible clinical application.
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    Immunochemical detection by specific antibody to thrombin of prothrombin conformational changes upon adsorption to artificial surfaces (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 813-825 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyclonal antihuman α-thrombin antibodies produced in rabbits reacted minimally (〈0.05%) in solution with human prothrombin. However, when prothrombin was adsorbed to artificial surfaces such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the crossreactivity of surface-bound prothrombin with antibody IgG to thrombin (〉95% purity) was shown to be significantly enhanced. On PVC, the molar ratios of antibody IgG to thrombin/prothrombin approached the same level as that of antibody IgG to thrombin/thrombin when thrombin was adsorbed to the same material. The analyses of antigen-antibodies interaction, in solution with a direct binding assay by immune precipitation at high-speed centrifugation (160,000 g, 30 min), and on solid-phase PVC, were accomplished by use of double-labeling technique, i.e., 131I-thrombin (or 131I-prothrombin) and 125I-antibody IgG to thrombin. The results appear to suggest that prothrombin adsorption to PVC has resulted in some molecular conformational changes so that immunologically the adsorbed prothrombin resembles that of adsorbed thrombin on the same PVC surface.
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    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190801
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    Bioerodible polyanhydrides as drug-carrier matrices. I: Characterization, degradation, and release characteristics (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 941-955 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyanhydrides based on a variety of aromatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids were developed as bioerodible carrier matrices for controlled delivery applications. The high hydrolytic reactivity of the anhydride linkage provides an intrinsic advantage over other classes of bioerodible polymers in versatility and control of degradation rates. For example, using the poly[bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) alkane anhydrides] as models, polymers with degradation rates in the range of 10-1 to 10-4 mg/h/cm2 were obtained by changing the alkane from a methyl to a hexyl group. The polymers were characterized by infrared (IR), differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Near zero-order degradation kinetics were observed for the hydrophobic polyanhydrides over several months. The drug release profile of the model drug p-nitroaniline followed closely that of the degradation of injection-molded poly[bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) propane anhydride] over a period of more than 8 months. Close correlation of polymer degradation and drug release was also observed in other injection-molded samples (10% loading), suggesting a release mechanism that was dominantly degradation controlled. Degradation of these polyanhydrides was pH sensitive, being enhanced in high pH, and became more stable in acidic conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190806
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    From the editor (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. v 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190902
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    On the shoulders of giants (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. xi 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190905
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    Publications of C. William Hall, M.D. (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. xix 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190909
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    An evaluation of variables influencing implant fixation by direct bone apposition (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 875-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A systematic mechanical and histologic evaluation of design variables affecting bone apposition to various biocompatible materials was undertaken. The variables investigated included material elastic modulus, material surface texture, as well as material surface composition. The implant materials included polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), low-temperature isotropic (LTI) pyrolytic carbon, commercially pure (C.P.) titanium, and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Implant surface texture was varied by either polishing or grit-blasting the various materials. Implant surface composition was varied by applying a coating of ultra-low temperature isotropic (ULTI) pyrolytic carbon to the various implants. A total of 12 types of implants were evaluated in vivo by placement transcortically in the femora of adult mongrel dogs for a period of 32 weeks. Following sacrifice, mechanical push-out testing was performed to determine interface shear strength and interface shear stiffness. The results obtained from mechanical testing indicate that for implants fixed by direct bone apposition, interface stiffness and interface shear strength are not significantly affected by either implant elastic modulus or implant surface composition. Varying surface texture, however, significantly affected the interface response to the implants. For each elastic modulus group the roughened surfaced implants exhibited greater strengths than the corresponding smooth surfaced implants. Undecalcified histologic evaluation of the implants demonstrated that the roughened implants exhibited direct bone apposition, whereas the smooth implants exhibited various degrees of fibrous tissue encasement. Thus, for implants utilizing direct bone apposition fixation, it appears that of the parameters investigated, implant surface texture is the most significant.
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    Characterization of morphologic and mechanical properties of surgical mesh fabrics (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 903-916 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study is to use standard testing methods to characterize the currently available synthetic mesh fabrics in terms of their chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphologic properties. Three commonly used surgical mesh fabrics, Mersilene (Ethicon), Marlex (Davol), and Teflon (USCI), were used, and the tests reveal that they differ from one another chemically as well as configurationally. The experiment included an identification of the structure of the yarn and fabrics; a measurement of the porosity, pore size and shape; and a determination of tensile and bursting strength, flexural rigidity, and wrinkle recovery. A wide variation in structure and performance was observed among the three mesh fabrics. Mersilene mesh fabrics have the highest relative porosity, while Marlex and Teflon meshes have an equivalent, but lower value. Marlex meshes have the highest tensile and bursting strength followed by Teflon and Mersilene meshes. All three meshes have one common strength characteristic - a distinctive difference in tensile strength between the wale and course directions. Marlex mesh fabrics exhibit an immense flexural rigidity and poor wrinkle recovery, due mainly to the monofilament structure of the yarn. Mersilene and Teflon mesh fabrics have similar but considerably lower, flexural rigidity than Marlex. Thus, it is evident that the chemical nature of the constituent fibers, as well as the yarn and fabric structure, have a great effect on the performance of the resulting mesh fabrics. The availability of this characterization data can serve as the basis for a surgeon's selection of the most appropriate commercial surgical mesh fabric for each case, as well as to provide a foundation for the subsequent comparison of their in vivo performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190803
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    Citation by Samuel F. Hulbert (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. ix 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190904
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    Magnetic Sephadex as a carrier for enzyme immobilization and drug targeting (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 461-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190410
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    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190501
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    A cartilagenous graft as an adjunct to finger joint implant arthroplasty (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 509-518 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A method is described which is proposed to prolong the functional life of a Silastic finger joint endoprosthesis which has been shown to fail because of abrasion and cutting by the recipient bones. Swanson design Silastic finger joints prostheses were implanted into the knee joints of rabbits. The technique of simultaneously transplanting ear cartilage to the prosthetic implant bed was tested for the purpose of protecting the prostheses from wear and eventual failure. The clinical, radiographic, gross, and histologic results of the animals implanted for 1, 3, and 6 months show that the cartilage graft remains viable and it proliferates. The cartilage provides a smooth, gliding surface with normal appearing joint fluid surrounding the Silastic implant. Control limbs, with no cartilage grafts, had thinner, fibrous tissue encapsulating the implants. The presence of the cartilage reduced the amount of prosthetic wear particles observed in the tissue sections, thus indicating a protective function. The rabbit model developed an osteoarthritis that was caused by the prostheses in its knee joints and was unaffected by our cartilage grafting procedure. The success of our cartilage grafts, in the presence of such an arthritis, provides the impetus for its clinical use in arthritic human finger joints. Further studies are necessary to determine the clinical feasibility of a cartilage grafting technique and its efficacy in reducing implant failure in human finger joints.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190504
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    Effect of aggregation state of hard segment in segmented poly(urethaneureas) on their fatigue behavior after interaction with blood components (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 13-34 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Characterization of microphase separated structure, interaction with blood components such as lipids, and fatigue behavior after immersion in blood components were carried out for segmented poly(urethaneureas). The materials studied were Biomer and segmented poly(urethaneurea) (TU-Mn) composed of hard segment with 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)-ethylenediamine (EDA) or 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DAM) and soft segment with MDI-polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG) [Mn of 856, 1350, and 2000]. Small-angle x-ray scattering, wide-angle x-ray diffraction, and dynamic viscoelastic measurements revealed that these materials showed the state of microphase separation. TU-Mn with PTMG of Mn = 856 shows the partial phase mixing between hard and soft segments, and phase separation was improved with an increase of Mn of PTMG. Biomer has the characteristics of stronger aggregation of hard segment than that of TU-Mn. All the specimen showed lipid absorption, but the amount of absorption decreased remarkably after precoating on the specimen surface with serum albumin. Lipid absorption of the specimen was confirmed by dynamic viscoelastic and IR measurements. In the case of segmented poly(urethaneurea) which did not immersed in lipids solution, their fatigue strength are sufficient for application to artificial heart systems. However, fatigue strength of the TU-Mn series was decreased drastically after absorption of lipids. On the other hand, Biomer did not show a decrease of fatigue strength after lipid absorption. The reduction of fatigue strength in the TU-Mn series after lipid absorption will be attributed to the weak aggregation of hard segment domain. This reduction of fatigue strength in the TU-Mn series is characterized by formation of microcrack and mirror zone in fatigue fractured specimen. As the precoating of the specimen surface with serum albumin inhibits the absorption of lipids, the reduction of fatigue strength was not observed for the specimen precoated with serum albumin even after immersing the TU-Mn series in lipids solution for 96 days.
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    Creep of posterior dental composites (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 85-95 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The creep of microspecimens of posterior dental composites was studied using a torsional creep apparatus. Shear stresses were maintained for 3 h and recovery was followed for 50 h. Creep curves were obtained at 21, 37, and 50°C and four torque levels. The effect of conditioning the specimens in water up to 8 weeks was studied. The posterior composites exhibited linear viscoelastic behavior at low deformations. They had higher shear moduli and greater resistance to creep than conventional and microfilled composites. In aging experiments, maximum shear moduli occurred when specimens were 48 h to 1 week old. Subsequent softening was attributed to water absorption. Residual strain was highest when the composites were stressed within 24 h of initiating polymerization. Residual strain was very low in specimens 48 h to 8 weeks of age.
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    The effect of surface treatments on the interface mechanics of LTI pyrolytic carbon implants (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 145-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A mechanical and histological evaluation of LTI pyrolytic carbon implants was undertaken to determine the effect of various surface treatments on the retention characteristics of the implants. Five types of surfaces were evaluated, including as-deposited, fine grit-blasted, coarse grit-blasted, ground, and plasma oxygenated. The four surface treatments were chosen in an attempt to emulate the morphology of the as-deposited implants. The implants were evaluated in vivo by placement transcortically in the femora of adult mongrel dogs for periods of 12 to 24 weeks. Although the as-deposited implants exhibited the greatest interface strength at 12 weeks the results of mechanical testing after 24 weeks implantation indicated no statistically significant difference among the interface strength values or among the interface stiffness values of the implants. The histologic response of the implants was similar; while all implants exhibited areas of direct implant-bone apposition, the as-deposited implants exhibited this behavior to the greatest extent. Thus the ability to duplicate the biological response to the as-deposited LTI carbon surface appears possible by one or more of the treatments evaluated.
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    A note from the editor (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190302
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    Bone modelling in the implantation bed (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 199-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We consider results from tissue culture studies and the comparative histology of mineralized tissues and other natural tissue interfaces which may have some relevance in understanding the abnormal biology of the immediate environment of an implant in bone. We discuss factors influencing settling, colonization, and migration on natural and artificial substrates by various cell types which may make or remove matrix near the implant. A knowledge of mechanisms of mineral and organic matrix destruction by osteoclasts and other cells must be important in addition to an understanding of the interaction of local and systemic hormones with bone cells. More studies of the role of the immune system in implant failure are urgently required.
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    Bioglass coatings and bioglass composites as implant materials (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 273-291 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This article addresses three aspects of the mechanical and biological properties of bioreactive glasses. First, it describes the composition and the relationship between the composition and bonding and its influence on the bone bonding mechanism and the rate of bond formation. Second, the mechanical properties of bioglass are dealt with. It is shown that the approaches to use bioglass in highly stressed applications, have met with various degrees of success. Third, the issue of the effect of loading on the glass properties and, above all, on the glass bonding properties is discussed.
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    Surface charge on polymeric implants and calcified tissues: Interfacial implications (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 321-334 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Samples of human bone, dentin, and enamel were analyzed through the technique known as thermally stimulated discharge (TSD). It is possible through this technique to detect current flow resulting from appearance or loss of net polarization in a material. Samples of freshly extracted tissue give rise to well-defined TSD current maxima without having been exposed to external electrical potentials. Calculation of activation energies for these currents and their thermal range suggests the involvement of collagen denaturation in the loss or appearance of a net surface charge on bone and dentin surfaces. In the cse of enamel samples, TSD current maxima are possibly the result of dipolar alignment in water or biopolymers by surface charges in the mineral phase. Interfacial implications of surface charge were studied through the measurement of adhesive strength in dentin/acrylic polymer joints. Enhancement of joint strength by a factor of two or higher was observed when powder particles of the experimental adhesive carried externally induced surface charge. It is hypothesized that electrostatic coupling between polarization domains on the tissue surface and the setting implant improves wetting and produces stronger interfaces.
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    Long-term behavior of bovine collagen membrane used as vascular substitute. Experimental study in rats (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 115-131 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sequence (1) of the immediate and (2) the mid/long-term organization of the blood interface of a collagenous membrane used as vascular substitute in rats. The implants were prepared from calf skin type I insoluble collagen, obtained after acidic dispersion, in absence of chemical or tanning treatment. They were used to patch an aortic defect by means of microsurgical techniques. The animals were sequentially sacrificed for immediate hemocompatibility studies at 10 s, 30 s, 10 min, 3 h, and 6 h, for long-term analyses of the organization of the blood material interface at the 7th, 15th, 45th, 60th, 90th day following the surgery and each month until 14 months after aortic replacement. The superficial immediate events at the blood patch interface demonstrated erythrocytes heavily engulfed in a thin but dense fibrin mesh both at the patch and at the adjacent aortic wall surfaces. Neither adherent platelet nor platelet aggregate were detectable on the collagen patch surface. This fibrinoerythrocytic membrane covered the patch completely at 60 s and at 3 h the deposit was limited to 5-6 erythrocyte layers as confirmed by histology. It did not further develop on the 7th day. At the blood-collagen interface there progressively developed a tissue composed of active myofibroblasts, collagen bundles, and elastic fibers. After 4 months, nests of fibroendothelial cells were present, and between 6 and 14 months surface cell differentiation, although complete on the adjacent aorta was still incomplete on the bovine collagen patch, amorphous fibers, and fibroendothelial cells coexisting. Heterologous patch debris were still present 14 months after implantation and were associated with macroscopic and ultrastructural calcification, which need further investigations concerning the exact nature and mechanism of mineralization of vascular substitutes of biological nature.
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    In vitro cytotoxicity of Ag-Pd-Cu-based casting alloys (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 549-561 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The cytoxicity and its correlation to alloy composition, structure, corrosion, as well as galvanic coupling was studied with 12 Ag-Pd-Cu-type alloys, one conventional type III gold alloy and pure Ag, Cu, and Pd. The agar overlay cell culture technique was used. Single phase binary CuPd alloys were only slightly cytotoxic below a Cu content of 30 wt%. The tested multiphase alloys were all toxic, but no correlation between toxicity and Cu content could be observed. Solid solution annealing increased the cytotoxicity of a multiphase alloy. Exposure of a single phase alloy to an artificial saliva for 1 week prior to the test decreased its cytotoxicity significantly. Galvanic coupling of the alloys through an outer copper wire decreased their cytotoxicity.
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    The load carrying and fatigue properties of the stem-cement interface with smooth and porous coated femoral components (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 563-575 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous coated surfaces for fixation of total hip replacement are a current trend in clinical orthopedics. Such devices are designed to be fixed by ingrowth of bony tissue, although in the absence of FDA approval for biologic fixation, fixation with PMMA cement is recommended by the implant manufacturers. In order to characterize the mechanical properties of the microinterlocked stem-cement interface, we tested both porous coated and smooth femoral components in cement mantles of consistent overall geometry. Under conditions of increasing load the smooth stems demonstrated stepwise irreversible subsidence into the mantle. Axial and circumferential strains measured in the cement containment vessels with the smooth stems showed that stepwise increases in tensile hoop strain occurred concomitantly with the stepwise incidents of stem subsidence. When subjected to the same loading conditions, the porous coated stems did not undergo stepwise incidents of subsidence, and hoop strain generation was reduced. In addition, a twofold increase in the failure load of the stem-cement interface was measured with the porous coated stems. Fatigue loading for 107 loading cycles did not result in gross failure of either the microinterlocked or smooth interfaces. However, the data showed that during fatigue loading, stepwise subsidence of the smooth stems again occurred. The final subsidence magnitude of the smooth stem-cement interface at 107 loading cycles was six times greater than the value associated with the porous coated stem. Thus the porous coating of femoral stems was shown to dramatically improve the load carrying capability and fatigue characteristics of the stem-cement interface.
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    Announcements (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 367-368 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190316
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    Metallographic texture analysis of dental materials by polarizing microscopy in the incidental light (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 369-380 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Incidental polarized light microscopy can be used for the optical analysis of crystal phases with similar anisotropic behavior or preferred textures in polished sections. In this method, the vibration mode of the reflected light is determined by remarkable interference colors in the microscope using a compensator plate. The application of this method for the analysis of dental materials is demonstrated with amalgams and gold-reduced alloys. As a prerequisite, a modified procedure for preparing suitable polished sections of inhomogenous materials is described. Employing this optical and a crystallographic computing method, more detailed information about the way of element replacement in the course of the chemical reaction can be obtained. The results of these investigations also warrant the assumption that coherent crystal intergrowth which prefers low indicated and closely packed lattice directions, gives rise to a good adhesive strength of the bonding in the alloy.
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    Heparinized polyurethanes: In vitro and in vivo studies (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 419-436 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Heparin immobilization chemistry using alkyl spacer arms was adapted to optimize yield on polyurethane (PU) surfaces. The resultant biological activity of immobilized heparin (HI) was examined in vitro and in vivo, and compared with a heparin releasing (HR) system. Immobilized heparin retained its ability to bind and inactivate thrombin and Factor Xa; nonspecific coagulation factor binding was insignificant. Such activity cannot be attributed to the leakage of improperly bound heparin. Immobilized heparin-polurethane catheters implanted in canine femoral and jugular veins for 1 h periods exhibited significant reduction in thrombus formation compared with untreated PU contralateral controls. Polyurethane catheters coated with a 9% heparin dispersion in PU (HR) system provided even greater improvement in antithrombogenicity.
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    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of surface induced coagulation by preadsorption of albumin-heparin conjugates (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 467-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190411
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biocompatibility of Delrin 150: A creep-resistant polymer for total joint prostheses (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 519-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A thermoplastic polymer, Delrin 150 (polyoxymethylene homopolymer), with creep resistance ten times that of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene, is used as a material for total joint protheses. A study was made of the local and systemic host response to this polymer when implanted in three different mammalian species. 316 LC stainless steel was used as a control. The materials were implanted into muscle and bone as solid cylinders. A total of 446 samples were implanted into 74 animals. The duration of implantation ranged from 2 weeks to 2 years. A semiquantitative evaluation of local tissue reaction was performed. For each implant, 16 histological criteria were graded for severity of host tissue reaction. The liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, and lungs from each animal were also studied for evidence of systemic toxicity. The polymer implants exhibited a mild tissue reaction with the same characteristics as the control. Local tumor formation, bone osteolysis, and surrounding muscle necrosis were not seen. No pathological changes compatible with systemic toxicity by Delrin 150 were observed in the study of the organs. Delrin 150 in solid form did not exhibit local or systemic toxicity and is therefore biocompatible by this study. Powder implantation studies should be performed to simulate tissue response to wear particles.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190505
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of blood components with PDMS(polydimethylsiloxane) and LDPE (low-density polyethylene) in a baboon ex vivo arteriovenous shunt model (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 577-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The interaction of 111Indium-labeled platelets, and other blood components with the luminal surface of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was determined using an ex vivo arteriovenous shunt in the baboon. Both PDMS and LDPE showed little platelet accumulation at either high (200 cc/min) or low (25 cc/min) flow rates. PDMS accumulated more platelets at low than at high flow. When the surfaces of PDMS and LDPE were examined under scanning electron microscopy after 2.5 h of flow in the shunt circuit, red and white blood cells were attached. Platelets appeared to be confined to patchy areas covered by a fibrinlike network. The low platelet reactivity of LDPE and PDMS suggests their potential use as coatings for conventional, more platelet reactive, vascular graft materials.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190509
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibronectin binding properties of bacteriologic petri plates and tissue culture dishes (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 757-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: With the aid of a monoclonal antibodybased ELISA assay, the fibronectin binding properties of poly(styrene) bacteriologic and tissue culture petri plates were studied. After treatment of the plastics with serum, both the rate of fibronectin binding and the maximum amount of fibronectin bound were found to be lower for bacteriologic than tissue culture plates. In contrast, when treated with purified fibronectin rather than serum, bacteriologic and tissue culture plates bound fibronectin equally well. Thus, serum proteins are more effective in inhibiting fibronectin binding to bacteriologic petri plates than to tissue culture dishes. The fibronectin binding properties of plastic substrata could be enhanced by oxidation with H2SO4 or diminished by dissolution and recasting of tissue culture dishes. Thus, the fibronectin binding properties of bacteriologic and tissue culture dishes can be interconverted. Plastics with enhanced fibronectin binding properties (tissue culture plates) were found to be hydrophilic and good substrates for cell attachment and growth while plastics with decreased fibronectin binding characteristics were found to be hydrophobic and poor substrates for cell attachment and growth. The cell-adhesive properties of bacteriologic and tissue culture plastic substrata were found to vary during incubation with cells. While cells remained firmly attached and spread on tissue culture plastics over a period of 5 days or more, previously attached cells gradually detached from bacteriologic plastics at incubation times beyond 12 h. The gradual detachment of cells from bacteriologic plates probably explains the poor properties of bacteriologic plastics for the growth of anchorage-dependent cells, in particular.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190704
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