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  • 1995-1999
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  • 1985  (2,745)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2,745)
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  • Articles  (2,745)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (2,745)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Three authors, representing commercial, educational and governmental photogrammetric organisations, report on their initial uses of analytical plotters.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SPACE TECHNIQUES FOR GEODYNAMICS. Edited by J. Somogyi. Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Sopron. Hungary.THE SURVEILLANT SCIENCE: REMOTE SENSING OF THE ENVIRONMENT. Edited by R. K. Holz. Second edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York and Chichester.DISCOVERY FROM THE AIR. By G. W. G. Allen. Edited by J. S. P. Bradford and O. G. S. Crawford with Introduction and Captions by D. N. Riley. Aerial Archaeology.PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING. By P. J. Curran. Longman, London and New York.SATELLITE OCEANOGRAPHY. By I. S. Robinson. Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester.THE RIGHT OF THE LINE. The Royal Air Force in the European War 1939–1945. By J. Terraine. Hodder & Stoughton, London.INDUSTRIAL HISTORY FROM THE AIR. By K. Hudson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE OCEANOGRAPHY. By G. A. Maul. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.REMOTE SENSING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. Edited by T. J. M. Kennie and M. C. Matthews. Blackie and Son Ltd. Surrey University Press, Glasgow and London.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The use of small computers for on line data processing in photogrammetry has developed from the desktop calculators of the early 1970s to the microcomputers of today. The restrictions of machine code programming, small memory and limited display have been overcome. Software has been written for the PI-1A monocomparator using the BBC microcomputer for a calibration test, relative orientation, and strip formation and adjustment in the on line mode. This low cost system is suitable for training inexperienced operators or students in analytical photogrammetry, with the sequence of observation guided by operator prompts and with error checking computations displayed. Re-observations can be made on line and acceptable observations stored for input to the strip adjustment program or subsequent block adjustment.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Using modern techniques, the analysis of amateur photographs yields results with almost the same accuracy level as with metric photographs. This paper gives a classification of data processing techniques for amateur photographs and presents a well proven method for the treatment of existing amateur photographs, known as Metric Photo Perspective Transformation (MPPT). Data processing is particularly convenient and efficient if on line techniques are used. Operational procedures for the treatment of additional parameters and for the detection of blunders in a time critical on line triangulation system are proposed.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : water resources supply and demand time series consist of several or all of the four basic characteristics: tendency, intermittency, periodicity and stochasticity. Their importance changes from one type of variables to another. Historic developments of analysis of time series in hydrology have varied significantly over the past, from the stress on search for periodicities and persistence in annual series to the emphasis on the series stochastic properties. Supply and demand series are often highly interrelated, which fact is most often neglected in planning water resources systems in general, and water storage capacities in particular. The future of series analysis in water resources will likely be by a joint use of physically-based structural analysis and the use of advanced methods of treating data by stochastic processes, statistical estimation and inference techniques. The most intriguing challenge of the future of this analysis may be the treatment of nonnormal, nonlinear and in general nonstationary hydrologic and water use time series. The proper treatment of complex multivariate processes will also challenge the specialists, especially for the purposes of transfer of information between data on variables at given points, or between data at several points of a given variable, or both.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper describes a method for the statistical identification of storage models for daily riverflow time series, together with numerical results. The first step in the identification process is to obtain a discrete time version of a storage model using a local linearization approach. It is shown that the discrete time version thus obtained may be utilized in the identification of the original storage model. A statistical method for the identification of daily rainfall time series models used in simulation is also presented. This identification procedure employs the maximum likelihood method for point process data analysis and is illustrated by means of numerical examples.
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Suspended sediment data from a 154 ha watershed on northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska, were collected over three fall storm seasons from 1980 to 1982. Sediment rating curves for nine pooled storms explained less than 34 percent of the variation in total suspended solids (TSS). Significantly higher concentrations of suspended sediment occurred during the rising limb of storm hydrographs than for similar flows on the falling limb, accounting for hysteresis loops in TSS versus streamflow plots for individual storms. These hysteresis loops were wider during early season storms, indicating that easily transportable fine sediment may have been flushed from the upper portion of channel banks and from behind large organic debris during early season peak flows. Regression relationships (TSS versus Q) developed for the highest stormflows (〉 1 m3/s) had steeper slopes than the lower stormflows (〈 1 m3/s). Turbidity correlated well (r=0.94) with TSS for all storm-flow data combined. Organic matter constituted an average of 35 percent (by weight) of TSS for all water quality samples.
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Remote sensing data in the form of Landsat computer compatible tapes (CCT) was used to determine land use and land cover as an aid in hydrologic studies that were used to estimated a basinwide runoff index. With the use of the General Electric Image 100 multispectral image processing system in conjunction with the Earth Resources Laboratory Application Software (ELAS), CCT's on February 9, 1976, were analyzed by spectral differences to determine unique land use conditions within the Econlockhatchee (Econ) River Basin, Florida. The result showed that the Landsat data can be successfully used to monitor the USGS land use Level 1. An advantage of using the Landsat data for land use classification is that new data are periodically available for updating the land use information. The Soil Conservation Service curve number was used to establish a basinwide runoff index which includes a prime variable of land use changes with the time. The basinwide runoff index in 1972 (with USGS 1972 Land Use maps) was similar to the one in 1976 (with Landsat data dated February 9, 1976). This implies that the runoff from the entire Econ Basin was not noticeably changed during the period of 1972 and 1976.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Groundwater use is likely to be inefficient in the absence of regulation and hence there is substantial interest in optimal groundwater withdrawals over time. Under an optimal regime withdrawals, pumping lifts, and profits converge to steady-state levels. In this paper we show that optimal steady-state lifts, withdrawals, and marginal user costs can be readily calculated for multi-cell models of confined aquifers. Applications to the design of economically efficient groundwater management policies are discussed, comparisons to previous work and to the safe yield concept are made, and an illustrative example is given.
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The cumulative effects of forest management activities on water quality at a downstream point were monitored from 1972-1980 during development of a watershed for timber resources. Suspended sediment concentration and turbidity were measured at two hydrologic stations which bracketed a 10-km reach of the Middle Santiam River in the Western Cascades of Oregon as it flowed through an 8000-ha block of intensively managed forest land. Slope failures often accompany road building and harvesting in steep forested watersheds and pose the most serious threat to water quality. Although 180 km of road were constructed and 3400 ha of old-growth forests were harvested from slopes averaging over 60 percent, long-term changes in sediment yields remained undetectable during the period of measurement. The geologic characteristics of the basin and the road construction and maintenance techniques as prescribed by Oregon's forest practice regulations helped to minimize the occurrence of slope failures so that long-term changes in suspended sediment export rates did not occur. Throughout the nine-year measurement period, seven slope failures which added sediment directly to streams produced measurable short-term responses at the downstream sampling location, but these erosion events were too small and too infrequent to produce long-term changes in sediment yield from the watershed.
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Wetland protection regulations and guidelines often require the delineation of precise wetland boundaries on a case-by-case basis. In this study, conducted in the New Jersey Pinelands, an ecological characterization of vegetation composition, soil and hydrologic relationships along upland to wetland Pinus rigida - dominated transittions provided the basis for a multiparameter approach to wetland boundary delineation. The transitional data set was analyzed by direct gradient analysis, cluster analysis and ordination. It is concluded that vegetation composition can be a principal factor in delineating wetland boundaries along natural upland to wetland transitions. However, where distinct vegetation changes are not observed, a feature of our study sites, a multiparameter approach should be used.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Designing a surface reservoir involves the concept of reservoir yield. This concept embodies three basic information items: hydrologic regime, active storage volume, and reservoir release policy. In the actual case presented below, the magnitude of the active storage was prescribed by a legal procedure, so that the planning issue became that of determining the reservoir yield given the hydrological information. A stochastic dynamic programming model was formulated to derive a schedule of seasonal optimal reservoir releases and their respective probabilities of occurrence. This schedule is the reservoir yield. The yearly cycle was divided into three seasons representing the actual climatic conditions, and conditional probabilities linking streamflows in consecutive seasons were estimated. An operating policy was postulated, based on the same set of legal decisions that prescribed the active storage volume, and target reservoir releases were assumed. Similarly, target storages at the end of each season were set up. The optimizing/ minimizing criterion in the dynamic programming formulation was the sum of squares of deviations of actual releases and final storage volumes from their respective targets.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Groundwater Engineering, A. I. Kashef.Ground Water Quality, C. H. Ward, W. Giger, and P. L. McCarty (Editors).Groundwater Pollution Control, L. W. Canter and R. C. Knox.A Citizen's Handbook on Groundwater Protection, Wendy Gordon.Environmental Pollution Control in Relation to Development: Tech. Rept. Series 718, World Health Organization.Vadose Zone Monitoring for Hazardous Waste Sites, L. G. Everett, L. G. Wilson, and E. W. Hoylman.Safe Drinking Water: The Impact of Chemicals on a Limited Resource, R. C. Rice.Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Vol. 2, World Health Organization.Hydrology: Principles, Analysis, and Design, H. M. Raghunath.Problems of and Prospects for Predicting Great Salt Lake Levels, P. A. Kay and H. F. Diaz.Water Resources Planning, Neil S. Grigg.Natural Resources Economics: Selected Papers by S. V. Ciriacy-Wantrup, R. C. Bishop and S. D. Anderson (Editors).Marine and Estuarine Geochemistry, A. G. Sigleo and A. Hattori (Editors).
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Fourier inference is a collection of analytic techniques and philosophic attitudes, for the analysis of data, wherein essential use is made of empirical Fourier transforms. This paper sets down some basic results concerning the finite Fourier transforms of stationary process data and then, to illustrate the approach, uses those results to develop procedures for: 1) estimating cloud and storm motion, 2) passive sonar and 3) fitting finite parameter models to nonGaussian time series via bispectral fitting. This last procedure is illustrated by an analysis of a stretch of Mississippi River runoff data. Examples 1), 2) refer to data having the form Y(xj, yj, t) for j = 1, …, J and t = 0, …, T-l say, and view that data as part of a realization of a spatial-temporal process. Such data has become common in geophysics generally and in hydrology particularly. The goal of this paper is to present some new statistical procedures pertinent to problems in the water sciences, equally it is to illustrate the genesis of those procedures and how their properties may be approximated.
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Stochastic models fitted to hydrologic data of different time scales are interrelated because the higher time scale data (aggregated data) are derived from those of lower time scale. Relationships between the statistical properties and parameters of models of aggregated data and of original data are examined in this paper. It is also shown that the aggregated data can be more accurately predicted by using a valid model of the original data than by using a valid model of the aggregated data. This property is particularly important in forecasting annual values because only a few annual values are usually available and the resulting forecasts are relatively inaccurate if models based only on annual data are used. The relationships and forecasting equations are developed for general aggregation time and can be used for hourly and daily, daily and monthly or monthly and yearly data. The method is illustrated by using monthly and yearly streamflow data. The results indicate that various statistical characteristics and parameters of the model of annual data can be accurately estimated by using the monthly data and forecasts of annual data by using monthly models have smaller one step ahead mean square error than those obtained by using annual data models.
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Much attention has been invested in the model choice problem for peak annual flows, in the context of flood frequency analysis. The authors would sidestep this dilemma through non-parametric density estimation methodology, but recognize that the standard nonparametric estimators preclude the use of prior information and related data, and furthermore have virtually no tail at all. Here we offer a remedy for these inadequacies by introducing an estimator which mixes parametric and nonparametric density estimates. We prove that our mixture rule is consistent. By this procedure, we do allow incorporation of prior information, experience, and regional data information, but nevertheless provide a safeguard against incorrect model choice.
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Bayesian Processor of Forecasts (BPF) combines a prior distribution, which describes the natural uncertainty about the realization of a hydrologic process, with a likelihood function, which describes the uncertainty in categorical forecasts of that process, and outputs a posterior distribution of the process, conditional upon the forecasts. The posterior distribution provides a means of incorporating uncertain forecasts into optimal decision models. We present fundamentals of building BPF for time series. They include a general formulation, stochastic independence assumptions and their interpretation, computationally tractable models for forecasts of an independent process and a first-order Markov process, and parametric representations for normal-linear processes. An example is shown of an application to the annual time series of seasonal snowmelt runoff volume forecasts.
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  • 27
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Evidence suggests that there is no superior wasteload allocation method. Eight allocation strategies have been evaluated based on: total cost of implementation, equity in distributing costs and loads among dischargers, effectiveness in use of available waste assimilative capacity, and sensitivity to changes in water-quality-related variables. One method, which allocated equal percentages of the maximum allowable dissolved oxygen deficit, was eliminated as a feasible strategy because it led to excessive costs and overly conservative load estimates. The other seven methods remained viable alternatives. Two methods proved to be insensitive to changes in the water-quality-related variables tested, which may be advantageous in certain applications. This report presents seven workable alternatives that may be used in wasteload allocation and demonstrates a procedure to determine the practicability of other methods.
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  • 28
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Rapid industrialization and population growth in the north Mexican desert city of Ciudad Juarez are placing a serious strain on the city's municipal water resources. Water deliveries and service area have more than doubled over the past decade, and plans for additional expansion are presently being implemented. This expansion is already contributing to water table declines and salinity increases in the Mexican portion of the Heuco Bolson, the sole source of water for the city. Continued mining of the limited fresh water reserves should produce serious water supply problems in the near future. New estimates of future water consumption incorporated into a digital aquifer simulation model indicate that these problems may show up much sooner than was anticipated in previous investigations. The results of this study point to the need to accelerate the gathering of basic data on alternative water resources. The problems faced by Cd. Juarez are illustrative of the kinds of difficulties likely to confront other rapidly developing cities of the arid zone.
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  • 29
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from two tomato and four corn field plots were compared to model predictions by CREAMS, a field-scale model for Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems. The tomato treatments were (1) trickle irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N through the trickle irrigation system and (2) overhead sprinkler irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N in two equal sidedressings. The corn treatments consisted of multiple N applications, minimum tillage, and “conventional” management. Soil type appeared to influence the ability of CREAMS to predict seasonal trends and treatment influences. Model predictions for N losses from tomato and corn treatments that were located on sandy soils often disagreed with measured values. Treatment influences and seasonal trends for N losses from corn treatments that were located on a higher clay content soil were more satisfactorily predicted by CREAMS. Even though model input parameter estimation and measurement techniques may be imperfect, the simulation ability of CREAMS for predicting N leaching losses from systems on deep sands probably needs to be improved. Sensitivity analyses indicated that annual NC3−-N leaching loss predictions were either minimally or not affected by changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity. Input estimations of the fraction of soil pore space filled at field capacity and soil organic matter were inversely related to annual NO3−-N leaching losses, while potential mineralizable N was directly related to yearly N leaching losses.
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  • 30
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 31
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Woodlands, a totally planned community north of Houston, Texas, was studied in detail in an effort to develop a master drainage plan which minimizes adverse impact on the 100-year floodplain. A total of 40 HEC-1 and HEC-2 computer runs were made to evaluate various development, channelization, and reservoir storage options.
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  • 32
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An input-output model was developed to predict changes in Salton Sea salinity and water level until the year 2000 due to proposed water conservation efforts and geothermal and solar pond energy developments. The model SALINP provided good agreement with the observed salinities for 1960–80. While SALINP was not overly sensitive to one-year changes in any of the major inputs, a change in the historical means of the Imperial Valley runoff and evaporative loss inputs produced a significant effect on future predictions. The proposed water conservation measures caused the predicted Salton Sea salinity for 2000 to greatly exceed 40,000 ppm, the level at which adverse effects to wildlife are believed to occur. The possible geothermal development also produced predicted salinities considerably above 40,000 ppm. The salinity predictions for solar ponds by themselves and in conjunction with geothermal development were below 45,000 ppm for 2000. The solar pond and geothermal combination also resulted in a predicted lowering of the “natural” water level by 5 to 7 feet by 2000.
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  • 33
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Lakes, marshes and wet meadows occur in the broad, flat, interdune valleys of the Nebraska Sandhills, a vegetation-stabilized dune field underlain by sediments containing an enormous supply of groundwater. Hydrologic, geologic and possibly climatologic factors influence the chemical quality of lake water. Central and eastern lakes generally are in connection with the groundwater reservoir. The hydrologic nature of western lakes and the cause of their high alkalinity is not fully understood. Lakes in close proximity may vary in both their chemical characteristics and in the degree to which they change in size and depth over time. Climatic, hydrogeologic and natural lake-aging processes of accumulation of organics appear to be primarily responsible for lake-size variations.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Book review in this ArticleRandom Functions in Hydrology, R. L. Bras and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe.State of the Environment: An Assessment at Mid-Decade.Siting Hazardous Waste Management Facilities, The Conservation Foundation. The Conservation Foundation, Chemical Manufacturers Assoc, and the National Audubon Society.Principles of Water Quality, Thomas D. Waite.Geomorphology, R. J. Chorley, S. A. Schumm, and D. E. Sug-den.Surface Water Treatment for Communities in Developing Countries, C. R. Schulz and D. A. Okun.Analysis of Water Distribution Systems, Thomas M. Walski.California Riparian Systems, R. E. Warner and K. M. Hendrix (Editors).TVA: Fifty Years of Grass-Roots Bureaucracy, E. C. Hargrove and P. K. Conkin (Editors).Fluvial Hydrology, S. Lawrence Dingman. W. H. FreemanGoing Sour: Science and Politics of Acid Rain, Roy Gould.Introduction to Environmental Engineering, M. L. DAvis and D. A. Cornwell.An Introduction to the World's Oceans, A. C. Duxbury and A. Duxbury.The Climatic Scene, M. J. Tooley and G. M. Sheail (Editors).Impounded Rivers: Perspectives for Ecological Management, Geoffrey E. Petts.Groundwater-Leachate: Modeling/Monitoring/Sampling, P. N. Cheremisinoff, K. A. Gigliello, and T. K. O'Neill.
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    Notes: : A Helley-Smith pressure differential bedload sampler was used to measure bedload transport at consecutive riffle sections of a riffle-pool-riffle sequence on Bambi Creek, a small (154 ha), second-order stream on Chichagof Island, Alaska, during four storms over a 2-year period. Maximum bedload transport rate measured was 4920 kg/h at a streamflow of 2.35 m3/s corresponding to a storm having a 5-year return interval. Transport of larger sediment (〉 8 mm) varied systematically with streamflow at the two sampling locations. At flows up to approximately bankfull, transport of large sediment was greatest at the upstream site; at flows above bankfull, transport of large sediment was greatest at the downstream site. The net import of large sediment to the pool during moderate stormflows and net export of large sediment from the pool during flows above bankfull may be related to a “convergence” or “reversal” of competence between the upstream riffle and subsequent pool at flows approximating bankfull stage. Cross-sections monitored within the study reach indicate that stormflows resulted in net filling of the riffle sections and net scour of the pool; periods of low streamflow resulted in net scour of the riffles and net filling of the pooL
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    Notes: : A survey is given of recently developed models for continuous variate non–Gaussian time series. The emphasis is on marginally specific models with given correlation structure. Exponential, Gamma, Weibull, Laplace, Beta and Mixed Exponential models are considered for the marginal distributions of the stationary time series. Most of the models are random coefficient, additive linear models. Some discussion of the meaning of autoregression and linearity is given, as well as suggestions for higher–order linear residual analysis for non–Gaussian models.
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    Notes: : Simple models are presented for use in the modeling and generation of sequences of dependent discrete random variables. The models are essentially Markov Chains, but are structurally autoregressions, and so depend on only a few parameters. The marginal distribution is an intrinsic component in the specification of each model, and the Poisson, Geometric, Negative Binomial and Binomial distributions are considered. Details are also given for the introduction of time-dependence into the means of the sequences so that seaonality can be treated simply.
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    Notes: : This paper reports our experience in building time series models which connect the flows in two Icelandic rivers with the meteorological variables of precipitation and temperature. Two rivers with different hydrological characteristics were studied. In areas where precipitation may be either in the form of rain or snow linear models are inadequate to describe the relationship between the river and the meteorological variables. The methodology of threshold models recently developed seems to be well suited for taking into account the sharp difference in the relationship according to whether it is freezing or not. The possibility of identifying an alternative threshold variable is also explored.
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    Notes: : Fractional differencing is a tool for modeling time series which have long-term dependence; i.e., series in which the correlation between distant observations, though small, is not negligible. Fractionally differenced ARIMA models are formed by permitting the differencing parameter d in the familiar Box-Jenkins ARIMA(p, d, q) models to take nonintegral values; they permit the simultaneous modeling of the long-term and short-term behavior of an observed time series. This paper discusses the usefulness of fractional differencing to time-series modeling, with emphasis on hydrologic applications. A methodology for fitting fractionally differenced ARIMA models is described, and examples are presented.
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    Notes: : The Contemporaneous Autoregressive-Moving Average (CARMA) model is a simple and efficient model that can be used to fit many multivariate hydrological time series. For certain types of multistation river flow systems, the CARMA model is naturally obtained when the physical restrictions of the system or the characteristics of the data are taken in consideration during the formulation of the model. It is shown how the CARMA model can optimally be used to handle multiple time series where the number of observations in each series may be different. Adequate model building techniques, as well as computational and statistical efficient algorithms to estimate the parameters of the model, are given. The methodologies and applications of the CARMA model are illustrated with three examples. It is also shown how the full multivariate ARMA model may lead to losses in efficient of the estimators when the CARMA model is adequate.
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    Notes: A simple simulation model designed to monitor snow-packs of the central Sierra Nevada is described. The model estimates average snow water equivalent for rectangular subregions in the area. Static subregion characteristics, daily precipitation and mean and minimum air temperatures measured at three index stations are the only needed input values. A water balance technique simulates daily snowpack changes in each subregion. Reasonable basinwide water equivalent values are produced. The procedure should be useful for estimating snow water distribution in large mountainous watersheds.
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    Notes: Using data related to stream order and the morphological characteristics associated with streams of different discharge rates, an estimate of the river resources of the United States is made. The national totals are: 3,200,000 miles total length of rivers; 15,000 square miles of river surface; and 29 cubic miles of water stored in river channels. Using the same techniques, more exact estimates may be made for individual river basins. Suggestions are given for application of the techniques and river data in the management of water resources.
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    Notes: Understanding social goals and objectives and incorporating them in water resources planning, management, education and engineering processes is the key to solving many current and emerging water resources problems. Water resources professionals must turn more of their attention to this issue. Various avenues are open for their involvement. They include lobbying, participating in government, education and research, publishing, establishing institutions, interacting with the public and analyzing existing systems.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, R. L. Jolley, et al. (Editors).Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, L. Escritt (Edited and Revised by W. D. Haworth)Stabilisation, Disinfection and Odour Control in Sewage Sludge Treatment (An Annotated Bibliography Covering the Period 1950–1983), A. M. Bruce and E. S. Connor (Editors).The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces, Jonathan I. Charney (Editor).Principles of Water Quality, Thomas D. Waite.A Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model, Michael G. McDonald and Arlen W. Harbaugh.Renewable Resources Management: Applications of Remote Sensing, P. A. Murtha and R. A. Harding (Editors).Groundwater Transport: Handbook of Mathematical Models, J. Javendal, C. Doughty and C. F. Tsang.Natural Resources and the Environment, Paul R. Portney (Editor).Coping With Droughts, V. Yevjevich, L. da Cunha (Editor).A Citizen's Guide to River Conservation, R. Diamant, J. G. Eugster and C. J. Duerksen.
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    Notes: : Similar groundwater problems associated with the Ogallala in western Oklahoma are beginning to affect aquifers much farther east. A rapid decline in the water table has been detected in Caddo County, Oklahoma. Ninety-six percent of the groundwater resources used in Caddo County are used for irrigation. Severe consequences for farmers, especially peanut growers, are possible in the near future.
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    Notes: HEC1F is a computer program for making short- to medium-term forecasts of uncontrolled flood runoff. The program employs unit hydrographs and hydrologic routing to simulate runoff from a subdivided basin. Estimates of future rainfall can be accommodated. Runoff parameters for gaged headwater subbasins can be estimated (optimized) in real time. Blending of calculated with observed hydrographs can be performed. HEC1F is a component of an on-line software system that includes capability for data acquisition and processing, precipitation analysis, streamflow forecasting, reservoir system analysis, and graphical display of data and simulation results. The conceptual framework for HEC1F is described, and application of the program is illustrated.
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    Notes: : The agricultural revolution occurred because the un-managed environment was not providing food in either the quantity or quality that society desired. The “environmental revolution” is developing because the unmanaged environment is clearly not capable of assimilating societal wastes without being seriously degraded. Effective environmental management will require regional and site-specific modification of general principles and practices that can be used at a national or international level. An environmental management system can be operated in the same manner as any industrial quality control system with three basic components: (a) sensors at appropriate locations, (b) rapid generation and feedback of information, and (c) a quality control group capable of taking immediate effective action when system performance is outside predetermined boundary conditions. This discussion focuses primarily on three areas: (a) management options available to regulate intrusion of societal wastes into natural systems, (b) types of methods available for predicting and validating effects on natural systems, and (c) modifications of present legislation that would permit the most flexibility in selecting from the various management options. Also considered are multispecies toxicity tests using species with cosmopolitan distribution in test systems with a high degree of environmental realism. Among the many values of such tests is the ability to exchange information from all parts of the world effectively because the test organisms are not restricted to a particular geographic region.
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    Notes: Remotely sensed variables such as land cover type and snow-cover extent can currently be used directly and effectively in a few specific hydrologic models. Regression models can also be developed using physiographic and snow-cover data to permit estimation of discharge characteristics over extended periods such as a season or year. Most models, however, are not of an appropriate design to readily accept as input the various types of remote sensing parameters that can be obtained now or in the future. Because this new technology has the potential for producing hydrologic data that has significant information content on an areal basis, both inexpensively and repetitively, effort should be devoted now to either modifying existing models or developing new models that can use these data. Minor modifications would at least allow the remote sensing data to be used in an ancillary way to update the model state variables, whereas major structural modifications or new models would permit direct input of the data through remote sensing compatible algorithms. Although current remote sensing inputs to hydrologic models employ only visible and near infrared data, model modification or development should accommodate microwave and thermal infrared data that will be more widely available in the future.
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    Notes: A common assumption in flood frequency analysis is that annual peak flows are independent events. This study was undertaken to investigate the validity of this assumption with regard to Pennsylvania streams by statistically analyzing the dependence between annual peak flows and to determine if basin carryover effects relate to the degree of dependence. Five tests of dependence, the autocorrelation test, the median crossing test, the turning points test, the rank difference test, and the Spearman rank order serial correlation coefficient test were applied to the series of annual peak flows for 57 streams. Of the 57 streams analyzed, only two exhibited signs of dependence by at least two of the tests performed, and the baseflow component of annual peak flows was found to be unrelated to the degree of dependence exhibited between annual peak flows. It was concluded that the assumption of independence of annual peak flows is valid in flood frequency analysis for Pennsylvania streams.
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    Notes: Sediments were equilibrated with solutions containing divalent copper ion. A colorimetric method using the triethylenete-tramine complex of the metal ion was employed to measure changes in uptake of copper by the sediments. Studies were made with sediments from rivers in the British Isles which were in the proximity of areas which had been mined for metals for several hundred years. For comparison, similar studies were performed with a sample of sand and a soil with a high organic content. It was possible to follow the uptake of copper ion by the materials and estimate their abilities to adsorb copper ion. In particular, a strong correlation was observed between the organic content of the sediment and the total amount of copper adsorbed by the sample. Under the employed circumstances it was possible to demonstrate that the adsorption of the metal ion was reversible.
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    Notes: Analysis of recent streamflow data from the Fox Creek Experimental Watersheds in the Bull Run Municipal Watershed, Oregon, indicates a significant recovery from the impacts on summer water yield due to a loss of fog drip upon timber harvesting. Measurable impacts and their associated recovery are notable only during the months of June and July. Recovery begins about five or six years following harvest, possibly due to renewed fog drip from prolific revegetation. Watershed positioning with respect to prevailing weather systems and the extent of burning or removal of slash and residual vegetation during logging appear to be important factors in predicting the impact of fog drip reduction associated with planned harvest. Apparently, once the temporary reduction in summer yield is offset by renewed fog drip, the expected increase in yield due to decreased evapotranspiration can be observed. Redistribution of fog drip may be a major factor in the measurements of local interception and water yield.
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    Notes: The effects of waterfall-induced turbulence on the dissolved oxygen concentration of the Passaic River (New Jersey) at two mostly natural waterfalls were observed during a five-month period encompassing high to low temperature and flow. A parameter defined by past investigators as the “deficit ratio” was found to be useful for mathematically describing the results. The Great Falls system showed the deficit ratio to be an inverse function of temperature for all events, with good correlation. A relationship was developed for the Little Falls system under low flow showing the deficit ratio to likewise be an inverse function of temperature and a power function of flow.
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    Notes: : Institutional innovation is central to many water resource problems. (In this context “institutions” refers to the laws and regulations governing water allocation and use.) Yet, typically, economic analyses treat institutions as exogenous and fixed. Unfortunately, this conventional assumption does not allow economists to address many modern problems. This paper develops an economic framework in which institutions are treated as endogenous. The model accounts for (1) factors that stimulate calls for formal institutional change, (2) the role of interest groups in policymaking, and (3) actual institutional change as it impacts choice domains and thus economic performance. The model is compared to a specific case of change in Colorado's water institutions, namely, instream water rights legislation in the 1970's. The empirical evidence is generally consistent with model hypotheses. The model promises to be useful to scholars and policymakers interested in institutional innovation.
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    Notes: : Although droughts are a frequent occurrence over much of the United States, response by state and federal government has been ineffective and poorly coordinated. Recently, several states have recognized the value of drought emergency planning and have developed plans to assist them in responding more effectively to prolonged periods of water shortage. These states have created an organizational structure to coordinate the assessment and response activities of state and federal agencies. Each state's drought response plan is unique since each state's water supply and management problems, and their consequent impacts, are unique. The drought response plans developed by Colorado, South Dakota and New York are reviewed here in detail. We recommend that other states affected by frequent and severe water shortages also develop drought emergency plans. These plans will enhance state government's ability to implement effective measures in a timely manner and, ultimately, may provide added incentive for the federal government to develop the national drought response plan called for by the General Accounting Office in 1979.
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    Notes: : Variability in bedload-transport rates during constant water discharge is an inherent part of the bedload-transport process. Although this variability has been measured extensively in the laboratory, similar information generally is not available from field measurements. During a four-day period of nearly constant water discharge, four sets of consecutively collected bedload samples, ranging from 43 to 120 samples, were obtained at the same cross channel location using a standard 65-pound Helley-Smith bedload sampler. When the measured transport rates are converted to dimensionless rates and plotted as cumulative frequency distributions, they show good agreement with a theoretical probability distribution function of rates derived for the case of ripples on dunes. The distributions show that during constant water discharge individual measured rates at a fixed point vary from near zero to four times the mean rate, and 60 percent of the sampled rates will be less than the mean. Because of the large variation in transport rates that occurs at every location in the cross section, many observations are required to establish an accurate estimate of the mean rate at any given location.
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    Notes: : Static 96-hour median lethal concentrations were determined for the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of both petroleum-derived and shale-derived avaiation fuels (JP-4 and JP-8) using fathead minnows. JP-8 was more toxic than JP-4 except for one shale JP-4 sample that was as toxic as the JP-8. Petroleum and shale JP-8 were similar in toxicity. The toxicity of shale JP-4 was less clear. Shale JP-4 from three vendor sources revealed differing toxicity values. One shale JP-4 sample was more toxic and one less toxic than its petroleum analogue, with the third being equally toxic. Toxicity of the fuels may be enhanced by compounds in the WSF that correspond to chemicals containing 10 or more carbon atoms.
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    Notes: : A matrix was developed of problems with the functional use of water resources (rows) and functions served by water resources research (columns). A classification of water problems and a classification of research fields also were developed to accompany the matrix. The matrix and classification schemes were used when preparing the five-year research and development plan of the Water Resources Center of The Ohio State University. They were used: (1) to classify each research project that had been supported by the Water Resources Center from 1965 through 1980, (2) to guide interviews with personnel of federal and state agencies and university faculty who assisted in defining Ohio's water research needs, (3) to organize responses received during these interviews, and (4) to arrive at a selected list of ten problems with the functional use of Ohio's water resources that were prioritized based upon opinions received from water-related officials throughout the state. Other matrices and classification schemes are reviewed that were revised and expanded upon when formulating the ones used in Ohio. Suggestions are given regarding further development of the functional matrix and accompanying classifications as well as their use in administration of the cooperative federal-state water resources research program and other federal water resources research programs.
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    Notes: Traditionally, identification of the Muskingum routing coefficients has been based on observations of the linearity of a loop formed by graphically plotting a forward and a reverse path. This graphical procedure is time-consuming and may not minimize the error of estimation.A procedure was developed to improve the drawbacks of the graphical method. This procedure calls for (a) the use of least square regression on the forward and reverse paths to determine their respective slopes, and (b) the use of statistical t-test to evaluate the hypothesis that these two slopes are equal. The computational procedure is repeated, using incremental values of the flow weighting coefficient, x. A graph of the computed t-value versus x can be constructed. The optimal value of x, as read from the graph, occurs at the minimum computed t-value. The procedure has been demonstrated superior to the graphical method for three illustrative examples, resulting in a reduction of the error squares by factors ranging from 5 to 6.
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    Notes: In lakes which experience water quality problems due to the nuisance growth of blue-green algae, summer concentrations of chlorophyll a may not always be a meaningful measure of water quality for making management decisions. Models for the prediction of summer mean blue-green algal biomass were thus developed from data collected from five systems located in North America and Sweden. It is suggested that the model of choice is log BG =−0.142 + 0.596 log TP – 0.963 log Z, where BG is the biomass of blue-green algae (g m−3), TP is the concentration of total phosphorus (mg m−3), and Z is the mean depth of the lake (m). When coupled to current loading models, this model can potentially be used to assess the impacts of phosphorus loading reductions on threshold odor in water supplies.
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    Notes: : This analysis relates physical-process, ecological, and economic models to: (1) analyze the instream water temperatures with respect to existing and proposed riparian vegetation under natural conditions; (2) use these water temperatures to determine salmon and steel-head fish populations that were based upon actual field count and known temperature preference data; and (3) determine the economic worth based upon the estimated carrying capacity of the river, the estimated number of return spawners, and the economic value of commercially caught and sport-caught salmon and steelhead. The economic evaluations are in accordance with procedures outlined by the U.S. Water Resources Council (1983).
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    Notes: : A stochastic dynamic programming model is applied to a small hydroelectric system. The variation in number of stage iterations and the computer time required to reach steady state conditions with changes in the number of storage states is investigated. The increase in computer time required to develop the storage probability distributions with increase in the number of storage states is reviewed. It is found that for an average of seven inflow states, the largest number of storage states for which it is computationally feasible to develop the storage probability distributions is nine. It is shown that use of the dynamic program results based on a small number of storage states results in unrealistically skewed storage probability distributions. These skewed distributions are attributed to “trapping” states at the low end of the storage range.
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    Notes: : The traditional solution to stormwater runoff from housing developments has been stormwater sewer systems. A newer and increasingly popular solution is some sort of impoundment or “lake” within the development, which is thought to be cheaper, to provide recreation, to improve the aesthetics of the environment, and to increase property values. Little is known of the acceptability of these to public officials, developers, or potential residents, or of their policy implications. Two such developments in Mississauga, Ontario, were studied, in terms of the perceptions and opinions of a random sample of residents and of officials who had been involved in their planning and management. The areas have attracted a relatively young group, just beginning their child-bearing years, with relatively high income and education. The lakes appear to be popular, and relatively successful, especially the one which provides more recreational opportunities, and which has had fewer maintenance problems. The major problems are visual and safety. The City, and to some extent the developers, are seen as the appropriate groups to manage and maintain the lakes. Some suggestions, based on residents' and officials' responses, are presented for future designs and policy formulation.
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    Notes: : Dinosaur National Monument, in northwestern Colorado, has become a test case in the establishment of a federal reserved water right to instream flows. For the first time, the Interior Department was forced to rigorously defend its claims in a watershed where the federal government did not control the upstream reaches. Inadequate quantification of minimum flow requirements, court orders, and an apparent Congressional ban on the spending of Water Resources Program funds by the Park Service to quantify its water rights have already placed the Service in a difficult position to protect instream flows for maintaining the ecological integrity of the Monument. As late as 1983, administrators of the Park Service were divided over their legal strategy, many wanting to pursue a policy of claiming “natural, historic” flows rather than “minimum” flows. The conditional right to instream flows panted to the Park Service in 1978 was subject to quantification within five years. That deadline has been extended, but it is not likely that the case will reach final settlement this decade. Until the design and conduct of federal water rights quantifications better integrate public policy and law with science, the principle lesson from Dinosaur may have to be repeated.
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    Notes: Book review in this ArticleSettling Things: Six Case Studies in Environmental Mediation, Allan R. Talbot. Earl Finbar MurphyClimate and Development Asit K. BiswasHydrology in Practice Elizabeth M. ShawScale-up of Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Nor-bert W. Schmidtke Daniel W. SmithEnvironmental Effects of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Sewage Sludge R. D. DavisSoil Erosion: Crisis in America's Croplands? Sandra S. Batie, Roger McHenryAn Introduction to Water Quality Modeling A. James JyS. WuTrihalomethane Reduction in Drinking Water Gordon CulpAnalysis of Pesticides in Water A. S. Y. ChauChemistry for Protection of the Environment Horst F. SiewertWater Resources, Geography, and Law, Olen Paul Matthews.Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering Tom D. Reynolds.Greenhouse Effect and Sea Level Rise M. C. Barth J. G. TitusMethods of Characterization of Sewage Sludge T. J. Casey, P. L'Hermite, P. J. NewmanDrainage of Asphalt Pavement Structures Joseph T. BarrowGroundwater Contamination Commi/afttee Douglas S. CherkauerWater Crisis: Ending the Policy Drought Terry L. Anderson.Chemistry of Irrigated Soils Rachel Levy Arthur W. HounslowEngineering Fluid Mechanics (3rd Edition) J. A. RobersonEnvironment Canada and the North: The Perceptions, Roles, and Policies of the Department of the Environment Regarding Development North of 60°Epichlorohydrin Environmental Health Criteria 33Natural Levels of Lead in Humans C. C. Patterson.Saving Endangered Species: A Report and Plan for Action Allen E. Smith.Scotland's Environment During the Last 30,000 Years Robert J. Price.Seasonal Restrictions on Dredging Projects by NMFS in the NortheastStatistical Methods for Engineers Richard H. McCuen.Summary Report: Study to Determine the Impact of Landward Bulkheads or Alternative Structures on Marshes Janie H. Harris.Survival and Growth of Warmwater Fishes Exposed to Ammonia Under Low Flow Conditions J. P. SwigertSustaining Tomorrow: A Strategy for World Conservation and Development F. R. Thibodeau H. H. FieldThe Visual Display of Quantitative Information Edward R. Tufte.Water Supply R. UrbistondoWetland Ecology John R. Etherington.
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    Notes: Thermal infrared radiation data were acquired by the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite over the surface area (385 km2) of Utah Lake during periodic overpasses in 1978 and 1979. The thermal infrared data were converted to lake surface temperatures which were subsequently used in correlations with lake evaporation. Correlations between HCMM surface temperature and pan-derived evaporation exceeded r = 0.90 when HCMM night and day/night average temperatures and two-day average evaporation values were tested. Similar regression studies were done using monthly data from a conceptual evaporation model and the evaporation pan versus monthly HCMM temperature data. In this test both the HCMM day and night monthly temperature versus the monthly model or pan evaporation had correlations exceeding r = 0.95. Empirical estimates of both short and long term lake evaporation using satellite thermal infrared data seem feasible. Attempts to use the HCMM thermal information as direct input to a theoretical approach to calculating evaporation were inconclusive; however, a definite potential seems to exist.
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    Notes: The Metric Camera workshop was held to discuss results obtained from experiences carried out by principal investigations in the Metric Camera Project. The papers divided into three groups: photogrammetric investigations, interpretation and general. The photogrammetric investigations covered tests of accuracy. Plotting, aerial triangulation and the production of digital elevation modles and orthophotographs. There was general agreement that planimetric accuracies of between 20 m and 30 m and height accuracies of about 30 m could be achieved The emphasis within the group of papers on interpretation was on geology and the maping of cultural features. Results of this work are summarised and discussed in this paper.
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    Notes: The Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OS) is a Principal Investigator for the Metric Camera experiment being organised by the European Space Agency (ESA). Two investigations are being conducted by the OS, both concerned with the potential value of the photography for topographic mapping and map revision. The first relates to Great Britain and the second relates to the developing countries of the world. Neither of these investigations is complete and only interim results and conclusions can be presented.
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    Notes: Rigorous photogrammetric methods have been used to carry out a detailed evaluation of Metric Camera panchromatic photographs of two areas, one in south-east France and the other on the coast of Libya. Inner, relative and absolute orientation and space resection were performed in order to determine how accurately ground co-ordinates can be obtained and the most suitable scale for mapping. Results of absolute orientation (residuals of 19m in plan and 26m in height) indicate that it is possible to produce maps at 1:100000 scale with contours at 100m intervals. Plotting has been done at 1:100000 scale showing cultural and drainage features. It was not possible to identify all detail which is plotted on existing 1:100000 scale line maps.
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    Notes: This study reviews Metric Camera photography as a data source for land resource evaluation. It concludes that the system is a major move forward in the field of remote sensing and draws particular attention to the value of the stereoscopic image as an aid to interpretation of the data.
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    Notes: A method of describing terrain by a fixed grid polynomial is described. The method employs a Chebyshev polynomial with a least squares criterion of fit. The least squares fit is carried out on an iterative basis to a prescribed degree of fit, either of a root mean square residual, or of a standard deviation of the fitted surface, or of a percentage of the total sum of squares of the residuals. The fitting data overlap along the common boundaries of the grids. Interpolation at any new point is carried out patchwise. An application of the method in highway engineering is described.
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    Notes: Book review in this aticle:EARTH DATA INFORMATION SYSTEMS. Papers delivered at an international symposium in Pretoria, South Africa, September 1983. Edited by C. Martin.PHOTOGRAMMETRIE. By G. Konecny and G. Lehmann.THE AEROFILMS BOOK OF SCOTLAND FROM THE AIR. By J. Campbell.THE AEROFILMS BOOK OF LONDON FROM THE AIR. By P. Johnson.MAP PROJECTION METHODS. By F. Pearson.WORLD CARTOGRAPHY. Volume XVII (1983). Original draft prepared by A. J. Brandenberger and S. K. Ghosh.PROJECT SURVEYING: General adjustment and optimization techniques with applications to engineering surveying. Second Edition. By P. Richardus.
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    Notes: The Photogrammetric Society and the Remote Sensing Society held a joint symposium at Burlington House, London on 13th March, 1985. A number of papers were presented which related early experience gained with the use of Metric Camera photography taken from Spacelab in December 1983. Their authors described the Metric Camera experiment, the quality of satellite photography and presented and considered results from a number of applications in topographic and hydrographic mapping and land classification.It had been intended to include reports on the use of Large Format Camera photography taken in October 1984 but delays in release of this photography meant that insufficient time had elapsed,for the accomplishment of useful investigations.
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    Notes: The paper presents an assessment of the results of a practical investigation into topographic interpretation from photography taken from the Spacelab Mission launched on 28th November, 1983. Hunting Surveys Ltd. had carried out mapping at 1:100 000 scale of part of Oman from photography taken in 1981 and stereoscopic cover of this area from Spacelab was available, so providing the opportunity of a comparison of the interpretation with the existing mapping.
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    Notes: Metric Camera photography has been examined by the Hydrographic Department to assess its potential in nautical chart compilation and revision. Some interesting benefits are reported in the positioning and delineation of offshore features.
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    Notes: The history of radargrammetry spans about 35 years. It has moved from early plan position indicator (PPI) radar records of 1948 to the current (1984) space shuttle imaging radar SIR-B. We can look forward to the future 1989 European and Japanese remote sensing satellites ERS-1 and NASA's 1988 Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) mission. The mapping application requires that methods be available to deal with single images, stereoscopic pairs or blocks of image strips. The predominantly digital data format suggests that radargrammetric methods should be implemented in digital image processing systems for rectification, digital terrain elevation extraction and multi-image registration for change monitoring. This paper presents a review of current radargrammetric understanding, applications and expected developments.
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    Notes: A short review is given of the involvement of the Institut Géographique National (IGN) in the European Space Agency Spacelab Metric Camera (MC) experiment. IGN has participated in this project from the early stages of its preparation in 1974. The assessment of MC data has been carried out for both metric and thematic purposes. Using a Matra Traster analytical plotter, a contoured map of Carpentras. included in the European standard test site of Marseille, has been prepared at a scale of 1:100 000 with 100 m and 50 m contour intervals. Preliminary comparison of this map with the topographic data base shows a height accuracy of about 30 m. Orthophotographs have been produced of the same area, at 1:100000 scale and at 1:250000 scale. showing good agreement with the basic line map.An infrared colour pseudo-orthophotograph has been produced for Khartoum (assuming that the ground was flat) and a space map of a desert area of Algeria has been printed at 1:200000 scale, allowing a good comparison with the drainage shown on the existing line map.Interpretation of the MC photography has also been assessed and compared with conventional IGN aerial photography taken over the European standard test site. Due to the low sun elevation and the apparent image motion which affected the MC photography, the result is not as good as was expected. Some linear features of 6m width are visible (for example, roads and hedges) but for positive identification a width of 18m is necessary. It is difficult to determine the extent of cities and land parcels less than 40 × 40m are not visible. However, the MC data can be used for checking and revising some features of small scale maps (smaller than 1:100000). Two experiments have been performed in thematic interpretation, one concerned with land use and the other with forest mapping.Some improvements of the MC are suggested in order to satisfy the major requirements of users while the possibilities of topographic mapping from these data are summarised.
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    Notes: The author discusses factors which affect satellite imaging systems and in particular the qualities of the Metric Camera and Large Format Camera photography.
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    Notes: The requirements for 1:50 000 scale mapping are reviewed and the potential of satellite data for topographic mapping is considered in that context. Ground control and alternatives in the form of sensors on the satellite are discussed. The application of data from photographic and push broom sensors is considered in terms of information content, geometry and available plotting equipment. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of the possibility of using digital compilation.
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    Notes: This paper discusses an inexpensive, analytical system designed for a forestry application of photogrammetry. It is presented in two parts. Part I describes an image space plotter that was built in New Zealand and is operating there. The system uses a digitising table to collect left-hand photograph co-ordinates. an encoded micrometer bar to measure × parallax and a mirror stereoscope for viewing photographs. The mathematical, formulation is based on simplifications first suggested by E. H. Thompson. Good accuracy in ground heights can be achieved by the system, but only poor accuracy in planimetric co-ordinates. The cause of poor planimetric accuracy is investigated in Part II. Two error sources are apparent: the simplified analytical theory and systematic errors from the digitising table. Part II also investigates the relationship between random errors in image co-ordinate measurements and system accuracy.
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    Notes: The determination of depths in shallow water from aerial platforms will become increasingly important as exploitation of coastal resources intensifies. Until a theoretical study of the errors in depth which could be reasonably expected from two-media photogrammetry was made by Okamoto in 1982, there was little relevant literature apart from some isolated case studies. This paper examines the magnitude and distribution of errors in depth caused by the presence of waves on the water surface. The effects of random errors of observational measurement, in combination with waves, are assessed. A conclusion is reached that the traditional method of underwater depth calculation should be modified when the scale of the two media photography is greater than 1:4000.
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    Notes: This paper was the first to be presented at the Thompson Symposium 1984 which had as its theme “The future of photogrammetry”. The paper considers only the acquisition of imagery for large scale mapping and similar purposes. It discusses the role of the standard metric aerial survey camera and makes some proposals for the wider use of smaller format cameras. It also reviews the position with regard to other possible sources of imagery such as vidicon and solid state cameras.
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    Notes: The XVth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, organised by the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, was held at Rio Centro. Rio de Janeiro from 17th to 29th June, 1984. Reports on the activities of the seven technical Commissions as well as on the Exhibition and the General Assembly were given to a meeting of the Photogrammetric Society on 16th October, 1984. Papers were published in the International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 25.
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    Notes: The paper discusses some hardware and software developments in mainframe computers and their effects on aerial triangulation block adjustment programs. The results of test runs on two modern computers with unconventional architectures are given and comparisons are made with run times on more conventional serial type computers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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