ALBERT

Notes: AKERLOF, GEORGE A.: An Economic Theorist's Book of Tales. Essays that entertain the consequences of new assumptions, Cambridge/London/ New York: Cambridge University Press 1984. 196 pp. £17.50, $29.95 (hard), £6.95, $8.95 (soft).BHANDARI, JAGDEEPS. and PUTNAM, BLUFORD H. (eds.): Economic Interdependence and Flexible Exchange Rates, Cambridge (Mass.)/London: MIT Press 1983. 547 pp. £13.00 (paper).CENCINI, ALVARO: Time and the Macroeconomic Analysis of Income, London: Frances Pinter 1984. XX +233 pp.COLANDER, DAVID C. (ed.): Neoclassical Political Economy. The Analysis of Rent-Seeking and DUP Activities, Cambridge (Mass.): Ballinger 1984. 284 pp. Dfl. 161.15.COWLING, KEITH: Monopoly Capitalism. Radical Economics, London/ Basingstoke: Macmillan 1982. 200 pp. £12.95 (hard), £3.95 (paper).DAFFLON, BERNARD et WEBER, LUC: Le financement du secteur public. Analyse microéconomique, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1984. 336 p. 250 FF.Dosi, GIOVANNI: Technical Change and Industrial Transformation. The Theory and an Application to the Semiconductor Industry, London: Macmillan 1984. 311 pp. £25.00.GLASTETTER, WERNER; PAULERT, RÜDIGER und SPOREL, ULRICH: Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1950-1980. Befunde, Aspekte, Hintergrunde, Frankfurt/New York: Campus 1983. 614 S. DM 58.00.GOLD, J.: Legal and Institutional Aspects of the International Monetary System: Selected Essays (2Vols.), Washington: International Monetary Fund 1979/1984. XIX + 663/XVIII + 947 pp. $57.50.HOLLENDERS, CHRISTOPH : Die Bereichsausnahme für Versicherungen nach £102 GWB (Wirtschaftsrecht und Wirtschaftspolitik, Band 81), Baden-Baden: Nomos 1985. 348 S. DM89.00 (brosch.).KLEINEWEFERS, H. und JANS, A.: Einführung in die volkswirtschaftliche und wirtschaftspolitische Modellbildung (Vahlens Handbücher der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften), München: Vahlen 1983. 261 S. DM 48.00. VAN LOON, PAUL: A Dynamic Theory of the Firm: Production, Finance and Investment (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Vol. 218), Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer 1983. 191 pp. DM 34.00, $13.20.LOTTA, RAYMOND and SHANNON, FRANK: America in Decline. An Analysis of the Developments Toward War and Revolution, in the US and Worldwide, in the 1980's (Vol.1), Chicago: Banner Press 1984. 278 pp. $21.95 (hard), $11.95 (paper).MACFARLANE, NEIL S.: Superpower Rivalry and Third World Radicalism: The Idea of National Liberation, London/Baltimore: Croom Helm/John Hopkins University Press 1985. 238 pp. $24.50.MAINWARING, LYNN : Value and Distribution in Capitalist Economies. An introduction to Sraffian economics, Cambridge/London/New York: Cambridge University Press 1984. 201 pp. £22.50, $37.50 (hard), £7.95, $12.95 (paper).NIEHANS, JÜRG: International Monetary Economics, Baltimore/Oxford: John Hopkins University Press/Philip Allan Publishers 1984. 340 pp. $37.50 (hard).PEJOVICH, SVETOZAR (ed.): Philosophical and Economic Foundations of Capitalism, Lexington (Mass.)/Toronto: Lexington Books, D.C. Heath & Co. 1983. XII +144 pp. $19.95.POHMER, KARLHEINZ: Mikroökonomische Theorie derpersonellen Einkommens- und Vermögensverteilung. Allokation und Distribution als Ergebnis intertemporaler Wahlhandlungen (Studies in Contemporary Economics, Vol.16), Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer 1985. 214 S.STONEMAN, PAUL: The Economic Analysis of Technological Change, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1983. 272 pp. £19.50 (hard), £8.95 (paper).WENDLER, EUGEN (Hrsg.): Friedrich List: Die Welt bewegt sich, 1837, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1985.161 S. DM 29.00.

Notes: ANCOT, J. P. (ed.): Analysing the Structure of Econometric Models (Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics, Vol. 2), The Hague/Boston/Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff 1984BIGSTEN, ARNE: Income Distribution and Development. Theory, Evidence, and Policy, London: Heinemann 1983BINSWANGER, HANS P. and ROSENZWEIG, MARK R. (eds.): Contractual Arrangements, Employment, and Wages in Rural Labor Markets in Asia, New Haven/London: Yale University Press 1984BIRDSALL, NANCY etal.: World Development Report 1984, Oxford/Washington D.C.: Oxford University Press/The World Bank 1984BREYER, FRIEDRICH: Die Nachfrage nach medizinischen Leistungen. Eine empirische Analyse von Daten aus der Gesetzlichen Krankenversiche-rung, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer 1984FEUCHT, MARTIN: Theorie des Konkurrenzsozialismus. Beitrag zu einer Phänomenologie der Wirtschaftssysteme (Schriften zum Vergleich von Wirtschaftsordnungen, Heft 32), Stuttgart/New York: Gustav Fischer 1983FROWEN, STEPHEN F. (ed.): Controlling Industrial Economies. Essays in Honour of Christopher Thomas Saunders, London: MacMillan 1983HANSMANN, KARL-WERNER: Kurzlehrbuch Prognoseverfahren. Mit Aufgaben und Lösungen, Wiesbaden: Gabler 1983HÄUSELMANN, ERICH und PETERS, MATTHIAS: Die Gesundheitsligen in der Schweiz (Schriftenreihe des SKI, Band 25), Aarau: Schweizerisches Krankenhausinstitut SKI 1984HERDZINA, KLAUS: Wettbewerbspolitik (Uni-Taschenbucher 1294), Stuttgart/New York: Gustav Fischer 1984HICKS, JOHN: Classics and Moderns. Collected Essays on Economic Theory, Volume III, Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1983Internationale Energie-Agentur (IEA), Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD): Weltenergieausblick, Baden-Baden: Nomos 1984IPSEN, DIRK: Die Stabilität des Wachstums. Theoretische Kontroversen und empirische Untersuchungen zur Destabilisierung der Nachkriegsentwicklung, Frankfurt/New York: Campus 1983KÖRNER, PETER; MAASS, GERO; SIEBOLD, THOMAS und TETZLAFF, RAINER: Im Teufelskreis der Verschuldung. Der Internationale Währungsfonds und die Dritte Welt, Hamburg: Junius-Verlag 1984KÜSTERS, HANNS JÜRGEN: Die Gründung der Europäischen Wirtschaftsge-meinschaft, Baden-Baden: Nomos 1982MALINVAUD, EDMOND: Essais sur la théorie du chǒmage, Paris: Calmann-Lévy 1983MALINVAUD, EDMOND: Théorie macroéconomique, 1. comportements, croissance; 2. évolutions conjoncturelles, Paris: Dunod 1983MIZOGUCHI, TOSHIYUKI and TAKAYAMA, NORIYUKI: Equity and Poverty under Rapid Economic Growth. The Japanese Experience (The Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Economic Research Series No.21), Tokyo: Kinokuniya Company Ltd. 1984MODI, BUDDISH: Income Patterns and Education, Ahmedabad: Sonal Publishers 1984PECHMAN, JOSEPH A. (ed.): Economics for Policymaking. Selected Essays of Arthur M. Okun, Cambridge, Mass./London: MIT Press 1983PRACHOWNY, MARTIN F. J.: Macroeconomic Analysis for Small Open Economies, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1984SHONFIELD, ANDREW: In Defence of the Mixed Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1984SIMON, JULIAN L. and KAHN, HERMAN (eds.): The Resourceful Earth. A Response to Global 2000, Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1984STEIN, LESLIE: Trade and Structural Change, London/Canberra: Croom Helm 1984SUZUMURA, KOTARO: Rational Choice, Collective Decisions, and Social Welfare, Cambridge/London/New York: Cambridge University Press 1983

Notes: Freedom (in the choice of jobs or the place of residency) and fairness (horizontal equity) may be inconsistent with the attainment of (vertical) equity (interpersonal equalization of marginal welfare of income) and/or efficiency, even abstracting from familiar factors (incentive effects, administrative costs) accounting for the equity-efficiency trade-off. The imposition of congestion taxes on urban residency or the offer of high salaries to attract volunteer soldiers may achieve an efficient division of the population consistent with freedom and fairness but is unlikely to coincide with the equalization of the marginal welfare of income. This conflict may partly explain the urban-rural segregation in China and the prevalence of conscription.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGFreiheit (wie zum Beispiel in der Wahl des Berufes oder Wohnsitzes) und Fairness (horizontale Gerechtigkeit) können unvereinbar sein mit dem Ziel der (vertikalen) Gerechtigkeit und/oder der Effizienz, selbst wenn man von den bekannten Faktoren (wie Ansporneffekten oder Administrationskosten) abstrahiert, die für den Trade-off zwischen Gerechtigkeit und Effizienz verantwortlich sind. Freiheit und Fairness erfordern Indifferenz zwischen den Alternativen (Gleichheit des Gesamfnutzens), während (vertikale) Gerechtigkeit zwischenpersönliche Gleichsetzung des Grenznut-zens der Einkommen voraussetzt. Die Aufbürdung von Ballungssteuern auf städtische Wohnsitze oder eine Solderhöhung als Ansporn für freiwilligen Militärdienst können eine effiziente Aufteilung der Bevölkerung im Einklang mit den Zielen der Freiheit und Fairness erreichen, aber sie werden kaum die Gleichsetzung der Grenz-nutzen der Einkommen erreichen. Dieser Konflikt mag einen Beitrag leisten zu der Erkläarung der Segregation in China zwischen Stadt und Land und dem weitverbrei-teten Phänomen der Wehrpflicht. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet einen Beweis und eine schematische Illustration des Problems und eine allgemeine Diskussion des Konflikts.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLa liberté (comme dans le choix ďune situation professionnelle ou ďun lieu de résidence) et ľimpartialité (équité horizontale) peuvent ětre incompatibles avec la réalisation de ľéquité (verticale) et/ou de ľefficacité, měme en faisant abstraction des facteurs familiers (effets ďincitation, coǔts administratifs) qui interviennent dans le compromis équité-efficacité. Liberté et impartialité requièrent une indifférence individuelle (égalité des utilityés totales) entre les deux possibilityés, tandis que 1'equite (verticale) requiert une egalisation interindividuelle du bien-etre marginal du revenu. Asseoir un impot ďencombrement sur les residences urbaines ou offrir des salaires eleves pour attirer des soldats volontaires peuvent permettre ďobtenir une repartition efficace de la population compatible avec la liberte et ľimpartialite, mais ont peu de chances de coi'ncider avec legalisation du bien-etre marginal du revenu. Ce conflit peut expliquer en partie la segregation ville-campagne en Chine et le maintien de la conscription. Le present article verifie la théorie de ce conflit, illustre ce problème graphiquement, et pose le débat en termes généraux.

Notes: There have been many instances of the use of physical analogy in economics; more recently the effect of physical limits on economic activity has become an important issue, especially with respect to energy use and to environmental pollution. Further progress in the economic understanding of such questions requires that concepts from physical science, and in particular from thermodynamics, be explicitly included in the analysis. An important step towards solving these problems is to unify the treatment of environmental effects and resource depletion on a biophysical basis, while explicitly recognizing the time-irreversible nature of the production process. This task is amenable to analysis with (thermodynamic) entropy. - Further, historical experience suggests that such physical constraints ware often alleviated by technical progress which in turn induces a corresponding social transformation. Interdisciplinary work is therefore necessary, however it faces several institutional and professional difficulties, for which some tentative solutions are suggested.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGÖkonomen haben in der Vergangenheit oft physikalische Analogien verwendet. In den letzten Jahren sind auch die physikalischen Grenzen wirtschaftlichen Handelns ein wichtiges Thema geworden. Dies betrifft besonders den Energieverbrauch und die Wirkung der Umweltverschmutzung. Fortschritt im ökonomischen Verständnis soldier Fragen erfordert, dass Konzepte der Naturwissenschaften, insbesondere die der Thermodynamik, in die Analyse einbezogen werden. Ein wichtiger Schritt, diese Probleme zu lösen, besteht in der gemeinsamen Behandlung der Gebiete der Ökonomie der Umwelt und der Rohstoffe auf einer biophysikalischen Grundlage, wobei explizit die zeitlich irreversible Natur des Produktionsprozesses beachtet werden muss. Diese Aufgabe kann mit dem Konzept der (thermodynamischen) Entropie behandelt werden. - Weiter wird durch historische Erfahrung belegt, dass die physikalischen Grenzen häufig durch technischen Fortschritt umgangen und dadurch entsprechende soziale Transformationsprozesse ausgelöst werden. Deshalb ist künftig interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit notwendig, auch wenn dazu mehrere insti-tutionelle Schwierigkeiten zu überwinden sind. Hierfür werden einige Lösungsvor-schläge gegeben.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉĽutilisation des analogies avec la physique par les économistes a connu plusieurs étapes; ces derniers ans les limites physiques des activités économiques ont pris de ľimportance, notamment la consommation ďenergie et la pollution. Tout progrès vers une solution économique de ces questions demande que ľanalyse englobe les concepts des sciences, surtout ceux de la thermodynamique. Un pas important vers la solution de ces problèmes est ľunification du traitement des effets pour ľenvironnement et la consommation de matières premières sur une base biophysique commune, respectant le caractère irréversible du processus de production. Ce probléme est accessible àľanalyse au moyen de ľentropie (thermodynamique). - En outre, le passé montre que souvent des contraintes physiques sont tournées par le progrès technique et qu'ainsi des processus de transformation sociale sont déclenchés. A ce fin la coopération entre les disciplines est necessaire, mais elle est confrontée à des difficultés institutionnelles et professionelles. Pour leur solution les auteurs propo-sent quelques moyens.

Notes: BAUMOL, HILDA and BAUMOL, WILLIAM J. Inflation and the Performing Arts New York/London: New York University Press 1984.CASSON, MARK Economics of Unemployment. An Historical Perspective, Oxford: Martin Robertson 1983FISHER, FRANKLIN M. Disequilibrium Foundations of Equilibrium Economics (Econometric Society Publication, No. 6.), Cambridge/London/ New York: Cambridge University Press 1983FOLKERTS-LANDAU, D.F.I. Intertemporal Planning, Exchange, and Macroeconomics Cambridge/London/New York: Cambridge University Press 1982JACK E. ADAMS Little Rock FREY, BRUNO S.: International Political Economics, Oxford: Basil Black-well 1984CHARLES P. KINDLEBERGERLincoln Center, Massachusetts GEORGE, REV. DR. P. P.: Economics of Higher Education in Tamil Nadu, Madras: Centre for Research on New International Economic Order 1984J ANDHYALA B. G. TILAK New Delhi, India DE GIJSEL, PETER et al. (Hrsg.): Ökonomie und Gesellschaft. Jahrbuch 2: Wohlfahrt und Gerechtigkeit, Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1984WOLFGANG BRANDES/MANFRED KRAFT Paderborn GÖBEL, DIETER: Lebenseinkommen und Erwerbsbiographie. Eine Längs-schnittuntersuchung mit Daten der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung (Sonderforschungsbereich 3 der Universitäten Frankfurt und Mannheim), Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1983SIEGFRIED F. FRANKEFachhochschule für Öffentliche Verwaltung Hamburg GOODWIN, R. M.; KRÜGER, M. and VERCELLI, A. (eds.): Nonlinear Models of Fluctuating Growth. An International Symposium, Siena, Italy 1983 (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Vol.228), Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer 1984JOHN T. HARTMANIndiana University GORRES, PETER ANSELM: Die Umverteilung der Arbeit, Beschäftigungs-, Wachstums- und Wohlfahrtseffekte einer Arbeitszeitverkürzung (Reihe Sozialwissenschaftliche Arbeitsmarktforschung, Band 6), Frankfurt/New York: Campus 1984HEINOVMEYER Frankfurt M. HAGEN, OLE and WENSTØP, FRED (eds.): Progress in Utility and Risk Theory (Theory and Decision Library, Vol. 42), Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: D. Reidel 1984GEORGES BERNARD CNRS, Paris HOLMLUND, BERTIL: Labor Mobility. Studies of Labor Turnover and Migration in the Swedish Labor Market (The Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research), Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1984OLAF HOBLER Hannover KLAMER, ARJO: The New Classical Macroeconomics. Conversations with the New Classical Economists and their Opponents, Brighton: Wheat-sheaf Books/Harvester Press 1984ALFRED H. BORNEMANNEnglewood LACHMANN, WERNER: Wirtschaftspolitik im Ungleichgewicht (Europai-sche Hochschulschriften, Reihe V, Band 422), Frankfurt M./Bern/ New York: Peter Lang 1983MCKENZIE, RICHARD B.and TULLOCK, GORDON: Homo oeconomicus. Ökonomische Dimensionen des Alltags, Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1984MANFRED GÄRTNERBasel MOSLEY, PAUL: The Making of Economic Policy. Theory and Evidence from Britain and the US since 1945, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books 1984ROMASCO, ALBERT U.The Politics of Recovery: Roosevelt's New Deal, New York: Oxford University Press 1983ROSENSTOCK, ADOLF H.Stabilizing Real Exchange Rates and Rational Expectations (Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe V, Band 532), Frankfurt M./Bern/New York: Peter Lang 1984SCHMID, ULRICHWahlkampffinanzierung in den USA und in der Schweiz (Zürcher Beiträge zur Politischen Wissenschaft, Band 8), Diessenhofen: Verlag Rüegger 1985SCHNEIDER, G. and SPRENGER, R.U. (Hrsg.): Mehr Umweltschutz für weniger Geld. Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Erfolgschancen ökonomischer Anreizinstrumente in der Umweltpolitik (ifo-Studien zur Umweltoko-nomie, Bd.4), München: ifo-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung 1984SIEBERT, HORST (ed.): The Resource Sector in an Open Economy (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Vol. 200), Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer 1984.VICARELLI, FAUSTO: Keynes: The Instability of Capitalism, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1984WAGNER, GERT: Umverteilung in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung. Eine theoretische und empirische Analyse zum Versicherungsprinzip in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung (Sonderforschungsbereich 3 der Universitäten Frankfurt und Mannheim), Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1984WENZEL, HEINZ-DIETER: Defizitfinanzierung ah Instrument einer ziel-orientierten Finanzpolitik. Eine dynamische Analyse (Schriften zur öffentlichen Verwaltung und öffentlichen Wirtschaft, Band 61), Baden-Baden: Nomos 1983

Notes: Capitalists in the pricemaker's position protect the pricetakers facing them from being buffeted by economic fluctuations, and competition among them provides pricetakers with market information and other valuable marketing facilities not provided under perfect competition. The nature of all those benefits and the conditions that favored their creation in product markets are analyzed, and the reasons why they failed to develop in labor markets and why the employers’ position as pricemakers has been resented and largely eliminated are explored. Finally, Weitzman's important proposal to introduce Japanese-type profit-sharing wage contracts as a means of securing all the benefits of employers’ domination of the labor market without its costs is shortly summarized.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBesteht für eine der Marktseiten die Möglichkeit als Preissetzer aufzutreten, so entstehen der preisnehmenden Marktseite verschiedene Vorteile: Zum einen werden dadurch die wirtschaftlichen Schwankungen stark gedämpft, zu anderen führt die Konkurrenz zwischen den Preissetzern zu mehr Marktinformationen und zu einem Angebot verschiedener Marketingleistungen, die bei vollkommenem Wettbewerb nicht bereitgestellt wiirden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Art dieser Vorteile und die Bedingungen, die für ihr Zustandekommen in einem Produktemarkt verantwort-lich sind, analysiert. Danach werden die Gründe hergeleitet, weshalb sie sich auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nicht einstellen und weshalb den Arbeitgebern die Rolle als Preissetzer veriibelt wird. Zum Schluss wird kurz Weitzmans Vorschlag zusammengefasst, der, nach japanischem Muster, eine Verankerung der Gewinnbeteiligung im Arbeitsver-trag vorsieht. Damit sollen die Vorteile der Arbeitgeberdominanz auf dem Arbeitsmarkt bewahrt werden, ohne dies mit hohen Kosten zu erkaufen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLes capitalistes qui fixent les prix protègent les acheteurs des à-coups consécutifs aux fluctuations économiques. La concurrence entre les premiers fournit à ces derniers une information sur le marché, ainsi que ďautres éléments marketing très utiles, qui n'existent pas en concurrence parfaite. Cette étude analyse la nature de tous ces avantages et les conditions qui ont favorisé leur apparition sur les marchés. Ľauteur essaie de comprendre pourquoi ces avantages ne se sont pas étendus au marché du travail. II explique ainsi pourquoi la position des employeurs est mal perçue lorsqu'ils fixent le montant des salaires. Ľarticle se termine par un résume rapide des propositions fort intéressantes de Weitzman: ľintroduction de contrat de travail avec participation aux bénéfices, comme au Japon, permettant de garder tous les avantages de la prééminence des employeurs sur le marché du travail, et ďen supprimer les inconvénients.

Notes: In the paper it is argued that imprudent lending by Western commercial banks until the early eighties must be considered as a major reason for ongoing debt problems of Third World economies. In particular the hypothesis is raised that banks followed a lemming-like behaviour in lending to developing countries, that they were subject to risk-illusions or even could discount the risks involved because of incentives to moral hazard. This finally may have resulted in a turnabout of private lenders to rather restrictive lending policies which macroeconomically may be no less harmful.Different factors like public guarantees, deposit insurance schemes, the activities of international organizations, credit syndications and the roll-over technique are analysed as important determinants of bank behaviour. Furthermore, possible solutions to the ongoing debt difficulties are discussed, with particular emphasis on the interplay between public authorities and private creditors. The major conclusion is that the mechanism of market control over bank policies should be strengthened rather than intensifying government regulation.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn dem Papier wird eine unvorsichtige Kreditvergabe der westlichen Geschäfts-banken bis zum Anfang der achtziger Jahre als wichtiger Faktor für die andauernden Verschuldungsprobleme in der Dritten Welt angesehen. Insbesondere wird die Hypo-these aufgeworfen, dass ein problematisches Parallelverhalten der Banken bei der Kreditvergabe an Entwicklungsländer vorherrschte, dass sie Risikoillusionen unter-lagen oder Risiken sogar vernachlässigen konnten, weil es Anreize zu einem “moral hazardw-Verhalten gab. Dies führte letztendlich dazu, dass die Kreditvergabepolitik plötzlich auf einen sehr restriktiven Kurs umschwenkte, was gesamtwirtschaftlich nicht minder schadlich sein dürfte.Es werden verschiedene Faktoren analysiert, die das Bankverhalten massgeblich beeinflusst haben dürften, wie z.B. öffentliche Kreditgarantien, die Versicherung von Bankdepositen, die Aktivitäten internationaler Organisationen, die Syndizierung von Krediten und die Praxis des “roll-over”. Weiterhin werden mögliche Ansätze zur Lösung der fortdauernden Schuldenprobleme diskutiert, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf dem Zusammenspiel von öffentlichen Stellen und privaten Gläubigern liegt. Die wichtigste Schlussfolgerung lautet, dass - statt staatliche Regulierungen zu ver-schärfen - die Mechanismen der Marktkontrolle über das Bankverhalten gestärkt werden sollten.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉDans cet article ľauteur argue qu'il faut considérer ľoctroi de crédit imprudent des banques commerciales de ľouest jusqu'aux années quatre-vingt comme raison majeure pour les problèmes courants ďendettement des économies du Tiers Monde. Particulièrement il fait ľhypothèse que des banques suivaient une conduite comme des lemmings en octroi des crédits aux pays développants, qu'elles étaient soumises aux illusions de risque ou qu'elles pouvaient meme escompter les risques à cause des indications a “moral hazard”. II serait possible que ces facteurs ont causé un change-ment de la politique ďoctroi des créditeurs vers des politiques ďoctroi assez restric-tives qui macroéconomiquement n'étaient pas moins pernicieuses.Des facteurs différents comme des garanties publiques, les schèmes des assurances de dépǒt, les activités des organisations internationales, les syndications de crédit, et les techniques “roll-over” sont analysés comme déterminants importants de la conduite bancaire. De plus, ľauteur discute des solutions possibles des difficultés courantes ďendettement et il souligne en particulier les interactions entre les autorités publiques et les créditeurs privés. La conclusion principale est qu'il faut fortifier le mécanisme du contrǒle de marché sur les politiques bancaires au lieu ďintensifier les régulations gouvernementales.

Notes: Attempts to explain the higher wages associated with unionization as efficiency effects from formalized ‘voice’ institutions have failed to explain why competent managers cannot institute efficient communication and participation without the many constraints imposed by union rules and formal collective bargains. Both American evidence and a simultaneous model estimated with data from the German metal industries are more consistent with our ‘managerial pressure’ theory, in which unionization responds to harder work to obtain compensating differentials. The powerful voice of German works councils does not enhance productivity or wages in our sample. Unqualified efficiency-voice effects are implausible.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGTheoretische und empirische Untersuchungen aus den USA sehen in der gewerk-schaftlichen Organisation entweder eine reine Umverteilungsstrategie mit negativen Auswirkungen auf die gesellschaftliche Effizienz oder die Möglichkeit, mittels einer “voice”-Institution die Produktivität einer Organisation zu erhöhen. Der exit-voice-Theorie ist es allerdings nicht gelungen zu erklären, wieso fähige Manager nicht von sich aus ein wirksames Kommunikationssystem und Mitspracherechte von Arbeit-nehmern entwickeln, ohne die Restriktionen aus formalen Verhandlungen und durch Gewerkschaften befürchten zu müssen. Hier wird eine dritte Theorie dargelegt, derzufolge sich gewerkschaftliche Organisation als Folge von hohem Arbeitsdruck entwickelt, der vom Management ausgeübt wird. Die Arbeitnehmer reagieren mit einer Organisierung auf belastende Arbeitsbedingungen, um einen finanziellen Aus-gleich zu erhalten, oder um diese Arbeitsbedingungen verändern zu können. Empirische Evidenz für diese Theorie lässt sich mit Hilfe von Daten deutscher Unternehmen finden. Auf betrieblicher Ebene ist in Deutschland der Betriebsrat eine wesentlich mächtigere Institution als die Gewerkschaft. Es lässt sich jedoch keinerlei Evidenz für eine Tendenz zur Produktivitätssteigerung oder Lohnerhöhung durch die Existenz eines Betriebsrates finden. Die von FREEMAN und MEDOFF entwickelte Theorie der produktivitätssteigernden Wirkung einer Vertretung von Arbeitnehmerrechten durch eine formale Organisation kann nicht bestätigt werden.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉDes enquětes théoriques et empiriques faites aux Etats-Unis considèrent ľorganisa-tion syndicale soit comme une pure stratégie de redistribution qui a des effets négatifs sur ľefficacité sociale, soit comme un moyen ďaugmenter la productivityéďune organisation par voie ďune institution “voice”, c'est-à-dire une institution pour ľéchange ďopinions. La théorie “exit-voice” n'a pourtant pas réussi à expliquer pourquoi des cadres habiles ne développent pas eux-měmes de système de communication et de participation pour les employés, ce qui leur épargnerait les restrictions qui résultent de négotiations formelles ou de pressions syndicales. Nous développons ici une troisième théorie selon laquelle ľorganisation syndicale est le résultat ďune forte pression de travail exercée par les cadres. Les employés réagissent aux conditions de travail opprimantes en s'organisant pour obtenir un dédommagement financier ou une modification des conditions de travail. Ľévidence empirique de cette théorie est consoledée par des données ďentreprises allemandes. Au niveau de ľentreprise měme le conseil ďentreprise (Betriebsrat) est une institution beaucoup plus puissante que le syndicat. Cependant, nous ne pouvons pas mettre en évidence que ľexistence ďun conseil ďentreprise tend à augmenter la productivityé. La théorie développée par FREEMAN et MEDOFF selon laquelle une représentation formelle des droits des employés a un effet positif sur la productivityé, ne peut pas ětre confirmée.

Notes: Korean economic growth is often believed to be patterned after Japan's. There are, however, as many differences as there are similarities between the two. From time-series analyses and estimation of various macroeconomic functions, this study has found that the two are significantly different in (1) initial development conditions, (2) socio-political environment, (3) the role of defense spending, (4) the labor demand and supply, (5) the world's trade conditions, (6) behavior toward risk and uncertainty, (7) the role of foreign savings, among others. To give a meaningful lesson to other LDCs, this study suggests that the time has come for development economists to scrutinize the economic growth of Korea in order to identify the true contributing factors to such an economic success.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGOft wird postuliert, dass die ökonomische Entwicklung Koreas nach japanischem Muster verlaufe. Mit der vorliegenden Studie wird versucht zu zeigen, dass aber ebensoviele unterschiedliche wie gemeinsame Elemente vorhanden sind. Mit Hilfe von Zeitreihenanalysen und ökonometrischen Schätzungen von makroökonomi-schen Zusammenhängen werden Unterschiede gefunden (1) in der ursprünglichen Entwicklungssituation, (2) im sozialpolitischen Umfeld, (3) im Umfang der Rüstungs-ausgaben, (4) in der Arbeitsmarktlage, (5) in der Aussenhandelssituation, (6) im Verhalten gegenüber Risiko und Unsicherheit und (7) im Ausmass ausländischer Ersparnisse. Die Analyse des koreanischen Wirtschaftswachstums und seiner Ursa-chen kann auch für andere wenig entwickelte Länder nützlich sein.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉOn croit souvent que la croissance économique de la Corée est une réplique de celle du Japon. En fait, il y a, entre elles deux, autant de ressemblances que de différences. A partir ď analyses de séries chronologiques et grǎce áľ estimation de plusieurs fonctions macroéconomiques, cette étude montre que les deux croissances sont significativernent différentes, au moins dans les domaines suivants: (1) conditions initiales du développement; (2) environnement socio-politique; (3) rǒle du budget de la défense; (4) marché du travail; (5) conditions du commerce international; (6) comportement envers le risque et ľincertitude; (7) rǒle de ľépargne étrangere. Pour aider ďautres P.V.D., cette étude suggère enfin aux économistes du développement ďaccorder plus ď attention à la croissance économique de la Corée, afin ďintensifier les vrais facteurs de ce succès économique.

Notes: We have studied the fatigue lives of single crystals of copper in 0.1 M HClO4under different polarization potentials. Perchloric acid was chosen for the aqueous environment because it allows us to control the corrosion reactions rigorously. Persistent slip band (PSB) behaviour and crack nucleation were studied during life, and fracture surfaces after failure.Different behavior was observed depending on strain amplitude. At 2 × 10-3 plastic shear strain amplitude, anodic potential was observed to decrease life, whereas cathodic potenlial was found to be less damaging than laboratory air. Crack nucleation and propagation occurred along the primary slip plane for both conditions. The reduction of fatigue life under anodic potential is explained by enhanced localized strain at the PSB's and preferential dissolution within them.However, for a strain amplitude of 4 × 10-3, cracks nucleated and propagated along the secondary slip system. We observed crack nucleation to be associated with deformation-induced stress concentrations, and the aqueous solution showed no aggressive effect under either anodic or cathodic potential.

Notes: The results of Stan ton and Bairstow (1908) have been reanalyzed to yield information on the composition dependence of the low cycle impact fatigue properties of pearlitic plain carbon steels. It has been found that the energy absorbed per impact, Ei, and the number of impacts are failure, Nf, are related by the equation:In this equation q is determined by the carbon, manganese and silicon contents of the steel; Eo is the impact endurance limit; and C and D are constants. The curve represented by this equation intersects that representing the Johnson-Keller high cycle impact fatigue equation at a value of logeNf equal to 1/C. Thus, the transition from low to high cycle impact fatigue occurs at this value of logeNf.

Notes: Abstract— A fracture mechanics model of fretting fatigue has been developed. This enables the calculation of the critical size of defect which can grow under fretting conditions. The model has been applied to the fretting of aluminium alloy 2014A fatigue specimens in contact with 3.5NiCrMoV steel fretting contact pads. The input parameters to the model include externally applied stresses, contact pressure between pad and specimen and frictional forces between the two contacting surfaces. The latter have been measured using a strain gauge technique. Small fretting defects in the fatigue specimens have been investigated metallographically and fractographically. There is good agreement between their size and critical defect sizes calculated using the fretting model.

Notes: The Gough test data on fatigue under combined bending and twisting with superimposed mean bending and torsion stresses with and without stress raisers has been re-investigated in terms of the stresses acting on the plane of maximum range of shear stress. It has been shown that the allowable amplitude of shear stress on this plane can be predicted from an equation of the formτa= [t - c1 (Kt×σa)1.5−c2σ2m]/Ktwhere σa and σm are the normal stress amplitude and mean normal stress respectively on the plane of maximum range of shear stress, c1 and c2 are defined material constants and Kt is the theoretical stress concentration factor.

Notes: Fatigue crack growth behaviour under mixed modes I and II was studied by applying in-phase alternating tensile and torsional loading to a thin-walled hollow cylindrical specimen with an initial crack.In the linear region of a log-log plot where da/dN=A(ΔK)m, da/dN at first decreases with increasing ΔK110 component and then approaches a minimum close to the value of ΔK110/ΔK10∼ 0.58; here ΔK110/ΔK10 is the ratio of the initial ΔKII to the initial ΔK1., When ΔK110/ΔK10 increases further, da/dN increases. Under shear mode, da/dN becomes higher than that under mode I. The ΔK1, and ΔK11 components during fatigue crack growth under mixed mode loading increase and decrease, respectively, with an increase in da/dN In the low crack growth rate region the fatigue crack growth rates accelerate with an increase of the initial ΔK11 component, ΔK110. Fatigue life increases with increase of ΔK110/ΔK10 under the test condition of equivalent stress range being kept constant and the pre-crack length being the same.

Notes: Fatigue propagation tests on artificial short cracks (initial length ˜ 0.15 mm) were performed in vacuum and in nitrogen containing small traces of water vapour (˜ 3 ppm) on a high strength aluminium alloy type 7075 in two aged conditions (T651 and T7351) at a load ratio of 0.1 and a frequency of 35 Hz. A predominant influence of environment was determined for short crack growth. This behaviour has been discussed in terms of crack growth rate versus the effective stress intensity factor range relationship previously determined for long cracks. The results obtained suggest the absence of closure at the early stage of short crack growth with an enhanced environmental influence as compared to long crack behaviour at the same load ratio. As the crack grows the effect of closure increases progressively and the short crack effect disappears after a crack growth of the order of 1 mm.

Notes: Fatigue crack growth models, having application to Mirage III0 aircraft, have been calibrated with test data. Of the four crack growth retardation models examined—Wheeler, Willenborg, modified Willenborg and Crack Closure—the Wheeler and modified Willenborg models are the most satisfactory but both require calibration by test. Even so, crack growth is not accurately predicted when the specimen geometry and the test sequence are varied from those used in calibrating the models.Apart from the crack growth models, the main sources of inaccuracy in predicting crack growth are the inadequacy of the growth rate basic data, incorrect assumptions of crack shape and uncertainty in stress history. Thus, crack growth life may not be confidently predicted to better than a factor of two on actual life and, in some cases, the factor may be as high as ten.

Notes: This paper studies the effect of laser beam radiation on the fatigue crack growth threshold and the crack growth rate in 25CrMnSi steel plate. A comparison of radiated and unradiated specimens permits the derivation of an equation for the fatigue crack growth rate. The results show that radiation can enhance the fatigue threshold and retard crack growth rate.

Notes: A fatigue crack is often initiated by a localized cyclic plastic deformation in a crystal where the active slip plane coincides with the plane of maximum shear stress. Once a crack is initiated, the crack will propagate on the maximum shear plane for a while and, in the majority of the cases, will eventually change to the plane of the applied tensile stress. The “shear” and “tensile” modes of fatigue crack propagation are termed stage I and stage II fatigue crack growth. They are also known as mode II and mode I fatigue crack growth. However, the mechanism of the tensile mode fatigue crack propagation is shear in nature.Considerable progress has been made recently in the understanding of mode II fatigue crack growth. This paper reviews the various test methods and related data analyses.The combined mode I and mode II elastic crack tip stress field is reviewed. The development and the design of the compact shear specimen are described and the results of fatigue crack growth tests using the compact shear specimens are reviewed. The fatigue crack growth tests and the results of inclined cracks in tensile panels, center cracks in plates under biaxial loading, cracked beam specimens with combined bending and shear loading, center cracked panels and the double edge cracked plates under cyclic shear loading are reviewed and analyzed in detail.

Notes: Surface fatigue crack studies were carried out and statistically analysed from rotating bend fatigue tests in the high cycle region for three metals, copper, stainless steel and mild steel with four ferrite grain sizes. Quantitative observations of the initiation and growth behavior, including coalescence of closely spaced cracks, are discussed and a limiting condition for coalescence is proposed. Statistical properties of initiation, propagation and propagation rate of surface cracks are examined and the effect of different metals and grain sizes is discussed.

Notes: Stress intensity factors were calculated, based on Bueckner's principle for cracks in both infinite and finite plates with notches subjected to biaxial loading. Approximate Green's functions have been obtained by modifying two existing Green's functions, originally for unnotched plates. Values of stress intensity factors calculated using Bueckner's principle with the approximate Green's functions are in good agreement with published stress intensity factors for cracks in both infinite and finite plates containing a circular notch or an elliptical notch, previously found by the method of boundary collocation.

Notes: The low-cycle fatigue performance of the Ni-Cr-base alloys IN597 and IN738 has been examined with particular reference to the creep-fatigue interaction. Results are reported showing a systematic effect on life of IN597 of the level of tensile stress during tests involving cycles with dwell periods. For both alloys the simple life fraction rule correlates the data in a fairly satisfactory manner but some method of stress compensation is necessary for the strain range partitioning (SRP) method. Certain limitations of the SRP method in dealing with results from highly creep resistant alloys are discussed.

Notes: It was found that crack opening stress intensities are not constant after holding for various times in the unloaded state for iron and a sequence of Fe-Si binary alloys. The crack opening level decreased with time first because of asperity creep and substructure relaxation, and then increased again with time due to reverse plastic zone relaxation allowing a new set of asperities to come into contact. It is demonstrated that the crack closure phenomenon is not only a result of residual plasticity, oxidation and asperities, but also is due to asperity creep and reverse plastic zone relaxation at the crack tip for low strength materials.

Notes: The near threshold fatigue crack growth behavior of alloy 718 was studied in air and helium environments at room temperature and at 538°C. Tests were performed at 100 Hz and at load ratios of 0.1 and 0.5. At room temperature and at 538°C, the ΔKth values in helium were lower than in air. The ΔKth values in air decreased with increasing load ratio. These results can be explained with a model that involves the accumulation of oxide in the crack which enhances crack closure. In the air tests, the oxide build-up on the fatigue fracture surfaces at ΔKth was of the order of magnitude as the crack tip opening displacement. In the helium tests, no significant build-up of oxide on the fracture surface at threshold was found.

Notes: There are four important attributes of weldments which, together with the magnitude of the fluctuating stresses applied, determine their resistance to metallic fatigue: the ratio of the applied or self-induced axial and bending stresses; the severity of the discontinuity or notch which is an inherent property of the geometry of the joint; the notch-root residual stresses which result from fabrication and subsequent use of the weldment; and the mechanical properties of the notch-root material in which fatigue crack initiation and growth takes place. A simple version of a more elaborate analytical model of the fatigue behavior of weldments [1] is presented here which provides analytical and graphical design aids for design.

Notes: The impact fatigue crack growth characteristics of a low carbon steel and an aluminium alloy were studied. An impact fatigue testing machine of the Hopkinson bar type was used in these experiments to conduct a series of crack growth tests under simple impact stresses.The following characteristics of impact fatigue crack growth behaviour were revealed: (1) crack growth rate is higher in impact fatigue than in non-impact fatigue; (2) crack opening ratio in impact fatigue takes a higher value than in non-impact fatigue; (3) crack tip plastic zone size is smaller in impact fatigue than in non-impact fatigue.

Notes: Crack initiation and early growth of fatigue cracks in a fully annealed 0.4% carbon steel was investigated using plastic replicas and torsion loading.In a structure consisting of a 70/30 mixture of pearlite and ferrite the cracks are seen to develop and grow initially along slip bands in the ferrite phase. Energetic considerations lead to the formulation of a model which, while characterizing short crack growth rate, also considers those microstructural variables relevant to fatigue crack initiation and early crack growth. The driving force for crack growth is provided by the energy of the slip band; correspondingly crack growth per cycle is proportional to the strength of the slip band.In the short fatigue crack region, cracks grow initially at a fast rate but deceleration occurs quickly and, depending on the stress level, they either arrest or are temporarily halted at a critical length. This critical length is shown to coincide with the value of the threshold length for crack growth under LEFM conditions.

Notes: High strain fatigue properties of Alloy 800H have been investigated at 600°C in strain control. The behaviour of solution heat treated material was compared with that of material aged at 550 and 600°C. It was found that both aging treatments extended the fatigue life significantly, the longest fatigue life being observed for fine-grained material aged at 550°C. The results are explicable in terms of partially reversible plastic flow occurring when the γ′ particles are by-passed by shearing.

Notes: Reversed torsion with and without a superimposed end load has been applied to 1% Cr-Mo-V steel specimens containing sharp notches. Crack propagation was monitored by a sensitive d.c. potential drop system that measured crack depths between 25 μm and 0.6 mm from the root of the notch.Stress intensity factors do not satisfactorily correlate all the crack growth data but a strain intensity factor which is a function of material properties and notch plastic zone size shows a significant improvement and provides a single upper bound solution for both ambient and elevated temperatures. This solution permits designers to make safe lifetime assessments.At room temperature cracks initially propagate by mode II along the surface, and mode III radially but at low stresses crack growth is continued by mode I propagation. At higher stresses a transition to mode I cracking is avoided. Elevated temperature causes a brittle layer to form and in this case cracks initially propagate by mode I which then translates to mode III cracking at high stresses.Mode III thresholds are significantly higher than mode I thresholds but a constrained shear strain zone, as found at the root of notches subjected to torsion, permits the initiation and generation of a mode III crack. The application of an axial load enhances the mode III crack propagation rate since this increases the effective crack tip intensification factor.

Notes: Abstract— Fretting fatigue strengths of high strength spring steel (JIS SUP9) and low strength medium carbon steel (JIS S45C) were examined by clamping the contact pads of the same individual materials. The pad contact pressures were kept constant at 60 MPa for SUP9 steel and at 45 MPa for S45C steel. The fretting reduced the fatigue strengths by a factor of about two in both the steels. Cyclic J-integral concepts were successfully employed to predict crack propagation lives using measured data on frictional forces between the fretting pads and the specimens.

Notes: Abstract— Recent experimental work on the growth of small fatigue cracks is surveyed and critically analyzed. It is shown that microcracks grow at anomalous rapid rates relative to large ones only when certain criteria, involving crack size, plastic zone size, and micro-structural element size, are met. Retardation and arrest of microcracks is found to correlate with microstructural element size, hence with crystallographic influence.

Notes: Abstract— The paper addresses some aspects of the differences in fatigue crack growth rate behaviour and threshold values obtained for long through-cracks, short through-cracks and surface cracks. Attention is focused on plasticity induced closure in the wake behind the growing crack tip. For long cracks at high Kmax, closure is found to depend in a linear manner on Kmax, i.e. Kop, increases with the size of the monotonic plastic zone. Closure increases at low δK and this is primarily a consequence of the load shedding procedure. If short through-cracks are prepared by machining specimens containing long cracks, a substantial part of the plastic wake is removed and this can produce marked effects on the closure contribution during subsequent growth. The length of crack “closed” in a long crack threshold test was found to be of the order of 1 mm. Cracks less than this length exhibited “short crack” behaviour: greater than this length, they behaved as “long cracks”, with plastic wake effects apparently fully operative. Small surface cracks exhibit “long crack” behaviour at lengths as short as 0.2 mm and reasons for this are discussed.

Notes: Surface crack growth has been studied in centre notched and smooth panels of low carbon steel under symmetric axial elastic-plastic cyclic straining. The crack shape, followed by heat tinting, has been found to be approximately semi-circular for crack radii 0.3–5 mm. Both smooth and notched specimens have been fatigued until fracture. The smallest notches of 0.1 mm in radius and depth approximately represent defects of a critical size under present loading conditions. Crack propagation rates have been measured and plotted vs ΔJ. Both present part through-crack data and previous long through-crack data in the elastic and the elastic-plastic regions are compatible. A single dependence of dl/dN vs ΔJ is obtained.

Notes: Fatigue behavior of polycrystalline copper of two different grain sizes was studied using constant and randomly varying plastic strain amplitude tests. The different regimes in the ess-curves of large-grained samples (d˜ 2.0 mm) were found to be reflected also in the measured fatigue lives in both test modes. The variable amplitude fatigue lives of the small-grained samples (d˜ 0.03 mm) seemed to follow the Coffin–Manson linear law. The damage accumulation rate in variable amplitude tests was found to be lower than in the corresponding constant amplitude tests, e.g. when expressed as cumulative plastic strains to failure. The fatigue life predictions based on the Palmgren–Miner rule, rain-flow analysis and the constant amplitude life data measured in this work were also conservative.