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  • 1995-1999  (148)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; phytotron ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des plants de maïs se développent dans un phytotron dans 4 conditions d'humidité du sol (de la saturation à la dessication) et à 3 températures constantes (20°, 25° & 30°C). Chaque pied est contaminé au moment de l'émission du pollen, par une ooplaque d'O. nubilalis Hübn. (ECB) de race européenne E. L'installation, la colonisation et le développement des chenilles sont notés lors de 12 périodes de prélèvements destructifs (4 par température). La vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est affectée par la température, main non par l'humidité du sol. Les 4 niveaux d'humidité du sol n'ont aucun effet sur la teneur en eau des tiges de maïs. En fait, les feuilles de maïs présentent une senescence précoce lorsqu'il y a déficit en eau dans le sol. La teneur en eau du sol agit sur l'installation, sur la distribution verticale, la dispersion et le lieu d'alimentation des chenilles; mais ces effets sont légers et ne modifient pas la vitesse de développement. L'environnement larvaire dans la tige de maïs est efficacement isolé des variations externes par l'aptitude de la plante à maintenir la teneur en eau des tiges relativement élevée et stable. Ainsi, des changements importants au niveau du sol n'ont pratiquement pas d'effets sur le développement d'O. nubilalis, malgré les conséquences brutales pour la plante. Cette étude montre que la vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est relativement insensible aux modifications de la teneur en eau du sol ainsi qu'aux effets de ce stress de sécheresse sévère sur le pied de maïs. La discussion porte sur l'importance de ces résultats pour la modélisation de la dynamique de l'insecte, la physiologie de la culture et les interactions entre insecte et plante.
    Notes: Abstract Maize plants were grown under four moisture regimes (wet to extreme deficit) and three constant temperatures (20°, 25° & 30°C) in a phytotron. Each plant was infested with one E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubn.)] (ECB) egg mass at pollen shed. ECB development, location, and establishment were recorded over the course of 12 destructive sample dates (4/temperature). ECB developmental rates were not significantly affected by soil moisture treatments, but were significantly affected by temperature. In spite of successful establishment of four distinctly different soil moisture regimes, the maize stalk tissue water levels were not significantly different among soil water treatments. Instead, the maize plants exhibited accelerated leaf senescence in response to the water deficit conditions. Among the soil water treatments, differences were found in larval establishment, vertical distribution and dispersion, and feeding site selection; however, those effects were slight and could not explain the similarity in ECB developmental rates observed in these treatments. In maize, the larval environment within the stalk was effectively insulated from changes in the external environment by the plant's ability to maintain a relatively high and stable stalk tissue water content. Thus, large changes to the soil environment had essentially no effect on ECB development, though drastic consequences for the plant. This study indicates that ECB rates of development are relatively insensitive to changes in the soil water environment as well as the associated changes in the maize plant that accompany severe drought stress. The significance of these findings to insect modelling, crop physiology, and insect-crop interactions is discussed.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 289-300 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: probing behaviour ; EPG ; stress ; starvation ; feeding interruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Probing behaviour of Aphis fabae Scopoli and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) was tested in different stress situations normally occurring in aphid-plant studies such as interruption of feeding or starvation, transfer to a new plant, and attachment to the electrode wire. The DC electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique and a ‘honeydew clock’ were used to collect data on behavioural effects of these stress conditions. As a general effect, an interruption of feeding behaviour acted as a ‘reset’, i.e., the same sequence and time course of probing events were shown, irrespective the interruptions duration, from 1–100 min. Nevertheless, some minor differences were found, especially in A. fabae. Increased interruption times (deprivation from the host plant) stimulated the aphids to insert their stylets earlier. When A. fabae was put back on its host plant after a one min interruption phloem feeding started earlier than with longer interruption times, but only when it was put back to the same plant and feeding site on which it fed before. It is concluded that this effect is at least partly due to ‘memory’ of previous probing/feeding experience on the plant as it vanishes with longer interruption times. This explanation also holds for phloem salivation (E1) before starting sustained sap ingestion, which was reduced on the previous feeding site, but only after the one min interruption in A. fabae. The aphid-plant specificity appeared high in these effects. Both aphids were somewhat affected by wiring, resulting in earlier probing, longer total pathway phase, and less and later phloem feeding (as reflected by honeydew excretion). Thus confirming, that the evaluation of EPG results can be improved with supplementary data from free aphids.
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  • 3
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    Fire technology 21 (1985), S. 22-33 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Fire resistance ; standard test ; effective load ; restraint ; stress ; concrete ; collapse load ; structural elements ; insulation ; thermal reaction ; composite elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: DnaK ; GroEL ; heat shock ; iron ; mycobacteria ; oxy-radicals ; peroxide ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 491-495 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; stress ; emotionality ; locus ceruleus ; Maudsley strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Maudsley Reactive and Non-Reactive strains have been developed as a model for the study of individual variations in stress-reactivity, and many differences in biobehavioral systems have been found between them. This review discusses limitations of the ‘emotionality’ construct in accounting for differences between the Maudsley strains and offers an alternative, theoretical approach. Amaral and Sinnamon have proposed that the locus ceruleus (LC) plays a stress-attenuating role in mediating behavioral, physiological and neuroendocrine response to prepotent, emergency-provoking stimuli and, building upon this formulation, it is proposed that the LC has been an important focus for gene action in the Maudsley model. It is suggested that the LC of the Non-Reactive strain is more strongly activated by stressful stimuli than the LC of Reactive rats, and is the basis of many of the behavioral and physiological differences between them. Behavioral and biochemical evidence consistent with this proposition is reviewed. Identification of the LC as a target for gene-action in the Maudsley model has an important advantage. It substitutes variations at a specific anatomic location in the brain for a loosely defined construct like emotionality, and the hypothesis is amenable to empirical tests by a variety of experimental approaches.
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  • 6
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 768-774 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cortisol ; stress ; heat ; Antarctic ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Radioimmunoassay was used to determine levels of the stress-inducible glucocorticoid, cortisol, circulating in the plasma of the extremely stenothermal Antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki at rest and after heat stress. Fish sampled immediately after capture (−1.9°C) had low cortisol levels (10.4±1.4 ng ml−1, mean±SEM) as did fish which were laboratory rested for 3 days. Sudden exposure to 5°C (48h) resulted in a peak cortisol value after 3 h (69.9±6.8 ng ml−1) whereas exposure to 8°C (6h) resulted in a peak value after 1 h (73.5±8.0 ng ml−1). At both temperatures levels remained significantly elevated (p〈0.05) for the entire period of exposure. Increased temperature also resulted in a significant change in haemoglobin, haematocrit and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p〈0.05). Plasma lactate was significantly elevated only after exposure to 8°C (p〈0.05). Plasma cortisol levels fromP. borchgrevinki are reported here for the first time and show this cryopelagic Antarctic species to have an unusual hormonal stress profile.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 643-646 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Aging ; development time ; stress ; energy cost ; oxidative stress ; Drosophila ; homeostasis ; life span
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Life span and development time are considered in the context of the abiotic stresses to which free-living organisms are normally exposed. Under these circumstances, long life span depends upon metabolically efficient stress-resistance genes, which tend to be heterozygous. Similarly, rapid development time tends to be a feature of heterozygous stress-resistant individuals. Therefore, individuals who have high inherited stress resistance should develop fastest and live longest; in addition, they should show high homeostasis in the face of the energy costs of stress. In this way, the stress theory of aging can incorporate the developmental stage, based upon oxidative stress as an important major direct challenge.
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  • 8
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    International journal of value-based management 11 (1998), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: circadian ; flextime ; memory ; productivity ; time-of-day ; rhythm ; preference ; stress ; efficiency ; Zeitgeber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Each human being has an internal timekeeping mechanism. To date, over 100 so-called ‘circadian’ rhythms have been detected. Perhaps the most significant is body temperature. There is an apparent connection between this rhythm and the efficiency with which we do things in the course of the working day. Within individuals, patterns have been discovered which give credence to the popular notions of a ‘morning’ or an ‘afternoon’ person, and so on. Our memory changes from morning to afternoon: short-term memory is stronger in the morning, and long-term memory stronger in the afternoon; in schools, ‘morning’ students have higher grades than students who have other time-of-day preferences. Therefore, a strong case can be made in support of flexible time schedules. It is reported that productivity went up on the introduction of such a scheme. Employee stress has been seen to decline also. When flextime was offered, parents with small children took advantage of the benefit as well as unmarried employees. The only drawback is ensuring that, with so many individual variations in preferences, the needs of the company are fully met. If such a scheme can be devised, however, the research suggests that productivity and efficiency will increase.
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  • 9
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ascorbic acid metabolism ; vitamin C serum level ; stress ; C allitrichidae ; Ascorbinsäurestoffwechsel ; Vitamin C Serumgehalt ; Streß ; C allitrichidae ; Krallenaffen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die NeuweltaffenCallithrix jacchus, Marmosets, undSaguinus fuscicollis, Tamarine, sind, wie andere Affen auch, auf die externe Zufuhr von Ascorbinsäure angewiesen. Um bei Marmosets einen Serumspiegel oberhalb der Nierenschwelle zu erreichen, müssen ihnen täglich 15 mg/kg metabolischem Körpergewicht zugeführt werden. Die Nierenschwelle liegt bei ihnen im gleichen Bereich wie beim Menschen. Ein Vergleich des Ascorbinsäurespiegels zwischen den beiden Spezies aus einer Zuchtkolonie ergab einen gravierend niedrigeren Wert bei den Tamarinen. Bei beiden Spezies wurde Ascorbinsäure durch ungewohnte Versuchsbedingungen oder zusätzliche Streßfaktoren zu einem höheren Prozentsatz zu CO2 abgebaut, als wenn die Tiere an den Stoffwechselkäfig gewöhnt waren. Diese Isotopenexkretionsversuche mit14C-markierter Ascorbinsäure weisen auf ein unterschiedliches Stoffwechselverhalten von Ascorbinsäure zwischen den beiden Spezies hin, was vermutlich durch die höhere Streßanfälligkeit der Tamarine bei vergleichbaren Bedingungen verursacht ist.
    Notes: Summary Like other simian primates, the New World monkeyCallithrix jacchus, marmoset, andSaguinus fuscicollis, tamarin, require ascorbic acid as an essential nutrient. For adult marmosets, a daily intake of 15 mg/kg metabolic body weight was found to be necessary to obtain a serum level above the kidney threshold. A survey of the serum ascorbic acid level of marmosets and tamarins in a breeding colony resulted in a vast divergence between the two species, indicating a higher ascorbic acid requirement for tamarins. Unaccustomed trial conditions or additional Stressors resulted in a higher catabolism of ascorbic acid to CO2 in both species, measured with14C labeled material, compared to a higher rate of renal excretion when the animals were accustomed to the metabolic cage. These isotope excretion studies suggest a different metabolic behavior of ascorbic acid in the two species. This is supposedly caused by a higher sensitivity of the tamarins when subjected to the same conditions as marmosets.
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  • 10
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    International journal of earth sciences 72 (1983), S. 1167-1196 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Experiment ; anisotropy ; stress ; strain ; pure shear ; simple shear ; buckling ; bending ; macroscopic fabric ; symmetry ; flexural-slip fold ; kink band ; Jura-Mountains ; Rhenish Massif (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Ruhr district)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An applicable interpretation of fabrics should be based mainly on geometrical considerations in order to cover available field data. Therefore a theory on the formation of foldtype fabrics including congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds as well as kink bands in materials subjected to rhombic and different monocline strain types is derived by means of particle motion fields for homogeneous and isotropic bodies. The analysis of experimental results and their comparison with field observations largely confirms the theory and contributes to its improvement. Some trends can be established: With increasing monocline character of the strain type, the probability of concentric and congruent flexural-slip folding is reduced. It is substituted by kink band formation. While the portion of monocline strain is enlarged with depth, rhombic fold symmetry indicates, in the realm of elastic-plastic behaviour, the proximity of the surface of the earth or of a detachment surface. With gradual increase of the rock anisotropy, the development of shear faults, kink folds and, finally, congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds is favoured.
    Abstract: Résumé L'interprétation, en vue de son application, de la genèse des formes structuraux résultant de processus tectoniques doit être basée essentiellement sur des raisonnements géométriques pour qu'elle corresponde à la structure des observations faites sur le terrain. Pour cette raison, une théorie de la formation des formes structuraux d'aspect plissé, y compris des plis semblables ou isopaques à glissement banc sur banc ainsi que des knicks, est développée à partir d'une figuration générale des mouvements des particules dans les corps homogènes et isotropes soumis à des déformations à symétrie orthorhombique ou monoclinique. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux et des comparaisons avec des observations sur le terrain confirment largement la théorie et contribuent à son perfectionnement. Quelques tendances se dessinent: avec l'accroissement du caractère monoclinique de la déformation s'accroît aussi la probabilité de la formation des knicks plutôt que des plis à glissements banc sur banc, concentriques et congruents. Tandis que la déformation monoclinique prend une part plus importante avec la profondeur, la symétrie orthorhombique des plis en régime de déformation élastoplastique indique la proximité de la surface de la Terre ou d'une surface de décollement. Avec l'augmentation de l'anisotropie des roches, la formation de cassures de cisaillement, de knicks et enfin de plis semblables et isopaques à glissement banc sur banc est favorisée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine anwendungsbezogene Deutung der Gefügegenese muß in erster Linie auf geometrischen Überlegungen beruhen, damit sie auf Geländedaten übertragen werden kann. Ausgehend von Partikelbewegungsfeldern, die für homogene und isotrope Körper gelten, wird eine Theorie der Genese faltenförmiger Gefüge entwickelt, die konzentrische und kongruente Biegegleitfalten und Knickzonen bei rhombischen und monoklinen Deformationstypen erfaßt. Die Ergebnisse von Experimenten und der Vergleich mit Geländebefunden bestätigen weitgehend die Theorie und tragen zu ihrer Weiterentwicklung bei. Einige Trends zeichnen sich ab: Mit steigender Monoklinität des Deformationstyps nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bildung von Knickzonen auf Kosten von konzentrischen und kongruenten Biegegleitfalten zu. Während der Anteil monokliner Deformation zur Tiefe hin größer wird, zeigt eine rhombische Symmetrie der Falten im elastisch-plastischen Bereich die Nähe der Erdoberfläche oder einer Abscherungsfläche an. Bei zunehmender Anisotropie werden zunächst bevorzugt Scherbrüche, dann Knickzonen und schließlich kongruente und konzentrische Biegegleitfalten gebildet.
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  • 11
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    International journal of earth sciences 72 (1983), S. 421-450 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Experiment ; anisotropy ; stress ; strain ; pure shear ; simple shear ; buckling ; bending ; macroscopic fabric ; symmetry ; flexural-slip fold ; kink band ; Jura-Mountains ; Rhenish Massif (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Ruhr district)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An applicable interpretation of fabrics should be based mainly on geometrical considerations in order to cover available field data. Therefore a theory on the formation of foldtype fabrics including congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds as well as kink bands in materials subjected to rhombic and different monocline strain types is derived by means of particle motion fields for homogeneous and isotropic bodies. The analysis of experimental results and their comparison with field observations largely confirms the theory and contributes to its improvement. Some trends can be established: With increasing monocline character of the strain type, the probability of concentric and congruent flexural-slip folding is reduced. It is substituted by kink band formation. While the portion of monocline strain is enlarged with depth, rhombic fold symmetry indicates, in the realm of elastic-plastic behaviour, the proximity of the surface of the earth or of a detachment surface. With gradual increase of the rock anisotropy, the development of shear faults, kink folds and, finally, congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds is favoured.
    Abstract: Résumé L'interprétation, en vue de son application, de la genèse des formes structuraux résultant de processus tectoniques doit être basée essentiellement sur des raisonnements géométriques pour qu'elle corresponde à la structure des observations faites sur le terrain. Pour cette raison, une théorie de la formation des formes structuraux d'aspect plissé, y compris des plis semblables ou isopaques à glissement banc sur banc ainsi que des knicks, est développée à partir d'une figuration générale des mouvements des particules dans les corps homogènes et isotropes soumis à des déformations à symétrie orthorhombique ou monoclinique. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux et des comparaisons avec des observations sur le terrain confirment largement la théorie et contribuent à son perfectionnement. Quelques tendances se dessinent: avec l'accroissement du caractère monoclinique de la déformation s'accroît aussi la probabilité de la formation des knicks plutôt que des plis à glissements banc sur banc, concentriques et congruents. Tandis que la déformation monoclinique prend une part plus importante avec la profondeur, la symétrie orthorhombique des plis en régime de déformation élastoplastique indique la proximité de la surface de la Terre ou d'une surface de décollement. Avec l'augmentation de l'anisotropie des roches, la formation de cassures de cisaillement, de knicks et enfin de plis semblables et isopaques à glissement banc sur banc est favorisée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine anwendungsbezogene Deutung der Gefügegenese muß in erster Linie auf geometrischen Überlegungen beruhen, damit sie auf Geländedaten übertragen werden kann. Ausgehend von Partikelbewegungsfeldern, die für homogene und isotrope Körper gelten, wird eine Theorie der Genese faltenförmiger Gefüge entwickelt, die konzentrische und kongruente Biegegleitfalten und Knickzonen bei rhombischen und monoklinen Deformationstypen erfaßt. Die Ergebnisse von Experimenten und der Vergleich mit Geländebefunden bestätigen weitgehend die Theorie und tragen zu ihrer Weiterentwicklung bei. Einige Trends zeichnen sich ab: Mit steigender Monoklinität des Deformationstyps nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bildung von Knickzonen auf Kosten von konzentrischen und kongruenten Biegegleitfalten zu. Während der Anteil monokliner Deformation zur Tiefe hin größer wird, zeigt eine rhombische Symmetrie der Falten im elastisch-plastischen Bereich die Nähe der Erdoberfläche oder einer Abscherungsfläche an. Bei zunehmender Anisotropie werden zunächst bevorzugt Scherbrüche, dann Knickzonen und schließlich kongruente und konzentrische Biegegleitfalten gebildet.
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  • 12
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    Surveys in geophysics 17 (1996), S. 289-306 
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Effective properties ; pore fluids ; cracked rock ; permeability ; stress ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluids saturating cracked rocks within the crust can vary widely in composition and physical properties, which depend greatly on pressure and temperature. External non-hydrostatic stress applied to a cracked medium may result in a significant change of crack volume (and hence, for the undrained regime, pore-fluid pressure) due to the processes of crack closure (opening), and thus lead to a drastic change of the overall physical parameters of a rock. The purpose of the study is to estimate theoretically, using the effective-medium theory, the macroscopic seismic and transport parameters (such as permeability) of cracked rocks (granites) saturated with hydrocarbon gases, oils, brines and water. Variations of crack geometry and fluid parameters in the closed system (at constant fluid mass) under uniaxial compression are considered as well. The results show that composition of a saturating fluid as well as fluid temperature greatly influence the effective permeability and shear velocities of a rock mass, while thermal conductivity is not so sensitive to variations of fluid parameters.
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  • 13
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    Surveys in geophysics 18 (1997), S. 405-436 
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Paleomagnetism ; Fold test ; strain-rotation ; stress ; coercivity-selection ; stress remagnetization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We may use tectonic structures to confirm the primary age of a paleomagnetic remanence component but only if we know how to undo the natural strain history. It is normally insufficient to untilt fold limbs, as in the original version of Graham's Fold Test. One may need to remove also the bulk or local strain and account for strain heterogeneities, achieved by grain-strain and the more elusive intergranular flow. Most important, one must know the sequence of strains and tilts that occurred through geological history because the order of these noncommutative events critically affects the final orientation of the remanence component. In many non-metamorphic rocks, strain-rotation of a remanence component approximates a simple formula, although the actual rotation mechanism is complex. This simple, passive line approximation is confirmed experimentally for strains up to 45% oblate shortening. The passive line hypothesis has permitted successful paleomagnetic restorations in several natural case studies. Experimental deformation of samples with multicomponent remanences shows that differential stresses above a threshold value near 25 MPa selectively remove components with coercivities 〈25mT, due to domain wall rearrangements in large multidomain magnetite grains. Higher coercivity components are less reduced so that the net remanence vector spins always toward the high-coercivity component, at rates and along paths not predicted by any structural geological formula. Experimentally deformed samples with very fine hematite in the matrix showed their net remanence spinning away from the high coercivity component. This is due to easier mechanical disorientation of the very fine hematite grains, scattering their magnetic moments more and reducing their contribution to the overall remanence. Thus, muticomponent remanences have their components selected for survival based on rock-magnetic and microstructural criteria. Such stress-rotation by coercivity selection does not depend on the orientations of the principal stresses or strains, a concept that is counterintuitive to conventional structural geology. Syn-tectonic remagnetization is common in deformed sedimentary sequences and laboratory experiments reveal that a only moderate differential stress remagnetization is required to add components parallel to the ambient field, without significant strain. Alternating field demagnetization isolates components smeared along the great circle between the initial remanence direction and the remagnetizing field direction. In this case, the principal directions of the stress and finite strain tensors are irrelevant; remagnetization is triggered by a threshold differential stress. The final remanence direction is controlled by the ambient field direction and the remagnetization path lies along a great circle between the ambient field and the initial remanence direction.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-059X
    Keywords: decision-making ; health care ; involvement ; stress ; framing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores how consideration of the medical context can add newelements to marketing thought. Differences between the medical context andother consumer contexts are reviewed. The effects that the medical contexthas on the way traditional constructs such as involvement, affect andstress, uncertainty and satisfaction affect choice are discussed. Finally,emerging research in medical contexts where future discoveries could enhanceconsumer choice theory are presented.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 505-521 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ridges ; Iceland ; stress ; rifting ; magma rise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rifting dynamics at spreading axes is governed by two processes: the large-scale plate divergence and the local magma accumulation in the crust-mantle transition layer. Both evolve simultaneously. A model is developed particularly for the situation in Iceland where a well studied rifting episode occurred in the Krafla volcanic system 1975–1984. Both the divergence and the buoyant rise of magma create tensile deviatoric stress in the axial region, but while divergence generates an altogether extensional stress field, uprising of buoyant melt produces tension only near the axis but compression of the sides. The buoyant rise is driven by the differential pressure gradient in rock and melt. The processes are studied with a two-dimensional finite-element routine. Presently thermal effects are neglected. The model parameters are density difference, size of the buoyant body, externally applied stress field, mechanical properties of rock and melt. Relatively small amounts of divergence and small increases of buoyancy are shown to generate axial tension which can overcome the tensile strength. Axial tension produced by buoyant bodies can even overcome lateral compression. Observed long intervals of quiescence require either large rock strength, quasi-continuous stress relaxation, small buoyant bodies, and/or a compressive deviatoric stress normal to the axis during much of the time between rifting episodes. Buoyant rise and injection of melt must be important in generating compression.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 146 (1996), S. 421-446 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fault ; parameter ; lithosphere ; extension ; stress ; rift ; experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative relationships between major fault parameters from geological observations and laboratory experiments are compared. Relationships are established between fault length, number, depth of fault penetration, amplitude of displacement and other characteristics. The width of destruction zones is estimated. Spacing between parallel faults of compatible length is evaluated. It is shown that there is a stable correlation between fault length and number, which is independent from the mode of loading the material under destruction. Destruction of the lithosphere is believed to occur according to the laws of deformation of Maxwell elasto-viscous body.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1000-1001 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Adrenals ; corticosterone ; maternal effects ; stress ; inbred strains ; mice
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenal cells from C57BL/Tb mice produced more steroid than those from DBA/2J mice. Reciprocal differences between both backcross and F1 hybrids showed a persistent maternal effect. Mothers with high output produce offspring with reduced hormone production when adult. Corticosterone output thus depends on maternal phenotype as well as on the genotype of the isolated cells.
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  • 18
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1153-1155 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat plasma ; plasma, rat ; immune response ; stress ; immunosuppressive drugs ; serotonin, brain ; corticosterone, plasma ; plaque-forming cell response
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The work was based on the assumption that neurohumoral control of the immune response, particularly in stressed animals, involves central serotoninergic mechanisms. Rats immunized with sheep erythrocytes were stressed by repeated restraints and/or treated with a precursor of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-HTP) or with an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis (parachlorophenylalanine, PCPA). As expected, repeated stresses reduced the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response. Treatment with 5-HTP also reduced the PFC response, and potentiated the immunosuppressive effect of stress. This was accompanied by increased metabolism of serotonin in the brain, as indicated by increased concentration of its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in cerebral tissue. Treatment with PCPA also suppressed the PFC response, but this suppression was accompanied by decreased levels of brain serotonin and of 5-HIAA. Plasma corticosterone levels were elevated in rats treated with PCPA. It seems that putative central effects of PCPA on serotoninergic regulation of the immune response were outweighed by its effects on corticosterone secretion and/or on lymphoid cells.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Metallothionein induction ; zinc metallothionein half-life ; plaice ; stress ; fish
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraperitoneal injection of zinc raised levels of a hepatic metallothionein-like species. Assuming that this species was metallothionein (MT) then levels were raised from approximately 20 μg/g to 300 μg/g in 7 days, and levels thereafter remained high for the next 4 weeks. The half-lives of the protein in liver and kidney from starved fish, measured using in vivo incorporation of35S cysteine at 11°C, were approximately 27 days and 32 days respectively. The following agents failed to stimulate synthesis of MT in plaice: stress (due to catching), endotoxin, dexamethasone, cortisol and turpentine.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 463-464 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetic models ; selective breeding of rats ; mouse strains (C57/DBA) ; depression ; anxiety ; stress ; alcoholism ; rotational behavior ; learned helplessness ; social interaction ; emotionality
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1123-1127 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Serotonin ; acetylcholine ; corticosterone ; ACTH ; CRF ; Brattleboro rat ; stress
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has been proposed that the central serotonergic inputs which modulate pituitary-adrenal secretion are mediated by cholinergic neurons. We have tested this hypothesis in intact rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with cholinergic and serotonergic agents which enhanced transmitter function and with receptor blocking agents. Agents were injected, singly and in combination, into both unstressed and stressed animals. Since the response to cholinergic agents might be due to changes to vasopressin release, Brattleboro (vasopressin deficient) rats were also injected with cholinergic agents. The level of plasma corticosterone at 1-h post-injection was determined. Results indicate that the serotonin receptor blockade decreased the stimulatory, cholinergic effect of physostigmine. Cholinergic receptor blockers did not significantly reduce the corticosterone rise induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan. These results do not support the hypothesis of cholinergic mediation of serotonergic input. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors appeared to exert opposing influences on the system. The nicotinic receptor antagonist was able to block the stimulatory effect of physostigmine. The muscarinic receptor antagonist significantly elevated plasma corticosterone levels. No differences were found in the effect of physostigmine on Brattleboro rats as compared to controls. These data are interpreted as suggesting that 1) the acetylcholine-induced stimulation of pituitary-adrenal function is mediated, in part, by serotonergic neurons; and 2) stimulation of nicotinic receptors is facilitatory whereas stimulation of muscarinic receptors is inhibitory to pituitary-adrenal function.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 788-798 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Brain asymmetry ; rotational behavior ; genetic models ; testosterone ; brain development ; stress ; strain differences ; sexual dimorphism ; hemispheric differences
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebral laterality can no longer be considered an exclusively human trait, as over the last 15 years there has been an emergence of data to suggest that animal brains are also lateralized. Morphologic, chemical and behavioral indices of brain asymmetry in the rodent have been reported, and it is suggested that variations in the magnitude and direction of these indices are determined by a complex interaction of genetic, hormonal and experiential factors. Interindividual differences in cerebral laterality have been shown to covary with, or predict, individual differences in spatial behavior and stress reactivity, as well as susceptibility to stress pathology and drug sensitivity. Such findings suggest that it is possible to study individual differences in lateralized brain function through the use of animal models.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 798-805 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: AA and ANA rats ; alcohol consumption ; genetic selection ; neurochemistry ; stress ; alcohol withdrawal ; behavior ; ethanol metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The offspring of rats that voluntarily select larger quantities of alcohol are heavier consumers of alcohol than the offspring of rats that tend to avoid it. Such selective breeding, repeated over many generations, was used to develop the AA (Alko, Alcohol) line of rats which prefer 10% alcohol to water, and the ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) line of rats which choose water to the virtual exclusion of alcohol. In addition to demonstrating the likely role of genetic factors in alcohol consumption, these lines have been used to find behavioral, metabolic, and neurochemical correlates of differential alcohol intake. Some of the line differences that have been found involve the reinforcing effects of ethanol, the changes in consumption produced by alcohol deprivation and nutritional factors, the behavioral and adrenal monoamine reactions to mild stress, the development of tolerance, the accumulation of acetaldehyde during ethanol metabolism, and the brain levels of serotonin. It is hoped that these studies will lead to a better understanding of the genetically-determined mechanisms that influence the selection of alcohol.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nilvadipine ; calcium antagonist ; essential hypertension ; antihypertensive drug ; stress ; cold pressor test ; haemodynamics ; plasma renin ; plasma noradrenaline
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immediate haemodynamic effects of the calcium antagonist nilvadipine have been studied in ten patients with established mild essential hypertension. Nilvadipine 4 mg p.o. reduced both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures within 60 min, associated with a fall in total peripheral resistance and an increase in heart rate and cardiac index. The peak of blood pressure and total peripheral resistance reached during a cold pressor test were reduced by nilvadipine, but it did not affect the haemodynamic responsiveness to cold stimulation. Plasma renin activity was unaltered and the plasma noradrenaline concentration was increased only slightly. Thus, nilvadipine lowered blood pressure at rest and during cold stimulation as a result of arteriolar dilatation. The hypotensive effect at rest was associated with a reflex increase in heart rate and cardiac index.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: atenolol ; β-blockers ; reaction time ; stress ; alertness ; blood pressure ; car driving
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of atenolol were investigated in car drivers participating in an amateur car rally. Atenolol or placebo were administered to two groups of 20 crews (driver and assistant) in this double-blind randomized trial. When compared with placebo, there was no deterioration in subjective appraisal of alertness and reaction ability in subjects given atenolol, and stress symptoms were markedly reduced. When compared with previous experience, the incidence of improved subjective appraisal of general driving ability was higher with atenolol (30 reports) than with placebo (5 reports). Furthermore the incidence of unchanged or worsened driving ability was significantly higher (p〈0.001) with placebo (34 reports) than with atenolol (9 reports). At the end of the rally (16 hours after administration) subjects receiving atenolol 50 mg had significant reductions in heart rate (p〈0.001), diastolic pressure (p〈0.01), and systolic pressure (p〈0.01) when compared with placebo.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 607-609 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: growth hormone ; valproate ; GABA ; stress ; exercise ; healthy volunteers ; GABAergic transmission
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of the GABAergic drug sodium valproate (SV) on the exercise-induced release of growth hormone (GH) was investigated in 10 healthy males. The exercise test consisted of using a stationary bicycle ergometer at 450 kg/min for 20 min. SV 600 mg blunted the increase in GH induced by the exercise, suggesting GABAergic regulation of GH secretion in man, at least under certain physiological conditions.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Lateralization ; paw preference ; brain asymmetry ; immune reactivity ; stress ; corticoid axis
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral lateralization, as assessed by paw preference in a food-reaching task in mice, is associated with brain metabolism asymmetries and immune reactivity as well as neuroendocrine and immune stress responses. Therefore, each individual may be characterized by a lateralization score in association with a particular pattern of immune and neuroendocrine reactivities. These interindividual differences may be responsible for the variability among members of a population in the responses to various insults including psychological stressors and infections.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: stress ; heart ; dietary fatty acids ; blood pressure ; rats ; docosahexaenoic acid
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidemiological studies suggest that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are involved in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Stress is known to increase the incidence of CVD and the present study was realised to evaluate some physiological and biochemical effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in male Wistar rats subjected to a psycho social stress. Rats were fed for 8 weeks a semi-purified diet containing 10% of either sunflower seed oil or the same oil supplemented with DHA. This food supply represented 50% of their daily requirement. The remaining 50% were supplied as 45 mg food pellets designed to induce stress in rats by an intermittent-feeding schedule process. The control group (n = 12) was fed the equivalent food ration as a single daily feeding. The physiological cardiovascular parameters were recorded by telemetry through a transmitter introduced in the abdomen. At the end of the experimentation, the heart and adrenals were withdrawn and the fatty acid composition and the catecholamine store were determined. Dietary DHA induced a pronounced alteration of the fatty acid profile of cardiac phospholipids (PL). The level of all the n-6 PUFAs was reduced while 22:6 n-3 was increased. The stress induced a significant increase in heart rate which was not observed in DHA-fed group. The time evolution of the systolic blood pressure was not affected by the stress and was roughly similar in the stressed rats of either dietary group. Conversely, the systolic blood pressure decreased in the unstressed rats fed DHA. Similar data were obtained for the diastolic blood pressure. The beneficial effect of DHA was also observed on cardiac contractility, since the dP/dtmax increase was prevented in the DHA-fed rats. The stress-induced modifications were associated with an increase in cardiac noradrenaline level which was not observed in DHA-fed rats. The fatty acid composition of adrenals was significantly related to the fatty acid intake particularly the neutral lipid fraction (NL) which incorporated a large amount of DHA. Conversely, n-3 PUFAs were poorly incorporated in adrenal phospholipids. Moreover the NL/PL ratio was significantly increased in the DHA fed rats. The amount of adrenal catecholamines did not differ significantly between the groups. These results show that a supplementation of the diet with DHA induced cardiovascular alterations which could be detected in conscious animals within a few weeks. These alterations were elicited by a reduced heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 196 (1999), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: stress ; resistance ; protection ; stress gene superfamily ; protein A ; lipopolysaccharide ; heat shock protein ; calorie restriction ; metabolic stress ; carcinogenic stress ; chemical stress
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stress genes can be ascribed to have been generated by the organism for their intrinsic urge to survive against the changing environmental odds, during the evolutionary process. This concept has been supported by a large number of reports describing individual types of phenomena. These have been reconciled and globalised in terms of their relevance in this article. Supporting evidences have been drawn from the literature which indicated that by using different types of inducer one can express heat shock proteins. Similarly, several types of stress inducers, such as calorie restriction, LPS stimulation and Staphylococcal Protein-A stimulation, it was possible to induce a wide array of biological, biochemical and immunological reactions. Such biological reactions rendered protection against toxic, carcinogenic, metabolic, as well as biological stresses induced by microorganisms. Heat shock proteins have been implicated as having a role in providing resistance to the host against different types of stressors. In this article, some mechanistic schemes have been proposed as possible pathways globalising such phenomena. A minute amount of stress inducers has been observed to have helped expression of stress resistance genes, providing increased capability to the host to protect itself against myriads of both biotic and abiotic stressors. More understanding about such phenomena would help in keeping our physiological systems vigilant and our bodies healthy, fighting out the stress-related events effectively.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 91 (1989), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ATPase ; glucose transport ; herpes virus ; hypertension ; leaks ; pore-formation ; sodium channels ; stress ; toxins ; transport ; viruses
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four situations in which membrane transport is altered by disease are discussed: (a) non-specific leaks induced by poreforming agents; (b) glucose transport and cellular stress; (c) Ca+-ATPase and hypertension; (d) Na− channels and HSV infection.
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 14 (1995), S. 83-98 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Rayleigh waves ; electromagnetic acoustic transducers ; acustoelasticity ; stress ; bridges
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Fatigue load monitoring is a useful tool for safety assessment of highway bridges. Monitoring has been conventionally done using strain gages. Installation of these gages is labor-intensive and requires safety precautions. Noncontact electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (EMATs) offer an attractive alternative. EMATs were used to transmit and receive Rayleigh Waves (RW). Changes in time of flight of RW due to the acoustoelastic effect can in principle be used to monitor stresses resulting from vehicular traffic. We have performed proof-of-concept experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Specimens were subjected to bending to simulate the load environment in bridges. RW EMATs were used to measure the relatively low stresses (less than 14 MPa) typically experienced by bridge girders. The signal-to-noise ratio achievable with our system should allow adequate stress resolution for fatigue load monitoring. Factors which could impede technology transfer were considered. The primary obstacle appears to be variability in time of flight (TOF) due to magnetostriction. If the magnetic state is changed (e.g., by scanning of the EMATs) the TOF can change, even at constant stress. We have characterized this effect. If a proper installation procedure is followed, fatigue load monitoring with RW EMATs is feasible.
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 18 (1999), S. 103-113 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: acoustoelasticity ; stress ; EMATs ; bridges
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Pin and hanger connections are used in bridges to suspend an interior span from the outer spans. The connections can sometimes lock up due to corrosion. If lockup occurs the stresses in the connection are cycled due to thermal expansion and contraction of the bridge; fatigue cracking and failure may occur. We constructed an apparatus to simulate a locked-up pin and hanger connection. We performed proof-of-concept tests of a method to detect stresses in pin and hanger connections. The method uses the stress-induced changes in sound velocity of shear waves polarized parallel and perpendicular to the hanger axis. The birefringence is the normalized difference in these shear wave velocities. We measured the birefringence at opposite sides of the hangers, at midsection. We simulated three scenarios: continuous monitoring of hanger status; intermittent monitoring from a known initial state; measurement with no a priori knowledge of hanger status. Good agreement with strain gauge data was obtained for all three scenarios.
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 6 (1987), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Barkhausen noise ; ferromagnetic materials ; stress ; magnetometer ; NDE
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents experimental results regarding the influence of mechanical stresses and thermal treatments on the Barkhausen noise and magnetization characteristic of MolyPermalloy and MuMetal ferromagnetic samples. The samples are different in stress magnitude and localization and in their thermal history. The level of Barkhausen noise and the changes in magnetization characteristic are estimated by measuring the sensitivity and transduction gain of “magnetometer like” coils configurations which employ the studied ferromagnetic samples as their nonlinear ferromagnetic cores. The present method is unique in the sense that the two factors (one factor is related to the internal magnetic noise, and the other one is related to the form of the magnetic characteristic) are obtained by employing a single relatively simple experimental arrangement. Various types of stresses, which are different in magnitude and localization, become distinguishable one from the other, when considering their differential effects on the two factors. Several possible experimental arrangements are shown.
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 353-363 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sintering ; stress ; constraint ; crystallization ; nucleation ; film ; substrate ; rapid thermal annealing
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sintering of films differs from that of bulk gels in several ways. The initial state of a film is generally denser and less crosslinked than a bulk gel made from the same sol, and these factors enhance the densification rate of the film. The substrate constrains the shrinkage of the film, leading to high stresses that retard densification and can influence phase changes. The substrate is a site for heterogeneous nucleation, and crystallization makes densification more difficult, so the competition between sintering and crystallization is particularly important for films. Fast heating favors densification over crystallization, so rapid thermal annealing usually produces denser films. The high surface to volume ratio of a thin film makes it susceptible to degradation by reaction with the substrate and the atmosphere, so choosing compatible materials and avoiding over-firing is essential.
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    Geotechnical and geological engineering 17 (1999), S. 335-349 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: underground gas storage ; pressure barrier ; fibre shotcrete ; stress ; temperature
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes an investigation of pressure barriers (plugs) for an underground gas storage facility which were to be constructed from fibre shotcrete. An extensive measurement program on a test plug was carried out to verify the suitability of fibre shotcrete for this purpose. The results of stress and temperature measurements carried out during the construction of the test plug and during cyclic loading of the plug to a water pressure up to 13 MPa are presented. The measurement program provided information on the stress and temperature development inside the plug body during hydration and hardening and also on the residual tensile stresses at the interface between the plug and the rock mass after the end of hydration. Another important output was information on the quality of the plug-rock mass interface, which was critical for a possible leakage. The results obtained during the cyclic loading of the plug revealed uneven stress distribution at the contact and in the adjacent rock mass. It also provided information on the rate of stress redistribution at the contact and inside the rock mass. The results were used to modify the technology of the shotcrete technique to be applied in the final plugs. The gas storage facility using the modified design has been in trial operation since the end of 1998.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical detection ; Orconectes virilis ; crayfish ; sex recognition ; stress
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Individual crayfish (Orconectes virilis) were tested for responses to water containing conspecific individuals of several sex-status categories. Isolated males did not react to “self” water but did show aggressive postures while isolated, nonself male water was introduced. Males' responses to female water was different from responses to male water. Water from aggressing males elicited fewer agonistic postures and more “neutral” postures. Females showed little difference in response to waters from different categories of conspecifics.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 153-166 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Avoidance behavior ; generalized avoidance ; mercapto ketones ; mercaptans ; odor similarity ; rat ; stress ; structure activity relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Odor similarity to the odor of 4-mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone (I) was measured on eight rats by generalization of a conditioned avoidance response tocis- andtrans-8-mercapto-p-menthan-3-one (II and III), 3-mercapto-3-methyl-2-pentanone (V), andt-amyl mercaptan (VI). Previously, these odorants had been found to induce stress in rats in an open-field situation. In the present experiment, rats generalized the avoidance response learned with I, for V, VI, and to a lesser extenttrans-isomer III, implying odor similarities;cis isomer II was discriminated. Odor similarity between mercapto ketone I and mercaptan VI is surprising since VI lacks the keto group.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; non-equilibrium chemistry ; pH ; stress ; apoptosis ; necrosis ; trout
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mixing of acid river water containing aluminium (pH 5.1, Al 345 μg.l−1) with neutral water of a lake (pH 7.0, Al 73 μg.l−1) resulted in water (pH 6.4, Al 245 μg.l−1) with a pH (6.4) and Al concentration (245 μg.l−1) expected to have low toxicity to fish on the basis of current Al toxicity models. However, under semi-field conditions the freshly mixed water (a few sec. after mixing) proved to be highly toxic to brown trout. The fish were exposed to the water at different places along a 30 m channel. At the beginning of the channel acid and neutral water were continuously mixed; the mixed water left the channel after 340 sec. The cells of the gills showed a highly increased rate of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Intercellular spaces were enlarged, and many leucocytes penetrated in these spaces. Mucus release was stimulated to depletion. Plasma chloride levels were hardly affected. There was a clear gradient in the deleterious effects on the fish along the channel. The fish at the beginning of the channel (about 12 sec. after mixing of the water), were severely affected, whereas the fish kept at the end of the channel (340 sec. after mixing) were only mildly affected. In the natural situation fish will relatively quickly pass through a mixing zone. In our study we therefore focused on the effects on fish after a 60 min exposure to a mixing zone (5 sec after mixing), with subsequent recovery in a region downstream of the confluence and in neutral water with low Al. The recovery in the downstream area (at the end of the channel, i.e. 5 min after mixing) was clearly hampered when compared to the recovery in neutral water with low aluminium. Thus, a short exposure to the toxic mixing zone followed by a stay in water downstream of this zone, as may occur in nature, is detrimental to migrating trout. We conclude that freshly mixed acid and neutral water contain toxic components during the first seconds to minutes after mixing, that can not be explained by current models on aluminium toxicity.
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    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 541-558 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating ability ; sexual selection ; fitness ; stress ; domestication ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Mating ability differences between flies of different alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genotypes have been assessed in the temperature range 15 to 29°C for laboratory-adapted and field-derivedDrosophila melanogaster. Significant differences amongAdh genotypes were detected principally for the laboratory-adapted strains due to departures from random mating associated with heterozygote superiority at the relatively extreme temperature of 29°C, although mating ability differences could not be attributed directly to theAdh locus. The difference between the laboratory and the field populations can be explained by the effects of genetic back-ground manifested in the form of fitness differences, being enhanced for the laboratory-adapted flies as a consequence of the stress of laboratory culture. In contrast with larval survival and development time, laboratory and field flies do not differe appreciably in their overall abilities to obtain mates, which indicates that mating ability is a direct fitness character not greatly affected by laboratory culture. It follows that direct fitness traits are the least amenable to change under domestication.
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    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 293-308 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: stress ; domestication ; extreme environments ; human evolution ; mice ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variability of behavioral traits under optimal and stressful environments is considered with examples fromDrosophila, rodents, and our own species. In agreement with direct fitness and life history traits, behavioral traits show a maximization of preexisting andde novo variation under stress. In order to understand evolutionary change,it appears necessary to emphasize those traits showing interactions with habitats under conditions of environmental stress; this can be shown at the behavioral level especially for domestication and adaptation to novel habitats.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1405-1411 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Air pollution ; Eucalyptus ; forests ; ozone ; ozone tolerance ; phytotoxin ; smog ; stress ; trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Surface ozone (O3) concentrations have proved to be difficult to control and regional (03) concentrations appear to be increasing in many parts of the world. Eucalyptus species are widely used as plantation trees in many regions that have Mediterranean, warm temperate and subtropical climates. An increased knowledge of the effects of tropospheric O3 on Eucalyptus trees may assist in the management of these plantations. The present study was set up to evaluate injury and measure growth reduction caused by O3 in eight Eucalyptus species. Seven month old saplings were exposed to diumally varied concentrations of 26 or 172 nil−1 (03) (7h mean) 7h day−1, 5 days in every 14 days, for 18 weeks. The plants were grown in open top field chambers fitted with rain excluders. Significant differences were found between the responses of different species. There was no visible injury or dry weight reduction in E. globulus. However O3 exposure caused a 30% weight reduction and 90% leaf injury in E. microcorys. E. gomphocephala also experienced a 30% weight reduction but no significant leaf injury. Hence Eucalyptus plantations in regions with the potential for photochemical smog formation, such as some of the rapidly developing industrialising nations in Asia and South America, will need to consider O3 tolerance when selecting plantation trees.
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 353-363 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: sintering ; stress ; constraint ; crystallization ; nucleation ; film ; substrate ; rapid thermal annealing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sintering of films differs from that of bulk gels in several ways. The initial state of a film is generally denser and less crosslinked than a bulk gel made from the same sol, and these factors enhance the densification rate of the film. The substrate constrains the shrinkage of the film, leading to high stresses that retard densification and can influence phase changes. The substrate is a site for heterogeneous nucleation, and crystallization makes densification more difficult, so the competition between sintering and crystallization is particularly important for films. Fast heating favors densification over crystallization, so rapid thermal annealing usually produces denser films. The high surface to volume ratio of a thin film makes it susceptible to degradation by reaction with the substrate and the atmosphere, so choosing compatible materials and avoiding over-firing is essential.
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    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 325-336 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; cyclic ; spalling ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of thermal shock on the spalling of oxides from the surfaces of several commercial alloys was determined. The average cooling rate was varied from approximately 240°C/sec to less than 1.0°C/sec during cyclic oxidation tests in air. The tests consisted of 100 cycles of 1 hr at the maximimum temperature (1100 or 1200°C). The alloys were HOS-875, TD-Ni, TD-NiCrAl, In-601, In-702, and B-1900 plus Hf. All of these alloys exhibited partial spalling within the oxide rather than total oxide loss down to bare metal. Thermal shock resulted in deformation of the metal, which in turn resulted, in most cases, in change of the oxide failure mode from compressive to tensile. Tensile failures were characterized by cracking of the oxide and little loss, while compressive failures were characterized by explosive loss of platelets of oxide. This behavior was confirmed by examination of mechanically stressed oxide scales. The thermally shocked oxides spalled less than the slow-cooled samples with the exception of TD-NiCrAl. This material failed in a brittle manner rather than by plastic deformation. The HOS-875 and the TD-Ni did not spall during either type of cooling. Thus, the effect of thermal shock on spalling is determined, in large part, by the mechanical properties of the metal.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: transcription regulation ; sleep ; circadian ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression was studied in a seasonal hibernator, the diurnal ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis. RNA transcripts of 2.7 and 2.9 kb hybridizing to an HSP70 cDNA were expressed in both brain and peripheral tissues of pre-hibernation euthermic animals; higher levels of expression were observed during the day than during nighttime samples. A decline in the expression of both transcripts occurred in all tissues examined during hibernation that remained low throughout the hibernation season, including the interbout euthermic periods and regardless of time of day. Quantitative comparisons showed pre-hibernation nighttime HSP70 expression to be as low as that observed during hibernation, despite the drastic increase in metabolic state and nearly 30°C difference in body temperature. In contrast to HSP70, some mRNAs, such as β-actin and HSP60, remained relatively constant, while others, such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, increased in specific tissues during the hibernation season. These results indicate that the expression of a highly conserved gene involved in protection from cellular stress, HSP70, can vary with an animal's arousal state.
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  • 45
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    Molecular biology reports 21 (1995), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: proteasome ; ubiquitin ; yeast ; S. cerevisiae ; stress ; protein degradation ; cell cycle ; regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Proteasomes are large multicatalytic protease complexes which fulfil central functions in major intracellular proteolytic pathways of the eukaryotic cell. 20S proteasomes are 700 kDa cylindrically shaped particles, found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of all eukaryotes. They are composed of a pool of 14 different subunits (MW 22–25 kDa) arranged in a stack of 4 rings with 7-fold symmetry. In the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae a complete set of 14 genes coding for 20S proteasome subunits have been cloned and sequenced. 26S proteasomes are even larger proteinase complexes (about 1700 kDa) which degrade ubiquitinylated proteins in an ATP-dependent fashionin vitro. The 26S proteasome is build up from the 20S proteasome as core particle and two additional 19S complexes at both ends of the 20S cylinder. Recently existence of a 26S proteasome in yeast has been demonstrated. Several 26S proteasome specific genes have been cloned and sequenced. They share similarity with a novel defined family of ATPases. 20S and 26S proteasomes are essential for functioning of the eukaryotic cell. Chromosomal deletion of 20S and 26S proteasomal genes in the yeastS. cerevisiae caused lethality of the cell. Thein vivo functions of proteasomes in major proteolytic pathways have been demonstrated by the use of 20S and 26S proteasomal mutants. Proteasomes are needed for stress dependent and ubiquitin mediated proteolysis. They are involved in the degradation of short-lived and regulatory proteins. Proteasomes are important for cell differentiation and adaptation to environmental changes. Proteasomes have also been shown to function in the control of the cell cycle.
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  • 46
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    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 381-389 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: metallothionein ; Oryza sativa ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel rice genomic sequence encoding coding segments homologous to other metallothionein-like genes was isolated from Oryza sativa genomic library. This sequence, hereby designated as rgMT (rice genomic metallothionein-like gene), consists of two exons and one intron. From the coding sequence, it is predicted that rgMT encodes one protein of 74 amino acids. Differential expression of rgMT in rice plants was observed as mature transcripts were more abundant in roots than in leaves and sheaths. Under different stress conditions, such as excess heavy metals and heat shock, expression of rgMT was significantly elevated. This was especially noticeable with 250 μM CuCl2 for 16 h, 40°C heat for 2 h and 0.06% DMSO for 1 h. Under sucrose starvation, rgMT transcripts also increased with time up to 72 h. During recovery from sucrose starvation, the transcripts declined slightly within 12 h of recovery. rgMT transcripts were also seen to have increased expression in senescent leaves. These results support the notion that rgMT is a stress-inducible gene in rice heretofore unreported.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: French bean ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; elicitor ; stress ; protein phosphatase ; induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA showing high sequence similarity (〉70%) to plant protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit variants from other species has been isolated from a cDNA library derived from mRNAs expressed in elicitor-treated suspension-cultured cells. The clone appears to be a near full-length 1431 bp with a 172 bp 5′-untranslated region and a 317 bp 3′-untranslated region. The open reading frame, determined by sequence similarity, codes for a protein with predicted M r of 35552. Alternatively an ATG situated to the 5′ end of the putative start site would increase the protein size by 6 amino acids. The mRNA for Pvpp1 was shown to be rapidly induced by elicitor treatment of suspension-cultured cells of French bean. The cloned cDNA represents one of the few examples of a gene product that is probably involved in dephosphorylation events arising after the initial responses to biotic stress.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: HSF ; DNA binding domain ; oligomerization domain ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal stress in soybean seedlings causes the activation of pre-existing heat shock transcription factor proteins (HSFs). Activation results in the induction of DNA binding activity which leads to the transcription of heat shock genes. From a soybean cDNA library we have isolated cDNA clones corresponding to six HSF genes. Two HSF genes are expressed constitutively at the transcriptional level, and the remaining four are heat-inducible. Two of the heat inducible genes are also responsive to cadmium stress. Comparative analysis of HSF sequences indicated higher conservation of the DNA binding domain among plant HSFs than those from yeast or other higher eukaryotes. The putative plant HSF oligomerization domain contains hydrophobic heptapeptide repeats characteristic of coiled coils and seems to exist in two structural variants. The carboxy-terminal domains are reduced in size and the C-terminal heptad repeat is degenerate.
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    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 525-529 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: metallothionein ; rice ; stress
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A type 2 metallothionein-like gene from rice, OsMT-2 (Oryza sativa metallothionein-like gene-2), was isolated in its cDNA form and sequenced. By northern analyses OsMT-2 expression was shown to be induced under stress by sucrose starvation, heat shock and, to a lesser extent, abscisic acid, but not excess metals, including copper. Its response to sucrose starvation was transient and different from OsMT-1, a type 1 metallothionein-like gene of rice inducible by copper. These results suggest that while OsMT-2 is also involved in cellular response to stress, its function may be complementary to that of OsMT-1.
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    Plant molecular biology 2 (1983), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: stress ; differentiation ; plant cell cultures ; heat shock
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of proteins synthesized by carrot cells after heat-shock was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A study was made of the time of appearance and disappearance of the heat-shock bands and a comparison was made of the heat-shock proteins present in cell extracts obtained from cell suspensions, callus, protoplasts and the different stages of somatic embryogenesis. From this comparison a number of differences and hence of stage-specific markers could be seen. This type of analysis was also carried out in the presence of α-amanitin in order to get information on the type of control of heat-shock protein synthesis. It turned out that in all stages after the initial globular stage, α-amanitin does not alter the heat-shock protein pattern suggesting pre-existence of the relative mRNA's.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ethylene ; Hevea brasiliensis ; salicylic acid ; stress
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel stress-induced gene, HEVER (Hevea ethylene-responsive) from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, has been isolated and characterised. HEVER is encoded by a multigene family. The HEVER transcript is expressed at basal levels in Hevea tissues and is developmentally regulated. In addition, the HEVER transcript and protein are induced by stress treatment with salicylic acid and ethephon. Sequence analysis shows that HEVER encodes a 33 kDa protein that has significant homology to the hypothetical protein SLEXORFA-1 from the plant, Stellaria longipes, and two bacterial proteins, BAC180K-75 from Bacillus subtilis and MVRNO3-1 from Methanococcus vannielii.
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    Potato research 39 (1996), S. 411-427 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; disease ; quality ; carbohydrates ; starch ; carbon partitioning ; development ; stress ; molecular farming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transgenic potato plants are being generated world-wide to assess the impact of transgene expression (sense and/or antisense) on parameters as diverse as yield, quality, stress physiology and pest/disease resistance. Strategies for alternative uses of the potato crops by diverting metabolism into high value products or by expressing recombinant proteins are also being explored. Results obtained are often surprising although the science of plant molecular biology is relatively young. Whilst the outcome of any transgenic approach is by no means certain, this review provides sufficient examples to illustrate the versatility and applicability of transgenic biology in potato improvement.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: low-temperature tolerance ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für 18 Genotypen wilder und kultivierter Kartoffeln (Solanum spp.) wurden die Kältetoleranzen ermittelt. Elf der Genotypen waren Wildspezies und galten als adaptiert an kalte Umgebungen. Die restlichen sieben waren Sorten vonS. tuberosum, von denen vier aus Chile stammten. Die relative Kältesensibilität der Genotypen wurde anhand des Rückgangs des Ausmasses des induzierten Anstieg der Chlorophyll-Fluoreszenz in Blättchen bei 0°C im Dunkeln gemessen, und wurde in Form der Zeit für einen 50 %igen Rückgang derF R (maximale Rate des induzierten Anstiegs der Chlorophyll-Fluoreszenz) im Vergleich zur Kontrolle registriert. Die Mehrzahl der wilden Spezies zeigte eine höhere Toleranz für niedrige Temperatur, und die Ergebnisse zeigen eine grosse genotypische Schwankungsbreite für Kältetoleranz bei 0°C innerhalb derSolanum-Spezies.S. albicans zeigte die grösste Toleranz gegenüber Stress mit einem Kältetoleranz-Wert von 78 Stunden,S. tuberosum (CPC 3294) nur einem Wert von 24 Stunden für einen 50%igen Rückgang derF R. Eine grosse genotypische Bandbreite scheint innerhalb vonS. tuberosum zu bestehen (Tabelle 1), welche sich als sehr wichtig für die Züchtung kältetoleranterer Sorten erweisen könnte. Gegenüber europäischen Sorten zeigten die chilenischen die grössere Toleranz für niedrige Temperatur. Dennoch erwies sich die Sorte Moira kältetoleranter als andere europäische Sorten. Die in dieser Studie verwendete Chlorophyll-Fluoreszenz-Methode ist ein Schnelltest mit Anwendung von einzelnen Blättchen, und, wie alle Kurzzeittests dieser Art, erfordert er Sorgfalt bei der Anwendung und bei der Ausdehnung der Ergebnisse auf die Pflanze als Ganzes und zum jeweiligen Wachstumsstadium über die Vegetationsperiode. Dennoch erweist sich die Möglichkeit, anhand der Chlorophyll-Fluoreszenz-Analyse sowohl inter-als auch intraspezifisch Abstufungen in der Kältetoleranz zu unterscheiden, bei wilden und kultivierten Kartoffelspezies als potentieller Anwendungsbereich für die Methode, in zukünftigen Kartoffelzüchtungs-Programmen auf Kältetoleranz zu selektieren.
    Abstract: Résumé La tolérance relative au froid de 18 génotypes d'espèces sauvages et cultivées deSolanum a été déterminée. Onze étaient des espèces sauvages considérées comme adaptées à des conditions d'environnement froides et sept étaient des variétés deS. tuberosum, parmi lesquelles quatre originaires du Chili. Comparativement à des témoins non traités la relative sensibilité au froid étai évaluée par la perte d'intensité de fluorescence de la chlorophylle provenant de folioles conservées à 0°C dans l'obscurité. La majorité des espèces sauvages se montrait plus tolérante vis à vis des basses températures; dans l'ensemble les résultats mettaient en évidence une large gamme de tolérance à 0°C pour les espèces deSolanum: S. albicans était le plus tolérant au stress avec un temps de 78 heures alors queS. tuberosum (CPC 3294) y était le moins avec seulement 24 heures pour obtenir une extinction de la fluorescence de 50%. La gamme de tolérances rencontrée chezS. tuberosum (tableau 1) pourrait s'avérer très importante pour une hybridation ayant comme objectif l'obtention des variétés plus résistantes au froid. Les variétés chiliennes montraient une plus grande tolérance aux basses températures que les variétés européennes cependant, parmi ces derniéres, ‘Moira’ était plus tolérante au froid que les autres. La méthode d'évaluation basée sur la fluorescence de la chlorphylle utilisée dans cette étude est un test rapide n'utilisant que quelques folioles et, comme pour tous les tens simples et rapides, il est nécessaire d'être prudent avant de transposer les résultats obtenus à la plante entière et à toutes les époques de la période de croissance de la plante. Cependant la capacité de cette méthode à déceiler des degrés de tolérance au froid entre espèces sauvages et entre celles-ci et les variétés cultivées suggère un usage possible pour la détection de ce caractère dans les futurs programmes d'hybridation de la pomme de terre.
    Notes: Summary Relative cold tolerances were determined for 18 genotypes of wild and cultivated potato (Solanum spp.); eleven were from high altitude and were considered to be adapted to cold environments, and the remaining seven were cultivars ofS. tuberosum of which four originated from Chile. Relative cold sensitivity of the genotypes was measured by the decrease in the rate of the induced rise in chlorophyll fluorescence in leaflets kept at 0°C in the dark. Most wild species showed a greater tolerance to the low temperature and the results show a large genotypic range within theSolanum spp. for cold tolerance at 0°C. genotypes ofS. tuberosum showed a large range in cold sensitivity. This genotypic range in cold sensitivity, the use of chlorophyll fluorescence analysis as a screening technique and the relationship betweenF R andF var are discussed.
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 3 (1987), S. 251-260 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: layered system ; stress ; displacement
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The general formulae for the stresses and displacements in layered elastic systems subjected to external loads are derived in this paper. On the basis of these formulae the practical formulae for calculation of the stresses and displacements in layered elastic systems under the action of vertical, centripetal-horizontal, unidirectional-horizontal and rotational-horizontal loads distributed on circular areas and compressed by rigid circular plates are further derived, and the corresponding computer programs have been worked out.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: mineralization ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; salinity ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant zonation patterns across New England salt marshes have been investigated for years, but how nutrient availability differs between zones has received little attention. We investigated how N availability, P availability, and plant N status varied across Juncus gerardii, Spartina patens, and mixed forb zones of a Northern New England high salt marsh. We also investigated relationships between several edaphic factors and community production and diversity across the high marsh. P availability, soil salinity, and soil moisture were higher in the mixed forb zone than in the two graminoid zones. NH+ 4-N availability was highest in the J. gerardii zone, but NO− 3-N availability and mid season net N mineralization rates did not vary among zones. Plant tissue N concentrations were highest in the mixed forb zone and lowest in the S. patens zone, reflecting plant physiologies more so than soil N availability. Community production was highest in the J. gerardii zone and was positively correlated with N availability and negatively correlated with soil moisture. Plant species diversity was highest in the mixed forb zone and was positively correlated with P availability and soil salinity. Thus, nutrient availability, plant N status, and plant species diversity varied across zones of this high marsh. Further investigation is needed to ascertain if soil nutrient availability influences or is a result of the production and diversity differences that exist between vegetation zones of New England high salt marshes.
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    Glycoconjugate journal 16 (1999), S. 685-689 
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: GP62 ; stress glycoproteins ; stress ; heat-shock ; glycosylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract GP62 is a member of the stress glycoprotein family that was proposed to have a chaperone-like function in the heat-shock response. Using lectin blotting we have studied glycosylation of GP62 and determined that in addition to heat-shock, even simple subculturing of cells is a sufficient stimulus to provoke induction of GP62. Interestingly, both kinetics of induction and glycosylation of GP62 induced by subculturing were different than when GP62 was induced by heat-shock. While GP62 induced by heat-shock was recognized by SNA, DSA and PHA-E lectins, and not by BSA I, Con A, RCA I, SJA, UEA I, VVA, and WGA lectins, GP62 induced by subculturing was also recognized by RCA I and WGA lectins.
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    Cytotechnology 19 (1996), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: Heat-shock protein ; heat resistance ; hepatoma ; multidrug resistance ; P-glycoprotein ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract We have earlier isolated a glucocorticoid-resistant, dedifferentiated rat hepatoma variant, the clone 2, which exhibited deficient stress activation of the major stress-inducible heat-shock protein hsp68.Multidrug-resistant variants were isolated from clone 2 cells using increasing concentrations of colchicine. The induction deficiency of hsp68 was maintained in the colchicine-resistant clone 2 cells grown for several months in the presence of 1 μg/ml colchicine (termed ashighly multidrug-resistant variant) indicating that this heat-shock protein is not involved in the multidrug resistance. No alteration of the protein synthesis pattern was observed except the strong increase of the P-glycoprotein, which correlated with high level of corresponding mRNA. Stableheat-resistant variants of clone 2 were also isolated, which showed increaseddrug resistance to several drugs, i.e. they becamemoderately multidrug-resistant. This moderate multidrug resistance of the heat-resistant variants was further increased by stepwise selection with colchicine (highly multidrug-resistant heat-resistant variants). The levels of P-glycoprotein mRNA and protein were elevated both in the heat-resistant, non drug selected, moderately drug-resistant and in heatresistant, colchicine selected, highly drug-resistant variants. Decreased retention of antitumor drugs was observed in all multidrug-resistant variants indicating that P-glycoprotein was functional. Verapamil increased doxorubicin retention and cytotoxicity significantly. Our results showing that severely stressed hepatoma cells overexpressed the multidrug resistance gene(s) raise the possibility that the P-glycoprotein may participate in protection against enviromental stress such as heat.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 18 (1997), S. 765-770 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: transverse crack ; saturate crack spacing ; damage ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the saturate spacing of transverse cracks of the 90° ply is originally calculated by the 3-D finite element method. Thus, a new approach is put forward for predicting the saturate spacing of transverse cracks.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: apoptosis ; bcl-2 ; cell death ; hybridoma ; osmolarity ; pH ; shear ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract It has been demonstrated that the cell lines used for production of biopharmaceuticals are highly susceptible to apoptosis, and that over-expression of the bcl-2 oncogene can protect cells from death. Stress associated with the deprivation of nutrients has been shown to be the main cause of apoptosis in culture. We have extended these studies by investigating the mechanism of cell death under conditions of sub-optimal pH, shear stress and hyperosmolarity, and the protective action of bcl-2 over-expression. At pH 6, there was no clear evidence of protection from cell death. However, at pH 8, the viability of the bcl-2 transfected cells was about 20% higher relative to the control cells. Cultivation of control cells in a flat bottomed bioreactor with a magnetic stirrer bar without a pivot ring resulted in exposure of the cells to a high attrition effect. As a result, cell growth was retarded and a high level of cell death by apoptosis was observed. Under the same conditions, the bcl-2 transfected cell line exhibited a nearly five fold increase in viable cell number. This finding indicates that under apoptosis-suppressed conditions, shear stress can stimulate cell growth. Batch cultivation of both control and bcl-2 transfected cells in 350 and 400 mOsm media resulted in suppression of cell growth, athough the effect was most marked in the control cell line. Adaptation of control cells to 400 mOsm proved to be impossible to achieve. However, the bcl-2 transfected cells exhibited resistance to the osmotic stress resulting in long term adaptation to a high salt environment. Specific productivity of bcl-2 transfected cells grown in high osmolarity medium was 100% higher than that produced by non- adapted bcl-2 transfected cells grown in normal osmolarity medium. These results demonstrate that bcl-2 has a beneficial effect on hybridoma cultivation under a wide range of culture stresses.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 103 (1987), S. 162-165 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: catecholamines ; erythrocytes ; circulating blood volume ; stress ; adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 100 (1985), S. 1630-1633 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: myocardium ; adaptation ; lipid peroxidation ; stress
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 100 (1985), S. 1647-1650 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: microcirculation ; stress ; antioxidants
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 100 (1985), S. 1651-1652 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: erythrocytes ; stress ; experimental model
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 100 (1985), S. 1707-1709 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: stress ; dalargin ; ACTH ; corticosterone ; endorphins ; enkephalins
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 101 (1986), S. 13-15 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: stress ; analgesia ; hyperalgesia ; genotype ; seasonal factors
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 101 (1986), S. 306-308 
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    Keywords: parameters of collagen metabolism ; stress ; immobilization ; electropuncture
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    Keywords: thymus ; stress ; bone marrow ; erythropoiesis ; granulocytopoiesis
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    Keywords: stress ; indomethacin ; prostaglandin E2 ; isolated atrium ; contractility
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 101 (1986), S. 627-629 
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    Keywords: corticosteroids ; stress ; adaptogens
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 101 (1986), S. 752-754 
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    Keywords: arterial hypertension ; heredity ; stress ; adrenocortical function ; neurotransmitters
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 102 (1986), S. 875-877 
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    Keywords: stress ; action potential ; antioxidants
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 102 (1986), S. 1042-1044 
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    Keywords: stress ; adaptation ; rat myocardium ; Na,K-ATPase
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    Keywords: stress ; arterial pressure ; corticosterone ; nuclei raphe
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    Keywords: stress ; delta sleep-inducing peptides ; aggressive-defensive behavior
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 102 (1986), S. 1176-1178 
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    Keywords: enkephalins ; stress ; heart lesions
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    Keywords: adaptation ; stress ; morphology of the heart ; 99mTc-pyrophosphate
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 102 (1986), S. 1328-1331 
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    Keywords: immobilization hypothermia ; stress ; metabolism ; catecholamines
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 102 (1986), S. 1574-1576 
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    Keywords: sodium hydroxybutyrate ; lithium hydroxybutyrate ; stress ; normal killer cells
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 102 (1986), S. 1651-1654 
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    Keywords: essential hypertension ; stress ; rats
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 102 (1986), S. 1666-1668 
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    Keywords: dyslipidemia ; stress ; adaptation
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 102 (1986), S. 1672-1674 
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    Keywords: myocardial sarcolemma ; stress ; Na, K-ATPase ; lipid peroxidation ; thermal denaturation
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 102 (1986), S. 1724-1726 
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    Keywords: phenazepam ; stress ; ACTH ; blood plasma
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    Keywords: stress ; dried thyroid ; myocardium ; mitochondria ; myofibrils
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 103 (1987), S. 669-671 
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    Keywords: stress ; bone marrow ; enkephalins
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    Keywords: Cardiac fibrillation ; stress ; electroacupuncture ; adrenergic innervation
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 104 (1987), S. 1058-1060 
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    Keywords: Sympathicoadrenal system ; catecholamines ; stress
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    Keywords: protein fragments ; stress ; biogenic monamines ; brain structures ; corticosterone ; antibody formation
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 106 (1988), S. 1684-1688 
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    Keywords: stress ; pain syndrome ; lipid peroxidation
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 103 (1987), S. 169-172 
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    Keywords: salt loading ; stress ; adrenals ; 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 100 (1985), S. 1644-1647 
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    Keywords: hypokinesia ; stress ; corticosterone ; adrenals ; thymus
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 103 (1987), S. 298-301 
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    Keywords: stress ; natural killer cells ; glucocorticoids ; receptors ; mice
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 106 (1988), S. 1526-1528 
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    Keywords: adaptation ; anoxia ; antioxidative enzymes ; stress
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 104 (1987), S. 1358-1361 
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    Keywords: protective antioxidant enzymes ; stress ; adaptation ; rat heart
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    Keywords: adaptogens ; corticosteroids ; cucurbitacin ; prostaglandins ; stress
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 104 (1987), S. 1337-1339 
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    Keywords: β-endorphin ; bovine serum albumin ; conjugate ; immunization ; analgesia ; morphine ; stress
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 104 (1987), S. 1574-1577 
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    Keywords: GABA-ergic system ; stress ; fenibut
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 104 (1987), S. 1601-1604 
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    Keywords: stress ; immunocorrection ; vitamin A
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    Keywords: catecholamines ; dopamine ; stress ; antioxidants
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    Keywords: phenazepam ; synthetic antioxidants ; cerebral cortex ; stress
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 100 (1985), S. 897-899 
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    Keywords: stress ; lectin ; induced cellular cytotoxicity ; cytotoxic factor of normal killer cells
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