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  • Rhizobium  (29)
  • Springer  (29)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1980-1984  (29)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1984  (29)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (29)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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  • 1980-1984  (29)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of ononitol and O-methyl-scyllo-inositol in pea root nodules (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 161 (1984), S. 32-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ononitol ; O-Methyl-scyllo-inositol ; Pisum (root nodule) ; Rhizobium ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ononitol (4-O-methyl-myo-inositol) and O-methyl-scyllo-inositol were identified in pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodules formed by twoRhizobium leguminosarum strains. Ononitol was the major soluble carbohydrate in nodules formed by strain 1045 while O-methyl-scyllo-inositol and two unidentified components were dominant in the carbohydrate pattern of the nodules formed by strain 1 a. The cyclitols were also present in the denodulated roots, but to a much smaller extent; in the above-ground plant parts only traces were found. The identification of ononitol and O-methyl-scyllo-inositol was established by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry utilizing trimethylsilyl- and acetyl-derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00951457
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denitrification of nitrate to nitrogen gas by washed cells ofRhizobium japonicum and by bacteroids fromGlycine max (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 161 (1984), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bacteroid ; Glycine (bacteroids) ; Denitrification ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrate, nitrite and nitrous oxide were denitrified to N2 gas by washed cells ofRhizobium japonicum CC706 as well as by bacteroids prepared from root nodules ofGlycine max (L.) Merr. (CV. Clark 63). Radiolabelled N2 was produced from either K15NO3 or Na15NO2 by washed cells ofRh. japonicum CC705 grown with either nitrate only (5 mM) or nitrate (5 mM) plus glutamate (10 mM). Nitrogen gas was also produced from N2O. Similar results were obtained with bacteroids ofG. max. The stoichiometry for the utilization of15NO 3 - or15NO 2 - and the produciton of15N2 was 2:1 and for N2O utilization and N2 production it was 1:1. Some of the15N2 gas produced by denitrification of15NO 3 - in bacteroids was recycled via nitrogenase into cell nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00951463
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osmoregulation in Rhizobium meliloti: inhibition of growth by salts (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 124-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Osmotic stress ; Salts ; Glutamic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A defined medium of low osmolarity was developed permitting growth of Rhizobium meliloti with generation times of approximately 2.8 h doubling-1. The effects of sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, bicarbonate and acetate ions on the growth rate of R. meliloti were determined. Sodium, potassium and ammonium ions had little effect on growth at concentrations of 100 mEq or less; magnesium ion inhibited growth severely at concentrations of 50 mEq (25 mM). Of the anions, chloride and sulfate appeared to have little effect while phosphate, bicarbonate, and acetate inhibited growth at concentrations of as little as 25 mEq. The addition of proline, glutamate, or betaine to cells growing in inhibitory concentrations of NaCl did not relieve the inhibition. When grown in the presence of inhibitory levels of NaCl, the intracellular concentration of glutamate but not of proline or gamma amino butyric acid increased 5-fold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414452
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phosphorus supply on phosphate uptake and alkaline phosphatase activity in Rhizobia (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase ; Continuous culture ; Glycerol 1-phosphate uptake ; Phosphate exchange ; Phosphate uptake ; Rhizobium ; Snake bean bacteroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of P nutrition on phosphate uptake and alkaline phosphatase activity was studied in chemostat culture for four rhizobial and three bradyrhizobial species. Phosphate-limited cells took up phosphate 10- to 180-fold faster than phosphate-rich cells. The four fast-growing rhizobial strains contained high levels of alkaline phosphatase activity under P-limited conditions compared to the repressed levels found in P-rich cells; alkaline phosphatase activity could not be detected in three slow-growing rhizobial strains, regardless of their P-status. Glycerol 1-phosphate-uptake in the cowpea Rhizobium NGR234 was derepressed over 50-fold under P-limited conditions, and appeared to be co-regulated with phosphate uptake. The phosphate-uptake system appeared similar in all strains with apparent K m values ranging from 1.6 μM to 6.0 μM phosphate and maximum activities from 17.2 to 126 nmol · min-1 · (mg dry weight of cells)-1. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone strongly inhibited phosphate uptake in all strains and a number of other metabolic inhibitors also decreased phosphate uptake in the cowpea Rhizobium NGR234. The phosphate uptake system in all strains failed to catalyse exchange of 32P label in preloaded cells or efflux of phosphate. The results suggest a single, repressible, unidirectional and energy-dependent system for the transport of phosphate into rhizobia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454943
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aromatic metabolism in Rhizobium trifolii —protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 187-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Aromatic metabolism in protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase ; R. trifolii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.3) has been purified 42-fold from 4-hydroxybenzoate-grown cells of Rhizobium trifolii TA1, where it constitutes about 2% of the cell protein. The dioxygenase has a molecular weight of 220,000, with two dissimilar sub-units of molecular weights 29,000 and 26,500, corresponding to an α4β4 composition. The enzyme is specific for protocatechuate, with a Km of 1.75×10-5 M and maximum activity at pH 9.2. Metal removal and replacement studies indicate that the enzyme contains complexed Fe3+ which is required for activity. Direct atomic absorption analysis gave 1.3–1.5 g atoms Fe3+ per mole of isolated enzyme, but correction for metal-deficient proteins suggests that the value is close to 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402117
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen oxidation and efficiency of nitrogen fixation in succinate-limited chemostat cultures ofRhizobium ORS 571 (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Nitrogenase ; Hydrogenase ; Growth yields ; Chemostat ; Cytochromes ; Proton translocation ; ATP/N2 ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rhizobium ORS 571, isolated from stem nodules of the tropical legumeSesbania rostrata is able to grow in the chemostat with molecular nitrogen as sole nitrogen source at a specific growth rate of 0.1 h-1. Samples from nitrogenfixing cultures showed high acetylene reduction activities: 1,500 nmol ethylene formed per milligram dry weight per hour. Under nitrogen-fixing conditions an uptake hydrogenase is induced. Ammonia-assimilating cultures, without additional hydrogen, did not induce hydrogenase. The addition of hydrogen to succinate-limited nitrogen-fixing cultures resulted in an increase in the molar growth yield on succinate (Y succinate) from 27 to 35 and a slight decrease in the molar growth yield on oxygen ( $$Y_{O_2 }$$ ), showing that hydrogen oxidation is less energy-yielding than the oxidation of endogenous substrates. Respiration-driven proton translocation measured with starved cells indicated the functioning of site 1 and 2 of oxidative phosphorylation. Cytochrome spectra showed that cytochromea 600, present at high dissolved oxygen tension (d.o.t.) almost completely disappeared at low d.o.t. In flash-photolysis spectra only thea-type cytochrome could be detected as an oxidase in cells both grown at high and low d.o.t. Growth yields in ammonia-assimilating cultures were higher than those measured in nitrogen-fixing cultures. Assuming two sites of oxidative phosphorylation, a molar growth yield on ATP (Y ATP) of about 3 and 6 was calculated for respecticely nitrogen-fixing and ammonia-assimilating cultures. TheY ATP under nitrogen-fixing conditions is dependent on the amount of H2 formed per mol N2 fixed (H2/N2 ratio). A method has been described to calculate the total amount of ATP use by nitrogenase during the fixation of 1 mol N2 (ATP/N2 ratio) and H2/N2 ratios in aerobic nitrogen fixing organisms. This calculation yielded that nitrogen fixation inRhizobium ORS 571 is a high ATP-consuming process. The calculated ATP/N2 and H2/N2 ratios were respectively 42 and 7.5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692712
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A continuous culture study of the phosphorus nutrition of Rhizobium trifollii WU95, Rhizobium NGR234 and Bradyrhizobium CB756 (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 276-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase ; Continuous culture ; Growth yields ; Phosphate ; Phosphorus nutrition ; Polyphosphate ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract With continuous cultures in a fully defined minimal salts medium steady states were achieved at both limiting and non-limiting concentrations of phosphate in the inflowing medium for Rhizobium trifolii WU95, cowpea Rhizobium NGR234, and Bradyrhizobium CB756. Millimolar growth yields obtained from P-limited cultures varied over 2-fold from 3.2 g dry weight·(mmol P)-1 for WU95 to 5.3 g dry weight·(mmol P)-1 for CB756 and 7.2 g dry weight·(mmol P)-1 for NGR234. For both WU95 and NGR234 growth under P-excess conditions resulted in elevated levels of total biomass P and the storage compound polyphosphate, compared with P-limited cultures. However, P-limited cultures of these two strains still contained significant quantities of polyphosphate. The P-status for CB756 cultures did not affect either total biomass P or polyphosphate levels. Alkaline phosphatase was maximally derepressed in P-limited cultures of WU95 and NGR234. However, in CB756 alkaline phosphatase was not detected at significant levels regardless of its P supply. These data suggest that growth of rhizobia is controlled predominantly by the attainment of a critical internal P level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454942
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Legume-Rhizobium interactions: host induced alterations in capsular polysaccharides and infectivity of cowpea Rhizobia (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 260-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Legume ; Preinfection events ; Symbiont recognition ; Capsular polysaccharide composition ; Root exudate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The capsular polysaccharides (CPS) of the log phase cells of Rhizobium sp. strain 1001 were altered within 6 h of incubation in the root exudate of cowpea (Vigna sinensis) plants grown in the absence of combined nitrogen. Electrophoretic or DEAE-Sephadex separation of the native CPS yielded two fractions while the CPS of the cultures incubated in root exudate (host induced CPS) yielded three fractions. The relative proportions of sugars in the total CPS were different. The host induced CPS contained two new sugars, arabinose and xylose, in addition to the native components of mannose, glucose and galactose. Addition of the host induced CPS to cowpea roots enhanced the nodulation efficiency of Rhizobium sp. strain 1001 under low inoculum density. None of the above host mediated changes occurred on incubation of the rhizobia with root exudate of cowpea plants grown in the presence of NH 4 + , indicating the regulatory effect of combined nitrogen on the symbiotic properties of legume root secretions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454939
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phosphorus supply on periplasmic protein profiles in Rhizobia (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase ; Continuous culture ; Periplasmic proteins ; Phosphate uptake ; Phosphorus nutrition ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lysozyme/EDTA treatment of four fast-growing rhizobia released repeatable protein profiles after polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Similar treatment of slow-growing rhizobia failed to release such periplasmic proteins. For the four-fast-growing rhizobia, both P-repressible and P-inducible protein bands occurred. The only P-repressible protein identified was alkaline phosphatase, which showed strain differences in both electrophoretic mobility and activation by Mg2+. The derepression of the P-repressible periplasmic proteins in cowpea Rhizobium NGR234 correlated with derepression of both phosphate and glycerol 1-phosphate uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454944
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Appearance and accumulation of nodulin mRNAs and their relationship to the effectiveness of root nodules (1984)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 3 (1984), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: soybean ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule-specific genes ; Rhizobium ; Northern blots ; RNA dot blots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cloned cDNAs corresponding to mRNAs which accumulate in nitrogen-fixing root nodules of soybean (nodulin mRNAs) were used as probes to investigate the sizes, sequence relationships, tissue specificities and developmental accumulations of individual nodulin mRNA sequences. Northern blot analysis indicated that the NodB, NodC and NodD mRNA sequences are 1 150, 770, and 3 150 nucleotides long, respectively, which is consistent with the previously determined sizes of the hybrid-selected translation products (27 000, 24 000 and 100 000 MW, respectively). The NodA clones pNodA15 and pNodA25 hybridized to two mRNAs of lengths 1 600 and 1 100 nucleotides, indicating that they contain significant sequence homologies. However, increasing the hybridization stringency showed that the pNodA15 clone encodes the 1 600 nucleotide mRNA corresponding to the major NodA hybrid-selected translation product (44 000 MW) while pNodA25 encodes an mRNA of 1 100 nucleotides. The latter probably corresponds to one of two smaller (23 500 and 24 500 MW) in vitro translation products. RNA dot-blot hybridizations indicated that nodulin and leghemoglobin mRNAs began to appear and accumulate in Rhizobium infected root tissue very early (day 3 to 5) and reached fully induced levels by day 11. This accumulation was specific for nodule tissue (except for the NodD sequence) and preceded the accumulation of nitrogen fixation activity. Nodules produced by different effective Rhizobium strains accumulated similar levels of leghemoglobin and nodulin mRNAs while ineffective strains had a pleiotropic affect. While one ineffective strain (61A24) gave reduced levels of all these mRNAs, the other (SM5) gave levels which were nearly normal by the time nitrogen fixation activity should have reached its maximal level (day 17). Thus, leghemoglobin and nodulin genes are switched on soon after infection, prior to nodule morphogenesis, and the switch occurs prior to and is independent of nitrogen fixation activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023412
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insertion and deletion mutations within the nif region of Rhizobium japonicum (1984)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 3 (1984), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: electron microscopy ; mutants ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insertion and deletion mutants were used to characterize a genomic region of Rhizobium japonicum where the nitrogenase structural genes are located on two separate operons nifDK and nifH. In addition to previously described nifD:: Tn5 and nifK:: Tn5 mutations we have now generated, by localized mutagenesis, further Tn5 insertion mutations in the vicinity of nifDK as well as within and adjacent to nifH. The nifD:: Tn5, nifK:: Tn5, and nifH:: Tn5 mutant strains were of the Nod+ Fix- phenotype whereas all other mutants were symbiotically fully effective (Nod+ Fix+). The nifH:: Tn5 mutation was helpful in the identification of the nifH gene product (the dinitrogenase reductase) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: due to its polar effect this insertion specifically abolished the synthesis of that protein under microaerobic culture conditions. The ultrastructure of soybean root nodules infected with either the nif + wild-type or with the nif - (but otherwise isogenic) mutant strains was analyzed by electron microscopy. All contained fully developed bacteroids, but the nitrogen non-fixing mutants showed massive accumulation of PHB. Of Tn5-containing strains, kanamycin sensitive derivatives were obtained which contained deletions. Several classes of deletion mutants were found which, as judged by their physical DNA structure and their phenotypes, allowed the following most important conclusions: (i) deletions lacking both the nifDK and nifH regions indicate linkage between the two operons whereby at least 15 kb of DNA separate them; (ii) one deletion ending upstream from nifH, and lacking only nifDK, indicates that the nifDK operon is located on the 5′-flanking side of the nifH operon; (iii) all deletion mutants are Nod+ indicating that there are no essential nodulation gnes located between and adjacent to nifDK and nifH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016063
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrate supply on the in-vivo synthesis and distribution of trifollin A, a Rhizobium trifolii-binding lectin, in Trifolium repens seedlings (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 162 (1984), S. 540-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Lectin ; Nitrate and lectin formation ; Rhizobium ; Trifoliin A ; Trifolium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In-vivo synthesis of the white-clover lectin, trifoliin A, was examined by the incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein during heterotrophic growth of intact Trifolium repens L. seedlings. Lectin synthesis was quantified by measuring the level of labeled protein immunoprecipitated from root exudate, from the hapten (2-deoxyglucose) eluate of the roots, and from root and shoot homogenates. The presence of labeled trifoliin A was confirmed by non-denaturing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by fluorography and comparison with trifoliin A standards. In-vivo-labeled trifoliin A was detected in seedling root homogenate 2 h after the addition of labeled amino acids and on the root surface by 8 h. Incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein and trifoliin A was greatest with 2-d-old seedlings and was greater when the plants were grown continuously in the dark than when they were exposed to 14 h light daily. Significantly more labeled lectin accumulated on the root surface of seedlings grown with 1.5 mM KNO3 than of seedlings grown either without N or with 15.0 mM KNO3. The labeled lectin from the root surface in all nitrate treatments and from the rootexudate samples of seedlings grown N-free and with 1.5 mM KNO3 was fully able to bind to Rhizobium trifolii. In contrast, only 2% of the immunoprecipitable protein found in the root exudate of seedlings grown with 15.0 mM KNO3 was able to bind to the bacteria. Thus, excess nitrate does not repress the synthesis of trifoliin A in the root, but does affect the distribution and activity of this newly synthesized lectin in a way which reduces its ability to interact with R. trifolii. By using Western blot analysis, much more total trifoliin A is detected in the homogenates of shoots than roots. However, greater than 80% of the total labeled protein and 85–90% of the total labeled lectin were found in the root homogenates of 2-d-old dark-grown seedlings incubated for 5 h with labeled amino acids. In addition, Western blot analysis indicated that the shoot homogenate contained smaller-molecular-weight peptides which reacted with the specific anti-trifoliin A antibody. These studies indicate that stored trifoliin A in the seed is degraded in the shoots during seedling development, while newly synthesized trifoliin A in the roots is excreted to the root surface and external environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399920
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early development ofRhizobium-induced root nodules ofParasponia rigida. I. Infection and early nodule initiation (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 26-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Infection ; Invasion ; Multicellular Root Hairs ; Parasponia ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The first of two major steps in the infection process in roots ofParasponia rigida (Ulmaceae) following inoculation byRhizobium strain RP501 involves the invasion ofRhizobium into the intercellular space system of the root cortex. The earliest sign of root nodule initiation is the presence of clumps of multicellular root hairs (MCRH), a response apparently unique amongRhizobium-root associations. At the same time or shortly after MCRH are first visible, cell divisions are initiated in the outer root cortex of the host plant, always subjacent to the MCRH. No infection threads were observed in root hairs or cortical cells in early stages. Rhizobial entry through the epidermis and into the root cortex was shown to occur via intercellular invasion at the bases of MCRH. The second major step in the infection process is the actual infectionper se of host cells by the rhizobia and formation of typical intracellular infection threads with host cell accommodation. This infection step is probably the beginning of the truly symbiotic relationship in these nodules. Rhizobial invasion and infection are accompanied by host cortical cell divisions which result in a callus-like mass of cortical cells. In addition to infection thread formation in some of these host cortical cells, another type of rhizobial proliferation was observed in which large accumulations of rhizobia in intercellular spaces are associated with host cell wall distortion, deposition of electron-dense material in the walls, and occasional deleterious effects on host cell cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01283179
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological and biochemical analysis of soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205573
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The antibiotic effect of culture filtrates of some soil fungi on rhizobial growth in cultures (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 387-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antibiosis ; Culture filtrate ; Fungi ; Peanut ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four strains ofRhizobium sp. from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root nodules were tested for their sensitivity to metabolites (culture filtrates) of more than ten common soil inhabiting fungi, in yeast extract mannitol agar and broth cultures. Among the rhizobial strains tested strain CB-530, BU-1 and BU-2 were not sensitive to metabolites ofMyrothecium roridum andFusarium moniliforme whereas CB-1024 was sensitive. Culture filtrates ofGliocladium roseum, Thielavia basicola andDrechslera pedicellata inhibited the strains CB-530 and BU-2 but not CB-1024. Most of the soil inhabiting fungi tested were inhibitory to rhizobial growthin vitro and very few were stimulatory, their effect in either case being strain specific.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182942
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rhizobium inoculant for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in Mekong Delta (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Inoculant ; Rhizobium ; Soybeans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rhizobial inoculation trials were conducted in an acid heavy clay soil in Mekong Delta, Viet Nam, using peat based inoculants produced locally and the commercial granular product of Nitragin CCo., Wisconsin, USA. The pH of these soils ranged from 4.5 to 5.1. Two soybean cultivars, MTD6 and MTD10, were tested as host plants. There were no significant differences between locally made inoculant treated plants and the uninoculated controls in both cultivars. But, the Nitragin inoculation improved all plant characteristics examined in both cultivars. Grain yields of Nitragin inoculated plants of cultivar MTD6 and cultivar MTD10 were 6.5 and 5.5 times as much as those of the controls; protein content of grain increased 11 and 16 percent, respectively. Well nodulated plants had shorter life cycles, flowering durations, and days to flowering. The Rhizobium symbiosis resulted in an additional 153 kg grain-N/ha. These studies show that a surface coated commercial multistrain inoculant can be used to successfully grow soybeans in the acid, heavy clay soils of the Mekong Delta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182345
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  • 17
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    Rhizobium inoculant for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in Mekong Delta (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; Rhizobium ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soybean cultivar MTD10 cultivated on a moderate acid paddy soil of the Mekong Delta responded well to a multistrain inoculation and to chemical nitrogen fertilizer. However, the efficiency of chemical nitrogen uptake by the uninoculated plants decreased with increasing nitrogen application rate. Inoculation improved all examined agronomic characteristics of plants. Inoculated plants produced grain yield 10 times greater than the uninoculated controls and 2.5 times greater than the uninoculated plants receiving 80 kg/ha of chemical nitrogen. Inoculation was superior to chemical nitrogen fertilization in all parameters of importance to market-oriented farmers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182346
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  • 18
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    Effect of lime, phosphorus and mycorrhizal fungi on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation by white clover (Trifolium repens) grown in UK hill soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hill soils ; Lime ; Mycorrhiza ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Phosphorus ; Rhizobium ; Symbioses ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The responses of white clover (cv NZ Grasslands Huia grown in four UK hill soil types) to additions of lime and P, to inoculation with Rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi, and to differences in soil water status were assessed in pot and field experiments. With a deep peat soil in pots, shoot production, nodulation and N fixation by clover were increased by 160, 130 and 85% respectively following inoculation with mycorrhiza, but in the field, despite a doubling of root infection, there was no response in growth. On a brown earth soil in the field inoculation with one endophyte (Glomus mosseae L1) out of four tested depressed production of white clover shoots by 42% but enhanced that of leeks (Allium porrum) by 50%; the others were without effect. With dry peaty podzol and brown earth soils in pots, clover shoot production was highest with added P when a water holding capacity of 80% was maintained, but roots from the latter had only 2.6 compared to 68 nodules per plant from the former. Further work is required to explain poor nodulation in the brown earth soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205571
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  • 19
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    Dual inoculation with VA mycorrhiza and Rhizobium is beneficial to Leucaena (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 445-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Leucaena ; Rhizobium ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Response ofLeucanea leucocephala to inoculation withGlomus fasciculatum and/or Rhizobium was studied in a phosphorus deficient unsterile soil.G. fasciculatum only inoculation improved nodulation by native rhizobia and Rhizobium only treatment improved colonization of roots by native mycorrhizal fungi. Dual inoculation with both the organisms improved nodulation, mycorrhizal colonization, dry weight, nitrogen and phosphorus content of the plants compared to single inoculation with either organism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450380
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  • 20
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    Aluminium toxicity and nodulation ofTrifolium repens (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 381-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Caloium ; Nodulation ; pH Phosphate ; Polymeric hydrolysis ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of aluminium on theTrifolium repens var Huia-Rhizobium trifolii strain HP3 symbiosis were studied using an axenic solution-culture system. With, 10 μM phosphate, 50 μM aluminium reduced or inhibited root elongation at pH〈5.0, root hair formation at pH〈 5.0–5.5, and Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and nodule formation at pH〈6.0. In the absence of aluminium, root elongation and root hair formation were reduced at pH〈4.3, and Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation were inhibited at pH〈5.0. Root hair formation was more sensitive to aluminium at pH〈5 than was root elongation. No effect of aluminium on Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation at pH〈5 was detected because both were sensitive to pH alone. At pH 5.5 most of the aluminium changed immediately to a form which was susceptible to low-speed centrifugation, but which was detected by the aluminon method of analysis, and after 24 h a precipitate formed. the concentration of phosphate was reduced also, to approximately 1μM. Toxicity was overcome by either increasing the phosphate concentration from 10 to 50 μM, or by increasing the pH to 6.0 and the calcium, concentration to 1000μM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450371
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  • 21
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    Cellulase production by Rhizobium (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cellulase ; Infection process ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The production of cellulase byRhizobium species was studied.Rhizobium trifolii cellulase was induced by a variety of polysaccharides, including celluloses and hemicelluloses. Cellobiose and myo-inositol also allowed enzyme expression but mannitol prevented it at concentrations higher than 0.25%. Both soluble and insoluble plant root substances moderately stimulated cellulase production byRhizobium trifolii. Most substances tested did not induce the production of cellulases by the “slow-growing, cowpea type” rhizobia strain CIAT 79. Effective inducers were carboxymethylcellulose, gluconate and myo-inositol. Cellulase production was very low under all conditions tested. In most cases the enzyme activity was loosely bound to the capsular material. The enzyme in fast-growers is an 1,4-β-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase (endo-glucanase EC 3.2.1.4) with specificity for high molecular weight polysaccharides. There was no correlation between infectiveness ofRhizobium trifolii strains and cellulase production. One strain, which lacks the nodulation plasmid, produced cellulase at the same rate as its parental infective strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140047
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  • 22
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    The effects of pH and aluminium toxicity on the growth and symbiotic development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction of pH (4 or 6), aluminium (0 or 16 ppm at pH 4) and N source (symbiotic or combined) on the growth and nutrient status of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Low pH significantly decreased the growth of the plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation but at pH 4 the addition of 16 ppm Al further depressed growth in both nitrogen regimes. Al-ions appear to exert their effect primarily on the root system, as shown by the reduction in total length and fresh weight. The symbiotic development of the plants was affected by low pH but more markedly by the Al treatment. Shoot nitrogen concentrations were reduced from ca. 2.6% at pH 6 to 1.8% and 0.9% at pH 4 without and with aluminium respectively. Calcium concentration was decreased by low pH and further by Al in both nitrogen regimes. In all Al-treated plants, the aluminium was mainly accumulated in the roots and was associated with an increase in their phosphorus concentration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140049
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  • 23
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    Nodulation, accumulation and redistribution of nitrogen in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) as influenced by seed inoculation and scheduling of irrigation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 235-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Inoculation ; IW/CPE ratio ; Nitrogen accumulation ; Nitrogen harvest ; Nitrogen re-distribution ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) with a view to find out the effect of seed inoculation and scheduling of irrigation on nodulation, accumulation and re-distribution of nitrogen in plant tops and soil. The eight treatment combinations consists of two seed inoculations,viz. uninoculated and inoculated with rhizobium culture, and four irrigation schedules,viz. irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) ratio of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and a control (rainfed). Seed inoculation by, rhizobium culture increased the number, dry-weight and N content of nodules per plant. Inoculation of seeds also increased the N accumulation rate in plant top and it was 2.48 kg/ha/day during the flower-initiation to the pod-initiation stage (30–60 days interval). At harvest, 32.2, 47.8 and 26.2 kg N/ha was re-distributed from the stems, leaves and pods-wall of inoculated plants to the grains, respectively. A total of 186.5 kg N/ha was harvested and 64.7 kg N/ha, was accumulated in soil under the inoculated condition. Scheduling of irrigation at 0.7 IW/CPE proved better, than other irrigation schedules and helped in increasing the nodulation, nitrogen accumulation and grain yield. As compared to control, 8.4, 17.8 and 18.4 kg more of N/ha was redistributed from the stems, leaves and pods-wall respectively when the irrigations were scheduled at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio. Under this irrigation schedule the total N harvest was 200.1 kg/ha while the total N increased by 55.9 kg over that present in soil at the time of sowing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197157
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  • 24
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    Improving nitrogen fixation in legumes by plant breeding; the relevance of host selection experiments in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 285-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clover ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Root nodule ; Selection and plant breeding ; Symbiosis ; Trifolium pratense ; T. subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper reviews (i) basic studies on the genetics of symbiosis in red clover (a self-sterile species) and subterranean clover (cleistogamous) and (ii) work on selection and plant breeding to increase nitrogen fixation in these hosts. Symbiotic effectiveness in red clover is influenced by many major and minor genes. The highly effective phenotype is inherited in a complex manner associated with early nodulation and the formation of large amounts of persistent bacteroid-containing tissue. Lines bred to fix more nitrogen with one strain ofRhizobium trifolii do so with most but not all other strains examined. They also show slightly increased vigour when grown on nitrate. The highly effective response is correlated with abundant nodulation and an early flowering habit, the evidence from breeding studies indicating that this correlation is not absolute. Normally effective and highly effective nodules have the same specific nitrogenase activities. The expression of the highly effective response is relatively little affected by environmental factors (temperature, light intensity, day length, supplementary carbon-di-oxide). Inbreeding substantially degrades the symbiotic response. Heterosis is shown in crosses between cultivars of subterranean clover but otherwise selection to increase effectiveness in this host was unsuccessful. The relevance of these results (and their physiological aspects) for the improvement of grain legumes is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184268
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  • 25
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    Rhizobium inoculation trials designed to support a tropical forage legume selection programme (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 377-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Centrosema ; Desmodium ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen yield ; Nodulation ; Oxisol ; Pueraria ; Rhizobium ; Soil cores ; Stylosanthes ; Tropical forage legumes ; Zornia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three phases of Rhizobium inoculation trials were carried out as part of a programme to select forage legume germplasm adapted to acid, infertile Oxisols of tropical America. Firstly, a range of tropical forage legumes were evaluated for their response to N fertilization or inoculation with strains previously shown to be effective in Leonard jars, using cores of undisturbed soil or in the field at Carimagua, Meta, Colombia. In pure legume stands onlyCentrosema macrocarpum andC. pubescens showed increases in N yield due to both inoculation and N fertilization;C. brasilianum responded only to N fertilization;Zornia latifolia, Z. brasiliensis andStylosanthes capitata responded to neither treatment. Trials in cores and in grass-legume mixtures showed responses ofDesmodium ovalifolium, Pueraria phaseoloides andS. capitata to N fertilization but not to inoculation. In the second phase of experiments strains were screened in soil cores with 16 ecotypes ofDesmodium, Centrosema, Stylosanthes andPueraria spp. Significant increases in N yield due to inoculation occurred with at least one strain in all the legumes exceptS. guianensis ‘tardio’, and in some trials withS. capitata. In the third phase of trials the most effective strains were tested in the field. Significant response ofP. phaseoloides andC. macrocarpum to inoculation at two sites and in the second year after establishment were shown. Further screening trials and field trials at different sites are needed in order to provide better recommendations for inoculation of grazing trials being set up in the region under study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184275
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  • 26
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    Efficiencies and inefficiencies in the legume/Rhizobium symbiosis—A review (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; C and N economy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies of the C and N economy of a range of temperate and tropical legume/Rhizobium symbioses indicate considerable variation (up to three-fold) in the cost of N2 fixation. Comparisons between and within symbioses indicate that the proportion of net photosynthate utilized in nodule functioning varies almost ten-fold from as low as 3% to as high as 25%. Factors possibly responsible for variation in efficiency of C use in nodules and in the proportioning of translocated photosynthetic products to nodules are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184267
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  • 27
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    Developing a breeding strategy to exploit quantitative variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume breeding ; Medicago sativa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Trifolium repens ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper examines evidence which quantifies the relative importance of legume and Rhizobium genotypes as determinants of phenotypic variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. It demonstrates potentially large and unpredictable effects of the Rhizobium genotype. The likely importance of such effects on crop yield is considered. The information is then used to assess ways in which legume breeding programmes may be altered to encompass the effects of genetic variation in Rhizobium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184271
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  • 28
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    Effect of osmotically induced leaf moisture stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity ofGlycine max (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 267-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Gibberellin ; Polyethylene glycol ; Rhizobium ; Roots ; Nitrogenase ; Nodulation ; Soya ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of 2-day cycles of osmotically induced leaf moisture stress followed by partial recovery on the nodulation and nitrogenase activity of 2 soya cultivars was studied. Fourteen days after plant inoculation (mid-growth stage) the total leaf electrochemical water potential (ψwleaf) of control plants ranged from −0.8 to −1.9 bars, whereas the concentrations of osmoticum (polyethylene glycol 4000) induced ψwleaf values ranging from −1.4 (recovery value) to −3.1 bars (low stress), −1.8 to −4.4 bars (mild stress), and −2.2 to −6.2 bars (medium stress). The low stress treatment reduced nodule numbers and their specific activity in both cultivars, without affecting nodule size or the time required for nodule initiation. Nodule initiation was delayed in both cultivars by the mild and medium stress treatments, the former treatment reducing the number and size of the nodules and such nodules exhibited very low specific activity. The medium stress treatment prevented the further development of nodule initials, which remained inactive throughout the experiment. Such results imply an effect of water stress on the infection process and on nodule morphogenesis. The reduction in nodule numbers observed in water stressed plants was not associated with a reduced number of rhizobia in the rhizoplane nor due to an effect on root growth or root hair formation. At a stage prior to the formation of macroscopic nodule initials, the roots of plants under medium stress (ψwleaf=−5.5 bar)s) had a higher content of abscisic acid (ABA) (4-fold increase) and a lower content of gibberellin (GA)-like substances (21.4% reduction) as compared to control plants (ψwleaf=−1.0 bar). Although the medium stress treatment slightly increased the stomatal resistance of leaves, photosynthetic and transpiration rates were unaffected. Similar alterations of the hormononal balance occurred in the nodulated roots of plants subjected to naturally induced leaf moisture stress. Since the foliar application of ABA (1.92×10−5 M) to unstressed plants inhibited nodulation (45% reduction in nodule numbers), the increased endogenous content of thishormone in the roots of plants under leaf moisture stress may provide some physiological insight into the inhibitory effect of water stress on the nodulation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161183
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  • 29
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    Increased nodulation of “non-nodulating” (rj1 rj1) soybeans by high dose inoculation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nodulation ; Non-nodulating soybean ; Rhizobitoxine ; Rhizobium ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A significant increase in nodulation of “non-nodulating” (rj1 rj1) soybeans was obtained by inoculating with very high numbers (approx. 1011 cells/pot) of certain rhizobia when compared with inoculation at a moderate dose (approx. 109 cells/pot). Nodulating ability of rhizobial strains was not correlated with their ability to produce a detectable level of chlorosis-inducing toxin in culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161186
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