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  • Nitrogen fixation  (32)
  • tropical zooplankton  (30)
  • Springer  (62)
  • 1980-1984  (62)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
  • 1984  (62)
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  • Springer  (62)
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  • 1980-1984  (62)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 21 (1984), S. 19-32 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Leghemoglobin ; Gene duplication ; Gene linkage ; Concerted evolution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed the sequences of soybean leghemoglobin genes as an initial step toward understanding their mode of evolution. Alignment of the sequences of plant globin genes with those of animals reveals that (i) based on the proportion of nucleotide substitutions that have occurred at the first, second, and third codon positions, the time of divergence of plant and animal globin gene families appears to be extremely remote (between 900 million and 1.4 billion years ago, if one assumes constancy of evolutionary rate in both the plant and animal lineages) and (ii) in addition to the normal regulatory sequences on the 5′ end, an approximately 30-base-pair sequence, specific to globin genes, that surrounds the cap site is conserved between the plant and animal globin genes. Comparison of the leghemoglobin sequences with one another shows that (i) the relative amount of sequence divergence in various coding and noncoding regions is roughly similar to that found for animal globin genes and (ii) as in animal globin genes, the positions of insertions and deletions in the intervening sequences often coincide with the locations of direct repeats. Thus, the mode of evolution of the plant globin genes appears to resemble, in many ways, that of their animal counterparts. We contrast the overall intergenic organization of the plant globin genes with that of animal genes, and discuss the possibility of the concerted evolution of the leghemoglobin genes.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule ; Senescence (root nodules) ; Ureide ; Vigna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During early development (up to 18 d after sowing) of nodules of an “effective” cowpea symbiosis (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Vita 3: Rhizobium strain CB756), rapidly increasing nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2) activity and leghaemoglobin content were accompanied by rapid increases in activities of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (EC 2.6.1.53), enzymes of denovo purine synthesis (forming inosine monophosphate) xanthine oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.3.2), urate oxidase (EC 1.7.3.3), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) and led to increased export of ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid) to the shoot of the host plant in the xylem. Culturing plants with the nodulated root systems maintained in the absence of N2 (in 80 Ar: 20 O2, v/v) had little effect on the rates of induction and increase in nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin content but, in the absence of N2 fixation and consequent ammonia production by bacteroids, there was no stimulation of activity of enzymes of ammonia assimilation or of the synthesis of purines or ureides. Addition of NO 3 - (0.1–0.2 mM) relieved host-plant nitrogen deficiency caused by the Ar: O2 treatment but failed to increase levels of enzymes of N metabolism in either the bacteroid or the plant-cell fractions of the nodule. Premature senescence in Ar: O2-grown nodules occurred at 18–20 d after sowing, and resulted in reduced levels of nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin but increased the activity of hydroxybutyrate oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.30).
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ammonium export ; Ammonium assimilation ; Glutamine synthetase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium sp. 32H1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between ammonium assimilation and ammonium export has been studied in free-living, N2-fixing Rhizobium sp. 32H1. After 55 to 67 h of microaerobic growth under a gas phase of 0.2% O2 – 1.0% CO2 – 98.8% Ar high levels of nitrogenase were observed concomitant with a slightly adenylylated glutamine synthetase (GSI) and some glutamine synthetase (GSII) activity. However, after growth of 89 h, or longer, GSI became adenylylated and the level of GSII had decreased. When the gas phase was shifted to 0.2% O2 – 1.0% CO2 – 98.8% N2, a lag was observed before ammonium export could be detected in the 55 to 67 h cultures. No lag in ammonium export was observed in the cultures previously grown for 89 h. The onset of ammonium export in the 55 to 67 h cultures was found to correlate with the adenylylation state of GSI. There appeared to be no correlation between the level of GSII and the export of ammonium. Neither an increase in the adenylylation level of GSI nor ammonium export was observed when the 55 to 67 h cultures were maintained under the Ar gas mixture.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium trifolii ; Symbiosis ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiotic genes ; Reiterated sequences ; Plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Rhizobium trifolii symbiotic plasmid specific gene library was constructed and the physical organisation of regions homologous to nifHDK, nifA and nod genes was determined. These symbiotic gene regions were localised to u 25 kb region on the sym-plasmid, pPN1. In addition four copies of a reiterated sequence were identified on this plasmid, with one copy adjacent to nifH. No rearrangement of these reiterated sequences was observed between R. trifolii bacterial and bacteroid DNA. Analysis of a deletion derivative of pPN1 showed that these sequences were spread over a 110 kb region to the left of nifA.
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  • 5
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    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 212-216 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Nitrate respiration ; Nitrous oxide reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Azospirillum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide reduction can consistently be demonstrated with high activities in cells of Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 which are grown anaerobically in the presence of low amounts of nitrite. Azospirillum can even grow anaerobically with nitrous oxide in the absence of any other respiratory electron acceptor. Nitrous oxide reduction by Azospirillum is inhibited by acetylene, amytal and weakly by carbon monoxide. Azospirillum converts nitrous oxide to molecular nitrogen without the formation of ammonia. The cells must, therefore, be supplied with ammonia from nitrogen fixation during anaerobic growth with nitrous oxide. When no other nitrogen compound besides nitrous oxide is available in the medium, the bacteria synthesize nitrogenase from protein reserves in about 2 h. Nitrogenase synthesis is blocked by chloramphenicol under these conditions. In contrast, the addition of nitrate or nitrite to the medium represses the synthesis of nitrogenase. Nitrous oxide reduction by Azospirillum and other microorganisms is possibly of ecological significance, because the reaction performed by the bacteria may remove nitrous oxide from soils.
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  • 6
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    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 215-217 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Glutathione reductase ; Cyanobacteria ; Nostoc muscorum ; O2 protection ; Glutathione ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glutathione reductase activity was detected and characterized in heterocysts and vegetative cells of the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. The activity of the enzyme varied between 50 and 150 nmol reduced glutathione· min-1·mg protein-1, and the apparent Km for NADPH was 0.125 and 0.200 mM for heterocysts and vegetative cells, respectively. The enzyme was found to be sensitive to Zn+2 ions, however, preincubation with oxidized glutathione rendered its resistance to Zn+2 inhibition. Nostoc muscorum filaments were found to contain 0.6–0.7mM glutathione, and it is suggested that glutathione reductase can regenerate reduced glutathione in both cell types. The combined activity of glutathione reductase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in heterocysts was as high as 18 nmol reduced glutathione·min-1·mg protein-1. A relatively high superoxide dismutase activity was found in the two cell types; 34.2 and 64.3 enzyme units·min-1·mg protein-1 in heterocysts and vegetative cells, respectively. We suggest that glutathione reductase plays a role in the protection mechanism which removes oxygen radicals in the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule development ; Senescence (nodules) ; Vigna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Vita 3) seedlings inoculated with Rhizobium strain CB756 were cultured with their root systems maintained in air or in Ar: O2 (80:20, v/v) during early nodule development (up to 24 d after sowing). Compared with those in air, seedlings in Ar:O2 showed progressive N deficiency with inhibited shoot growth, reduced ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and total protein levels and loss of chlorophyll in the leaves. Nodule initiation, differentiation of infected and uninfected nodule tissues and the ultrastructure of bacteriod-containing cells were similar in the air and Ar: O2 treatments up to 16 d after sowing. Thereafter the Ar: O2 treatment caused cessation of growth and development of nodules, reduced protein levels in bacteroids and nodule plant cells, and progressive degeneration of nodule ultrastructure leading to premature senescence of these organs. Provision of NO 3 - (0.1–0.2 mM) to Ar: O2-grown seedlings overcame the abovementioned consequences of N2 deficiency on nodule and plant growth, but merely delayed the degenerative effects of Ar: O2 treatment on nodule structure and senescence. Treatment of Ar: O2-grown seedlings with NO 3 - greatly increased the protein level of nodules but the increase was largely restricted to the plant cell fraction as opposed to the bacteroids. By contrast, NO 3 - treatment of air-grown seedlings increased protein of bacteroid and host nodule fractions to the same relative extents when compared with air-grown plants not supplemented with NO 3 - . These findings, taken together with studies of the distribution of N in nodules of symbiotically effective plants grown from 15N-labeled seed, indicate that direct incorporation of fixation products by bacteroids may be a critical feature in the establishment and continued growth of an effective symbiosis in the cowpea seedling.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alnus nitrida ; Frankia ; Host-specificity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different strains, An 1 and An 2, were obtained from root nodules ofAlnus nitida Endl., collected from one locality in the area of its natural habitat near Bahrin, District Swat, Pakistan. The light and electron microscopy of the isolates revealed the occurrence of septate and branched hyphae bearing sporangia and vesicles. The strains differed in their growth requirements, nitrogen-fixing ability and production of extracellular pigments, thus indicating the existence of more than oneFrankia strain in the same locality. In the absence of combined nitrogen in the medium strain An 1 formed vesicles and fixed N2 (up to 200 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1.h−1), while strain An 2 under the experimental conditions formed only few vesicles and fixed N2 at a very low rate (ca 10 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1 .h−1). The nitrogenase activity of strain An 1 was strongly affected by the O2 concentration.Frankia An 1 and An 2 were infective and effective onA. nitida andA. glutinosa but not onDatisca cannabina andElaeagnus umbellata. Both An 1 and An 2 strains were more infective and effective onA. glutinosa thanFrankia strains AvcIl and CpI1.
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  • 9
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    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Beijerinckia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paddy ; Phyllosphere ; Silicification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An investigation was conducted to study the levels of nitrogen fixation on the leaf or sheath surfaces of four cultivars of paddy plants by using acetylene reduction technique. Varying levels of positive nitrogenase activity were observed on all the leaf surfaces. Sheath of IET 1991 cultivar showed a higher rate of fixation than the leaf surface. All the nitrogen-fixing organisms on the leaf or sheath surfaces belonged to the genus Beijerinckia. There was no correlation between the bacterial density and the level of fixation. Scanning electron microscopic data revealed that the upper surface of IET 1991 leaf was highly silicified and the microflora was either scanty or nil while the lower surface appeared quite different and harboured more micro-organisms. Similarly, the inner surface of sheath was devoid of silicification and showed the presence of micro-organisms.
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  • 10
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 29-43 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Endophyte ; Frankia ; Infectivity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sporulation ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Frankia sp. LDAgpl, an isolate from spore positive nodules ofAlnus glutinosa, only slowly infects its host plant. Reisolates obtained from occasional nodules caused by infection with LDAgpl, are capable of infecting the alder much more rapidly. A variability analysis of LDAgpl has been performed to obtain more insight into the question whether these reisolates constitute a different genotype within LDAgpl and if the plant is exerting an influence during plant passage. High dilutions of mildly sonicatedFrankia suspensions were plated to obtain genetically homogeneous colonies. Clones thus generated showed differences in growth pattern, sporulation and C2H2-reduction on media containing propionic acid as sole C-source (P-medium). Differences in sporulation on P-medium indicate that LDAgpl was a highly heterogeneous strain. Comparisons of sporulation on several different media gave evidence that the differences in sporulation between LDAgpl clones are the result of differences in efficiency of propionic acid utilization. The differences observed between the reisolates and LDAgpl clones indicate that the reisolates constitute a different genotype, which could be selected for by the plant during the infection process. Comparison with similar changes in phenotype occuring in a spore negative type strain fromA. glutinosa is discussed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Alnus nitida ; Amino acid composition ; Datisca cannabina ; Hydrogen uptake ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nodulation and the morphology and physiology of the nodules were studied onDatisca cannabina, a perennial herb from northern Pakistan andAlnus nitida, a nodulated tree in the same locality. Both species bear coralloid clusters of actinorhizal nodules. The main free amino acid inD. cannabina nodules was arginine while the predominant free amino acid inA. nitida nodules was citrulline. The infectivity of crushed nodules of both types of plants on their respective host was about 106 infective particles per gram of nodule fresh wt. In cross-inoculation experiments crushed nodule inoculum fromA. nitida failed to induce nodulation onD. cannabina seedlings but the crushed nodule inoculum fromD. cannabina caused low nodulation on seedlings ofA. nitida (103 infective particles. g. nodule fresh wt.). The activity of nitrogenase, hydrogenase and respiration (O2 uptake) were measured in detached nodules, nodule homogenates and the 20 μm residue and 20 μm filtrate preparations from the nodules of both species. Both species showed similar patterns of activities except that only the nodule homogenate and 20 μm residue preparations fromD. cannabina showed pronounced enhancement of the O2 uptake by succinate which was further stimulated by ADP. This has in part been explained by the presence of mitochondria in close connection with the endophyte.
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  • 12
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    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Inoculation ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphate solubilization ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inoculation effect ofA. chroococcum, P. striata andA. awamorii on yield and nutrients uptake in rice was studied under green house conditions. The organisms appreciably increased the yield and uptake of nutrients with or without chemical fertilizers. Phosphorussolubilizing microorganisms and a mixture of the three showed better response than the rest of the treatments among single and mixed culture inoculations respectively. Chemical fertilizers further improved the yield and nutrients uptake. The yield response remained unaffected by replacing superphosphate with rock phosphate and microbial inoculations.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mesquite ; Nitrogen fixation ; 15N natural abundance ; Nodule morphology ; Rhizobium bacteria ; Woody legumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relative nitrogen fixation efficiencies (RE 1-[H2 evolved÷C2H2 reduced]·100) of four mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var.torreyana) rhizobia (Strains WR 1001, WR 1002, L5, L9) and a cowpea rhizobia (Strain 176A32) on mesquite were evaluated in a glasshouse experiment. Plant yield, shoot N accumulation, and the natural15N abundance (δ15N) of nodule tissue were determined. Strain WR 1002 failed to nodulate mesquite and strain L5 produced ineffective nodules. Among the three effective strains (WR 1001, L9, 176A32) the cowpea strain (176A32) and strain L9 had significantly higher RE than strain WR 1001. Differences in RE, however, were not accompanied by significantly higher plant yield and shoot N accumulation. The difference in15N abundance between foliar tissue and nodules (nodules minus leaves) was 0.47 δ15N for the ineffective L5 nodules, while for the effective WR 1001, L9, and 176A32 nodules, respectively, this difference was 8.35, 7.81, and 8.35 δ15N. This indicates a similar relationship between N2-fixing effectiveness and natural15N enrichment of nodules that was previously observed in soybeans (Glycine max, L. Merr.). Strains WR 1001 and L9 produced elongate, indeterminate nodules typical for mesquite. The ineffective L5 nodules had few infected cells and an abundance of cortical amyloplasts. Mesquite nodules produced by the cowpea strain were spherical and were somewhat more similar in internal morphology to determinate nodules typical of cowpea than indeterminate nodules normally associated with mesquite.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Datisca cannabina ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fine structures of the microsymbiont inside the root nodules ofDatisca cannabina have been studied by light, by transmission- and by scanning-electron microscopy. The endophyte is prokaryotic and actinomycetal in nature. The hyphae are septate and branched, diameter 0.3–0.5 μm. The tips of hyphae are swollen to form electron-dense, clubshaped to filamentous vesicles, ranging in diameter: 0.4–1.4 μm. The endophyte penetrates through walls of the cortial cells. The infected zone is kidney shaped and confined to one side of the acentric stele. The orientation of infection is reversed from other actinorhizae exceptCoriaria. The hyphae are near the host cell wall and vesicles are directed towards the central vacuole. Vesicles are aseptate and no collapsing of the vesicle cell wall (void area) has been observed. Vesicle clusters structures are globular with an opening at one side of the cluster. The host cell is multinucleate or contains a lobed nucleus. Groups of mitochondria are located in between the hyphae, suggesting a strong association between the host and the endophyte for energy supply and amino acid production. The consequences of the inability to separate the mitochondria from the vesicle clusters in nodule homogenates in physiological studies have been discussed. Isolated vesicles clusters showed dehydrogenase activity, indicated by the presence of formazan crystals, after incubation with NADH and NBT. Strongest reducing activity was found within the vesicles. The possible role of filamentous vesicles in nitrogen fixation has been discussed.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Actinomycete-nodulated ; Legume ; Lime ; Mine spoil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Reclamation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An acid mine spoil in Southern Indiana was amended with lime (CaCO3) (0.0, 12.5, 25 and 39t/ha) and planted withElaegnus umbellata Thunb.,Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,Robinia fertilis Ashe, ‘Arnot’,Myrica pensylvania Lois,Caragana arborescens L. andShepherdia argentea Nutt. Survival and soil data were collected periodically and plants were harvested 15 months after planting. Nodule and top dry weights were determined and acetylene reduction assays performed on the nodules. Addition of lime caused significant increases in pH, and 39 t/ha of lime were required to maintain a pH above 5.5. Survival of plant material was greatest at the highest lime addition, although response of individual species varied.Elaeagnus umbellata, R. pseudoacacia, R. fertilis ‘Arnot’, andA. glutinosa appeared more tolerant of the harsh conditions. OnlyC. arborescens showed a linear increase in top dry weight due to lime addition.Alnus glutinosa andS. argentea achieved statistically the same growth regardless of pH, andR. fertilis ‘Arnot’ andE. umbellata did not increase in top dry weight above an addition of 25 t/ha.Robinia pseudoacacia achieved maximum top dry weight at 25 t/ha, whereasM. pensylvanica growth declined with increasing pH. Nodule dry weights increased with increasing pH; however,S. argentea showed greater nodule dry weights at lower lime levels. Acetylene reduction rates increased with lime addition.Elaegnus umbellata did not respond above 25 t/ha lime, whereasA. glutinosa did not show an increase until this point.
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  • 16
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    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Asian-type soybean ; Fast-growingRhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizobium physiology ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Physiological and symbiotic characteristics were identified in fast-growing (FG)Rhizobium japonicum. Carbon nutritional patterns linked these rhizobia to other FG rhizobia. They were able to use hexoses, pentoses, disaccharides, trioses, and organic acids for growth, but they were unable to use dulcitol or citrate. These rhizobia produced acid with all carbon sources except intermediates of the Krebs cycle. FGR. japonicum showed no vitamin requirements and were tolerant to 1% NaCl but not to 2%. They nodulated cowpea, pigeon pea, and mung bean but not peanut. Effective, nitrogen-fixing symbioses were observed only with cowpea and pigeon pea. In addition, FGR. japonicum formed effective symbioses with Asian-type soybeans. We concluded that although the physiological characteristics of FGR. japonicum were similar to other FG rhizobia, their symbiotic properties were similar to slow-growing rhizobia of the cowpea miscellany.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizal plants ; Bacterial isolation techniques ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Soil ; Sucrose density fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The isolation and pure culture of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing frankiae has always been difficult. In the past the isolation of these actinomycetes directly from soil samples has proven impossible and isolations from root nodules of many genera has been only poorly successful. We report here a modified sucrose fractionation procedure which increased the success of isolations from root nodules and which permitted the isolation ofFrankia directly from soil samples. Crushed nodule suspensions or soil suspensions were incubated briefly in 0.7% phenol (carbolic acid) just before application to a sucrose density gradient. This phenol incubation decreased the number of contaminating eubacteria and fungi but more importantly increased the number ofFrankia developing on the isolation plates. If the phenol incubation was used solely without sucrose fractionation noFrankia were isolated, suggesting the death of the organisms due to phenol toxicity. The use of selective nitrogen-deficient media proved important for the isolation of frankiae from soils.
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  • 18
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 105-128 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cytology of root nodules ; Dryas drummondii ; Frankia ; Geographic distribution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rubus ellipticus ; Ultrastructure of endophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root nodules ofDryas drummondii are of the coralloid type (Alnus type). The endophyte is present in the middle cortical cells of the root-nodule tissue. Transmission electron micrographs revealed an actinorhizal endophyte with septate hyphae and non-septate spherical or ovoid vesicles. Vesicles always possess at the base a septum; septa formation in the endophyte is always associated with the presence of mesosomes. Branching of the endophyte is not necessarily correlated with septum formation. Hyphal structures are more prominent in the apical part of the root nodule and vesicles are more numerous in a broad zone below this. In the middle and towards the base of the root nodule the endophytic structures appear in a stage of disintegration. Vesicles appear in a broad region near the periphery of the host cell and regularly show no strict orientation towards the host-cell wall. In the center of the host cells only hyphae occur. In the intercellular spaces between the host cells theFrankia endophyte produces spore-like structures although the outline of the sporangia is often faint. The coralloid root ofRubus ellipticus shows characteristically a basal rootlet initiated below the dichotomous branching of the nodular lobes, but extending beyond the root nodule. The endophyte is only present in the outer cortex of the root nodule in a 1–2 cell wide layer. This endophytic layer is bounded, internally as well as externally, with a 4–5 cell wide layer of tannin-filled host cells. The implications of this situation are discussed. Tannin-filled cells occur regularly inRubus species and their arrangement has been used for taxonomic purposes within the genus. TheRubus endophyte is aFrankia species with septate hyphae and distinctly septate spherical vesicles. The ultrastructure of the vesicles of theRubus endophyte is very similar to that of theAlnus endophyte.
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  • 19
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 77-91 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Microorganisms ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphate uptake ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary No root systems in nature are without a microbial population. These may be freeliving or symbiotic. The incidence and nutrition of the freeliving microorganisms is discussed. Shortage of substrate makes it unlikely that the N-fixers in the population can fix useful amounts of N. There is a possibility that P supply is improved, but an analysis of possible processes shows them to be rather unlikely, and evidence for them to be poor. Manganese and iron uptake can be altered by microbial activity. Growth of plants can be affected by non-nutritional bacterial effects. The ecology of Rhizobium in the soil is briefly discussed, and the varying needs of different identified strains is stressed. Mycorrhizal infection of plants leads to large growth increases in appropriate conditions. This is almost always linked to increased P uptake, but zinc and copper nutrition can also be improved. The processes involved are briefly discussed. Rapid and extensive infection is important; it is very sensitive to temperature. New modelling methods are now becoming available to measure the behaviour of the fungal infections. The microorganisms require C compounds from the plant, and new measurements of this cost are discussed. The possibility of practical use of mycorrhizal fungi seem to be improving.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hill soils ; Lime ; Mycorrhiza ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Phosphorus ; Rhizobium ; Symbioses ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The responses of white clover (cv NZ Grasslands Huia grown in four UK hill soil types) to additions of lime and P, to inoculation with Rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi, and to differences in soil water status were assessed in pot and field experiments. With a deep peat soil in pots, shoot production, nodulation and N fixation by clover were increased by 160, 130 and 85% respectively following inoculation with mycorrhiza, but in the field, despite a doubling of root infection, there was no response in growth. On a brown earth soil in the field inoculation with one endophyte (Glomus mosseae L1) out of four tested depressed production of white clover shoots by 42% but enhanced that of leeks (Allium porrum) by 50%; the others were without effect. With dry peaty podzol and brown earth soils in pots, clover shoot production was highest with added P when a water holding capacity of 80% was maintained, but roots from the latter had only 2.6 compared to 68 nodules per plant from the former. Further work is required to explain poor nodulation in the brown earth soils.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Field method ; Medicago sativa L. ; Mucilaginous substances ; Nitrogen fixation ; Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A non-destructive method using a special device for measuringin situ acetylene reducting activity by nitrogen fixing plants is described. Plant roots are isolated from external atmosphere with a mucilaginous material laid on the soil around the plants. Acetylene or ethylene is directly injected into or taken from the soil around the nodules. Using this device the values of acetylene reducing activity ofTrigonella foenum graecum L. andMedicago sativa L. are much higher than those obtained with the same plants placed under polyethylene bags. This method is not expensive and allows the detection of low enzyme activities. It doesn't perturb plant physiology and can be used for young plants as well as for plants with ramified stems at their base.
    Notes: Résumé Les auteurs décrivent un dispositif qui permet de mesurer l'activité nitrogénasein situ par réduction de l'acétylène chez les plantes fixatrices d'azote, sans perturber leur physiologie et sans les détruire. Le système racinaire est isolé de l'atmosphère extérieure par une substance mucilagineuse déposée sur le sol autour des plantes testées. Les gaz acétylène ou éthylène sont injectés ou prélevés directement dans le sol au niveau des nodosités. Avec ce nouveau dispositif les valeurs de l'activité réductrice d'acétylène obtenues surTrigonella foenum-graecum L. etMedicago sativa L. cultivés en plein champ, sont très supérieures à celles mesurées sur ces mêmes végétaux enfermés dans une enceinte en polyéthylène. Cette méthode peu onéreuse, permet de détecter des activités réductrices faibles; elle est utilisable sur des jeunes plantes et également sur des individus ramifiés à la base.
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  • 22
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    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 37-49 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter ; Nitrogen fixation ; N2-fixing efficiency ; Respiration ; Soil ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Respiration and N2-fixation (acetylene reduction) ofAzotobacter vinelandii have been studied at a variety of soil water potentials. Both processes were strictly linked and strongly reduced at water potentials between −0.6 and −1.3 MPa. Complete inhibition occurred below −2.1MPa. Osmotic potentials in soil compared to matric potentials of the same value were less inhibitory to respiration and acetylene reduction by Azotobacter. The N2-fixing efficiency (mg N/g glucose) was not influenced by water potentials ranging from −0.1 to −2.1 MPa.
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  • 23
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 25-67 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Crustacea ; Copepoda ; Venezuela ; biogeography ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of 38 samples of aquatic fauna from Venezuela increased the number of known species here from 28 to 66. Fifteen new species for science are described. A list of Copepoda known from the other regions of South America is presented. From this list, it can be said that only 50% of the inland water Copepoda living actually in Venezuela are known.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Copepoda ; feeding ; experiments ; filtration rate ; assimilation rate ; 14C ; algal culture
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to study the feeding process of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (Copepoda-Calanoida) in the Lobo Reservoir (São Carlos, SP, Brazil). Non-ovigerous adult females and the 14C technique were used to measure filtration and assimilation rates. The diet contained the following phytoplankton species: Chlamydomonas sp., Ankistrodesmus gracilis, Melosira italica, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella zoofingensis. The experiments were carried out using unialgal and mixed cultures during 2-, 4- and 6-h periods. The results of the filtration and assimilation rates were compared. The data obtained by statistical tests showed the highest assimilation rate in Argyrodiaptomus furcatus fed Chlamydomonas sp. in both culture types. However, Chlorella zoofingensis and Scenedesmus quadricauda were the most filtered species in unialgal and mixed cultures, respectively. A higher filtration rate was observed for the 2-h period than for the 4- and 6-h periods. Culture agent was also important. Higher assimilation and filtration rates were obtained during the log phase of Chlamydomonas sp. growth than during the stationary phase.
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  • 25
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; estuarine Calanoida ; marine zoogeography ; Brazilian coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of 18 species of Calanoida Copepoda found in the estuaries of the Brazilian coast is analyzed. A slight tendency of a latitudinal decrease in diversity, from North to South is found. Salinity ranges from the different species are discussed and in some cases interspecific vicariance patterns are found. Two basic types of estuaries of the Brazilian coast are characterized on the basis of environmental parameters and population dynamics.
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  • 26
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 151-154 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; freshwater Copepoda ; freshwater zoogeography ; Levantine province ; Israel ; Sinai Peninsula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of the freshwater Copepoda in the Levantine province is analyzed. The characteristics of the five subprovinces of the freshwater fauna in the area are briefly presented and the representative species of Copepoda, mainly of the Harpacticoida, are mentioned. The presence of a palearctic enclave in the mountains of South Sinai and the presence of Ethiopian species in the Jordan-Dead Sea valley, is emphasized.
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  • 27
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 137-145 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; reservoirs ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The zooplankton of ten reservoirs of Sao Paulo State was analyzed as part of a larger project, ‘Typology of Reservoirs of São Paulo State’. Twenty-four genera of Rotifera, six species of Copepoda and at least nine species of Cladocera were found in samples collected on four occasions in 1979. In general, Rotifera dominated in most reservoirs, although fluctuations occurred during the year. The reservoirs were arranged in four groups, according to zooplankton density, whose range was 10 to 500 i 1−1. The average composition of Crustacea, in number of species at any one time is comparable to those of other water bodies, being a little higher than that of Colorado lakes. The number of species of limnetic Cladocera in Brazil is between those of Holarctic Region and Tropical Asia. Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Bosminopsis deitersi, and a few species of Daphnia are typical of Brazilian zooplankton. Thermocyclops crassus is common in the southern reservoirs but T. minutus seems to be more widely distributed in Brazil. Calanoida occurred in relatively few reservoirs in São Paulo and usually one species at one time. Brachionus and Keratella were more abundant closer to the Equator then to the Tropics, where other genera seem to be more abundant. The range in size of the planktonic Crustacea is relatively small when compared to temperate lakes, being similar to that of other tropical lakes.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; predation ; fish ; composition ; preferential ; food
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The consumption of zooplanktonic organisms by young and adult fish of Astyanax fasciatus in Lobo Reservoir was studied from October 1978 to September 1979 by analysing the abundance of zooplankton in the gut of fishes and relating it to the variation of the zooplankton community in the lake. To analyse the diet the following methods were used: numeric frequency of occurrence, and frequency rate. Astyanax fasciatus showed a large spectrum of feeding. The young stage feeds mainly on zooplankton and macroinvertebrates (insect larvae) but the adults also consume algae and detritus. Even in relation to the zooplankton the young stage showed a food preference different from that of the adults, selecting copepods over cladocerans, while the adults consumed more cladocerans.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; crustacean larvae ; Palaemon pandaliformis ; Palaemon northropi ; respiratory metabolism ; palaemonid shrimp ; survival ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of salinity variation (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35‰S) on survival, moulting and respiratory metabolism of the early zoeal stages of the shrimps Palaemon pandaliformis and P. northropi from the northern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil is investigated. Freshly hatched larvae were maintained at 20 °C, in each salinity for a maximum of seven days. Oxygen consumption measurements were made at 20 °C for each salinity using Cartesian diver microrespirometers. In 0‰S, all P. northropi zoeae died after 24 h while 24% of the P. pandaliformis zoeae survived until 4 days. Zoeae of both species survived poorly in 7‰S, the best survival for the two species (90%) being registered in 28%.S. Palaemon northropi zoeae did not survive 35‰S while 45% survival was recorded for P. pandaliformis zoeae in this medium after seven days. Moulting did not occur in zoeae of either species in 0%.S, nor in P. northropi in 7‰S. The metabolism-salinity curve for P. pandaliformis zoea I is very stable over the range 0–21‰S while that for P. northropi exhibits complete salinity independence from 21–35‰ S. Thus, while the early zoeal stages, at least, are conspecific, both developing in the same environment as part of the coastal zooplankton community, they clearly maintain distinct physiological characteristics. The data presented possibly reflect genetic adaptations to the adult biotope already manifested in the first zoeae.
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  • 30
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 183-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; upwelling ; Brazil ; statistic analysis ; spatial structure ; copepod diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cabo Frio area (Central-southern Brazilian littoral) is characterized by a coastal upwelling due to prevailing E-NE winds, mainly during the spring-summer season. The geographic distribution of the zooplankton was described in order to separate ecological areas in terms of specific communities. Cluster analysis by weighted pair-group method (WPGA) and principal component (PC) analysis was performed on the most important hydrological parameters and zooplankton taxa. The first PC, explaining 38% of the total zooplankton variability, represented the influence of the nearshore-offshore gradient. Zooplankton communities and ecological areas were defined as follows: i) nearshore neritic: the richest region with more than 5 000 org. m-3. In this very narrow nearshore region we observed 3 groups of taxa deliminated by upwelling effects and trophic conditions: a) Ctenocalanus vanus, Penilia avirostris, Calanoides carinatus and Copepod larva, all herbivorous species associated with the phytoplankton blooms in the upwelling zone; b) Creseis acicula and Temora stylifera; c) Siphonophora, Chaetognaths and a high diversity of Copepoda dominated by Coryceus amazonicus, C. giesbrechti, Eucalanus pileatus, Clausocalanus acuicornis, all carnivorous or omnivorous feeders representing a high degree of complexity of the ecosystem. ii) offshore neritic: characterized by appendicularians, this region constitutes an intermediate zone between coastal and oceanic waters. iii) oceanic: occupied by the Brazil Current where zooplankton is poor, but diversified, with typical copepods from tropical warm water: Clausocalanus furcatus, Mecynocera clausi, Corycella gracilis, Oithona setigera, Coryceus typicus, Oncea conifera, Undinula vulgaris, Calocalanus pavo, Haloptilus longicornis, Lucicutia flavicornis.
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 217-221 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Trichogaster ; fish ; fish culturing ; planktivory ; Thailand ; rotifers ; Crustacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The traditional culture method of Trichogaster pectoralis, using zooplankton produced from fermenting aquatic weeds as a source of food for the fry, leads to productions of ca 1 000 kg ha−1 a−1. If chicken manure is applied at a rate of ca 450 kg ha−1 month−1 instead, much more zooplankton is produced more rapidly, and fish production increases to ca 2 000 kg ha−1 a−1. This results from a higher survival rate of the fry, which feeds on rotifers, ciliates, copepods and cladocera until a size of ca 15.0 mm, when plant material also becomes important in the diet.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; flushing ; predation ; food limitation ; metabolism ; rotifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers which of the following factors influenced the taxonomic composition, body size, fecundity and birth rates of the zooplankton inhabiting a tropical irrigation reservoir: (a) wash-out and/or dilution of the population which arose from the water regime to which the reservoir was subjected by management; (b) the size-selective or species-selective predation; (c) the effect of food limitation upon the body size, egg size, post-embryonic duration and fecundities of the planktonic species and (d) the metabolic consequences of high tropical temperatures. Many of these impinge upon the characteristics of tropical zooplankton and it is appropriate that this synthesis of published results on the zooplankton of Parakrama Samudra, Sri Lanka, was prepared for the Symposium on Tropical Zooplankton held at Sao Carlos, Brazil, in December 1982. Daily losses of planktonic rotifers due to wash-out or by dilution were low and not significant compared with their capacity for recruitment but this may be a serious source of loss for the planktonic crustaceans which were virtually absent from this reservoir. Daily death rates (estimated by subtraction) were much higher and were mainly due to predation by a planktonic fish, Ehirava fluviatilis, and by Asplanchnella brightwelli. The main loss occurred during the day and on larger individuals of the brachionid species, Trichocerca spp. and Filinia longiseta, thus resulting in a small-sized rotifer community. This appeared to be due mainly to predation by the fish which was responsible also for the further reduction of rotifer body size in 1980 compared with 1979. Small rotifer body size was not caused by conditions of food deficiency because fecundity and birth rates were relatively high though not optimal. High tropical temperatures aggravate the cost of cumulative respiration resulting from food-limited prolongation of the juvenile phase and will raise the food threshold levels for growth and for reproduction above those adequate for temperate situations.
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 223-229 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Rotifera ; Cladocera ; Copepoda ; Thailand ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A list is given of all zooplankton species hitherto reported from Thailand, based on the author's own observations and on the literature. From a comparison with the fauna of some neighbour countries, it appears that important gaps remain to be filled-in.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; predation by fish ; Daphnia gessneri ; Amazonian floodplain ; turbidity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The population behavior of Daphnia gessneri Herbst, 1967 in a floodplain lake (Lago Grande) of the lower Rio Solimões was investigated between April 1979 and March 1980 with regard to 1) predation by the fish called tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Characidae), 2) water level fluctuation and 3) water transparency. Zooplankton density samples were collected at two sites near mid-lake, where water depth and Secchi disc transparency were measured. In addition, qualitative samples of zooplankton and fish collections were taken at several sites in the adjacent floodplain areas. The author concludes that fluctuations in Daphnia gessneri populations correlate most with intense predation by fish and water turbidity.
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  • 35
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 231-242 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; lake typology ; planktivorous fish ; evolutionary ecology ; life histories ; photyplankton loss rates ; environmental problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major classes of tropical lakes include shallow, lowland lakes; deep, tertiary lakes; high altitudinal lakes; rainforests lakes; and man-made lakes at all latitudes and altitudes. Basic ecological processes are similar in temperate and tropical lakes, including grazing, competition, predation and abiotic adaptation. Small tropical lakes of intermediate age are probably not biotically more complicated than similar-sized temperate lakes. The structure of the areas of adaptative radiation and the dispersal ability of the species are important for the present distribution of taxa. Fish play a key role in the tropics since many species both consume zooplankton and compete with them for algal and pelagic sestonic food. This important co-evolution between fish and algae, leaving a fraction of the algal community with a predation refuge, may have decreased the ability of zooplankton to exploit algae. In addition, heavy predation from juvenile and adult fish may greatly simplify the zooplankton community, and have resulted in the scarcity of Cladocera, notably the efficient filter-feeder Daphnia. Little is known of possible physiological constraints to cladoceran distribution, however. Thus similar co-evolution as hypothesized between fish and algae seems not to have occurred to such a great extent between fish and zooplankton. Diurnal patterns in habitat selection of fish may also influence nutrient re-distribution in the tropics as in many temperate lakes. Serious environmental problems threaten tropical lakes, including eutrophication, clear-cutting of the rain forest, unwise introduction of new species not adapted to prevailing conditions, overfishing, extensive use of biocids, and probably acidic rain in areas with poorly buffered waters. Important processes in tropical lakes could be elucidated by concentrating research upon the fate of phytoplankton successional production, involving competition, grazing, sinking, fungi and bacterial attack. Co-evolution of fish and algae should be further investigated as it could in part explain the general scarcity and simplicity of the zooplankton community. Limnocorral experiments should also be used for further assessing processes in tropical lakes.
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  • 36
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 259-291 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; aquatic nematodes ; zoogeography ; Africa ; checklist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the past three decades, much attention has been given to free-living nematodes and, in particular, to the species of the African continent. Despite the current absence of evidence for the existence of planktonic species, several conditions are suggested that could lead to intrusion of the planktonic habitat, e.g. turbulent shallow waters, high food densities and preadaptations such as swimming ability and negative geotaxis. A new and more practical ecological classification of the inland free-living nematodes is proposed to avoid further incoherency in this regard. All the free-living inland aquatic species described in Africa are presented here in a checklist, including notes on their ecology and distribution. Many of the cosmopolitan species, included in the checklist, are now increasingly being recognized as conglomerates of species, each species of which occupies a restricted area. Finally the distribution of free-living inland aquatic species in Africa is discussed and some preliminary notes are presented.
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 249-258 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Lake Kinneret ; zooplankton ; fish management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monthly averages of standing stock wet biomass of zooplankton in Lake Kinneret (Israel) varied between 11 and 76 g m−2 during 1969–1981, with the exception of two months. Averaged contributions of different groups were: Cladocera 58%, Copepoda 35% and Rotifera 7%. Total standing crop wet biomass is highest during January–June, averages varied between 35 and 50 g m−2, and decreases during summer–fall (23–36 g m−2). The winter biomass of Cladocera fluctuated between 22 and 35 g m−2 and dropped to a range of 9–23 g m−2 in summer, whereas copepod biomass varied very little around an average of 18 g (ww) m−2 with the exception of low values from April to June. The stock biomass of Rotifera is relatively high during winter floods season (December-March) whilst in summer it is very low. Young stages of fish in Lake Kinneret feed mostly on zooplankton and zoobenthic forms. The most abundant fish in the Kinneret ecosystem, Mirogrex terraesanctae terraesanctae, also feed on zooplankton at the adult stage throughout the year, and herbivorous fish consume zooplankton during the summer when lake plankton resources are limited. The summer ecosystem of Lake Kinneret is characterised as a ‘steady state’ type, in which the impact of the zooplankton-chain is of great importance. Increase of predation pressure on zooplankton by fish can disequilibrate the balanced trophic relations existing between nannoplankton production and zooplankton grazing capacity. Such a situation can lead to organics accumulation as nannoplankton blooms, resulting in water quality deterioration. Management options aimed at preventing collapse of zooplankton populations are discussed.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; biomass ; production ; copepod ; development time ; tropical region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biomass and the production of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (Sars), the most abundant copepod in Broa Reservoir (São Carlos, São Paulo State), were estimated, determining in the laboratory the development time and the quantity of organic carbon and establishing the relationship between these two parameters. The daily production was calculated from P = B(1- egt) and the annual production was obtained by integrating daily production against time. The maximum production of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus in the reservoir depends on the region considered and on the period of the year. The maximum production was 45.15 mg C m−3d−1 in March, 1976 at station II, region of macrophytes and 6.74 mg C m−3d−1 at station IV, near the dam. The mean production for the year is 6.26 mg C m−3d−1 at station II and 1.43 mg C m−3d−1 at station IV.
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  • 39
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 327-329 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Alona broaensis ; Broa reservoir ; Brazil ; Cladocera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A description and illustrations are given of Alona broaensis, a new species of Chydoridae. Its nearest relative is A. brasiliensis Bergamin.
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  • 40
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 313-325 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Cladocera ; Calanoida ; Cyclopoida ; Limnomedusa ; Sahel ; Pleistocene ; climate change ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The zooplankton of the major Sahel river basins Nile, Shari (Chad), Niger, and Senegal, is different from that found in the Sahara and in Equatorial Africa. Similarities and differences between the individual basins are numerous as well. Many species are shared by the Nile and Lake Chad, by Lake Chad and the Niger (plus Senegal), or occur in all four basins, or are restricted (endemic) to only one basin. These patterns are identical to patterns found in fish, molluscs, and macrophytes and show that crustacean zooplankton obeys the same laws of dispersal as these groups, in spite of its apparent preadaptation to passive dispersal. The patterns can be explained by the climatic fluctuations of the Upper Pleistocene and,Holocene. Following a general dry period over Africa between 20 000 and 13 000 BP, high river and lake levels prevailed between 12 500 and 8 400 BP. This was the period of maximum faunal interchange between all basins, and even with the Zaire basin. After a regression (8 000–7 000 BP), wetter conditions returned around 6 000 BP, but the Sahel itself remained dry, although its rivers and lakes, fed by waters of southern origin, showed higher levels than today. They flooded large areas of the southern Sahara, permitting aquatic animals and plants to reach the Adrar of Mauretania, the Tibesti, and the Ennedi mountains. Since 3 000 BP, present day conditions developed. This last period is characterized by species extinctions, as exemplified by the droughts in Lake Chad in historical times, and in spite of the tremendous diversity still extant here today. Between 6 000 BP and the present, however, very little speciation took place, and faunal exchange between basins was very limited.
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Cladocera ; latitudinal distribution ; Indian subcontinent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One hundred and thirty species of Cladocera have been recorded from the Indian subcontinent which extends from 6°N to 37°N latitude and covers an area of 4.5 million km2. The equatorial region has few Daphnia species, all belonging to the sub-genus Ctenodaphnia while the more northern parts have more species of Daphni including Daphnia s. str. The limnetic Cladocera lacks the carnivorous Polyphemidae and Leptodoridae at lower latitudes (equatorial). The common limnetic species of the equatorial region are eurytopic and extend throughout the subcontinent.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; systematics ; distribution ; ecology review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on tropical freshwater zooplankton which commenced in the mid-19th century have been intensified during the past twenty years or so. The whole region, barring a few areas, has been investigated, including very recently tropical Australia. The widely scattered literature is briefly summarized with comments. Some general distributional patterns are emerging. There is a dearth of ecological studies especially on seasonality and production. Systematics lags behind the North Temperate zone in most tropical regions.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; ricefield Cladocera ; pesticide effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temporal changes in the population densities of four dominant Cladocera (Moina micrura, Diaphanosoma excisum, Alona guttata and Macrothrix spinosa) were studied in untreated and pesticide treated rice plots over a growing season. M. micrura was the first dominant species to occur in all the plots which were initially devoid of vegetation except for the newly transplanted rice seedlings. With the growth of the rice seedlings and the appearance of aquatic macrophytes, open water ricefields were transformed into vegetated littoral conditions precipitating the disappearance of M. micrura and the appearance of the littoral A. guttata and M. spinosa, and the eurytopic D. excisum. The cladoceran community was affected by spraying of the pesticide FMC35001, an analogue of Furadan®. The response of the four dominant species to the pesticide treatment is discussed.
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  • 44
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 105-119 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Central America ; Caribbean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract So far mainly sporadic studies have been made on the freshwater zooplankton of this region. We studied material from Costa Rica, Cuba, Bahamas, El Salvador, Haiti and Trinidad and listed unpublished species data from Jamaica. In all 183 species of Rotifera; 104 of Cladocera; 64 Calanoida and Cyclopoida and a few Ostracoda are known from the region which includes Central America, the Caribbean Islands from the Bahamas to Trinidad and the islands off South America and Central America. Records from individual countries are generally low except for Cuban Cladocera and Copepoda. The total number of Copepoda and Cladocera recorded for the whole regions appears to be reasonably comprehensive. Daphnia is rare or absent from the equatorial regions and it is likely that the low species diversity may be due partly to the lack of a range of habitat types.
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  • 45
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; seasonal fluctuation ; reservoir ; eutrophic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The composition of the zooplankton of the Billings Reservoir and its variation in an eutrophic environment, subject to frequent blooms of algae (chiefly Cyanophyceae) was studied during one year (from October, 1977 to September, 1978) in two stations in the littoral and in the limnetic zone. The zooplankton community in the limnetic zone was dominated by cyclopoid copepods (Thermocyclops crassus and Metacyclops mendocinus) and by rotifers (Brachionus, Polyarthra and others) which represented, respectively 38.5 and 35.5% of the total zooplankton. At the littoral zone, cyclopoids were the most abundant (42.3%). The cladocerans were the least significant group at both stations, and calanoid copepods were found only at the littoral zone. A higher production of small filtrators, such as rotifers, cyclopoid nauplii and Bosmina sp was observed.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; species composition ; seasonal abundance ; Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The composition and annual cycle of the zooplankton of two Ethiopian Rift Valley soda lakes is described. Lake Langano has a conductivity of 1 400 to 1800 µS cm−1 and a permanent mineral turbidity. Lake Abiata is more concentrated (conductivity 19 000 to 23 000 µS cm−1) and more alkaline but less turbid; it is characterised by dense phytoplankton blooms, mainly cyanophytes. The zooplankton assemblage is typically tropical, with relatively few species of Cladocera and Copepoda. There was a marked difference in zooplankton between the two lakes, Lake Abiata showing much higher concentrations and greater wet season/ dry season differences. The species composition was also different. Lake Abiata lacked Cladocera, and calanoid copepods occurred only during the wet season with lower conductivities. These two phenomena were attributed to high sodium bicarbonate concentration and to dense cyanophyte blooms. Eleven species of rotifers occurred in Lake Abiata, including six Brachionus spp. but B. rubens was the only rotifer found in Lake Langano. The seasonal variation of the zooplankton is discussed in relation to seasonal fluctuations in conductivity and Chl a concentration.
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  • 47
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; littoral Cladocera ; Alona incredibilis sp. nov.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tropical littoral Cladocera with special reference to Alona incredibilis sp. nov. and Alonella brasiliensis Bergamin, 1935 from the Amazon basin, are commented upon.
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  • 48
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; ecological prognosis ; the Parana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characteristics of the projected man-made lake on the Middle Parana are described, as well as environmental conditions in the river and their modifications in the future lake. The sources of the future plankton are considered. The formation of the future pelagic ecosystem, mainly of the zooplankton, during the initial and the subsequent stage is discussed.
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  • 49
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; disappearance of cladocerans ; cyanophytes interfering ; eutrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect which Cyanophyta have upon the zooplankton varies according to the form of the alga (mucilaginous colonies or filaments) and its abundance. Periodical blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa were not detrimental for the zooplankton, in spite of the fact that copepods, cladocerans and rotifers consume small colonies. High concentrations of Lyngbya limnetica and Oscillatoria limnetica in Lake Valencia, Venezuela, proved to be inhibitory for cladocerans. A total absence of cladocerans was detected when filaments increased.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; diel migration ; thermocline ; cladocerans ; vertical distribution ; summer ; winter ; tropical lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six genera of Clad ocera (Diaphanosoma, Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia, Moina, Bosmina, Bosminopsis), each of them usually with only one species were found in Lake D. Helvecio, a natural valley lake located in the eastern part of Brazil. Diurnal migratory movements of the organisms observed in this lake showed a different pattern in different species. Closely related species, which explore the same food source, live in different layers, thus avoiding interspecific competition. The migratory behaviour of the species was studied mainly in relation to temperature and oxygen distribution in the lake. Thus, analyses were made in the summer (January, 1978) when a strong stratification occurs with the establishment of a thermocline and an oxycline. Comparisons were made also with the data obtained in winter (July, 1978), when a complete mixing of water occurs.
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  • 51
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; swamps ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Samples from the main Nile channel yield a poor zooplankton, deficient in species and heavily laden with organic debris. Samples from side arms and floodplain lakes yield a richer zooplankton, often containing 15–20 species of rotifers and ten or more species of Crustacea. When the floodplain lakes are heavily vegetated the number of species increases. For the Crustacea the index of diversity (α) normally varies between 0.6 and 2.4, but in a side arm of the Bahr el Zeraf it reaches 6.1 and in Lake Ambadi on the Bahr el Ghazal it reaches 8.4. The diversity of the rotifers is somewhat higher, normally ranging between 2 and 4.5, but reaching 23 in Lake Ambadi. The zooplankton of Lake Ambadi is the most distinctive and contains several species not found at other stations. The reasons for the peculiar zooplankton of Lake Ambadi are discussed.
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  • 52
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 1-131 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Rotifera ; Cladocera ; Copepoda ; tropical Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biological monitoring in the Alligator Rivers region, northern Australia, provides baseline ecological information to assess the impact of uranium mining and milling and settlement in the area. Spatial and temporal variations 1978–1980 in zooplankton communities of the Magela Creek, a tributary of the East Alligator River, are described. Extremely diverse plankton assemblages occur late in the wet season (Dec.–May), with up to 80 taxa of rotifers and microcrustacea in some billabongs (= ox-bows), while there is a decrease in diversity but increase in population density as the dry season progresses. Natural fluctuations in water quality may be extreme, and limiting to plankters common elsewhere in the tropics. The plankton is composed largely of littoral or epiphytic taxa, with endemic species in all groups.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C2H2 reduction ; Intact-plant assay ; Millet ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase activity ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A non destructive intact-plant assay for estimating nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) of pot-grown sorghum and millet plants is described. Plants with intact shoots sustained more activity than plants whose tops were removed prior to the assay. With this technique individual plants can be assayed several times during their life cycle. The C2H2 reduction was linear up to 16h incubation in this assay procedure. More rapid diffusion of C2H2 was achieved by injection through a Suba seal in the bottom of the pot. The equlibration of injected C2H2 in the gas phase of the pots filled with sand and sand:FYM media was completed within 1 h. Significantly higher nitrogenase activity and better growth of sorghum and millet plants occurred when plants were grown in a mixture of sand and farmyard manure (FYM) than when plants were grown in vermiculite, soil, or sand + soil medium. Nitrogenase activity and plant growth were greater in a mixture of sand with 2 and 3% FYM than with 0.5 and 1% FYM. Activity was higher when the plants were incubated at 33°C and 40°C than at 27°C. Activity also increased with increasing soil moisture. There were significant differences amongst 15 sorghum cultivars screened for associated nitrogenase activity. This new technique has good prospects for screening cultivars of millet, sorghum and other grain crops for their nitrogen-fixing ability.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Azotobacter chroococcum ; Effect on yield ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Setaria italica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under controlled conditions in pots filled with sand, vermiculite and field soil, inoculation withA. brasilense-Cd ATCC 29729 or withAzotobacter chroococcum caused increases above controls in the weight and N content of panicles ofSetaria italica. In no case, however, did N increases in test plants exceed the initial total N content. High acetylene reduction activities (1,000–2,000 nmole/h/pot) could be found only in plants inoculated withAzospirillum. Inoculation withAzospirillum (strain-Cd) in the field caused a significant increase above noninoculated controls of 18.5% in shoot dry weight, ofSetaria italica. Azotobacter caused a non significant increase of 8%. No significant differences were found between yields ofSetaria italica grown in soil inoculated withA. chroococcum, and those of plants grown in the presence ofA. vinelandii. A. brasilense-Cd was more effective in the field thanA. brasilense Sp-7 ATCC 29145. The results suggest that Azospirillum may increase yields ofS. italica more efficiently than Azotobacter under local field conditions.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clover ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Root nodule ; Selection and plant breeding ; Symbiosis ; Trifolium pratense ; T. subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper reviews (i) basic studies on the genetics of symbiosis in red clover (a self-sterile species) and subterranean clover (cleistogamous) and (ii) work on selection and plant breeding to increase nitrogen fixation in these hosts. Symbiotic effectiveness in red clover is influenced by many major and minor genes. The highly effective phenotype is inherited in a complex manner associated with early nodulation and the formation of large amounts of persistent bacteroid-containing tissue. Lines bred to fix more nitrogen with one strain ofRhizobium trifolii do so with most but not all other strains examined. They also show slightly increased vigour when grown on nitrate. The highly effective response is correlated with abundant nodulation and an early flowering habit, the evidence from breeding studies indicating that this correlation is not absolute. Normally effective and highly effective nodules have the same specific nitrogenase activities. The expression of the highly effective response is relatively little affected by environmental factors (temperature, light intensity, day length, supplementary carbon-di-oxide). Inbreeding substantially degrades the symbiotic response. Heterosis is shown in crosses between cultivars of subterranean clover but otherwise selection to increase effectiveness in this host was unsuccessful. The relevance of these results (and their physiological aspects) for the improvement of grain legumes is discussed.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Assimilates distribution ; 14CO2 and15N2 labelling ; Glycine max L. Merrill ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiration costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Distribution and use of photoassimilated carbon by nodulated soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in natural conditions have been studied during two consecutive years by successive and simultaneous exposures of the plants to14CO2 and15N2 during one day. This method, together with detailed analysis of CO2 efflux by root systems made it possible to follow the fate of carbon in relation to dinitrogen fixation. The results showed that the stage of development at which the plants were labelled exerted a high influence on the initial distribution of carbon. The growing organs always attracted more of the recently assimilated carbon. So, the reproductive parts accumulated increasing proportions and by day 100 about 70% of the current net production was recovered in pods and seeds. Nodules stored from 3 to 5% of the daily production, from day 50 to day 100, when their fixation activity already dropped by day 85. During the period of optimal fixation the amount of carbon lost as CO2 due to the only process of N2 reduction ranged between 2.5 and 7 mg per mg of N2 fixed. This was equivalent to the amount of carbon directed towards roots and nodules structures during the same time. Secondary transfers by remobilization occurred from leaves and pods to the grains but mainly from the carbon assimilated during the podfilling stage (after day 80). However, these amounts were small indicating that grain development is mainly supported by current assimilates.
    Notes: Resumé La distribution et l'utilisation du carbone photoassimilé par des sojas (Glycine max L. Merr.) nodulés, cultivés en conditions naturelles ont été suivies durant deux années consécutives par expositions répétées et simultanées de plantes à du14CO2 et15N2 pendant une journée. Cette méthode couplée à une analyse détaillée des flux respiratoires au niveau des systèmes racinaires a permis de suivre le devenir du carbone en relation avec l'activité fixatrice d'azote. Les résultats montrent que le stade de développement des plantes au moment du marquage exerce une forte influence sur la distribution initiale du carbone. Ce sont les organes en forte croissance qui attirent le plus d'assimilats récents. Ainsi les organes reproducteurs, accumulent des quantités croissantes à partir de leur formation si bien qu'aux environs du jour 100, ils attirent près de 70% de la production nette. Les nodules eux stockent da 3 à 5% de cette production journalière entre les jours 50 et 100 alors que leur activité fixatrice chute déjà fortement dès le jour 85. Pendant la phase d'activité fixatrice optimale, les quantités de carbone perdues sous forme de CO2, pour le seul processus de réduction du N2, varient entre 2,5 et 7 mg par mg d'azote fixé. Ceci équivaut à la quantité de carbone destinée aux structures “racines et nodules”. Les transferts secondaires d'organes à organes se font à partir des organes végétatifs et puis des gousses vers les graines, mais essentiellement à partir de carbone assimilé durant la phase de remplissage des gousses (après le jour 80). Cependant, les quantités remobilisées sont faibles, ce qui indique que la croissance des graines dépend surtout d'une alimentation directe à partir de la photosynthèse.
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  • 57
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    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 273-284 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; C and N economy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies of the C and N economy of a range of temperate and tropical legume/Rhizobium symbioses indicate considerable variation (up to three-fold) in the cost of N2 fixation. Comparisons between and within symbioses indicate that the proportion of net photosynthate utilized in nodule functioning varies almost ten-fold from as low as 3% to as high as 25%. Factors possibly responsible for variation in efficiency of C use in nodules and in the proportioning of translocated photosynthetic products to nodules are discussed.
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  • 58
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    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 133-141 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Benomyl ; Pesticides ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybeans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Benomyl applied to the seeds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) inoculated with a benomyl resistant strain ofRhizobium japonicum increased the relative abundance of nodules formed by the inoculum strain and the numbers of the added rhizobium on the roots, the total N content, the percentage N, the yield at one plant density and, in one of four soils, the pod weight of soybeans grown in the greenhouse. Oxamyl applied to the seeds, foliage or both of soybeans inoculated with an oxamyl resistant strain ofR. japonicum increased the yield, N content, percentage N, and weight of nodules, pods and grain and enhanced the relative frequency of nodules formed by the inoculum strain. It is suggested that pesticides or other antimicrobial agents and rhizobia resistant to these inhibitors may provide a new means for increasing nitrogen fixation by soybeans.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum ; Grain yield ; N-content ; Nitrogen fixation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Arkas) was associated withAzospirillum lipoferum under greenhouse and field conditions of a temperate region. Controls were treated with autoclaved bacteria. The soils used were: sand, sandy loam, and a peat-clay mixture. In experiments run over a period of three years, there were increases in grain yield, N-yield of the grains, and 1000 grain weight. Depending from environmental conditions, increase changed from year to year, and within one given year. There was, however, no experiment without positive response to the inoculation. Highest grain yield increase (70%) was found on sand supplemented with P and K only, but up to 32% were also obtained on peat-clay soil containing 0.28% total N. Under greenhouse conditions, one third of technical N-fertilizer could be saved by bacterial activities. With high probability the effects observed have been at least partly due to bacterial N2-fixation, because the N-yield of the grains was increased (up to 33%), and the most pronounced response was found on sand without any N-fertilizer added.
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  • 60
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    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 329-335 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume breeding ; Medicago sativa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Trifolium repens ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper examines evidence which quantifies the relative importance of legume and Rhizobium genotypes as determinants of phenotypic variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. It demonstrates potentially large and unpredictable effects of the Rhizobium genotype. The likely importance of such effects on crop yield is considered. The information is then used to assess ways in which legume breeding programmes may be altered to encompass the effects of genetic variation in Rhizobium.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Co-evolution ; Domestication ; Gene centre ; Genetic variability ; Nitrogen fixation ; Pisum sativum L ; Rhizobium leguminosarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil samples from several European countries; Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and Greece, contained rhizobial populations capable of forming an effective symbiosis with the cultivated pea cv. Rondo from the Netherlands. The range of variation among the European Rhizobium strains, as expressed on pea cv. Rondo, was not so large and almost the same variation could be found within the rhizobial population within each country. Superior Rhizobium strains for the Dutch pea were not restricted to soils from the Netherlands but were also found in those from Sweden and Italy. Soils from Turkey and Israel also contained Rhizobium strains capable of nodulating pea cv. Rondo. However, the genetic variation among these Middle East Rhizobium strains was much larger than that of the European strains. When tested on pea cv. Rondo the majority of the Middle East strains belonged to the medium or low effective classes and only a few strains were comparable with European Rhizobium strains. Dutch Rhizobium strains induced effective nodules on both the Dutch pea cv. Rondo and the Swedish cv. L 110. However, in association with a Turkish Rhizobium strain effective nodules were formed on pea cv. Rondo and ineffective nodules on cv. L 110. We suggest that the genetic uniformity of EuropeanR. leguminosarum strains is the result of selection and domestication of Rhizobium strains originally derived from the gene centres of the pea plant.
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  • 62
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    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 315-327 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Breeding ; Competition ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Phaseolus vulgaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary While symbiotic nitrogen (N2) fixation byG. max andP. vulgaris reduces their need for combined N, N2 fixation under field conditions is rarely maximized. This paper reviews constraints to N2 fixation in these species, then examines the genetic variability recorded for traits affecting N2 fixation and the further work needed in this area. It considers emerging programs for the improvement of N2 fixation inG. max andP. vulgaris and pays particular attention to methodological considerations.
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