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  • Other Sources  (810)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (496)
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS  (314)
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  • 1980-1984  (810)
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  • 1984  (810)
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  • 1980-1984  (810)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
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    Finite element modelling of buried structures (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: In many structures the final stress states are dependent on the sequence of construction or the stress states at various stages of construction are of interest. Such problems can be analyzed using finite element programs that have the capability of adding (birthing) elements to simulate the progress of construction. However, the usual procedure of assembling elements may lead to numerical instabilities or stress states that are unrealistic. Both problems are demonstrated in the analysis of a structure using the program ADINA. A technique which combines application of a preload with element birthing to overcome these problems is described and illustrated.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 395-404
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  • 2
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    Single-drop impact damage prediction for low density, coated ceramic materials (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: A technique utilizing finite element analysis, liquid impact kinematics, and momentum theory is described and compared to single-drop impact test data performed on various configurations of coated ceramic material. The method correlates well with test data and is useful in predicting the single-drop impact damage velocity threshold for low-density, coated ceramic materials.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 385-393
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  • 3
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    Simulation of contact surface erosion for impact problems (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: An algorithm is outlined for simulating the contact surface erosion for impact problems. The algorithm dynamically relocates the contact surface as projectile and target materials exceed their failure criterion. Example computations of axisymmetric and oblique impacts are compared with experimental data.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 315-324
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  • 4
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    Response and characteristics of structures subjected to S-H waves (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: A study of the dynamic characteristics of a coupled translational-rotational system is given. The formulation of the problem considers the soil-structure interaction effects by utilizing the impedance functions at the foundation of a structure. Due to the fact that the coefficient matrix in the characteristic equation is frequency dependent in nature, iterations have to be performed to find the nature frequencies of the system. Examples and discussions are presented. Comparisons of the analytical results from various approaches are also given.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 289-296
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  • 5
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    Nonlinear dynamic analysis of sandwich panels (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: Two analytical techniques applicable to large deflection dynamic response calculations for pressure loaded composite sandwich panels are demonstrated. One technique utilizes finite element modeling with a single equivalent layer representing the face sheets and core. The other technique utilizes the modal analysis computer code DEPROP which was recently modified to include transverse shear deformation in a core layer. The example problem consists of a simply supported rectangular sandwich panel. Included are comparisons of linear and nonlinear static response calculations, in addition to dynamic response calculations.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 251-268
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  • 6
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    Initial postbuckling analysis of elastoplastic thin-shear structures (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The design of thin shell structures with respect to elastoplastic buckling requires an extended analysis of the influence of initial imperfections. For conservative design, the most critical defect should be assumed with the maximum allowable magnitude. This defect is closely related to the initial postbuckling behavior. An algorithm is given for the quasi-static analysis of the postbuckling behavior of structures that exhibit multiple buckling points. the algorithm based upon an energy criterion allows the computation of the critical perturbation which will be employed for the definition of the critical defect. For computational efficiency, the algorithm uses the reduced basis technique with automatic update of the modal basis. The method is applied to the axisymmetric buckling of cylindrical shells under axial compression, and conclusions are given for future research.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 237-250
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  • 7
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    Fracture, failure, and fragmentation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: A general approach is required for describing matter of behavior when the failure is likely to involve growth and coalescence of a large number of fractures. Failures of this kind appear frequently in rapid dynamic processes, particularly in the formation of spall fragments. An approach to formulating constitutive relations that accounts for the opening, shear and growth of an ensemble of cracks is discussed. The approach accounts for plastic flow accompanying fragmentation. The resulting constitutive relations were incorporated into a Lagrangian computer program. A theoretical approach to coalescence is described. The simplest formulation uses a linear Liouville equation, with crack growth limited by the mean free path of cracks, assumed constant. This approach allows for an anisotropic distribution of cracks. An alternative approach in which the decrease of the mean free path with increasing crack size is accounted for, but the crack distribution is assumed isotropic is described. A reduction of the governing Liouville equation to an ordinary differential equation of third order is possible, and the result can be used to determine how mean free path decreases with increasing crack size.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 185-195
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  • 8
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    Composite laminate optimization program suitable for microcomputers (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The design of a composite panel requires some way of finding the minimum thickness laminate which will withstand the load requirements without failure. The mathematical complexity of this problem dictates the use of nonlinear optimization techniques. Specialized laminate optimization programs were developed which are compact and efficient enough to run on microcomputers. Only stresses at a point and inplane loads and deflections are considered. The programs are simple to use and require no knowledge of optimization. Techniques are developed which find minimum thickness laminates with either ply ratios or ply angles as design variables. A method is presented for finding the optimum orientation for the axis of symmetry of an orthotropic laminate. The orthotropic laminate program uses an approximate failure theory, which speed up computations dramatically.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 181-183
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  • 9
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    Sensitivity analysis of limit state functions for probability-based plastic design (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The evaluation of the total probability of a plastic collapse failure P sub f for a highly redundant structure of random interdependent plastic moments acted on by random interdepedent loads is a difficult and computationally very costly process. The evaluation of reasonable bounds to this probability requires the use of second moment algebra which involves man statistical parameters. A computer program which selects the best strategy for minimizing the interval between upper and lower bounds of P sub f is now in its final stage of development. The relative importance of various uncertainties involved in the computational process on the resulting bounds of P sub f, sensitivity is analyzed. Response sensitivities for both mode and system reliability of an ideal plastic portal frame are shown.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 159-179
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  • 10
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    A triangular finite element for thin plates and shells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: A finite element modeling technique which utilizes a triangular element called TSHEL with 45 degrees of freedom and seven point integration was tested for analysis of thin plate and shell structures. The element formulation is based on the degenerate solid shell concept and the mixed formulation with assumed independent inplane and transverse shear strains. The effectiveness of the present modeling technique which features combined use of elements with kinematic modes and those without kinematic modes to eliminate both locking and spurious kinematic modes at the global structural levels are shown.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 123-142
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  • 11
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    Stress-derivative control of keystoning deformation in finite element codes (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The stress derivative technique for control of keystoning deformation in under-integrated finte elements is based on expansion of the stress in a Taylor series about the element center and retention of additional terms beyond the constant stress term. It has the advantage over other control techniques that keystoning resistance is provided by actual rather than artificial material properties. Application of this technique to the quadrilateral ring elements used for modelling solids of revolution subjected to axisymmetric loads is described. In a cylindrical coordinate system additional terms appear in the formulation which must be dealt with in arriving at a workable keystoning control scheme.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 111-122
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  • 12
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    Initial experience with distributing structural calculations among computers operating in parallel (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: An existing program is currently being adapted to perform finite element analysis by distributing substructures over a network of four Apple IIe microcomputers connected to a shared disk. In this network, one microcomputer controls the entire process while the others perform the analysis on each substructure in parallel. This substructure analysis is used in an iterative, fully stressed, structural resizing procedure. This procedure allows experimentatation with resizing in which all analyses are not completed during a single iteration. This research gives some insight on how to configure multidiscriplinary analysis and optimization procedures for decomposable engineering systems using either high performance engineering workstations or a parallel processor supercomputer. In addition, the operational experience gained facilitates the implementation of analysis programs on these new computers when they become available in an engineering environment.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 45-54
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  • 13
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    Application of concurrent processing to structural dynamic response computations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: Described are the experiences gained from solving for the dynamic response of two simple structures on an experimental Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) computer called the finite element machine. Introduced are MIMD computing concepts, describing how the concurrent algorithmic techniques implemented and giving results for the two example problems. The results show computational speedups of up to 7.83 using eight of the finite element machine processors and indicate that significant computational speedups are possible for large order structural computations.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 31-44
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  • 14
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    The FLEX/32 multicomputing environment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The FLEX/32 Multicomputer is a generic environment for cooperating multiple processors. The FLEX/32 supports a number of different processors, making it heterogeneous in terms of the instruction sets it supports, and homogeneous in its ability to provide consistent storage and input/output facilities to its differing processors. These facilities are accessed through standard 32-bit VMEbus connections. The FLEX/32 supports the full UNIX System V Operating System and languages associated with it, plus the extended ConCurrent C and Concurrent FORTRAN 77 languages that allow programming of concurrent software at a high level. Direct programming support at all levels is provided by the environment hardware for concurrent software execution and optimization, including hardware support for shared resource access arbitration, conditional critical region arbitration, and interprocessor messages.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 1-14
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  • 15
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    Finite element computation on nearest neighbor connected machines (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: Research aimed at faster, more cost effective parallel machines and algorithms for improving designer productivity with finite element computations is discussed. A set of 8 boards, containing 4 nearest neighbor connected arrays of commercially available floating point chips and substantial memory, are inserted into a commercially available machine. One-tenth Mflop (64 bit operation) processors provide an 89% efficiency when solving the equations arising in a finite element problem for a single variable regular grid of size 40 by 40 by 40. This is approximately 15 to 20 times faster than a much more expensive machine such as a VAX 11/780 used in double precision. The efficiency falls off as faster or more processors are envisaged because communication times become dominant. A novel successive overrelaxation algorithm which uses cyclic reduction in order to permit data transfer and computation to overlap in time is proposed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 15-29
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  • 16
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    Vibration isolation system for testing in a vacuum (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The design, manufacture, and testing of an isolation system placed under a bench which simulates a space platform during testing in a hard vacuum are described. A low natural frequency isolation system is used to decouple ground vibrations from the bench. The materials used are vacuum compatible and do not introduce unwanted matter which would contaminate the payload optics and/or the testing environment. The system accommodates payloads of varying weights and envelopes.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 13th Space Simulation Conf.; p 320-339
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  • 17
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    The NASA welding assessment program (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The potential cost and performance advantages of welding was understood but ignored by solar panel manufacturers in the U.S. Although NASA, DOD and COMSAT have supported welding development efforts, soldering remains the only U.S. space qualified method for interconnecting solar cells. The reason is that no U.S. satellite prime contractor found it necessary, due to mission requirements, to abandon the space proven soldering process. It appears that the proposed NASA space station program will provide an array requirement, a 10 year operation in a low Earth orbital environment, that mandates welding. The status of welding technology in the U.S. is assessed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 220-222
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  • 18
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    A conceptual basis for the design of damage-tolerant structural systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Researchers define damage-tolerant structural systems as those systems which not only have adeqate intact strength to withstand initial failure but also adequate residual strength to minimize the possibility of, and hence the consequences of, further failure. The incorporation of damage tolerance cannot be done in total isolation of the function being required of the system and the costs associated with obtaining improved damage tolerance. The approach, therefore, is to formulate multiple-objective, multi-level decision support problems (DSP), the solutions of which represent a compromise between higher costs and higher damage tolerance. Mulitple-objective decision support problems are easily solved in the linear domain. These formulations, however, include both linear and nonlinear constraints and goals, which in the past, have not been considered due to the resulting complexity. Here, researchers: (1) present a complete discussion and description of decision support problems; (2) identify what further research needs to be done in order to obtain information that is required but not known for solving problems using these models; and (3) identify what needs to be done to implement this prototype method in practice.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 36 p
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  • 19
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    Structural optimization of large ocean-going structures (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Ocean-going vehicles and platforms are among the largest structures in the world and are subjected to relatively harsh conditions of motions and loads. Some of them, such as semi-submersible platforms, are a relatively new type of structure and hence there is no formal, well evolved and established structural design code as there is for more traditional structures. More recently, efforts have also been made to develop a design method of this type for ships and other ocean structures. One of the many advantages of a rationally based design method is versatility; it can be used for structures that have widely differing purposes, measures of merit, shapes and sizes. The purpose is to describe a rationally based design method that has been developed within the field of ocean structures, in order that persons dealing with other types of structure can judge whether and to what extent its various features may be useful for those other types. Also, even though some features may not be applicable they might stimulate some useful ideas.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 18 p
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  • 20
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    Lightning research: A user's lament (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: As a user of devices and procedures for lightning protection, the author is asking the lightning research community for cookbook recipes to help him solve his problems. He is lamenting that realistic devices are scarce and that his mission does not allow him the time nor the wherewithal to bridge the gap between research and applications. A few case histories are presented. In return for their help he is offering researchers a key to lightning technology--the use of the Eastern Test Range and its extensive resources as a proving ground for their experiment in the lightning capital of the United States. A current example is given--a joint lightning characterization project to take place there. Typical resources are listed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 6 p
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  • 21
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    Microcomputer design and analysis of the cable catenary large space antenna system (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The use of microcomputers in the design of a cable catenary large space antenna system is discussed. The development of a system design capability, data base utilization, systems integration, program structure and logic, and integrated graphics output are discussed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 14 p
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  • 22
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    Structural optimization with constraints on transients response (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An exceptionally elegant method for structural optimization with constraints on the static response presented by Shield and Prager is discussed. Their derivation of the optimality condition was facilitated by a reformulation of the structural elasticity equations in terms of what was then a new variational principle, the principle of stationary mutual potential energy. Their optimality condition relates the design variable to an appropriately defined mutual strain energy. An alternative but related approach, based upon the principle of stationary mutual complementary energy, presented by N. C. Haung, is also discussed. The simplicity of these principles lies in the facts that the energy functionals are stationary at the solution to the field equations and that their stationary value is proportional to the quantity to be optimized.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 11 p
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  • 23
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    The effects of the space environment on damping materials and damping designs on flexible structures (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: The effects of space environments on damping materials and damping designs on flexible structures were investigated. The following items were examined: damping of flexible spacecraft appendages; composite loss factor (n sub s) vs. time in high vacuum for damped test beams and damping of flexible structures. The STEP experiments show inherent damping of flexible structures in space effective possible damping design configurations for space structures, effects of passively damped components on the system loss factor of flexible structures and the effect of space environment on properties of damping materials.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center STEP Expt. Requirements; p 79-102
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  • 24
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    Study of meteoroid impact craters on various materials (A0138-1) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Interplanetary dust particles (micrometeoroids) are expected to form well-defined craters upon impacting exposed material in space. Studying the frequency and features of these craters will provide data on the mass-flux distribution of micrometeoroids and, to a lesser extent, on the velocity magnitude and direction. This experiment will study impact craters produced by micrometeoroids on selected materials (metals and glasses in the form of thick targets) to obtain valuable technological and scientific data. Specifically, the studies will focus on determining micrometeoroid composition and mass-flux distribution. Analyses will also be made on the distribution of impact velocity vectors.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 121-123
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  • 25
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    An investigation into the probabilistic combination of quasi-static and random accelerations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: JPL, Proceedings of the Shuttle Payload Dynamic Environments and Loads Prediction Workshop, Volume 2; p 527-541
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  • 26
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    Some aspects of understanding changes in the global carbon cycle (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The collective character of carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and other pools is partially revealed by comparing the record of CO2 concentration beginning in 1958 with estimates of the releases from fossil fuels during this period. In analyzing the secular increase in CO2 concentration induced by fossil fuel use, the atmosphere is generally treated as a single well-mixed reservoir; however, to study finer structure in the CO2 records, the influence of atmospheric circulation must be more carefully considered. The rate of carbon uptake by the oceans, the primary sink for fossil fuel CO2, is assessed more reliably than influences on the atmosphere due to interactions with other pools. Models of the global carbon cycle are being substantially refined while data that reflect the response of the cycle to fossil fuel use and other perturbations are being extended.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: JPL The interaction of Global Biochemical Cycles; p 55-84
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  • 27
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    A statistical correlation method for the retrieval of atmospheric moisture profiles by microwave radiometry (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical correlation technique is applied to the retrieval of vertical moisture profiles under clear-sky conditions from down-looking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation at microwave wavelengths. For a given set of channels, the method selects the optimum radiometric channels for estimating water vapor at specific pressure levels between the surface and 300 mb. The water vapor mixing ratio at these pressure levels is then calculated from a linear combination of the selected channel brightness temperatures. To test its validity the algorithm was applied, in a numerical experiment, to fifty independent tropical radiosondes. The rms absolute deviation of the estimated moisture profiles from the actual profiles was comparable to that obtained using an iterative retrieval method reported earlier. The statistical method, however, requires several orders of magnitude less computer time than the iterative method; it is suitable for high speed processing of large amounts of data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1110-111
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  • 28
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    Problems in simulating the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer with a third-order closure model (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Andre et al. (1976, 1978) third-order closure model, in which the time rate of change terms, the relaxation and rapid effects for pressure-related terms, and the clipping approximation are used along with the quasi-normal closure, is invoked in the study of turbulence in a cloudy layer that is radiatively cooled from above. A spurious oscillation whose greatest amplitude lies near the inversion is shown by analysis to arise from the mean gradient and buoyancy terms of the triple-moment equations. An attempt is made to damp the oscillation through the introduction of diffusion terms into the triple-moment equations. The results obtained are noted to be sensitive to the ad hoc eddy coefficient applied in the third-moment equations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1588-160
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  • 29
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    Geometrically nonlinear analysis of adhesively bonded joints (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis of cohesive failure in typical joints is presented. Cracked-lap-shear joints were chosen for analysis. Results obtained from linear and nonlinear analysis show that nonlinear effects, due to large rotations, significantly affect the calculated mode 1, crack opening, and mode 2, inplane shear, strain-energy-release rates. The ratio of the mode 1 to mode 2 strain-energy-release rates (G1/G2) was found to be strongly affected by the adhesive modulus and the adherend thickness. The ratios between 0.2 and 0.8 can be obtained by varying adherend thickness and using either a single or double cracked-lap-shear specimen configuration. Debond growth rate data, together with the analysis, indicate that mode 1 strain-energy-release rate governs debond growth. Results from the present analysis agree well with experimentally measured joint opening displacements. Previously announced in STAR as N83-13497
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology (ISSN 0094-4289); 106; 59-65
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  • 30
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    Lightning activity and severe storm structure (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Space-time mapping of VHF sources from four severe storms on June 19, 1980 reveals that lightning processes for cloud-to-ground (CG) and large intracloud (IC) flashes are confined to an altitude below about 10 km and closely associated with the central regions of high reflectivity. Another class of IC flashes produces a splattering of sources within the storms' main electrically active volumes and also within the large divergent wind canopy aloft. There is no apparent temporal association between the small high altitude IC flashes that occur almost continuously and the large IC and CG flashes that occur sporadically in the lower portions of storms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 545-548
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    A variational formulation for time-dependent climate models (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A variational principle for time dependent diffusion problems is presented and is demonstrated by applying it to simple seasonal climate models. Two cases are treated. The first, a North-Coakley-type model with constant properties, is used as a tutorial example for the application of the technique. For the second case, heat capacity and thermal conductivity are considered to be latitude dependent in order to treat the effects of land/ocean distribution on the seasonal temperature distribution over the earth. The variational equations are derived and approximate analytical solutions are developed which delineate the influences of the physical asymmetries of the hemispheres in producing an asymmetric annual cycle.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2601-260
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  • 32
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    Analogs in the wintertime 500 mb height field (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lorenz (1969) has considered the possibility that an atmospheric circulation pattern might recur, taking into account the definition of a pair of analogous flows or 'analogs'. The present investigation is concerned with a search of time series of Northern Hemisphere wintertime geopotential heights for possible analogs. Attention is given to data and analysis procedure, analog quality, and error growth rates. The obtained results imply that the found analogs are not a useful tool for forecasting the evolution of the midlatitude flow on time scales of several days. It is pointed out, however, that the negative results should not be extended to other applications of analog forecasting.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 177-189
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    Highlights of the Symposium on the Multiple-Parameter Radar Measurements of Precipitation - Personal reflections. (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 19; 238-242
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  • 34
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    The small ice cap instability in diffusive climate models (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Simple climate models which invoke diffusive heat transport and ice cap albedo feedback have equilibrium solutions with no stable ice cap smaller than a radius of about 20 deg on a great circle. Attention is presently given to a solution of this phenomenon which is physically appealing. The ice-free solution has a thermal minimum, and if the minimum temperature is just above the critical value for ice formation, then the artificial addition of a patch of ice leads to a widespread depression of the temperature below the critical freezing temperature. A second stable solution will then exist whose spatial extent is determined by the range of the influence function of a point sink of heat, due to the albedo shift in the patch.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3390-339
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  • 35
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    Comments on 'Comparative diagnostic case study of east coast secondary cyclogenesis under weak versus strong synoptic-scale forcing' (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comment is presented on a recent paper by Pagnotti and Bosart (1984) which contrasted different forcing mechanisms for weak and strong cyclones along the east coast of the U.S., and Bosart replies. The comment argues that the paper did not give a clear definition of 'weak' upper-level forcing and did not provide sufficient evidence to support its claim that the return branch of transverse circulations may be coupled to the middle as opposed to the lower troposphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2540
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  • 36
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    A numerical simulation of barotropic instability. II Wave-wave interaction (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A fully nonlinear numerical model of the point jet barotropic instability is used to test and confirm the hypothesis that the magnitude of the wave vorticity does not exceed the magnitude of the initial shear. This result arises directly from the local conservation of vorticity following a parcel and the fact that unstable waves are principally confined to the region where the zonal mean vorticity can be smoothed by the wave so as to eliminate the instability. Comparisons are made between fully nonlinear and quasi-linear models of the point jet instability and their tracer transport properties. Differences become particularly evident after wave saturation. The most important effect neglected by the wave-mean flow model appears to be the advection of wave vorticity by the most unstable mode. However, as equilibration of the instability proceeds, the globally averaged properties of both models are found to be similar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 2869-288
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  • 37
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    An elastic-plastic finite element analysis of crack initiation, stable crack growth, and instability (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Studies have been conducted to develop efficient techniques to simulate crack extension and to examine various local and global fracture criteria. Of the considered criteria, the crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA) or displacement (CTOD) at a specified distance from the crack tip was shown to be most suited for modeling stable crack growth and instability during the fracture process. The results obtained in a number of studies show the necessity for studying different crack configurations when assessing the validity of any fracture criteria. One of the objectives of the present investigation is related to a critical evaluation of the CTOD growth criterion using an elastic-plastic finite element analysis under monotonic loading to failure. The analysis was found to predict three stages of crack growth behavior under monotonic loading to failure. Calculated CTOD values agreed well with experimental values for crack growth initiation.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 38
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    Some aspects of the interannual variation of mean monthly sea level pressure on the Southern Hemisphere (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: We calculate the seasonal changes that are largely associated with the half-yearly wave, autocorrelation functions, and the mean planetary waves in the monthly mean sea level pressure from two data sources. One covers the period from 1951 to 1958 (from the South African Weather Bureau) and the other the period from 1972 to 1980 (from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology). Thirty years of data from stations over the southern hemisphere are used to assess the reliability of the differences between the two periods that the grid-point data show. These differences are especially large over the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The station data confirm the changes between the two periods and thus the observed differences in the mean waves, which are especially large for wave number 3.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9541-954
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  • 39
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    GASP cloud encounter statistics - Implications for laminar flow control flight (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cloud observation archive from the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) is analyzed in order to derive the probability of cloud encounter at altitudes normally flown by commercial airliners, for application to a determination of the feasability of Laminar Flow Control (LFC) on long-range routes. The probability of cloud encounter is found to vary significantly with season. Several meteorological circulation features are apparent in the latitudinal distribution of cloud cover. The cloud encounter data are shown to be consistent with the classical midlatitude cyclone model with more clouds encountered in highs than in lows. Aircraft measurements of route-averaged time-in-clouds fit a gamma probability distribution model which is applied to estimate the probability of extended cloud encounter, and the associated loss of LFC effectiveness along seven high-density routes. The probability is demonstrated to be low.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 21; 851-857
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  • 40
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    Vertical temperature sounding of the atmosphere (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Attention is given to physical principles that affect the determination of atmospheric temperature profiles from observations of outgoing IR and microwave radiation. Simultaneous analysis of IR and microwave observations enhances observations in each spectral region. While IR soundings have higher sensitivity to lower tropospheric temperatures, ground temperatures, and sea surface temperatures, microwave observations are not only more suited to stratospheric sounding but are sensitive to snow and ice cover. They significantly aid correction of IR observations for cloud effects. Because effective cloud parameters and snow and ice cover can be inferred from the observations, 'temperature sounders' also yield data for a number of important climatic parameters.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 41
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    Extensional collapse modes of structural members (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attenuation of the load transmitted to a vehicle occupant by the structure, either by modifying structural assembly, changing geometry of its elements, or adding specific load limiting devices to help dissipate kinetic energy was studied. General aviation aircraft have fuselage subfloors of a built up structure which are generally very stiff perpendicular to the floor of the cabin. The subfloor structure, designed to crush at an appropriate force level, can be used to advantage in a crash by dissipating energy through plastic buckling of the floor beams and frames. Simple closed form solutions to predict the mean crushing force levels of subfloor designs is useful in engineering practice. The crushing process of thin walled, plate formed, open structures with particular emphasis on L and cruciform shapes was analyzed. Lower and upper bound solutions for the mean crushing strength of cruciforms are obtained by considering modes of deformation which account for both bending and extensional deformation. It is the importance of extensional deformation to the energy absorption process, representing at least one third of the dissipated energy is shown. Previously announced in STAR as N82-33765
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computers and Structures (ISSN 0045-7949); 18; 3, 19; 447-458
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    Role of soil moisture in maintaining droughts (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The influence of soil moisture on the persistence of an ongoing drought was investigated. The case study of drought of the summer of 1980 was selected. The difference in the simulation of two identical twin runs: one with the climatological normal soil moisture and the other with anomalous soil moisture for drought conditions, were examined on the mean monthly circulation. It is found that a reduction in soil moisture did produce a corresponding reduction in precipitation. The pattern of the rainfall anomaly however, was not identical to the soil moisture (evapotranspiration) anomaly but had a good resemblance with observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 335-340
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    The sensitivity of a general circulation model to Saharan dust heating (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the Northern summer, sporadic outbreaks of wind borne Saharan dust are carried out over the Atlantic by the tropical easterlies. Optical depths due to the dust can reach 3 near the African coast, and the dust cloud can be detected as far west as the Caribbean Sea (Carlson, 1979). In order to obtain insight into the possible effects of Saharan dust on the weather and climate of North Africa and the tropical Atlantic Ocean, simulation experiments have been performed with the Climate Model of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences. The most recent version of the model is described by Randall (1982). The model produces realistic simulations of many aspects of the observed climate and its seasonal variation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 3323-328
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    Climate sensitivity with a seasonal cycle energy balance model (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sensitivity of climate which may have a local maximum as the ice cap passes through a midlatitude region where the atmosphere's transport efficiency varies strongly with latitude is examined. This behavior, found in a two level primitive equations climate model forced with annual mean insolation, was reproduced in an energy balance model (EBM) by making the diffusion coefficient a function of latitude. The two level seasonally varying EBM was applied and the global mean surface temperature vs. solar constant for this model are shown and two regions of enhanced sensitivity appear. The snowcover distributions around the year for three cases are shown.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 227-230
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    On the role of the transient eddies in maintaining the seasonal mean circulation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The role of transient eddies in maintaining the observed local seasonal mean atmospheric circulation was investigated by examining the time-averaged momentum balances and omega equation, using seasonal statistics calculated from daily operational analyses by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. While both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and several seasons were studied, emphasis was placed upon the Northern Hemisphere during December 1981-February 1982. The results showed that transient eddies played a secondary role in the seasonal mean zonal momentum budget and in the forcing of seasonal mean vertical and a geostrophic motion.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 205-208
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    Teleconnection patterns in the Southern Hemisphere (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Contemporaneous correlations between geopotential heights on a given pressure surface at widely separated points on Earth, commonly referred to as teleconnections, are calculated from monthly mean sea level pressure and 500 mb geopotential height analyses for the Southern Hemisphere for five-month winter and summer seasons. During summer (November-March), anomalies over the three continents occur out of phase with anomalies over the subtropical oceans and in a wavenumber 3 pattern over the Southern Ocean near 55 deg S. The subtropical part of the pattern appears largely associated with the interannual variation of the seasonal cycle and annual mean. In winter (May-September) 500 mb geopotential heights over Africa exhibit positive correlations with heights over South America and the central South Pacific near New Zealand and negative correlations with height over the Southern Ocean. A striking wavenumber three pattern is apparent which shows the correlation of 500 mb geopotential height anomalies with 500 mb anomalies at 50 deg S, 95 deg E during winter. The strong positive correlations between 50 deg S, 95 E and 58 deg S, 150 deg W and 38 deg S, 15 deg W contrast with negative correlations over Antarctica and in low latitudes. Time variations in a similar pattern in sea level pressure are in phase with variations in the 500 mb pattern, suggesting an equivalent barotropic structure.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 193-195
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  • 47
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    Localized blocking accounted for by slow variations of the zonal driving (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The incorporation of observed zonal topography in a barotropic nonlinear channel model is discussed. The model is then extended to explain the regional features of blocking by employing a two scale method to allow small slow variations of the momentum (zonal) driving.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 190-192
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    Stratocumulus simulations with a general circulation model (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Stratus and stratocumulus cloud sheets which are among the most common cloud types over the world are discussed. They are characteristic of the undisturbed subtropical marine boundary layer over the eastern oceans, where cool water and large scale sinking motion suppress penetrative cumulus convection. They also occur over the Arctic Ocean, particularly in summer, and behind cold outbreaks over the western oceans in winter. Observational studies were conducted and further observations are planned.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 222-226
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    Influence of surface roughness of a desert (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A numerical simulation study, using the current GLAS climate GCM, was carried out to examine the influence of low bulk aerodynamic drag parameter in the deserts. The results illustrate the importance of yet another feedback effect of a desert on itself, that is produced by the reduction in surface roughness height of land once the vegetation dies and desert forms. Apart from affecting the moisture convergence, low bulk transport coefficients of a desert lead to enhanced longwave cooling and sinking which together reduce precipitation by Charney's (1975) mechanism. Thus, this effect, together with albedo and soil moisture influence, perpetuate a desert condition through its geophysical feedback effect. The study further suggests that man made deserts is a viable hypothesis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 329-334
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  • 50
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    Two contrasting Northern Hemisphere winters: 1980 - 1981 and 1981 - 1982 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Seasonal statistics calculated from daily operational analyses by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts for December 1980 - February 1981 (season 1) and December 1981 - February 1982 (season 2) were used to contrast the two seasonal mean circulation patterns present in the Northern Hemisphere and to investigate possible causes for the differences. The vertically averaged seasonal mean zonal wind and E-vector, a measure of the anisotropy of the transient eddies over the Pacific is shown for season 1 and season 2. The pattern in season 2, but not season 1, resembles that found in a modeling study of barotropic instability. One possible explanation for the differences between season 1 and 2 is a weak change in tropical heating associated with the southern oscillation, the effect of which in midlatitude was amplified by the occurrence of barotropic instability over the Pacific in season 2, but not season 1.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 209-214
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    An ensemble formulation of PBL fluxes in a GCM (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An ensemble approach is applied to Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) calculations with the bulk Richardson number identified as the key parameter. An ensemble averaging calculation was carried out to rederive the bulk friction and heat transport coefficients for the mean condition. Two simulations are carried out and compared. Significant differences in PBL fluxes low level cloudiness, land surface roughness heights, and surface evaporation are noted between the modified and unmodified simulations. Modifications to the model were: (1) the relationship between actual and potential Effective Temperature (ET) to accord with Sud and Fennessy (1982); (2) maximum permissible instantaneous ET at any time is 1.5 mm per hr; (3) moisture distribution in low level cumulus convection to be consistent with no precipitation; (4) appearance of supersaturation clouds to be consistent with supersaturation condition at that level; (5) invoking a simple function for stomatal diffusion effect in the ET calculation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 270-274
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    A survey of strength analysis methods for laminates with holes (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The methods for predicting the strength of composite laminates with fastener holes are reviewed for the cases of unloaded as well as loaded holes. Three categories of methods are discussed: (1) the hole-boundary stress (HBS) methods which compare the peak stresses and the laminate strength; (2) the linear elastic fracture (LEFM) methods which assume cracks emanating from the hole and predict failure when the stress intensity factor for a crack equals the laminate fracture toughness; and (3) two different two-parameter (TP) methods: the average-stress (ASTP) method, which predicts failure when the average stress over a distance from the hole equals the laminate strength; and the point-stress (PSTP) Whitney-Nuismer (1974) approach, which predicts failure when the stress near the hole equals the material strength. The PSTP is relatively accurate and is by far the most widely used of all the prediction methods. However, for large ranges of variables and cases, the current strength predictions may not always be accurate.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Aeronautical Society of India, Journal (ISSN 0001-9267); 36; 287-303
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    Structural optimization using optimality criteria methods (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Optimality criteria methods take advantage of some concepts as those of statically determinate or indeterminate structures, and certain variational principles of structural dynamics, to develop efficient algorithms for the sizing of structures that are subjected to stiffness-related constraints. Some of the methods and iterative strategies developed over the last decade for calculations of the Lagrange multipliers in stressand displacement-limited problems, as well as for satisfying the appropriate optimality criterion, are discussed. The application of these methods are illustrated by solving problems with stress and displacement constraints.
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    Current research on shear buckling and thermal loads with PASCO - Panel analysis and sizing code (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The stiffened composite structural panel analysis and sizing code designated 'PASCO' encompasses both the generality required for the exploitation of composite materials' design flexibility and an accurate buckling analysis for the detection of complex buckling modes. PASCO can accordingly design for buckling, frequency, material strength, and panel stiffness requirements. Attention is given to an additional thermal loading design capability. Design studies illustrate the importance of the multiple load condition capability when thermal loads are present.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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    Natural frequencies of twisted rotating plates (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A detailed comparison is presented of the predicted eigenfrequencies of twisted rotating plates as obtained by using two different shape functions. Primarily, rotating twisted plates of two different aspect ratios and two different thickness ratios are considered. The effects of rotation are included by using a 'stress smoothing' technique when calculating the augmented stiffness matrix. In addition, the effects of Coriolis acceleration, contributions from membrane behavior, setting angle and sweep angle are considered. The effects of geometric nonlinearity are briefly discussed. Finally, results of a brief study of cambered plates are presented.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration (ISSN 0022-460X); 97; 429-449
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  • 56
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    Strain-energy release rate analysis of cyclic delamination growth in compressively loaded laminates (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Delamination growth in compressively loaded composite laminates was studied analytically and experimentally. The configuration used was a laminate with an across-the-width delamination. An approximate super-position stress analysis was developed to quantify the effects of various geometric, material, and load parameters on mode 1 and mode 2 strain energy release rates G sub 1 and G sub 2, respectively. Calculated values of G sub 1 and G sub 2 were then compared with measured cyclic delamination growth rates to determine the relative importance of G sub 1 and G sub 2. High growth rates were observed only when G sub 1 was large. However, slow growth was observed even when G sub 1 was negligibly small. This growth was apparently due to a large value of G sub 2.
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    Comments on 'Inference of cloud temperature and thickness by microwave radiometry from space' (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The method proposed by Pandey et al. (1983) for estimating the temperature differential and thickness of clouds from microwave data obtained with the scanning multichannel microwave radiometers of the Seasat and Nimbus-7 satellites is examined critically. It is pointed out that both the thicknesses and the temperature differentials derived from them may not be meaningful unless accurate measurements of cloud-top height (from IR radiometry) and reliable data on liquid-water content are available. It is suggested that the good fits obtained in generating regression coefficients for the proposed method may be artifacts of the fixed or limited-range liquid-water densities of the cloud models used. With respect to cloud-top height, the need to quantify and account for differences in the fields of view and spatial resolutions of the IR and microwave radiometers, as undertaken for the case of precipitating clouds by Yeh and Liou (1983), is stressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1579
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    The diurnal variation of Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclone cloud distribution inferred from geostationary satellite infrared measurements (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2338-234
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    Delineating mid- and low-level water vapor patterns in pre-convective environments using VAS moisture channels (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Infrared and visible imagery from VAS are used to delineate mid- and lower-tropospheric moisture fields for a variety of severe storm cases in the southern and central United States. The ability of sequences of images to isolate areas of large negative vertical moisture gradients and apparent convective instability prior to the onset of convective storms is assessed. A variety of image combination procedures are used to deduce the stability fields which are then compared with the available radiosonde data. The results for several severe storm cases indicate that VAS can detect mid- and low-level mesoscale water vapor fields as distinct radiometric signals. The VAS imagery shows a strong tendency for thunderstorms to develop along the edges of bands of midlevel dryness as they overtake either preexisting or developing low-level moisture maxima. Image sequences depict the speed with which deep moist and dry layers can develop and move.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2178-219
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    Stratocumulus cloud field reflected fluxes - The effect of cloud shape (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The reflected fluxes of stratocumulus cloud fields are calculated as a function of sky cover aspect ratio and cloud shape. In order to obtain a better fit with general circulation models (GCMs), cloud liquid water volume values were kept invariant relative to cloud shape. On the basis of the required accuracy of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), an order of magnitude value of 10 W per sq m was used to estimate the difference between plane-parallel and broken cloudiness reflected fluxes. An empirical relationship for effective cloud cover at a solar zenith angle of 60 deg is derived. The relationship allows for the accurate computation of broken cloud field reflected fluxes using plane-parallel calculations. It is predicted that more accurate estimates of broken cloud field radiative properties may be possible in the future.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3085-310
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    On the dynamics of stratocumulus formation and dissipation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results obtained with a mixed layer model are used to study the dynamics of stratocumulus formation and dissipation in subtropical marine stratocumulus cloud regimes. The model used allows entrainment to be driven by shear as well as buoyancy, and includes a very crude parameterization of the partial blackness of thin cloud layers. Model results show that for some values of the large-scale divergence there are three equilibrium mixed layer structures, two of which are stable. One of the stable equilibria is cloudy, deep, and buoyancy-driven, while the other is clear, shallow, and shear-driven. It is found that as a result of hysteresis effects a transient increase in the large-scale divergence can produce a long-lasting break in the clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3052-305
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  • 62
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    Modeling the middle atmosphere circulation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Some of the motivations for constructing models of the middle atmosphere circulation are given. These are as follows: (1) to provide a better understanding of middle atmosphere dynamics; (2) to study the coupling of middle atmosphere dynamics with radiation and chemistry; (3) to study the sensitivity of tropospheric climate modeling and/or weather forecasting to changes in the middle atmosphere; (4) to better understand the limitations of more simplified models; (5) to supply a proxy for atmospheric data for diagnostic analysis; and finally, (6) for forecast-analysis of data. Different types of models are discussed in relation to their anticipated use. Various model simplifications, such as using the quasi-geostrophic set of equations and simplified radiative transfer, are discussed as are some of the consequences of these simplifications. Some of the accomplishments of middle atmosphere circulation modeling are presented as are some of the difficulties in existing models. Finally, some of the problems in constructing and verifying middle atmosphere circulation models are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 63
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    Stratocumulus cloud deepening through entrainment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Under a substantial range of realistic conditions, stratocumulus cloud top entrainment is noted to either deepen an existing cloud layer or produce clouds in an unsaturated mixed layer, though the entrained air is warmer and drier than the mixed-layer air. These results, which apply irrespective of entrainment rate-determining mechanism, imply that the cloud top entrainment instability discussed by Randall (1980) and Deardorff (1980) does not necessarily destroy a layer cloud. Examples are given which include soundings, marine layer data, and simulation results produced by the UCLA general circulation model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series A - Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (ISSN 0280-6495); 36A; 446-457
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  • 64
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    An intercalibration of Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 visible and infrared measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An intercomparison between radiative parameters determined from visible and infrared channels of the Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 geosynchronous satellites has been carried out using data obtained over the central Atlantic Ocean for 5 November 1978. Hourly visible-infrared measurement pairs at a nominal resolution of 5 km (Meteosat) or 8 km (GOES) have been stored in 1 deg x 1 deg longitude-latitude regions. For the infrared intercomparisons, the GOES 11.5 micron radiance has been compared to Meteosat infrared counts. The scatter in partly cloudy regions is interpreted as being caused by meteorological differences arising from differences in measurement time between the two data sets. For the visible intercomparison, the GOES measurements for clear and cloudy scenes have first been converted with the aid of scene-dependent angular reflectance and albedo models to estimates of the filtered shortwave radiance that GOES would have measured had it been in the Meteosat position. This value has then been compared to Meteosat counts for the shortwave channel. The results indicate that earlier Meteosat calibrations made from airplane overflights of a limited variety of surfaces are applicable to much larger areas of cloud and ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 1; 283-286
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  • 65
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    Outlook for research on subtropical marine stratiform clouds (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A detailed description of the goals and methodology of the First International Satellite Cloud Cover Project Regional Experiment (FIRE) is presented. The purpose of the experiment is to develop physical models and parameterizations of fractional cloud cover over the Pacific Basin. In order to determine fractional cloud cover parameters, satellite observations by radar and lidar instruments will be combined with in situ measurements of the cloud-capped marine boundary layer. A description of a candidate experiment for the program is presented, and some general problems connected with the statistical characterization of satellite imagery are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 65; 1290-130
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  • 66
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    Analysis of laminated composite shells using a degenerated 3-D element (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A special three-dimensional element based on the total Lagrangian description of the motion of a layered anisotropic composite medium is developed, validated and employed to analyze laminated anisotropic composite shells. The element contains the following features: geometric nonlinearity, dynamic (transient) behavior and arbitrary lamination scheme and lamina properties. Numerical results of nonlinear bending, natural vibration, and transient response are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the element.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering (ISSN 0029-5981); 20; 1991-200
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  • 67
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    Intercomparison of planetary-scale diagnostics derived from separate satellite and radiosonde time-mean temperature fields (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The planetary-scale components of the extratropical Northern Hemisphere troposphere-stratosphere 1973-74 winter circulation are diagnosed using separate time-mean temperature fields based on radiosonde and satellite observations. Meridional cross-sections of zonal wind together with, for zonal wavenumbers 1, 2 and 3, the streamfunction amplitude, phase and Eliassen-Palm flux are displayed, with the relative accuracy of the satellite-derived diagnostics assessed through comparison with the 'ground-truth' radiosonde information. The satellite and radiosonde diagnostics compare most favourably in terms of zonal wind speed and shear, direction of wave propagation and meridional wave structure - all of which are closely related to the differential properties of the atmospheric temperature field. The intensity of the satellite-derived patterns of tropospheric wave propagation is underestimated due to the effects of spatial smoothing and residual cloud contamination present in the satellite radiance measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 110; 1003-102
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  • 68
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    The response of a nonlinear, time-dependent, baroclinic model of the atmosphere to tropical thermal forcing (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A multi-level, sigma coordinate, primitive equation atmospheric model has been utilized to study both the tropical and extratropical response to an isolated region of steady thermal forcing in the tropics. The nonlinear response during the first 28 days of the simulation is described. The response can be generally characterized by two distinct components. The first component is a quasi-stationary disturbance which extends eastward and poleward away from the source region along a 'great circle' path. The structure of this disturbance is essentially barotropic away from the source region. The second component is a growing baroclinic wave propagating zonally at mid-latitudes. Significantly, this disturbance is apparently the result of baroclinic instability induced by the quasi-stationary wavetrain. The discussion is predominantly heuristic in form and relies heavily on graphical presentation and quasi-geostrophic theory to interpret the response and individual components of the thermodynamic energy and momentum equations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 110; 981-1002
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  • 69
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    Infrared parameterization and simple climate models (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The geographical distribution of the annual mean and the annual cycle in surface temperature and satellite-observed IR is examined, and the spherical harmonic representation of the data fields is exploited to demonstrate how variances and covariances are dominated by the largest space and time scales. The geographical distribution of the annual cycle in the T and IR fields is explored; the strong imprint of the continents in both is clearly evident. The influence of the cloudiness of seasonal precipitation regimes on the IR annual cycle is also quite striking, especially over the subtropics. Analysis of the data shows that the simple form IR = A+BT (with A = 204 W/sq m and B = 1.93 W/sq m/K) explains 90 percent of the area-weighted variance in the annual mean and annual cycle of the zonally averaged IR field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1222-123
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  • 70
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    Nondestructive determination of mechanical properties (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Aluminum alloys of types 1100, 3003, 5052, 6061, and 2024 were used to study the sensitivity of the acousto-elastic constant to changes in the microstructure. Results show that there is a strong relationship between the acousto-elastic constants and the yield strength and hardness. This relationship depends on whether the alloy is strain hardened or precipitation hardened. In strain hardened alloys, the constants increase as the amount of solid solution is decreased, while the behavior is the opposite in precipitation hardened alloys.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Nondestructive Evaluation of Residual Stress in Low-Carbon Steel; 9 p
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  • 71
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    On the linear approximation of gravity wave saturation in the mesosphere (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lindzen's model of gravity wave breaking is shown to be inconsistent with the process of convective adjustment and associated turbulent outbreak. The K-theory turbulent diffusion model used by Lindzen implies a spatially uniform turbulent field which is not in agreement with the fact that gravity wave saturation and the associated convection produce turbulence only in restricted zones. The Lindzen model may be corrected to some extent by taking the turbulent Prandtl number for a diffusion acting on the wave itself to be very large. The eddy diffusion coefficients computed by Lindzen then become a factor of 2 larger and eddy transports of heat and constituents by wave fields vanish to first order.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1893-189
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  • 72
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    The importance of nonlinearity on the higher harmonic control of helicopter vibration (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of nonlinearity on the higher harmonic control (HHC) of helicopter vibration is investigated using a nonlinear aeroelastic simulation. A nonlinear solution is proposed which relates the HHC inputs to vibration outputs on the basis of a Volterra functional series. The Volterra series solution is shown to reduce to a vector polynomial equation relating HHC inputs to vibration outputs at any harmonic frequency. The nonlinear transfer relationship is identified from a nonlinear vibration analysis computer program, and the identification model is examined in detail. Improvements to current HHC algorithms are presented, and several Kalman filter divergence problems are quantified.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 73
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    CO2 induced climatic change and spectral variations in the outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The published temperature changes produced in general circulation model simulations of CO2 induced climate modification are used to compute the top of the atmosphere, clear sky outgoing infrared radiance changes expected for doubled CO2. A significant wavenumber shift is produced, with less radiance emerging in the 500-800 per cm (20.0-12.5 micron) CO2 band and with more emerging in the 800-1200 per cm (12.5-8.3 micron) window. The effect varies greatly with latitude. The radiance shift in the 2300 per cm (4.3 micron) region is of the order of 10-30 percent for doubled CO2. It is suggested that the 2300 per cm region be carefully monitored as an aid in detecting the climatic effects of increasing CO2. The change in the wavenumber-integrated radiant exitance is at most a few percent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology (ISSN 0280-6509); 36B; 139-148
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  • 74
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    The absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during the haze season and its effects on the radiation balance (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of broadband spectral absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during haze events are reported. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates that large changes occur in the radiative transfer processes in the Arctic during haze events. For example, the planetary albedo is estimated to increase by 2.5 percent over the ocean and to decrease by 9 percent over the ice cap. Changes of such magnitude in the radiative parameters have the potential for significant climatic effects. The need for further experimental and modeling efforts is emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 465-468
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  • 75
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    The effects of physical processes on the Hadley circulation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Hadley cell is involved in the energy, momentum and moisture budgets in the atmosphere; it may be expected to change as sources and sinks of these quantities are altered due to climate perturbations. The nature of the Hadley cell change is complicated since alterations in one budget generally result in alterations in the others. Thus, Hadley cell sensitivity needs to be explored in an interactive system. In the GISS GCM (model I), a number of experiments are performed in which physical processes in each of the three budgets are omitted, the system adjusts, and the resultant circulation is compared to that of the control run. This procedure highlights which effects are most important and reveals the nature of the various interactions. The results emphasize the wide variety of processes that appear capable of influencing the mean circulation. The intensity of the circulation is related to the coherence of the thermal forcing, and to the thermal opacity of the atmosphere. When all frictional forcing is removed, the circulation is restricted to the equatorial region. The latitudinal extent appears to be controlled primarily by eddy processes (Ferrel cell intensity). The implications for climate modeling and climate projections (e.g. rainfall changes) are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 479-507
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    A crack opening stress equation for fatigue crack growth (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A general crack opening stress equation is presented which may be used to correlate crack growth rate data for various materials and thicknesses, under constant amplitude loading, once the proper constraint factor has been determined. The constraint factor, alpha, is a constraint on tensile yielding; the material yields when the stress is equal to the product of alpha and sigma. Delta-K (LEFM) is plotted against rate for 2024-T3 aluminum alloy specimens 2.3 mm thick at various stress ratios. Delta-K sub eff was plotted against rate for the same data with alpha = 1.8; the rates correlate well within a factor of two.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal of Fracture (ISSN 0376-9429); 24; R131-R13
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  • 77
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    The structural response of a rail acceleration (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The transient response of a 0.4 by 0.6 cm rectangular bore rail accelerator was analyzed by a three dimensional finite element code. The copper rail deflected to a peak value of 0.08 mm in compression and then oscillated at an amplitude of 0.02 mm. Simultaneously the insulating side wall of glass fabric base, epoxy resin laminate (G-10) was compressed to a peak value of 0.13 mm and rebounded to a steady state in extension. Projectile pinch or blowby due to the rail extension or compression, respectively, can be identified by examining the time history of the rail displacement. The effect of blowby was most significant at the side wall characterized by mm size displacement in compression. Dynamic stress calculations indicate that the G-10 supporting material behind the rail is subjected to over 21 MPa at which the G-10 could fail if the laminate was not carefully oriented. Results for a polycarbonate resin (Lexan) side wall show much larger displacements and stresses than for G-10. The tradeoff between the transparency of Lexan and the mechanical strength of G-10 for sidewall material is obvious. Displacement calculations from the modal method are smaller than the results from the direct integration method by almost an order of magnitude, because the high frequency effect is neglected. Previously announced in STAR as N83-35412
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (ISSN 0018-9464); MAG-20; 356-359
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  • 78
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    Buoyant production and consumption of turbulence kinetic energy in cloud-topped mixed layers (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that studies of the entraining planetary boundary layer (PBL) have generally emphasized the role of buoyancy fluxes in driving entrainment. The buoyancy flux is proportional to the rate of conversion of the potential energy of the mean flow into the kinetic energy of the turbulence. It is not unusual for conversion to proceed in both directions simultaneously. This occurs, for instance, in both clear and cloudy convective mixed layers which are capped by inversions. A partitioning of the net conversion into positive parts, generating turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and negative parts (TKE-consuming), would make it possible to include the positive part in the gross production rate, and closure would be achieved. Three different approaches to partitioning have been proposed. The present investigation is concerned with a comparison of the three partitioning theories. Particular attention is given to the cloud-topped mixed layer because in this case the differences between two partitioning approaches are most apparent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 402-413
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    Constitutive modeling for isotropic materials (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The unified constitutive theories for application to typical isotropic cast nickel base supperalloys used for air-cooled turbine blades were evaluated. The specific modeling aspects evaluated were: uniaxial, monotonic, cyclic, creep, relaxation, multiaxial, notch, and thermomechanical behavior. Further development of the constitutive theories to model thermal history effects, refinement of the material test procedures, evaluation of coating effects, and verification of the models in an alternate material will be accomplished in a follow-on for this base program.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 12 p
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  • 80
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    Constitutive modeling for isotropic materials (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A state-of-the-art review of applicable constitutive models with selection of two for detailed comparison with a wide range of experimental tests was conducted. The experimental matrix contained uniaxial and biaxial tensile, creep, stress relaxation, and cyclic fatigue tests at temperatures to 1093 C and strain rates from .0000001 to .001/sec. Some nonisothermal cycles will also be run. The constitutive models will be incorporated into the MARC finite element structural analysis program with a demonstration computation made for advanced turbine blade configuration. In the code development work, particular emphasis is being placed on developing efficient integration algorithms for the highly nonlinear and stiff constitutive equations. Another area of emphasis is the appropriate and efficient methodology for determing constitutive constants from a minimum extent of experimental data.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1984; 8 p
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  • 81
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    Performance of the Colorado wind-profiling network, part 1.5A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) has operated a network of radar wind Profilers in Colorado for about 1 year. The network consists of four VHF (50-MHz) radars and a UHF (915-MHz) radar. The Platteville VHF radar was developed by the Aeronomy Laboratory (AL) and has been operated jointly by WPL and AL for several years. The other radars were installed between February and May 1983. Experiences with these radars and some general aspects of tropospheric wind measurements with Doppler radar are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Intern. Council of Sci. Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for Map. Vol. 14: URSI(SCOSTEP Workshop; p 38-48
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  • 82
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    Tropospheric-stratospheric exchange, part 1.1A (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Much of the observational evidence of large scale tropospheric-stratospheric exchange has been obtained by radiosonde and satellite radiane data. So far mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radars have made mininal contributions, in part due to their recent use as a meteorological tool, intermittent operation at some facilities and sparse geographic distribution. However, as more MST facilities come on-line in more locations, the good time and height resolution data throughtout the troposphere and much of the stratosphere obtainable by MST radars will enhance the detail of stratospheric and tropospheric circulations and interactions. On smaller scales MST radars have already been used to examine convective forcing from the troposphere into the stratosphere and subsequent launching of gravity waves (LARSEN et al., 1982). Observations of persistent turbulent layers in the stratosphere over Arecibo, attributable to inertial oscillations, appear to propagate away from a source region near the tropopause (SATO and WOODMAN, 1982). MST radars offer the availability of high resolution wind data in height and time needed to observe interactions between the troposphere and stratosphere. The lack of geographic coverage (e.g., equatorial regions) and insufficient data bases at many MST facilities presently inhibit studies of large-scale interactions. At present MST radars can be used to examine smaller scale interactions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 4-5
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  • 83
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    Observations of frontal zone structures with a VHF Doppler radar and radiosondes, part 1.2A (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The SOUSY-VHF-Radar is a pulsed coherent radar operating at 53.5 MHz and located near Bad Lauterbert, West Germany. Since 1977, the facility, operated by the Max-Planck-Institut fur Aeronomie, has been used to make a series of frontal passage observations in the spring and fall. Experiments in winter have been difficult because part of the transmitting and receiving array is usually covered by snow during that part of the year. Wavelengths around 6 m are known to be sensitive to the vertical temperature structure of the atmosphere (GREEN and GAGE, 1980; RASTOGI and ROTTGER, 1982). Thus, it has been possible to use radars operating at frequencies near 500 MHz to locate the tropopause. Comparisons between radar data and radiosonde data have shown that there is a large gradient in the radar reflectivity at the height where the radiosonde tropopause occurs. An experiment carried out by ROTTGER (1979) on March 15 to 16, 1977, showed that the radar's sensitivity to the vertical temperature structure could also be used to locate the position of fronts. The SOUSY-VHF-Radar consists of a transmitting array, also used for receiving in some configurations, that can be scanned in the off-vertical direction but not at sufficiently low elevation angles to study the horizontal extent of structures.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 7-13
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    Meteor wind results from Atlanta, USA, and Ramey, Puerto Rico (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results obtained using the French (CNET) meteor wind radar at Ramey, Puerto Rico, and the Georgia Tech radio meteor wind facility in Atlanta, U.S.A., are presented and compared. Prevailing wind, diurnal, and semidiurnal wind amplitudes are considerably larger over Ramey than over Atlanta, but the mean zonal circulation over Atlanta is more characteristic of the equatorial circulation than winds measured by stations at higher midlatitudes. The value of continuous observations, with a height resolution of + or - 2 km, is emphasized, as is the need for the application of several techniques, groundbased, in situ and satellite, if projects such as the MAP GLOBMET are to succeed in delineating the global meteorology of the mesopause.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 127-133
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    Changes in the Ozone Content over Central Europe During Reversals of Stratospheric Circulation in Late Winter (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A superposed epoch analysis during late winter zonal wind reversals was carried out from 18 year observation series (1963 to 1980) of the meridional geopotential height gradient in the 30 mb level (latitude mean) and of the ozone content over central Europe. Experimental data suggest that if planetary waves are responsible for the additional meridional ozone transport during stratospheric warmings, this transport has to take place at heights other than those up to the ozone maximum in the middle latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 97-100
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  • 86
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    Spring Changeover of the Middle Atmosphere Circulation Compared with Rocket Wind Data up to 80 Km (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The middle atmosphere circulation is governed by two seasonal basic states in winter and summer, twice a year separated by relatively shortlived reversal periods. These seasonal basic states of circulation and the spring changeover period between them are investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 86-90
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  • 87
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    A Model of the Influence of Neutral Air Dynamics on the Seasonal Variation in the Low Ionosphere (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recently it has become clear that the phenomena in the ionospheric D-region are determined to a great extent by dynamical processes in the strato-mesosphere D-region. In this respect much attention is paid to the study of the winter anomaly (WA) phenomenon on medium and short radiowaves, in which the meteorological character of the lower ionosphere is most prominent. Significant experimental data about the variations of the electron concentration, N, ion composition, temperature and dynamic regime during WA permit a better understanding of the character of the physical processes in the middle atmosphere. The influence of the neutral wind on the seasonal variation of the electron concentration N for the altitude interval 90 or = z or = 120 km, where the ratio upsilon sub in/omega sub i, of the ion-neutral collision frequency, upsilon sub in and the ion gyrofrequency, omega sub i decreases from 40 to 1 was evaluated. CIRA-72 is used as a model of the zonal wind.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 66-69
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  • 88
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    Mesoscale analysis of VAS 6.7 micron image data for several case studies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Several case studies are examined in an attempt to relate Visible infrared spin scan radiometers Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) water vapor channel radiance data to atmospheric moisture. Since the 6.7 micrometer channel detects radiation emitted by atmospheric water vapor from a rather thick layer, a scheme is developed which weighted rawinsonde observations of relative humidity in a similar manner. A comparison of the two fields (weighted relative humidity values from gridded rawinsonde observations and the VAS water vapor image) indicates that even when mesoscale data are used, the technique only presented a smooth representation of the radiance field. This weighting function is dependent on both the temperature and moisture distribution of the atmosphere. Cross sections of relative humidity from the mesoscale rawinsondes are produced which sliced the water vapor imagery in particularly interesting regions (areas of high and low blackbody temperatures). Comparisons are then made between the cross sections and the variations in the VAS radiance data along the cross section line. Bright regions in the water vapor imagery (cold blackbody temperatures) are often associated with thin layers of high relative humidity or thick layers of only moderately moist air. The reverse also applies, i.e., dark regions (warm blackbody temperatures) in the imagery corresponded well with very dry regions in the cross sections.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 165-166
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  • 89
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    Mesoscale and severe storms (Mass) data management and analysis system (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress on the Mesoscale and Severe Storms (MASS) data management and analysis system is described. An interactive atmospheric data base management software package to convert four types of data (Sounding, Single Level, Grid, Image) into standard random access formats is implemented and integrated with the MASS AVE80 Series general purpose plotting and graphics display data analysis software package. An interactive analysis and display graphics software package (AVE80) to analyze large volumes of conventional and satellite derived meteorological data is enhanced to provide imaging/color graphics display utilizing color video hardware integrated into the MASS computer system. Local and remote smart-terminal capability is provided by installing APPLE III computer systems within individual scientist offices and integrated with the MASS system, thus providing color video display, graphics, and characters display of the four data types.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 157-159
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  • 90
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    Analysis of Doppler lidar wind measurements (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: New analysis methods were developed and refined for the synthesis of wind fields from multiple Doppler radar data. Considerable software was written and debugged for wind field synthesis. The analysis methods were applied to radar data collected during the CCOPE experiment in which lidar wind measurements were also made. The analysis method differs from existing methods in that interpolation (using filters with assigned weights) and advection of data, to account for time differential between data acquisition at different points, are not used. Instead, functional fits were used in space and time coordinates to transfer radial velocity data to a space-time grid. Subsequently the wind synthesis is performed. This method gives better space resolution in the synthesized winds, compared to other methods in common use, by better preserving the gradients of velocities. The wind fields show the cellular structure characteristic of boundary-layer convection. Also evident in the analysis are the sharp transitions and gradients in the wind field which were preserved by the synthesis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 137-142
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  • 91
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    Analysis of lidar, radar and satellite measurements on severe thunderstorms and their environments (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Intercomparison of wind data from the airborne Doppler lidar, ground-based Doppler radars, the 444 m NSSL-KTVY tower, and rawinsonde were completed. The vertical profile of wind in the PBL measured by the radars compared favorably with the profiles measured by the tower and rawinsonde while the one obtained from lidar data differed from the other three by as much as 3m/sec in wind speed and 38 degrees in direction. The time dependence of differences in wind estimates from radar and lidar suggested that these discrepencies could be attributed to a Schuler resonance in the aircraft's inertial navigation system which caused an erroneous component of the aircraft's velocity vector to be subtracted from the lidar radial velocities, thus creating errors in the synthesized wind speed and direction. The vertical profile of turbulent fluctuations of the horizontal wind detected by the different systems compared well. Also, spectra from the different sensing systems compared well in both magnitude and shape, suggesting that the lidar and radar detected similar turbulent structure.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 121-123
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  • 92
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    Evaluation of airborne lidar wind measurements (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The verification of the Doppler lidar wind measurement is continued. The in situ measurements on a 500 meter tall tower are used to check the lidar determined winds (flight 4), followed by other tests applied to the extensive data sets of flights 19 and 21. After checking for possible software errors in the processing programs, the inconsistency was not solved. The source of the errors appears to be the uncertainty in the calculation of the contribution of the aircraft motion to the lidar measured line of sight speed. Possible techniques for estimating the aircraft motion errors from the aircraft data are investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 125-127
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  • 93
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    Remote observations of severe storms (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A lightning detection system which has been operating along the East Coast since August 1982 is outlined. The system will prove to be one source of ground truth for lightning flashes detected from above clouds. The first absolute spectral irradiance measurements over a wide wavelength range were reported. The observations of lightning from a U2 aircraft are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 103-104
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  • 94
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    Solar influence on terrestrial weather and global lightning patterns via cosmic ray modulations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A series of cosmic ray neutron monitor data which were used in three analyses: (1) solar activity influence on ionization of the upper troposphere and tropopause; (2) solar activity influence on Canadian high stratus in winter; and (3) the S3-4 satellite study of IMF/GMF magnetic coupling effects are reported. The magnetic coupling model of solar activity influence on atmospheric processes were investigated. The magnetic coupling model is used to explain a number of seemingly diverse studies lightning incidence is emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 95
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  • 95
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    Storm severity detection (RF) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Measurement of lightning location data which occur together with continental thunderstorms and hurricanes was examined, and a second phase linear interferometer was deployed. Electrical emission originating from tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico were monitored. The time span between hurricane ALLEN (10 August 1980) and hurricane ALICIA (18 August 1983) represents the longest period that the United States has gone without hurricane landfall. Both systems were active and data were acquired during the landfall period of hurricane ALICIA.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 99-100
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  • 96
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    The optical characteristics of lightning (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Optical signals radiated by Florida lightning were recorded in correlation with wideband electric field signatures. The amplitudes and time behavior of the early portion of the signals produced by return strokes indicate that this lightning process produces a space and time averaged peak radiance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 101-102
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  • 97
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    Maxwell currents beneath thunderstorms (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Analyses of single station measurements of the Maxwell current density (Jm) made under Florida thunderstorms during the summer of 1981 have been completed. The results of these analyses indicate that: (1) Jm is usually dominated by the displacement current component when the electric field is close to zero; (2) Jm is steady with time in the intervals between lightning flashes; (3) Jm is not altered significantly by lightning; and (4) the average value of Jm changes slowly and over time scales that are comparable to those required for storm development. Maps have also been derived of the surface Maxwell current density for a number of the Florida TRIP (76-78) storms using field mill data to estimate Jm from the displacement current density. Studies show that these maps provide a good indication of the location and relative intensity of the storm current generators, and area-integrations of the current contours provide estimates of the total storm currents.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 89-90
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  • 98
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    Severe storm electricity (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Successful ground truth support of U-2 overflights was been accomplished. Data have been reduced for 4 June 1984 and some of the results have been integrated into some of MSFC's efforts. Staccato lightning (multiply branched, single stroke flash with no continuing current) is prevalent within the rainfree region around the main storm updraft and this is believed to be important, i.e., staccato flashes might be an important indicator of severe storm electrification. Results from data analysis from two stations appear to indicate that charge center heights can be estimated from a combination of intercept data with data from the fixed laboratory at NSSL. An excellent data base has been provided for determining the sight errors and efficiency of NSSL's LLP system. Cloud structures, observable in a low radar reflectivity region and on a scale smaller than is currently resolved by radar, which appear to be related to electrical activity are studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 87-88
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  • 99
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    The effects of latent heat release on the waves with Ekman pumping (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The problem of the effects of the latent heat release on the waves with both upper and lower boundary frictional effects is investigated. The influence of the vertical shear of the basic wind in these models will be investigated. These investigations will shed some light on the method of solution to the problem of including the effect of Ekman pumping on the moist baroclinic waves in the model of Tang and Fichtl.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 61-62
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  • 100
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    Observational and theoretical studies of the evolving structure of baroclinic waves (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Dynamical processes involved in comma cloud formation, and passive tracer evolution in a baroclinic wave are discussed. An analytical solution was obtained demonstrating the complex nongeostrophic flow pattern involved in the redistribution of low level constituents in a finite amplitude baroclinic wave, and in the formation of the typical humidity and cloud distributions in such a wave. Observational and theoretical studies of blocking weather patterns in middle latitude flows were studied. The differences in the energy and enstrophy cascades in blocking and nonblocking situations were shown. It was established that pronounced upscale flow of both of these quantities, from intermediate to planetary scales, occurs during blocking episodes. The upscale flux of enstrophy, in particular, suggests that the persistence of blocking periods may be due to reduced dissipation of the large scale circulation and therefore entail some above normal predictability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 55-57
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