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  • Articles  (441)
  • Springer  (441)
  • 1980-1984  (441)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (441)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (441)
Collection
  • Articles  (441)
Years
  • 1980-1984  (441)
  • 1925-1929
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 2-2 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 2
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 3-4 
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  • 3
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 5-13 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper will describe the work done and results of the study to characterize various directional cooling spray nozzles when used with Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Agents.
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  • 4
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 14-21 
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    Notes: Abstract The response of a standard ionization detector to artificially generated test aerosols as well as to test fire and smoke has been determined experimentally. The size distribution and number concentration of these aerosols have been measured by independent methods.
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  • 5
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 22-30 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The surface pitting of copper conductors recovered from fire debris has been reproduced by laboratory tests. The results of these tests demonstrate that molten aluminum that comes in contact with copper conductors drastically reduces the melting point of copper by alloying.
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  • 6
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 31-56 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The controlling factors of the various phases of building fires, namely, ignition and initial fire spread, pre-flashover fire growth, fully developed fire, and intercompartmental fire spread, are examined together with the smoke problem that may be associated with any of them.
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  • 7
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 57-60 
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  • 8
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 65-66 
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  • 9
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 61-64 
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  • 10
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 67-70 
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  • 11
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 74-74 
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  • 12
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 75-76 
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  • 13
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 77-89 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The development of correlations between laboratory test methods and full-scale fire behavior does not only depend on the appropriateness of the laboratory test. Some results of data analysis and modeling will be presented for the wide-body post crash aircraft fire currently under study by the FAA.
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  • 14
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 103-114 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A brief review is presented of methods for stochastic modeling of fires of sufficient severity to threaten the, structural safety of buildings. Information is provided on the rate of fire occurrences according to the floor area at risk for the major occupancy types.
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  • 15
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 90-102 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Fatality or injury due to fire is an aspect of the working of an entire system. That is, casualty due to fire represents a failure of a system and ultimately, this includes the social system within which we live. As part of such a consideration, many different techniques and models may be used, and one such technique is that of logic-tree analysis.
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  • 16
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 115-124 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This analysis shows the great importance of smoke barriers in isolating a fire in a large structure. The author is attempting to estimate mathematically fire growth and fire gas spread rate in the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire.
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  • 17
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 136-139 
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  • 18
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 140-140 
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  • 19
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 141-142 
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  • 20
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 125-135 
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    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of a range of thermal barriers for preventing the involvement of plastic foam insulation in the propagation of fires in wall cavities was investigated. Tests carried out in a small furnace showed that, with a barrier of 15.9 mm fire-resistant gypsum board, the time required for a 140° temperature rise at the insulation-barrier interface was at least 22 minutes.
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  • 21
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 146-146 
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  • 22
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 147-148 
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  • 23
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 149-162 
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    Notes: Abstract Following the release of a flammable liquid, a variety of different fire situations may develop, the most hazardous of which is the growing pool fire. Supporting experiments demonstrate basic concepts in pool growth similarity suggested by the present theory.
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  • 24
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 163-169 
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    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to examine four hypotheses concerned with the relative safety of garments available through regular retail outlets and safety specialty stores. Of interest to the study are the garments' safety, durability, comfort, and cost.
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  • 25
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 170-184 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple tool for monitoring adequacy of fire service delivery is presented in this paper as an example of how planners, departments of municipal service, community boards, and unions can monitor service delivery.
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  • 26
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 185-191 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Most short circuits are the results of a fire rather than its cause. However, the systematic mapping of the locations of short circuits, at the site of a fire, can help trace the point of origin of the fire.
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  • 27
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 192-203 
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    Notes: Abstract A test program, jointly sponsored by the Society of the Plastics Industry of Canada and the National Research Council, examined the contribution of plastic foams to fire spread in buildings. The conditions under which these materials may be safely used in buildings of noncombustible construction are defined.
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  • 28
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 238-250 
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    Notes: Abstract Full-scale room fire economics necessitate a screening test procedure requiring only a small amount of material to quantitatively assess heat release rate. This test could determine which materials may justify full-scale testing and those which fail early. Such a procedure is described, sample results are given, and it is suggested that correlation of screening test results with full-room and bench-scale test methods could improve the evaluation of the pre-flashover fire spread characteristics of materials.
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  • 29
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 269-272 
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  • 30
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 262-268 
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    Notes: Abstract Typical methods for the evaluation of a hinge pin used in a clapper support of a check valve are presented. For clarity, an example is provided to show the application of the equations.
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  • 31
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 273-274 
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  • 32
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 275-279 
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  • 33
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 280-286 
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    Notes: Abstract As part of the Cooperative Agreement on Housing and Other Construction, signed by the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1974, reciprocal visits are made by United States and Soviet teams concerned with building firesafety and related problems. A highlight of these visitations is a symposium on a relevant fire problem at which each side updates the other. The National Bureau of Standards, the lead agency for the United States team, is headed by R. S. Levine, Chief of the NBS Fire Resources Division. During the symposium in July, 1982, the following paper was presented by the Soviet team.
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  • 34
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 204-206 
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 207-207 
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 208-209 
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 210-214 
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  • 38
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 219-220 
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  • 39
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 218-218 
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  • 40
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 233-237 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, regression model analysis of data shows that United States cities have more fires and more fire fighters per capita but fewer fire fighters per fire than do foreign cities.
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  • 41
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 221-232 
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    Notes: Abstract A series of full-scale fire tests involving sprinkler installations was conducted in 1979 and 1980 in a two-story residence in Los Angeles, CA, and in a mobile home in Charlotte, NC. Previous laboratory tests, including full-scale room fire tests, had indicated that a prototype “quick-response” sprinkler was effective in controlling residential home fires. More full-scale fire tests under less controlled and more operational conditions were considered necessary to confirm or deny these scientific and engineering judgments. The prime objective of the program was to test the performance of alternative sprinkler designs to “control” the development of fire in single-family dwellings and mobile homes.
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    Fire technology 19 (1983), S. 251-261 
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    Notes: Abstract Data for estimating the burning rate and heat output of large pool fires (diameter ≳ 0.2 m) are compiled and computational equations presented. Since a large scatter in the reported data is noted, attention is also focused on areas where further research is most needed in order to improve predictability.
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  • 43
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    Transportation 11 (1983), S. 321-322 
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  • 44
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    Transportation 11 (1983), S. 383-385 
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  • 45
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    Notes: Abstract The trend toward public ownership, public regulation, and public subsidization of the U.S. transit industry has recently come under attack. Many argue that the result has been reduced productivity, increased costs, and very little real benefit. This article examines the impacts of subsidies and public ownership in four large transit systems that cover a range of transit system types and financing arrangements. Evidence from the case studies is compared to the results of both time-series and cross-section regression analysis of operating and financial statistics for large samples of bus systems. Although the case studies and the regressions rely on different datasets and different techniques, they support the same conclusions. Increased subsidies and public ownership have kept down fares and permitted service expansion, but have also encouraged wasteful cost escalation. Thus, transit riders unquestionably have benefited from public takeovers of transit systems and burgeoning subsidies, but not nearly as much as they would have benefited if costs had not skyrocketed at the same time.
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    Transportation 11 (1983), S. 347-360 
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    Notes: Abstract Estimation of ridership on a new transit system in an area where no comparable service existed before is a difficult task of transit planning. Traditional modal split models cannot be used in these cases, because no data or basis for developing a new model or adjusting a “borrowed” model are available. One of the techniques which can be used in this type of situation, is to perform a “concept test” based on public opinion. This approach, however, is plagued with the phenomenon of non-commitment bias of interviewees, and tends to overestimate the ridership. A new fixed route and fixed schedule transit service in Johnson City in Tennessee provided a rare opportunity to perform an investigation on the non-commitment bias through “before” and “after” surveys. The analysis of the non-commitment and actual responses of a sample of residents revealed substantial bias. Overall, the non-commitment ridership estimate was about twice (100% greater than) the actual ridership.:It was also observed that the bias was higher for persons owning automobiles, and for work and shopping trips.
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    Transportation 11 (1983), S. 386-386 
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    Transportation 11 (1983), S. 361-382 
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    Notes: Abstract A brief transit strike in early December 1976 disrupted bus services to the city of Pittsburgh and surrounding Allegheny County. That strike provided an opportunity for testing a variety of approaches to increase ride-sharing and to reduce traffic congestion, and for examining the effect of the strike on traffic congestion and on individual travel behavior. Even though over 60% of the commuters to the CBD use transit, the effects of the strike were relatively mild. There was some increase in traffic flow into the CBD and some spreading of the peak period. The largest proportion of the transit commuters who made trips to the CBD during the strike were dropped off by a non-commuter, increasing highway traffic. The most severe impact was felt by those transit commuters who had no cars in the household; 25% of these commuters (only 3% of the total CBD commuters) stayed home from work on the first day of the strike. Most attempts to mitigate the impact of the strike had little effect, largely because most commuters were able to manage adequately during the short strike. The anticipated parking problem, on which much of the contingency planning was focused, did not emerge, largely because of the use of carpooling and “drop-off” mode by many of the transit users.
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    Transportation 11 (1983), S. 391-394 
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    Transportation 11 (1983), S. 387-390 
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    Transportation 11 (1983), S. 397-397 
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    Transportation 12 (1983), S. 1-2 
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    Transportation 12 (1983), S. 3-20 
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    Notes: Abstract In Canada, transportation regulation has evolved in response to the country's unique economic and demographic conditions—a land mass larger than that of the U.S.A. with one-tenth the population, as well as the social and political demands of nation building. Over the last 25 years, the general direction of transport policy has been toward less regulation in response to clear indications that actual and potential competition has been increasing, and as a result of the maturing of the industry. In contrast, where regulation can serve to prevent disruption of services or the abuse of monopoly power, it has been maintained. This paper outlines the trends in transport policy both before and after the passage of the National Transportation Act of 1967, which embodies the above principle. Regulatory practices and issues are examined on a modal basis, and future directions for transport policy are commented upon.
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    Transportation 12 (1983), S. 61-77 
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    Notes: Abstract Experiments are described with an activity-based travel model, estimated on a 7-day activity-diary survey. The first part of the paper describes the model system in its final form, together with its validation. The second part of the paper discusses some scenarios evaluated for the specific group of working men. Results are given with respect to a free Friday afternoon, extension of variable working hours, and income reduction.
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    Transportation 12 (1983), S. 21-43 
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    Notes: Abstract Although much has been written about the economics of transit tax financing, public views and opinions toward alternative tax sources have received comparatively short shrift. This paper examines the attitudes of transit managers as well as other political groups toward various tax sources available for financing transit services in the U.S.A. From a survey of 129 transit officials, state fuel and vehicle registration taxes are found to be the overwhelming favorites. Administrators for large transit properties generally also favor federal income tax financing of transit, while those for smaller agencies seem to rate sales tax revenues relatively highly. Several other studies have likewise shown sales taxes to be preferred by transit officials. With the planned phase-out of federal operating assistance, it is becoming increasingly imperative that authorizing legislation be enacted allowing jurisdictions to dedicate a range of local revenue sources to transit. While perspectives on transit tax financing were found to vary somewhat among vested interests, in general there seems to be more agreement than dissension on which tax sources should be used.
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    Transportation 12 (1983), S. 45-59 
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    Notes: Abstract The reasons underlying the decline of stage bus services in the U.K. over the past 30 years seem to be well understood, and the probable future trends have been projected using a quantitative forecasting model. The model considers U.K. bus services at a very aggregate level, but it breaks the demand into specific user groups: work trips, children's travel, travel by the elderly, and all other travel, and separately for households with and without a private car. Forecasts depend very sensitively on the level of economic growth assumed, since this governs the two major factors which determine public transport use — car ownership and the cost of operating the services. If the economy could recover its historic growth rates, a further substantial decline in bus use seems inevitable under most realistic assumptions. However, with the present economic outlook, a lower growth rate seems likely to persist for some time, and in this case public transport use will become much more stable in the 1990's; a tendency which would be helped if there were large increases in fuel prices. Many of the Metropolitan Counties have adopted policies of strongly restraining future rises in fares, in some cases to the extent of freezing fares in monetary terms. The effects of such policies on both patronage and subsidies are considered here, and although much of the current political attention is focussed on controlling fares, the question of balance between fares and service levels is also discussed. Lastly, it must be admitted that these predictions are based on knowledge which is largely restricted to the short-term effects of transport policies. The nature of our uncertainty about longer-term effects, and the possible size of them, is considered in terms of sensitivity-testing of the prediction model.
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    Transportation 12 (1983), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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    Transportation 12 (1983), S. 79-90 
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    Notes: Abstract In spite of the recent progress made in household activity analysis and travel budget studies, urban transportation modeling still remains a “not-too-well developed” research field. There are conflicting theories, analysis units are not uniform, terms are not precisely defined, basic studies of sub-systems involved are not yet completed, and many models lack behavioral background as well as basic attributes such as simplicity, sensitivity, compatibility, transferability and forecasting ability. Gaps in methodology may be partially responsible for this situation. There is an urgent need for simple, yet not primitive, easily applicable urban transportation models which can respond to the technical needs of planners and engineers. Lessons from the past, as well as experiences from other disciplines, suggest that future research should concentrate on: (1) new, “unconventional” approaches based on systematic, basic studies of all sub-systems involved; (2) proper definition and stratification of an analysis unit; (3) revision and unification of definitions, classifications, etc., in order to improve the behavioral background of the models; (4) dynamic rather than static approaches, able to describe feedbacks between transportation and land-use as well as between transportation demand and supply; (5) interrelations between subsequent sub-models, particularly between car availability, trip generation and modal split; (6) developing models which are not only sensitive to transportation policies but also to other local policies (e.g. land use, city development, social, etc.).
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 81-84 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 153-155 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 173-180 
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    Notes: Summary The present paper deals with a method of back analysis to be utilized for the interpretation of field measurements in monitoring the stability of tunnels. The method belongs to an inverse approach based on the finite element formulation, assuming the ground media in which tunnels are excavated to be linear, isotropic and elastic. Assuming Poisson's ratio and the vertical initial stress, the method derives the complete initial state of stress and Young's modulus from a set of relative displacements measured between adjacent measuring points. In order to verify the applicability of the proposed method of back analysis to practical engineering problems, a case study is presented.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 209-210 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 211-213 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 283-285 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 16 (1983), S. 199-207 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. Micro hardness tests of compressed crushed rock indicate that the plastic behaviour of powder of ductile rocks, in this case a marble, resembles that of intact rock, irrespective of the deformation history of the crushed material. The inelastic deformation of such rocks under a bit can then be treated by plasticity theory. 2. The deformation properties of crushed material of granite and sandstone are of a brittle nature. Preserved grain interlocking, shape of grains (original or fractured) and degree of confinement are important factors in this respect. 3. Crushed rock powder can reconsolidate at pressures considerably lower than the contact pressure under a button of a drill or a disc cutter. Compacted crescents are then easily explained by the confined situation and the available pressure under a drill bit. 4. The inelastic zone of brittle rocks is partly kept in place by friction between tool-inelastic zone, inelastic zone-elastic matrix and by internal friction. If this friction can be reduced by some chemical agent, the inelastic zone could perhaps be squeezed out. Penetration will also increase after removal of the inelastic zone between cuts, e. g. by flushing or by some mechanical method.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 235-242 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Until now there exist controversial views on restoration and in particular on consolidation of aged natural stone. One reason for this is the lack of reliable test methods. In this report first of all some results obtained by conventional methods are described. The influence of a treatment with silicic ester on flexural strength, porosity and surface hardness has been studied. Then a new method is proposed. With this method the biaxial flexural strength of circular discs is measured. The experimental set-up, the theoretical basis as well as the evaluation of experimental results are outlined. This new method is first tested with some preliminary experiments on unaged natural stone. Potential applications in practice are outlined by means of an experimental determination of the consolidating effect of a silicic ester on an aged sand stone. It is shown that it is possible to determine the strength profile in cutting circular discs from drilled cores. In testing identical discs taken from a core of a treated stone the consolidating effect is obtained quantitatively and as function of the distance from the surface. By using these results it is possible to optimize a consolidating treatment. Finally tests on compacts are described. Usually the variability of properties of natural stone is considerable. Therefore we prepared compacts with varying porosities. Measurements on compacts are especially suitable for comparative tests of different consolidating agents and of the durability of the consolidating treatment. The time-dependence of the strength development and the durability of a consolidating treatment can be followed in a non-destructive way by measuring the modulus of elasticity.
    Notes: Résumé Faute de méthodes de mesures fiables, il existe encore de nos jours une certaine insécurité lors de la restauration de monuments en pierre naturelle. Ce rapport décrit en premier lieu des résultats concernant quelques méthodes conventionnelles pour la détermination expérimentale de l'efficacité de consolidation au moyen d'esters siliciques, en particulier la résistance à la flexion, la porosité et la dureté superficielle. En second lieu, on propose une nouvelle méthode par laquelle on détermine la résistance à la flexion bi-axiale sur des disques de pierre naturelle. Le montage de l'essai et l'interprétation seront brièvement décrits. La méthode en question est tout d'abord testée sur la pierre naturelle non altérée. Les possibilités d'utilisation dans la pratique de mesures d'assainissement sont indiquées pour un grès altéré. La méthode a permis de mesurer en premier lieu la chute de résistance. D'une manière analogue on peut obtenir le résultat d'une consolidation. On peut ainsi optimaliser un assainissement de la pierre. Pour terminer, on a décrit des mesures faites sur des comprimés obtenus à partir de pierre concassée (Compacts). Ces essais sont particulièrement destinés à l'étude systématique de mesures comparatives.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 432-436 
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 491-491 
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 13-17 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Application of gluing of reinforcing steel to the surfaces of concrete structures seems to be one of the most economic and practical system of strengthening reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges. This method can be applied in many cases of insufficient reinforcing steel in reconstructed bridges. Epoxy resins ensure glued joints with sufficient strength and long term resistance. This system of strengthening has been applied to reconstruct several bridges in Poland. Three examples are described in this paper. In one of these bridges the gluing of reinforcing steel was performed in the upper surfaces of Gerber-plate bridge concrete in negative bending moment areas. The flat steel strips, well cleaned and protected against corrosion, were glued to the specially prepared surface concrete. The other repair work consisted in gluing the flat iron strips on the lower surface of the concrete bridge plate. In this case, high strength bolts were used to fasten the ends of the steel bands to the bridge slab. All the work of strengthening was performed during the winter at low temperatures, from 0 to −20°C. Equally extensive strengthening work with the aid of gluing was performed during adaptation to new loads of the old concrete viaducs in the area of Central Railway Station in Warsaw. Here the steel strips and the additional reinforcing steel were glued to the side surface of the concrete slabs. Anchoring bolts were used in all cases. This method of gluing flat steel strips to strengthen insufficiently reinforced concrete bridges is very simple and economic compared with others.
    Notes: Résumé L'application du collage au renforcement des ponts en béton armé et béton précontraint en cas d'insuffisance de l'armature semble être, dans certains cas, très économique et utile. On a appliqué le collage à ce système de renforcement pour la reconstruction de quelques ponts en Pologne. On présente trois cas dans cet article.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 19-25 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a préparé des échantillons de pâtes de ciment Portland mélangé dans diverses proportions de poids à de la poudre de silice (0–30%) avec une proportion constante d'eau, équivalente à 50% des poids combinés du ciment et de la poudre de silice. Dans certains cas, l'eau du mélange contenait du chlorure de sodium en quantités qui correspondaient à 0,4 ou 1% d'ions de chlorure, exprimés en pourcentages des poids combinés du ciment et de la poudre de silice. On a traité les pâtes dans des récipients scellés pendant des périodes allant jusqu'à 84 jours, puis on les a transférées dans une enceinte en acier spécial, dans laquelle la pression a été appliquée à des niveaux permettant d'exprimer en millimètres les solutions interstitielles capillaires et de les recueillir. On a effectué l'analyse par des méthodes de routine pour déterminer les concentrations dissoutes de Na+, K+, Ca2+, OH−, Cl−, SO 4 2− . On a aussi évalué les quantités d'eau non évaporable dans des échantillons, afin de calculer les proportions du contenu total de chlorure dans les matériaux qui sont restés dissous. Les résultats ont indiqué que le remplacement partiel du ciment Portland par des pourcentages croissants de poudre de silice causait une diminution régulière de l'alcalinité des solutions interstitielles et une réduction de la capacité du matériau servant à lier le chlorure. On a attribué ce dernier effet à l'influence du pH de la solution sur la solubilité de 3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.1OH2O et on a démontré la validité de point de vue au moyen de l'analyse thermale. On a considéré la signification des résultats vis-à-vis du degré de protection de l'armature contre la corrosion et on a constaté qu'un certain nombre de questions demandait de nouvelles recherches.
    Notes: Abstract Samples of the capillary pore solution, associated with hardened cement pastes containing various proportions of silica-fume and sodium chloride, have been expressed at different stages of curing and analysed to determine concentrations of dissolved ions. The results indicate that partial replacement of Portland cement by increasing percentages of silica-fume causes a regular decrease in alkalinity of the pore solution and a reduction in the chloride-binding capacity of the material. Possible implications regarding the level of corrosion protection afforded to embedded steel are considered.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 97-148 
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 85-96 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au-delà de certaines dimensions, les corps solides deviennent fragiles. On ne doit cependant pas établir une relation directe de cette fragilité avec l'indice de durcissement du diagramme contrainte-déformation ou avec l'énergie absorbée par un élément de volume avant le terme de l'épreuve. Ces dernières quantités caractérisent la loi de comportement du matériau, et sont donc des propriétés mécaniques locales et objectives indépendantes des dimensions du solide. Par l'étude de la rupture de composites de ciment on a récemment pu mettre en évidence que ce n'est pas tant la linéarité de la loi de comportement du matériau qui détermine cette fragilité, que la faible valeur du rapport entre la ténacité à la rupture et la résistance à la traction. On examine dans cet article la possibilité que, dans les matériaux ductiles, la «séparation» précède la ruine par déformation plastique. Dans cette intention, on considère deux lois différentes de comportement: (1) pour un matériau à durcissement linéaire; (2) pour un matériau dont le durcissement suit une loi de puissance. Dans le second cas, il est possible de définir un facteur d'intensité de contrainte plastique, en relation directe avec l'intégrale-J, et qui présente des dimensions physiques selon l'indice de durcissement. Dans les deux cas limites d'un matériau purement élastique et d'un matériau plastique-rigide, les dimensions sont respectivement celles d'un facteur d'intensité de contrainte élastique (FL−3/2) et celles d'une contrainte (FL−2). Par conséquent, si l'on augmente la non linéarité d'un matériau, une transition apparaît depuis une ruine de rupture fragile jusqu'à une ruine par déformation plastique. Une telle transition est tout à fait analogue à celle qui se présente lorsque les dimensions structurelles sont diminuées suivant une similitude géométrique.
    Notes: Abstract In the present paper the possibility is discussed that the fracture collapse (separation) could precede the plastic flow collapse, in ductile materials. For this purpose two different constitutive laws of the material are considered: 1) elastic-linear hardening material; 2) power-law hardening material. In the second case it is possible to define a plastic stress-intensity factor, which is directly connected with the J-integral and presents physical dimensions dependent upon the hardening exponent. In the two limit-cases of purely elastic material and rigid-plastic material it assumes respectively the dimensions of an elastic stress-intensity factor (FL−3/2) and the dimensions of a stress (FL−2). Therefore, by increasing the non-linearity of the material a transition becomes evident from a brittle fracture collapse to a plastic flow collapse. Such a transition is completely analogous to that occurring when the structural sizes are decreased with geometrical similitude.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 3-12 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des essais sur cylindres de béton en compression uniaxiale par les techniques ordinairement utilisées—qui déterminent à différents degrés des actions négatives de frottement aux surfaces sous charge—ont fait apparaître des relations contraintes longitudinales/déformation et charge/déplacement qui présentent des branches ascendantes et descendantes. On a constaté que la branche ascendante de ces relations était absolument indépendantes de la technique d'essai, et l'on considère qu'un tel comportement indique que cette partie des relations mentionnées est de nature à donner une description vraie du comportement du béton en tant que matériau soumis à une contrainte croissante jusqu'à la rupture. D'autre part, on a observé que la branche descendante montre une dépendance marquée de la technique d'essai. Cette branche se caractérise en ce qu'elle présente une pente beaucoup plus forte à mesure que les actions de frottement imposées par la technique d'essai diminuent. Un tel comportement indiquerait que si des actions négatives de frottement sont éliminées, le cylindre subira une perte complète et immédiate de capacité portante dès le dépassement de la charge maximale que l'éprouvette peut endurer. On peut donc admettre par conséquent qu'une perte complète et immédiate de capacité portante pour des valeurs de contrainte au-delà de la résistance à la rupture propose actuellement la description la plus juste du comportement du béton au-delà de la résistance à la rupture.
    Notes: Abstract The paper is concerned with an investigation into the effect of testing techniques on the behaviour of plain concrete specimens under increasing uniaxial compressive load. It is found that for load increasing to the maximum level that can be sustained by the specimen, specimen behaviour is essentially independent of testing technique effects. However, for load levels beyond this peak level, the testing technique effects are found to be significant such that, if they can be completely eliminated, a more realistic description of post-peak specimen behaviour may be a complete and immediate loss of load-carrying capacity as soon as the peak load is exceeded.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 35-42 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The calculation of the dimensions and the reinforcement of concrete flat slabs requires the knowledge of stress distribution in the structures. Literature describes many different methods of calculation, each postulating different stress distributions based on theoretical or empirical considerations. These methods lead to more or less divergent results and, on the other hand, experiments on full-size flat slab are expensive. Therefore the author tried to adapt to the experimental study of these structures an original method issued from stress analysis: the Moire method of Ligtenberg. The author checked the validity of the method and compared his experimental results with those published in literature.
    Notes: Résumé Le dimensionnement et l'armaturage des planchers-dalles nécessitent la connaissance de la distribution des contraintes dans la structure. La littérature décrit un certain nombre de méthodes postulant différentes distributions des contraintes en se basant tantôt sur des considérations théoriques tantôt sur des considérations semi-empiriques. Comme ces méthodes conduisent à des résultats assez divergents et que, d'autre part, des essais sur planchers-dalles grandeur nature sont assez coûteux, il a semblé intéressant de tenter d'adapter à l'étude expérimentale de ces structures une technique originale de l'Analyse des Contraintes: la méthode du moiré sur banc de Ligtenberg. Nous avons vérifié la validité de cette méthode et comparé nos résultats expérimentaux à ceux publiés dans la littérature.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 53-56 
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 43-48 
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 57-64 
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 71-83 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The need for more and more precise determination of hydraulic characteristics of rock media emphasizes the importance of highly transient hydraulic tests. The harmonic pumping test consists in creating an harmonic quantity of flow Q in the medium to be recognized, and in measuring the induced harmonic pressure at different frequencies f. The complex function F(f)=P(f)/Q(f), which is called the spectral signature, is a characteristic of the medium and leads to the determination of unknown parameters. The identification of these parameters in frequency-space is made possible by a set of theoretical signatures of different mathematical models. This interpretation method is illustrated in the case of a single and closed fracture as met in deep rocks. The effect of different parameters such as thickness extension, inclination or shape of the fracture is then given. The apparatus developed for such a fracture identification in deep rocks, called the “harmonic pick-up”, is then described in detail. In conclusion are given the advantages of this technique, especially in the case of deep geothermal reservoirs.
    Notes: Résumé Dans le cadre de la reconnaissance des milieux rocheux fissurés est présentée une technique nouvelle d'essais d'eau, appelée «pompage harmonique», qui utilise des signaux sinusoïdaux de débit. L'interprétation de tels essais est développée dans l'espace des fréquences en vue de l'identification des paramètres physiques d'une fissure à forte profondeur. L'outil sonde harmonique est décrit en détails tant en ce qui concerne les appareils de surface que de fond. En conclusion, les avantages de cette méthode appliquée au domaine de la géothermie profonde sont développés.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 243-250 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour la détermination de la réactivité potentielle des granulats du béton, il est indispensable d'établir des limites sûres de variations dimensionnelles pour les éprouvettes d'essai de mortier et de béton. La définition de ces limites se trouve compliquée par la variation de vitesse d'expansion des différents types de granulats. Ainsi, la limite ASTM de 0,05% à 3 mois pour l'expansion des éprouvettes de mortier peut être satisfaisante dans le cas classique alcali-granulat siliceux (par ex. opale, silex et verre volcanique) mais non pas pour les granulats siliceux après 3 mois à expansion tardive (par ex. quelques quartzites, argillites et grès schisteux). L'application mal appropriée de limites peut conduire à une estimation incorrecte de l'expansivité potentielle d'un granulat. L'expansion du béton confectionné avec des granulats réactifs se relie directement à l'alcalinité des solutions interstitielles, qui est déterminée par la teneur en alcali soluble dans l'eau du ciment. La teneur en ciment du béton est le rapport eau/ciment. Il est donc important que la solution interstitielle des éprouvettes renferme une teneur en alcali au moins aussi élevée que celle qui se présentera dans le béton mis en œuvre. Lorsqu'on procède à l'essai d'un type classique de granulat sur éprouvette de mortier à réaction alcali-silice, les limites de 0,05% à 3 mois ou de 0,10% à 6 mois spécifiées dans ASTM C33-78, Annexe 11, sont généralement satisfaisantes comme les limites de 0,05 à 6 mois ou de 0,10 à 12 mois spécifiées par le US Corps of Engineers. La méthode décrite par l'auteur donne également des résultats satisfaisants bien qu'il faudrait un complément de recherche pour arrêter des limites définies. Cet essai sur éprouvette de mortier se confirme comme n'étant pas effectif pour les granulats à réaction alcali-carbonate et pour quelques grès siliceux à expansion tardive. L'essai sur prisme de béton est préférable pour ces types de granulat mais les limites de 0,02 à 0,04% à 3 mois prescrites par le Canadian Standard Association ne sont pas satisfaisantes dans le cas de granulats à expansion tardive.
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of the mortar bar ASTM C227 and concrete prism CSA A23. 2-14A tests for evaluating the potential alkali-aggregate reactivity of classical alkali-silica, late expansive siliceous and alkali-carbonate aggregates is discussed. It is emphasized that petrographic examination is an essential preliminary step in the evaluation of potential alkali reactivity of all aggregates. The expansion limits set to differentiate between deleteriously expansive and innocuous cement-aggregate combinations by ASTM, CSA, U.S. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and by the author are evaluated for use with classical alkali-silica, late-expanding siliceous and alkali-carbonate reactive aggregates.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 269-273 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On procède à une étude d'ensemble du risque qui s'associe au critère de conformité préconisé par le CEB pour des lots importants de béton au moyen de la fonction caractéristique correspondante. On montre que cette fonction comprend deux composantes multiplicatrices dénommées ici la composante «non centrale» de Student et la composante gaussienne. Cette dernière composante pénalise le béton confectionné avec une dispersion élevée et n'a pratiquement pas d'effet lorsque le béton est confectionné avec une variabilité faible. On attire l'attention sur les possibilités d'application des critères de conformité dans le cas de n valeurs 〈15. Les limites tant pour la sécurité que pour l'économie préconisées dans cet article étant respectées [2].
    Notes: Abstract This paper makes an overall analysis of the risks associated to conformity criteria preconized by CEB [1] for the important lots of concrete by means of the corresponding characteristic function. It is shown that this function is composed by two multiplicative components, denominated here, the non-central component of Student and the Gaussian component. The latter penalizes concrete fabricated with high dispersion and practically has no effect when concrete is fabricated with low variability. Attention is called to the applicability of conformity criteria for the case of n values lower than 15, since the economic and security limits preconized in paper [2] are respected.
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    Materials and structures 16 (1983), S. 293-301 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 1-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper constitutes a survey and reassessment of the literature on location and linkages. The analysis begins with a brief review of published work on the formal character of complexes of economic activity. The issue of agglomeration economies and linkage structure is then discussed and its relation to urbanization phenomena examined. From here, the account moves into a detailed investigation of the role of transport costs in the determination of linkage patterns. An attempt is made to systematize the evidence from a large number of applied studies on the various effects of the clustering and dispersal of productive activities on linkage structure. Various empirical analyses of the organization of production units and its effect on linkages are reviewed. A composite theory is then proposed on the basis of an account of the common dependence of both location and linkage on broad production system dynamics. The paper concludes with a brief glimpse at the possibilities of extending the theoretical apparatus developed here by integrating it with work that is currently going forward on the form and evolution of local labor markets.
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 40-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Even if the i-o method is a very popular instrument in regional studies in many countries, the generalizations concerning the crucial problems of its practical applications, i.e., compilation of a transactions table and assumption of coefficient stability, cannot be regarded as well-established. The present study deals with the methodological comparison of two i-o studies made at an interval of five years; the area under consideration is a small regional economy in Eastern Finland, Special attention is directed to the stability and influence of the most important coefficients, which are identified both on the basis of size and of a special index. Complementary findings are provided by analyzing sectoral time-series data on foreign import coefficients by regions. The conclusions derived accentuate the necessity of regional primary data in i-o accounts on the one hand, and the significance of random factors as far as the shifts of regional coefficients and their correspondence to the national ones are concerned on the other. The latter issue is obviously more important in small regional economies in highly integrated national economies, where the effect of distance on input structure by sectors is of minor importance.
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 94-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 97-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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  • 87
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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  • 88
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study is concerned with the estimation and explanation of regional differentials in productivity and with nonlabor income per unit of labor is a usable capital intensity proxy in the estimation of Cobb-Douglas production functions. The approach is to estimate labor productivity as a function: first of regional dummy variables and urbanization; second, of these variables plus capital intensity and other production function variables; and third, of all these variables plus labor force characteristics. Large regional labor productivity differentials emerge. Adding capital intensity measured either as capital stock or nonlabor income per unit of labor substantially reduces these differentials. Adding labor force characteristics then completely eliminates the differentials in most instances. At this point, however, it becomes clear that the estimates based on nonlabor income per unit of labor are as good as, if not better than, those based on the capital stock measure. Finally, the productivity disadvantage of the South is related to its low levels of education and unionization.
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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  • 90
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract State education aid plans do not ensure attainment of horizontal equality defined as equal real purchasing power across regional districts. Adjustment is proposed primarily for demand factors with supply factors completely ignored. This paper focuses on the feasibility of adopting a real resource standard, specifically (1) how to define and quantify differences in real purchasing power, (2) how to incorporate these regional differences into a state aid plan, and (3) what to expect as the necessary aid adjustment. The measure of real resource inequality is limited here to regional differences in the supply price of teacher services in Wisconsin. The transformation of an education aid formula to incorporate these differences does, however, generalize to all general education aid programs. The adjustment of state the to account for regional differences in supply prices would lead to greater state aid for suburban and intermediate-size units relative to aid adjustment for urban and rural units. The aid adjustment for selected districts in Wisconsin is presented.
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 29-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Off-shore assembly plant operations have become an increasingly important source of jobs and foreign exchange for some developing countries. This paper, using cross-section data of individual assembly plants in Baja California, examines factor substitution and adaptation taking place in this labor-intensive type of operation. For contrast the technologically advanced electronic industry and the more traditional apparel assembly industry are compared. A two level CES production function which treats skilled labor as a separate factor of production is used to estimate elasticities of substitution. The study found evidence of factor adaptation occurring. Estimates of elasticities of substitution, while refuting the hypothesis of zero elasticity, are generally inelastic. This suggests that policies affecting wages of unskilled labor relative to skilled labor and capital can increase employment, but would decrease unskilled labor's total share of income.
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper sets up a three commodity, three factor (with one factor both industry and region specific) and two region model to examine the implications of specific and non-specific factor accumulation on regional disparities in income. Factor specificity is a real world phenomenon and may, for example be caused by geographic reasons. For instance oil wells, beaches and so on are geographically immobile inputs—oil wells for production of oil and beaches for production of tourism. This paper analyses the implications of above type of factors on regional income and contrasts it with the case of non-specific factor accumulation. The main results obtained are given below. First, region specific factor accumulationmay raise both the per capita and absolute income in the region endowed with the specific factor. Second, under certain plausible assumptions, region specific factor accumulation has no “trickle down” effects on the other region. Thus specific factor accumulation may lead to increasing regional inequalities under very mild looking restrictions. This is a disturbing result because it shows that a industry booming on account of region specific factor accumulation may have no impact on other regions of the economy. The paper thus highlights the cnditions for the absence of interregional “trickle down” effects. In contrast non-specific factor accumulation has no impact on interregional per capita distribution of income—highlighting yet again the importance of region specificity of a factor of production.
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 45-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The residential property tax is often criticized because housing value may not be a good measure of a household's ability to pay. To examine this criticism, a series of equations is estimated in which the dependent variable is housing price and the independent variables include household income. While the coefficient on income is always significant, it has little explanatory power. Further, the strength of the relationship between income and value weakens as length of tenure in the housing unit increases. Because housing value is a poor proxy for income, modifications to the tax structure such as tax deferment and curcuit breaker programs must be used to improve the viability of property taxation in terms of the ability-to-pay principle.
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 60-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Impacts of expanded irrigation in Idaho are estimated using marginal input-output. This makes it possible to account for changes in input use from the average input mix of existing sectors. Particular attention is given to the effect of new, energy intensive irrigation on the overall demand for electricity, and on limited low-cost hydroelectric sources in particular.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Managing urban growth patterns is essential for an economic and demographic development process which maximizes public and private investments in the urban environment. This paper presents the results of a modelling design effort to link a hybrid regional input-output model to demographic, labor force and energy models for use in planning in the San Francisco Bay Region. Extensive use of system feedback is a major component of this research effort. Summary results of the model outputs are presented in this paper.
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 23-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a methodology for assessing the indirect effects of a natural disaster: the disruption of population and the local economy. The focus is earthquakes, with particular emphasis placed on the San Francisco Bay Area. The empirical analysis applies multiregional modeling techniques to measure the current impact of a major earthquake which directly affects seven San Francisco counties. The model and its inputs are discussed and the results presented in detail. Emphasis is given to the 58 California counties that are not in the earthquake zone but are affected economically.
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    The annals of regional science 17 (1983), S. 41-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This empirical interregional input-output study is focused on the Finnish economy which is divided into three sub-regions according to the core-periphery frame of reference. The data concerning them is provided by combining and supplementing three survey-based studies. Input-output method is applied both as a descriptive device and as an analytical tool in the scrutiny of this distinctive regional economic system. The domestic interregional feedback effects are found negligible in all three areas, and there is no straightforward correspondence between the size of the regional economy and that of the feedbacks. The justification for the use of the interregional approach in comparison with a single-region one is to be found in the analysis of spillovers which are considerable also in the present case. The potentials and limitations of the interregional input-output research are evaluated in order to determine its relevance in analysing regional development problems of a core-periphery type.
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