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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleE. Owen Smith, ed., Trade Unions in the Developed EconomiesNorman Walzer and Glenn W. Fisher, Cities, Suburbs, and Property TuxesStephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in AmericaW. Patrick Beaton, John H. Weyland, and Nancy C. Newman, Energy Forecasting for Planners: Transportation ModelsRobert Emil Botsch, We Shall Not Overcome: Populism and Southern Blue-Collar WorkersRichard C. Carlson, Willis W. Harman, and Peter Schwartz, Energy Futures, Human Values, and Lifestyles: A New Look at the Energy CrisisK. J. Button, A. D. Pearman, and A. S. Fowkes, Car Ownership Modelling and ForecastingFred C. Shapiro, Radwaste: A Reporter's Investigation of a Growing Nuclear MenaceDonald Appleyard, Livable Streets
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleRalph M. Kramer, Voluntary Agencies in the Welfare State.Boris S. Pushkarev with Jeffrey M. Zupan and Robert S. Cumella, Urban Rail in America: An Exploration of Criteria for Fixed-Guideway Transit.Jon Van Til, Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities.Robert Orr Whyte and Pauline Whyte, The Women of Rural Asia.William P. Browne and Don F. Hadwiger, eds., Rural Policy Problems: Changing Dimensions.Alan Lewis, The Psychology of Taxation.A. G. Aganbegyan, ed., Regional Studies for Planning and Projecting: The Siberian Experience.Yusuf J. Ahmad and Frank G. Müller, eds., Integrated Physical, Socio-economic, and Environmental PlanningBela Balassa, Development Strategies in Semi-industrial Economies.Steven C. Ballard et al., Water and Western Energy: Impacts, Issues, and ChoicesDennis Bloodworth, The Messiah and the Mandarins: Mao Tsetung and the Ironies of Power.Landrum R. Bolling with Craig Smith, Private Foreign Aid: U.S. Philanthropy for Relief and Development.Coralie Bryant and Louise G. White, Managing Development in the Third World.V. Bulmer-Thomas, Input-Output Analysis in Developing Countries: Sources, Methods, and Applications.Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds., Energy and Land Use.Canada, Department of Regional Economic Expansion, A Guide to Regional Multiplier EstimationMichael J. Carter and William H. Leahy, eds., New Directions in Labor Economics and Industrial Relations.E. William Colglazier, Jr., ed., The Politics of Nuclear Waste.Martin Counihan, A Dictionary of Energy.
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleDuncan Sim, Change in the City Centre.Naomi Black and Ann Baker Cottrell, eds., Women and World Change: Equity Issues in Development.Raymond C. Scheppach and Everett M. Ehrlich, eds., Energy-Policy Analysis and Congressional ActionBrian Bayliss, Planning and Control in the Transport SectorRobert W. Lake, The New Suburbanites: Race and Housing in the SuburbsCarl H. Reidel, ed., New England Prospects: Critical Choices in a Time of ChangeJohn Cathie, The Political Economy of Food AidMichael N. Danielson and Jameson W. Doig, New York: The Politics of Urban Regional Development.Oran R. Young, Natural Resources and the State: The Political Economy of Resource Management.Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public ActionDavid Listokin et al., Landmarks Preservation and the Property Tax: Assessing Landmark Buildings for Real Taxation Purposes.Richard H. Sabot, ed., Migration and the Labor Market in Developing CountriesDavid W. Countryman and Denise M. Sofranko, eds., Guiding Land Use Decisions: Planning and Management for Forests and RecreationJudith A. Martin and David A. Lanegran, Where We Live: The Residential Districts of Minneapolis and Saint Paul
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleRonald G. Ehrenberg and Paul L. Schumann, Longer Hours or More Jobs? An Investigation of Amending Hours Legislation to Create EmploymentDaniel Swartzman, Richard A. Liroff, and Kevin G. Croke, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Environmental Regulations: Politics, Ethics, and Methods.Suzanne Keller, ed., Building for Women.Herman L. Boschken, Land Use Conflicts: Organizational Design and Resource Management.Robert G. Healy and James L. Short, The Market for Rural Land: Trends, Issues, Policies.Seymour Warkov and Judith W. Meyer, Solar Diffusion and Public Incentives.Michael H. Lang, Gentrification amid Urban Decline: Strategies for America's Older Cities.Alan L. Sorkin, Economic Aspects of Natural Hazards.Clement Cottingham, ed., Race, Poverty, and the Urban Underclass.Thomas M. Stanback, Jr., et al., Services: The New Economy.Richard C. Rich, ed., The Politics of Urban Public Services.M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia: c. 1300 to the Present.Lloyd Rodwin, Cities and City Planning.Julian B. Roebuck and Mark Hickson III, The Southern Redneck: A Phenomenological Class Study.J. Michael Ross and William M. Berg, “I Respectfully Disagree with the Judge's Order”: The Boston School Desegregation Controversy.Gundars Rudzitis, Residential Locution Determinants of the Older PopulationFrank H. Stephen, ed., The Performance of Labor-Managed Firms.George Sternlieb, James W. Hughes, and Connie 0. Hughes, Demographic Trends and Economic Reality: Planning and Markets in the 80's.Robert P. Taylor, Rural Energy Development in China.George S. Tolley, Vinod Thomas, and Chung Ming Wong, Agricultural Price Policies and the Developing Countries.G. P. Tottle, ed., Use of Computers for National Development-Agriculture: An Annotated Bibliography.Noel D. Uri, Dimensions of Energy Economics.Bruce A. Weber and Robert E. Howell, eds., Coping with Rapid Growth in Rural Communities.Sidney Weintraub and Stanley R. Ross, “Temporary” Alien Workers in the United States: Designing Policy from Fact and Opinion.Robert Woods, Theoretical Population Geography.
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  • 28
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 29
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 30
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 31
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 32
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 33
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 35
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 38
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 39
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 40
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9493
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    Topics: Geography
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  • 41
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 45
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 46
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 47
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 48
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 49
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    Journal of regional science 23 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Local External Economies for British Manufacturing Industry, by P. M. Townroe and N. J. Roberts. Canada's Industrial Space-Economy, by David F. Walker. Urban and Regional Planning in an Age of Austerity, by P. Clavel, J. Forester, and W. W. Goldsmith (eds.). Industrial Location: An Economic Geographical Analysis, 2nd Edition, by David M. Smith. Shipping and Development Policy: An Integrated Assessment, by Alexander J. Yeats.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Exposure of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) to an oil dispersant in increasing concentrations caused increased degree of injury in the mussels. The oil dispersant seemed to affect mechanisms responsible for the distribution of inorganic ions (Na+, K+, CI−) and free amino acids across the cell membranes. The dispersant caused a marked reduction in the ability of the mussels to survive freezing at −10°C. Freezing also caused more pronounced alterations in the transmembrane ionic distributions observed following exposure to the dispersant. This may indicate that the injuries caused by freezing are qualitatively the same as those caused by exposure to the dispersant alone, but brought into more extreme conditions. Thus, freezing appears to potentiate the effect of environmental pollutions by concentrating them in the fluid fraction of the frozen body fluids.
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  • 51
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    Polar research 1 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The cold-hardiness, high temperature tolerance and metabolic activity of summer specimens of staphylinid beetles (Atheta graminicola), collembolans (Onichiurus groenlandicus), spiders (Erigone arctica), and prostigmatid mites (Molgus littoralis) from Spitsbergen were investigated. The animals displayed cold-hardiness and haemolymph melting points within the normal ranges for summer insects from temperate regions, but were less tolerant to high temperatures. Haemolymph from spiders and from one species of collembolans (Isotoma sp.) was found to contain thermal hysteresis factors. The beetles, collembolans, and mites were found to have oxygen consumption rates above the values of their relatives in other climatic zones, whereas the spiders had values within the range of temperate arachnoids. The study supports the view that polar arthropods have activation energy values lower than those of temperate animals.
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    Polar research 1 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 53
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    Polar research 1 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The mechanisms by which peripheral circulation and respiration serve in maintaining thermal homeostasis in birds living in cold climates are reviewed. Three types of arteriovenous heat exchanger (an elaborate, a simple rete, and a venae comitantes system) are found in the legs of birds. The anatomical differences between the different types of A-V associations are described, and the regulation of peripheral blood flow, in respect to maximal heat conservation and prevention of tissue damage, is discussed. A nasal temporal counter current heat exchanger, lowering the temperature of the expired air to values considerably below the body temperature, is the most important mechanism for minimizing the respiratory heat and water loss. In addition, a decreased ventilatory requirement, caused by a changed respiratory pattern and an increased parabronchial oxygen extraction, lowers the amount of air ventilated relative to the amount of oxygen uptake. Thus, the relative loss of heat and water is reduced.
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    Polar research 1 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The hydrographic (CTD) observations and pendulum current measurements obtained with M/S ‘Lance’ in August 1981 in the area west and north of Spitsbergen, are presented. The warm and saline northward flow, known as the West Spitsbergen Current, is found to follow the shelf break. In the Fram Strait the hydrographic structure is complicated because of eddies and other transient movements. The current measurements suggest a two-layer structure where the velocity vector rotates in opposite directions in the two layers with a period near the semidiurnal tidal period.
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    Polar research 1 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Nocturnal hypothermia is demonstrated in a number of small northern birds. These birds utilize hypothermia rant among other energy-saving mechanisms and lower the body temperature by some 10°C. In most bird species hypothermia is utilized only in conjunction with a state of inanition. However, hypothermia has also been demonstrated in birds with satisfactory feeding conditions and body weight. For none of the small northern birds utilizing nocturnal hypothermia, is inanition necessary for the induction of a state of hypothermia. A seasonal effect on the hypothermic response has been demonstrated for two species of tits, the black-capped chickadee Parus atricapillus and the willow tit Parus montanus, and also for an Andean hummingbird. The depth of hypothermia achieved significantly and linearly was correlated with the ambient temperature for the same two species of tits. By the use of nocturnal hypothermia, birds living in temperate zones can save as much as 75% of their energetic costs, compared with their energy consumption at normal body temperature. The reduction in the nightly expenditure of energy is considerable also in small-sized arctic and subarctic birds that utilize nocturnal hypothermia. The saving of energetic costs may easily represent the margin between life and death for such small birds living under the combined stresses of hunger, cold and long nights.
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    Polar research 1 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Temperature gradients in the nest and within the egg. nest humidity as well as eggshell conductance and rate of egg water loss of the Eider Somateria mollissima and other waterfowl were studied at Ny-Alesund. Spitsbergen (78°55'N latitude). These studies suggest a specific interrelationship between eggshell conductance and maintenance of an appropriate temperature and humidity environment of the nest, resulting in an egg water loss rate which is optimal for hatching success. In spite of low ambient temperatures of less than 3°C and very low absolute humidities of less than 4 torr (similar to those found in hot deserts). the nest's microclimate and rate of water loss were similar to those reported for nests and eggs in temperate climates.
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    Polar research 1 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The first snow bunting males arrive in Northeast Greenland in early April, 6-8 weeks before nesting and 2-4 weeks ahead of the females. At this time temperatures regularly reach −25 to −30°C and snow storms may rage for days. The living conditions during this long-lasting pre-nesting period and its possible function are described and discussed. Based on 781 birds caught, .ringed, and measured, and on observations on phenology, diurnal rhythm, night roosts, etc., it is shown that the age ratio in males is close to 50/50 first living year/adults, that adult males arrive and occupy territories earlier than first year males, that first-year males have shorter wings and are leaner than adult males, that the birds lose weight during spells of inclement weather early in the season, that diurnal rhythm is apparently governed by direct insolation, that males apparently greatly outnumber females in the populations, and that competition for the optimal territories is probably the selective force behind the prolonged pre-nesting period in males.
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  • 58
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    Polar research 1 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Sediment sampling and shallow seismic profiling in the western and northern Barents Sea show that the bedrock in regions with less than 300 m water depth is unconformably overlain by only a thin veneer (〈10 m) of sediments. Bedrock exposures are probably common in these areas. The sediments consist of a Holocene top unit, 0.1–1.5 m in thickness, grading into Late Weichselian glaciomarine sediments. Based on average sedimentation rates (14C-dating) of the Holocene sediments, the transition between the two units is estimated to 10,000–12,000 B.P. The glaciomarine sediments are commonly 1–3 m in thickness and underlain by stiff pebbly mud, interpreted as till and/or glaciomarine sediments overrun by a glacier. In regions where the water depth is over 300 m the sediment thickness increases, exceeding 500 m near the shelf edge at the mouth of Bjørnøyrenna. In Bjømøyrenna itself the uppermost 15–20 m seem to consist of soft glaciomarine sediments underlain by a well-defined reflector, probably the surface of the stiff pebbly mud. Local sediment accumulations in the form of moraine ridges and extensive glaciomarine deposits (20–60m in thickness) are found at 250–300m water depth, mainly in association with submarine valleys. Topographic highs, probably moraine ridges, are also present at the shelf edge. Based on the submarine morphology and sediment distribution, an ice sheet is believed to have extended to the shelf edge at least once during the Pleistocene. Spitsbergenbanken and the northern Barents Sea have also probably been covered by an ice sheet in the Late Weichselian. Lack of suitable organic material in the glacigenic deposits has prevented precise dating. Based on the regional geology of eastern Svalbard, a correlation of this younger stage with the Late Weichselian is indicated.
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: DiaPhragma and masseter muscles from 376 polar bears (Ursus maritimus), 252 ringed seals (Phoca hispida), 84 bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), and 77 arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) from Svalbard were examined for Trichinella. Infection rates in polar bears varied between 23 and 58%, and between 3 and 67% in arctic fox- None of tne seals were infected. Trichinella in polar bears is probably transferred through cannibalism and scavenging upon polar bear carcasses. Infection rate in arctic fox was high when they preyed upon polar bear carcasses before polar bear hunting was prohibited in 1973. A low infection rate seems more natural when such prey is not available. No difference could be found in infection rate between male and female polar bears. There is only a slight increase in infection rate with age, as calculated from hide lengths, and many adult animals remain uninfected. Geographical isolation of polar bear populations may explain differences in Trichinella infection rates between bears from arctic America and arctic Europe. Possible explanations are that discrete polar bear populations have different food habits, or that they are exposed to different Trichinella strains.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Stream water during fair weather (base flow) is largely ground water discharge, which has been in contact with minerals of the underlying aquifer. Base flow water quality should therefore reflect aquifer mineralogy as well as upstream land use. Three upstream mining categories (unmined lands, abandoned coal mines, and reclaimed coal mines) differed in pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, aluminum, and alkalinity for 122 streams in eastern Ohio. Aquifer rock type influenced pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, and alkalinity. Reclamation returned many components of acid mine drainage to near unmined levels, although sulfate and specific conductance were not improved. Acid mine drainage problems were less severe in watersheds underlain by the calcareous Monogahela Formation. These results should ayply to other Appalachian coal regions having similar rock units.The water quality data distributions were neither consistently normal nor lognormal. Statistical tests utilizing ranks of the water quality data, instead of the data themselves, proved useful in analyzing the influences of mining category and rock type.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The inorganic chemistry of two pairs of lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park was studied to determine reasons for their similarities and differences. The pairs were located on differing geologic units. It was expected that weathering from the different types of parent material would cause differing cation concentrations between the pairs. This was verified by dissimilar concentrations of those cations which are products of primary weathering. Unexpected was a significant difference in anion concentrations between members of one pair having the same bedrock geology. This difference has been attributed to the presence of a wet sedge meadow above one of the lakes which serves as a biological filter for anions, particularly nitrate and sulfate. It is shown that small scale drainage characteristics which can alter regional atmospheric contributions are important contributors to lake chemistry.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Dakota aquifer, composed of the Dakota Sandstone and stratigraphically equivalent sandstone units of Cretaceous age, is the upper-most regional aquifer underlying the extensively developed High Plains aquifer of the midwestern United States. The concentration of dissolved solids in ground water of the Dakota aquifer ranges from less than 500 milligrams per liter in calcium bicarbonate type water in the eastern outcrop area to more than 100,000 milligrams per liter in sodium chloride type oilfield brine in the Denver Basin to the west. Preliminary maps showing the distribution of dissolved solids confirm the complex nature of the Dakota aquifer as inferred from stratigraphic and hydraulic evidence. Extensive vertical leakage through confining layers, local recharge at the truncated eastern boundary, and a barrier to recharge along the western edge of the Denver Basin are consistent with the distribution of hydraulic head and dissolved solids.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Santa Fe Country, New Mexico, has adopted a land-use policy in which zoning densities provide a balance between the water use on a parcel of land and the water supply available bencath that land. In two of four mapped hydrologic zones, ground water in storage will be allowed to be mined to exhaustion in 100 years (40 years in urban areas). Elsewhere, the policy is for a steady state with use balanced by recharge. Equations to determine storage or recharge can be solved using site specific data or regional estimates of hydrologic conditions. Substantial reductions in the lot size requirements are allowed if water conservation convenants are adopted. Public acceptance indicates that the policy successfully integrates technical and political concerns. It is simple to administer, yet reflects widely expressed public goals and values.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A loading function methodology is presented for predicting runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from complex watersheds. Separate models are defined for cropland, forest, urban and barnyard sources, and procedures for estimating baseflow nutrients are provided. The loading functions are designed for use as a preliminary screening tool to isolate the major contributors in a watershed. Input data sources are readily available and the functions do not require costly calibrations. Data requirements include watershed land use and soil information, daily precipitation and temperature records and rainfall erosivities. Comparison of predicted and measured water, sediment, and nutrient runoff fluxes for the West Branch Deleware River in New York, indicated that runoff was underpredicted by about 14 percent while dissolved nutrients were within 30 percent of observed values. Sediment and solid-phase nutrients were overpredicted by about 50 percent. An annual nutrient budget for the West Branch Delaware River showed that cornland was the major source of sediment, solid phase nutrients, and total phosphorus. Waste water treatment plants and ground water discharge contributed the most dissolved phosphorus and dissolved nitrogen, respectively.
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    Notes: : Appraisal-level, engineering economic analyses for two types of irrigation systems are compared: (1) a surface-water irrigation system, and (2) a ground-water recharge irrigation system. An artificial recharge irrigation system is an economically viable alternative to surface-distributed irrigation in a conjunctive irrigation plan if electric power rates remain sufficiently low. As electric rates increase, this viability generally decreases until it becomes completely unattractive at rates of about 0.012 dollars per kilowatt hour.
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    Notes: : Data from 54 well in central and eastern Kansas developed in unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age indicate that nitrate concentrations are inversely related to the depth of the well screen opening below the water level in the well casing because this relationship was found to exist in an area of Nebraska and in a large area of Kansas, the relationship is generally valid over a wide geo- graphical area. In addition, the data indicate that the incidence of nitrate concentrations exceeding 45 milligrams per liter and nitrate concentrations, in general, are significantly lower in water from wells with screens deeper than 25 feet below the water table in unconfined aquifers or where screens are placed in deep confined aquifers. No concentrations of nitrate greater than 45 milligrams per liter were in obseved wells where screens were deeper than 60 feet below the casing water level. These findings suggest that general placement of well screens as far below the water table as possible in unconfined unconsolidated aquifers in Kansas. and possibly other areas of the Midwest, may be an effective measure in preventing undesirable nitrate concentrations in ground water supplies. particularly in areas where nitrate is a problem.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Field investigations were conducted at three sites in the Washington, D.C., area to detect accumulation patterns of the trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the soils of urban stormwater detention basins. The research results seemed to indicate that the use of detention basins to control urban stormwater runoff had few harmful effects to fine textured soils with respect to the study trace metals. Although the trace metals, especially lead and zinc, were found to accumulate in the surface soils of the basins, little significant downward movement of metals in the soil profiles had occurred. Accumulations of metals in the surface soils appeared to be a function of microtopography and the resultant residence time of standing water. The fractions of trace metals that were present in a leachable form in surface soils and stormwater solids were small, with median values ranging from 7.7 percent of the total concentration for Cd to 0.01 percent for Pb.
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    Notes: Minicomputer interfaced, continuous, noncontact sensing of the ventilatory behavior of the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) was used to investigate the response to exposure to solutions of copper and zinc under various modes of application. The results of these studies indicate that fish respond to sublethal concentrations of these toxicants by increasing the average ventilatory rate as well as decreasing the amplitude of the ventilatory signal. Appropriate statistics for the analysis of these data are also described.
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    Notes: Tree-ring indices representing seven sites were used to reconstruct monthly summer streamflow in the Occoquan River basin of northern Virginia from 1841 to 1975. Attempts were made to reconstruct flow for each of the months, April through August. Reconstructions for June, July, and August were judged most reliable. Major mid-summer flow minima persisting for more than one year were reconstructed as having occurred in the early 1870's, the early 1930's, and the mid-1960's. Aside from these major dry periods, a greater frequency of extreme low flow during individual years is indicated for the entire record than for the most recent 50 years.
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    Notes: To evaluate the effects of management practices for protection of water quality in White Clay Lake (Wisconsin), surface and lake waters were monitored for a six-year period before and during structural and management changes for nonpoint pollution source control. The incremental nature of implementing controls combined with the annual variations in sediment and nutrient transport confounded obvious changes in water quality. So, several models were linked together to define loadings from specific land uses and to assess the effects of management changes and animal waste control measures designed to reduce sediment and phosphorus losses. The importance of including the thaw and snowmelt factor in the determination of erosion index for the Universal Soil Loss Equation was demonstrated. Model predictions of average annual phosphorus loading showed a 54 percent reduction following the installation of manure storage facilities and barnyard runoff controls, and a 22 percent reduction through changes in cropland management. The model also predicted a 29 percent reduction in sediment loading. The value of a peripheral wetland for retention of sediment and phosphorus was quantified. Changes in lake water quality attributable to the watershed work were not observed, but maintenance of existing good water quality as a result of this project is anticipated.
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    Notes: The likelihood of expanded use of Minnesota's 3 million hectares of peatlands prompted the state to initiate a hydrologic study to characterize these groundwater-linked systems. Determining the quality of streamflow from these peatlands was an integral part of the study. Peatlands could be differentiated either on the basis of streamflow quality or on soil-vegetation characteristics. The quality of streamflow from 45 undisturbed peatlands was characterized by collecting samples five times in 1979-80 and analyzing them for 27 water quality characteristics. Runoff pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium were used to classify the peatlands as bog, transition, or fen. Bog runoff was lower (α= 0.05) in pH, calcium, sodium, manganese, and ammonia nitrogen than fen runoff, but was higher in acidity, color, aluminum, humic and fulvic acid, and chemical oxygen demand than fen runoff. Bogs had more fibric peat of a lower pH than fens; fens exhibited tall woody shrubs which were virtually absent on bogs.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
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    Notes: : Australia's extremely limited water resources highlight the need for policy guidelines for management. During the 1970s, there was the gradual evolution of a national water resources policy, facilitated by a nationally agreed statement of objectives and culminating in a federal policy statement presented in 1979. However, the Australian constitution gives major responsibility for water resources to the states. Further, the federal policy statement seems to assume that each state has a water resources policy and that it accords with the nationally agreed objectives. This is not the case, and the practical management of Australia's water resources falls short of the principles set out in the policy document. The River Murray, the nation's major water resource, provides ample evidence of this fact. With very limited water resources, Australia urgently needs to reduce the disparity between principle and practice in their management.
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    Notes: : West Bitter Creek floodwater retarding structure site 3 in South Central Oklahoma was instrumented and records obtained and analyzed to obtain information concerning an impoundment water budget that is useful to landowners and designers of these impoundments. On-site loss of water from the impoundment was only 17 percent of the inflow during three years when the annual precipitation averaged 26 inches and the annual inflow averaged 1.4 inches. Runoff from an eroded area with no farm ponds was about 70 percent greater per unit area than from a portion of the watershed where 71 percent of the drainage area was controlled by farm ponds. A previous study indicated, however, that the ponds were reducing runoff only 13 percent. Loss of top soil increases runoff considerably. Only 24 percent of the total runoff into the impoundment was base flow. The flow rate into the impoundment was less than 0.05 cfs 70 percent of the time, and the inflow rate exceeded 10 cfs only 1 percent of the time. SCS runoff curve numbers varied between 57 and 96 for the impoundment watershed with an inverse relation between precipitation amount and curve number apprently caused by partial area runoff from impervious and semi-impervious areas. A comparison of measured event runoff versus event runoff computed by the SCS curve numbers gave an r2 of only 0.44. However, the total computed surface runoff for eight years of record was less than 1 percent below the measured runoff which indicated the curve number method was a good tool for predicting long term runoff for the watershed.
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    Notes: : We have developed a computer model of soil loss on an upland watershed from the continuity considerations for sediment transport and from equations describing rill and interrill erosion. The model is based on dividing the upland area into a grid containing rill and interill zones, on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), and on equations describing detachment and transport capacity of rill flow. The USLE estimates the sediment load from the contributing areas. The location and amount of total erosion and deposition are determined by comparing the transport and detachment capacity of rill flow for specific storms. The model considers the mechanics of erosion process and can serve as basis for reservoir and channel design and land use planning.
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    Notes: : The analysis of stream flow and several water quality parameters in six Illinois rivers showed both deterioration and improvement in quality indicators during 1976–1977 drought. The adverse impacts were an increase of ammonia and manganese concentrations and, to a lesser degree, increased concentrations of phenol and specific conductance. At the worst point during the drought, the 12-month moving average of monthly ammonia concentration in the Sangamon River was about 620 percent higher than the antecedent value. On the other hand, average concentrations of nitrites and nitrates, total iron, and the number of coliform bacteria significantly decreased. This positive response suggests that streams which are considered unsuitable for municipal supply due to high levels of these quality indicators may be used as emergency sources during droughts.
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    Notes: : The pressure on water resources from energy resource development and transformation is likely to be greater in the future than it has been in the past. A rational resolution of the political problems that this situation will generate requires that: 1) planning based on predictions of future energy supply and demand be replaced by scenario, or “what if?” analysis; 2) full attention be paid to the uncertainties in per-unit-energy water requirements; 3) suitable stochastic measures of water availability be used to compare water supply with water demand; 4) realistic ecological criteria, and other alternative use criteria, be developed for estimating impacts of water withdrawn or consurned for energy development; 5) human consequences of ecological impaccts are described in a manner that will allow the political process to intervene in an optimum manner to allocate water resources.
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    Notes: : A case study in the development of interactive computer software for water resources related engineering problems in presented. Guidelines for the preparation of a uniform set of interactive program requirements are discussed. Use of the developed guidelines will reduce computer usage expenditures by minimizing program learning time and data entry errors.
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    Notes: : This paper describes a preliminary investigation of the hydropower potential at the existing Conemaugh Dam, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project located in the Kiskiminetas River Basin, Pennsylvania. The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective layout of power production facilities for each of four possible installed capacities. Based on preliminary cost estimates and monthly power production computations, a layout using standard tube turbines in a powerhouse constructed on the face of the emergency spillway would produce the cheapest energy at a capacity of 8 to 10 megawatts (MW).
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  • 86
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Kriging utilizes a statistically based procedure of spatial interpolation that incorporates the spatial correlation structure of the phenomenon, and provides an error estimate. Kriging was applied to a total of 141 transmissivity values in an attempt to quantify the transmissivity distribution of the Santa Fe aquifer in Mesilla Bolson. New Mexico. The analysis produced contour maps of estimated transmissivity values and associated estimation variances. Through variogram analysis and fitting of an exponential variogrsm to 141 natural log of transmissivity (InT) values, the range was determined to be 3 miles, the average variance 2.74 (σInT= 1.65) with a mean of 8.65. Kriged estimates were generally lower when compared to estimates based on available transmissivity maps.
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  • 87
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 88
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 89
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 90
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 91
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 92
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 93
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A general methodology is described for identifying and statistically modeling trends which may be contained in a water quality time series. A range of useful exploratory data analysis tools are suggested for discovering important patterns and statistical characteristics of the data such as trends caused by external interventions. To estimate the entries in an evenly spaced time series when data are available at irregular time intervals, a new procedure based upon seasonal adjustment is described. Intervention analysis is employed at the confirmatory data analysis stage to rigorously model changes in the mean levels of a series which are identified using exploratory data analysis techniques. Furthermore, intervention analysis can be utilized for estimating missing observations when they are not too numerous. The effects of cutting down a forest upon various water quality variables and also the consequences of acid rain upon the alkalinity in a stream provide illustrative applications which demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology.
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  • 94
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Past prices of Colorado-Big Thompson water shares were analyzed using an asset pricing model which incorporated the growth rate in real returns to irrigation water and the value of potential urban water uses. A real growth rate in the returns to irrigation water was estimated at 5.3 percent. Nevertheless, market values for water shares have exceeded capitalized agricultural values since 1969. Historically, urban use potential was heavily discounted, but the implicit discount rate fell rapidly in the last decade. The expectation that water shares will eventually be sold to municipal or industrial consumers now appears to be reflected fully in water prices.
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  • 95
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: One component of the local scour process near a culvert outlet is the formation of an aggraded mound downstream of the scour area. This investigation presents a series of observations and empirical relationships depicting the formation, growth, and estimated maximum dimensions of a mound in a uniformly graded sand material due to clear water scour. The maximum dimensions of the mound were correlated to the discharge intensity (Qg-0.5 D-2.5), the maximum dimensions of the scour hole, time, and tailwater elevation. The concept of an approximate area of scour influence was developed relating the mound width, scour hole length, and mound length as a function of the culvert diameter and discharge intensity.
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  • 96
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A dynamic mathematical model was constructed to examine bacterial contamination problems affecting Ford Lake, a small recreational lake in Southeast Michigan. The model was calibrated and verified using summer dry weather averaged data and data from three wet weather surveys. Model simulations demonstrated that the major bacterial contamination was attributable to storm related perturbations affecting two point sources: the Huron River and the Ypsilanti Sewage Treatment Plant. The nonpoint source contribution was relatively minor. The Model is currently being used by the State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources as a management tool for assessing the effectiveness of planned pollution abatement strategies
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  • 97
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A conceptual framework and the systematic collection of reliable information for application within the framework are the cornerstones of effective water planning. The ideal of strengthening these cornerstones was a driving force behind formation of the Water Resources Council and Council efforts, during its life, to develop the Principles and Standards and to complete two National Water Assessments. The Assessments contained voluminous data but never really became an integral component of the national water planning process. Before being disbanded in 1982, the Council solicited several appraisals of its assessment process. This paper reports one made by the university community in which experiences and opinions were obtained from 108 water research administrators and water policy experts.
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  • 98
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Irrigated land outproduces dryland agriculture, especially in the western United States. Many valuable crops could not be grown without irrigation. A paucity of yield data does not allow direct measurement of the contribution from irrigated crop agriculture, nor does it allow evaluation of the contributions from livestock which are dependent upon irrigated feed. Regression results indicate that 80 percent of Idaho farm income is associated with irrigation, and that 75 percent of the farm income in the 17 western states is associated with irrigation. For the United States as a whole, results indicate that 13.7 percent of the total cropland (irrigated land) produced 41.3 percent of all cash receipts from farming in 1978. If 14 percent of the land can produce 40 percent of the value of production, can 35 percent of our land produce all our food and fiber needs? Such an allegation has several implications in terms of the adequacy of our land and water resources. It also emphasizes the role of technology in future resource use and production.
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  • 99
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Unit hydrograph theory is one of the most widely used techniques to predict surface runoff. The present study is concerned with the Snyder unit hydrograph and the calibration of the Snyder coefficients for Pennsylvania.Twenty-seven study basins were selected, located randomly across the state. With the rainfall and runoff recorded for several events for each basin (more than 500 events were analyzed) unit hydrographs were calculated and the Snyder coefficients determined. A map of the coefficients was drawn to illustrate the variability in the coefficients and two equations using multiple regression theory were developed. The unexplained variability of the coefficients suggests that upper and lower bounds on the peak flow might be placed on storm hydrographs developed for ungaged watersheds.
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  • 100
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96-h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144-h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144-h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.
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