ALBERT

Notes: This paper is concerned with a new technique (the terrestrial/photogrammetric (TP) technique) for the detection and compensation of systematic height errors in block aerial triangulation. The technique improves the height accuracy of such triangulation by reducing the original bridging distance, using new bands of corrected photogrammetric tie points as height control together with the original bands of the terrestrial (or ground) height control. A number of photogrammetric blocks with different characteristics and configurations have been tested in a comprehensive manner. The tests show that the TP technique gives consistent results over a wide range of circumstances and that it is a most effective, simple and inexpensive method for the compensation of systematic errors.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCet article relate une technique nouvelle permettant de détecter et de compenser les erreurs altimétriques systématiques dans l'aérotriangulation par blocs: la technique terrestre/photogrammétrique (TP). Cette technique améliore la précision altimétrique de l'aérotriangulation en réduisant la distance de l'aérocheminement original, grâce à l'utilisation d'un canevas de points d'appuis altimétriques composés de points de liaison photogrammétriques corrigés, en supplément du canevas original de points d'appui altimétriques déterminés sur le terrain.On a essayé de manière approfondie un grand nombre de blocs dotés de caractéristiques et de configurations diverses. Les essais montrent que la technique TP fournit des résultats fiables dans un large éventail de circonstances et que c'est une méthode de compensation des erreurs systématiques efficace, simple et peu coûteuse.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein neues Verfahren behandelt (das terrestrisch-photogrammetrische Verfahren (TP)), das zur Aufdeckung und Kompensation system-atischer Höhenfehler in der Block triangulation dient. Es wird die Höhengenauigkeit durch Verkürzung der ursprünglichen Überbrückungsdistanz verbessert, indem neue Streifen korrigierter Verbindungspunkte als Höhenpasspunkte zusammen mit den ursprünglichen Reihen der terrestrischen Höhenpasspunkte verwendet werden. Eine Anzahl photogrammetrischer Blöcke unterschiedlicher Figur und Charakteristik wurde umfassend getestet. Die Tests zeigen, dass die TP-Methode konstante Ergebnisse für einen grossen Bereich van Möglichkeiten ergibt und dass es ein höchst effektives, einfaches und billiges Verfahren zur Eliminierung systematischer Fehler ist.

Notes: During June and July 1981, synthetic aperture radar imagery was acquired of selected sites in ten European countries as part of the European SAR 580 campaign. Evaluation of this imagery in the UK will be carried out by 18 approved experiments (out of 56 for Europe) when the processed data becomes available to investigators. To assist the evaluation process, a review is given of some recent research on applications of imaging radar in agricultural and urban areas. Research is described which considered the effects of terrain parameters and radar parameters on crop classification accuracy. The relative merits of a quantitative or a qualitative approach in classification of radar data are considered. Combined use of radar and Landsat data achieves a marked improvement in classification accuracy. The development of spatial filtering techniques may assist in the problem in urban areas resulting from the dependence of image tone on the relative alignment of ground features and radar look direction.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPendant les mois dejuin et juillet 1981, on a, dans le cadre de la campagne européenne SAR 580, recueilli des données de radar imageur à synthèse d'ouverture sur des sites choisis dans une dizaine de pays d'Europe. Ces données seront évaluées au Royaume-Uni au moyen de 18 expériences ayant été acceptées (sur un total de 56 menées en Europe); ce travail commencera dès que les données une fois traitées seront distribuées aux chercheurs. Pour accompagner cette procédure d'evaluation, on fournit une analyse de quelques recherches récentes sur les applications de l'imagerie radar aux zones agricoles et urbaines.L'une de ces recherches prenait en compte les effets des paramètres liés au terrain sur l'exactitude de la classification des cultures. Les mérites réciproques des approches quantitatives et qualitatives dans la classification des données radar sont également examinés.Le recours à une combinaison de données radar et Landsat permet d'améliorer de manière significative l'exactitude de la classification. La mise en oeuvre des techniques de filtrage spatial peut aider à réduire, dans les zones urbaines, les conséquences néfastes sur la tonalité de l'image, d'objets au sol en alignement relatif avec la direction d'observation du radar.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Juni und Juli 1981 erfolgten Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur von ausgewählten Gebieten in 10 europäischen Ländern als Teil der Europäischen SAR 580 Kampagne. Die Analyse dieser Aufzeichnungen wird im Vereinigten Königreich durch 18 (aus insgesamt 56 für Europa) bestätigte Experimente erfolgen, nachdem die Daten zur Verfügung stehen. Um den Analysenprozess zu unterstützen, wird ein Überblick über kürzliche Forschungen zu Radaraufzeichnungen in landwirtschaftlichen und städtischen Gebieten gegeben. Es werden auch Forschungen beschrieben, bei denen die Einflüsse von Geländeparametern auf die Genauigkeit der Ernteklassifizierung untersucht wurden. Der relative Wert eines quantitativen oder qualitativen Versuchs zur Klassifizierung von Radardaten wird abgeschätzt. Eine Kombination von Radarund Landsat-Daten ergibt eine merkliche Verbesserung bei Klassifizierungsgenauigkeit. Die Entwicklung von Verfahren der räumlichen Filterung kann von Wert bei städtischen Gebieten sein, weil es eine Abhängigkeit des Grauwertes von der relativen Ausdehnung von Geländecharakteristika und der Richtung der Radaraufnahme gibt.

Notes: Some aspects of the XYZBLC suite of programs for aerial triangulation are described. The Ordnance Survey Bute block of photography at a scale of 1: 24000 is computed by independent models using XYZBLC. Three of the strips in the block are treated as a test block and are computed with different configurations of control. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the usefulness of height control doublets and other dense control configurations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Quelques aspects de l'ensemble XYZBLC de logiciels d'aérotriangulation sont décrits. Le bloc Bute de l'Ordnance Survey, composé de photographies à l'échelle du 1: 24000, a été calculé par modèles indépendants avec les logiciels XYZBLC. On a considéré trois des bandes du bloc comme formant un bloc d'essai et on les a calculées avec diverses combinaisons de canevas de points d'appui. On en tire des conclusions quant à l'utilité des doublets de points d'appui altimétriques et de diverses autres configurations denses de canevas d'appui. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung einiger Aspekte des XYZBLC-Programmsystems zur Aero-triangulation. Ein Block des Ordnance Survey im Bildmassstab 1: 24000 wurde damit nach der Methode der unabhängigen Modelle berechnet. Drei der Streifen des Blocks wurden als Testblock behandelt und mit verschiedenen Passpunktanordnungen berechnet. Es werden Schlussfolgerungen in bezug auf die Nützlichkeit von Zwillingspunkten zur Höhenorientierung und andere dichte Passpunktanordnungen gezogen.

Notes: The wide availability of reconnaissance frame photography, together with the advantage of high image resolution that such photography provides and the extreme flight conditions under which it can be taken, means that it is of great interest to photogrammetrists. However, the geometry of the image is invariably distorted due to the mode of operation of the camera. In this paper, the effects of the focal plane shutter and apparent image motion compensation on the geometry of the photographs are considered.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe fait que la photographic de reconnaissance soil très répandue, conjointe-ment aux avantages que présente la grande résolution des images fournies par ces systèmes et les conditions extrêmes de vol dans lesquelles on peut les prendre, milite pour une prise en compte de lew intérêt par les photogrammètres. Toutefois la géométrie de ces images est systématiquement déformée par suite du mode de fonctionnement de la chambre. On traite dans cet article des effets de l'obturateur focal et de la compensation du filé de l'image sur la géométrie des photographies.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie grosse Verbreitung von Erkundungsfotos zusammen mit der grossen Auflösung solcher Fotos und den extremen Bedingungen unter denen sie auf-genommen wurden, lassen diese auch für den Photogrammeter interessant erscheinen. Die Geometrie dieser Bilder ist jedoch infolge der speziellen Kamera-funktion verzerrt. Im Artikel werden die Einflüsse des Schlitzverschlusses und des Bildwanderungsausgleichs auf die Bildgeometrie untersucht.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. By G. S. Kumar.MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (Fourth Edition). Editor-in-Chief: C. C. Slama.

Notes: The algorithm presented assumes a preliminary determination of the elements of inner orientation and bases its mathematical model on the collinearity condition, from which projective equations are derived. Linearisation of condition equations is based on Taylor's expansion, whilst the subsequent solution follows iteration cycles. The method aims to derive composite corrections to image coordinates, with the aid of test field data.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur présente un algorithme oú l'on suppose déterminés au préalable les éléments d'orientation interne. La modélisation mathématique s'appuie sur les conditions de co-linéarité et sur les équations qui en résultent en projection. On linéarise les équations de conditions en utilisant un développement en série de Taylor, et l'on obtient la solution correspondante par itération. La méthode vise à apporter des corrections aux coordonnées images en utilisant les données d'un polygone d'essai.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem dargestellten Algorithmus wird die vorläufige Bestimmung der Elemente der inneren Orientierung angenommen, und das mathematische Modell basiert aufder Kollinearitätsgleichung, woraus perspektive Gleichungen abgeleitet werden. Die Linearisierung der Bedingungsgleichungen erfolgt durch Anwendung der Taylor-Reihe, was für die folgenden Berechnungen einen iterativen Prozess bedingt. Mit der Methode wird angestrebt, Bildkoordinaten mit Hilfe von Testfelddaten zu verbessern.

Notes: There is a growing interest in the potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for mapping and for gathering intelligence for map revision. This paper first gives a simple guide to the characteristics of SAR and then describes a study carried out to investigate the geometric properties of the imagery and the information content which is of interest for topographic mapping and the production of large scale plans. The conclusions cautiously indicate a potential although better quality images are required and more information must be known about the optimum conditions which should obtain when the data are recorded.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn assiste à un intérét croissant envers le radar à ouverture synthétique (SAR) et ses possibilityés pour la cartographie et pour la collecte de renseignements utiles à la révision. Ce texte commence par donner un simple rappel des caractéristiques de ces radars pour décrire ensuite une étude effectuée sur le contenu informatif et les proprietyés géométriques de l'imagerie radar, qui intèresse la cartographie topographique et la confection de plans à grande échelle.Les conclusions font prudemment état d'une potentialité mais soulignent qu'il faudrait disposer d'images de meilleure qualityé et avoir davantage d'informations sur les conditions optimales à respecter lors de l'enregistrement des données.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs besteht zunehmendes Interesse an den Möglichkeiten von Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur (SAR) zur Kartenherstellung und Erfassung von Daten zur Laufendhaltung. Zunächst wird im Artikel eine einfache Einführung in die SAR-Charakteristika gegeben. Dann erfolgt eine Beschreibung eines Versuches zur Untersuchung der geometrischen Eigenschaften und des Informationsgehalts, der von Interesse für die Herstellung topographischer und grossmassstäbiger Karten ist. Vorsichtige Schlussfolgerungen ergeben Möglichkeiten zur Verwendung solcher Informationen, wobeijedoch eine bessere Bildqualität zu fordern ist. Auch müssen noch mehr Kenntnisse über die optimalen Bedingungen bezüglich der Datenregistrierung bestehen.

Notes: Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and return beam vidicon (RBV) image data in both analogue and digital formats were used to assess the performance of the MSS and RBV sensor systems, and to determine their potential for recording information associated with topographic or land use maps of selected Chinese study areas (Beijing, Tianjin and the Huang He elbow). MSS images permitted the detection of 40 per cent to 50 per cent of the features identified on maps of 1: 250000 scale and larger, whereas the higher resolution Landsat 3 RBV images provided 10 per cent to 20 per cent additional information. Completeness of information extracted from a colour cathode ray tube display exceeded that obtained from analogue single band black and white MSS images by only 5 per cent to 10 per cent. Only through major improvements in spatial resolution will it be possible to compile maps at scales of 1: 250000 and larger from satellite data. Significantly, it appears that instantaneous field of view values of 5 m to 10 m will be required to produce image data of sufficient resolution for topographic mapping or detailed thematic studies of the Asian environment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On a utilisé les données de l'imagerie spatiale provenant du scanneur multispectral (MSS) et du tube vidicon à retour de faisceau (RBV) de Landsat, à la fois sous forme analogique et numérique, pour évaluer la performance des systèmes de capteurs MSS et RBV, et pour déterminer leur aptitude à contenir l'information figurant dans les cartes topographiques et les cartes d'occupation du sol, sur des polygones d'essais sélectionnés en Chine (Pekin, Tianjin, et le coude du Huan He). Les images MSS ont permis de détecter 40 à 50 pour cent des détails figurant sur les cartes à une échelle supérieure ou égale à 1: 250000, tandis que les images RBV à meilleure résolution de Landsat C fournissaient 10 à 20 pour cent d'informations supplémentaires. Le volume des informations extraites sur un écran cathodique de visualisation en couleurs n'a dépassé le volume obtenu à partir d'images d'une seule bande MSS en noir et blanc que de 5 à 10 pour cent seulement. Il semble que ce ne soit que par des améliorations importantes dans la résolution spatiale que l'on pourra tirer des données de satellites des cartes à des échelles supérieures ou égales à 1: 250000. Il apparait de manière significative qu'un champ instantané de prise de vues de 5 à 10 m (pixel) sera nécessaire pour obtenir des images ayant une résolution suffisante pour la cartographie topographique ou pour des études thématiques détaillées sur l'environnement asiatique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Verwendung von Landsat-aufzeichnungen, die mit Hilfe des multispektralen Scanners (MSS) und des Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) aufgenommen wurden und sowohl in analoger als auch digitaler Form vorlagen. um die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Aufnahmesysteme zu ermitteln und die Möglichkeiten zur Gewinnung von Informationen zur Herstellung von topographischen oder Landnutzungskarten in ausgewählten chinesischen Versuchsgebieten (Beijing, Tianjin undder Huang He Bogen). MSS-Bilder gestatteten die Erkennung von 40 bis 50% der auf Karten im Massstab 1: 250 000 oder grösser identifizierten Objekte, während die RBV-Bilder von Landsat 3, die eine grössere Auflösung hatten, 10 bis 20% zusätzliche Informationen lieferten.Die Vollständigkeit der Information, die von einem Farbdisplay erhalten wurde, überstieg die von analogen einkanaligen schwarzweissen MSS-Bildern erhaltenen nur um 5 bis 10%. Nur durch wesentliche Verbesserungen der Objektauflösung wird es möglich sein, Karten 1: 250000 und grösser nach Satellitendaten herzustellen. Es wird offensichtlich eine Objecktauflösung von 5 bis 10m gefordert, um Bilddaten genügender Auflösung für die Herstellung topographischer Karten oder thematischer Studien des asiatischen Raums zu erzeugen.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:The Carrot and the Stick
 Douglas Yuill, Kevin Allen, and Chris Hull, eds., Regional Policy in the European Community: The Role of Regional Incentives.Western Biases
 Barbara Rogers, The Domestication of Women: Discrimination in Developing Societies.Minding Their P's
 Robert Cassidy, Livable Cities: A Grass-Roots Guide to Rebuilding Urban America.Handcuffed
 John Braithwaite, Inequality, Crime, and Public Policy.From the Bridge
 Robert S. Cook, Jr., Zoning for Downtown Urban Design: How Cities Control Development.Housing around the World
 Chester C. McGuire, International Housing Policies: A Comparative Analysis.Montana Monograph
 Thomas M. Power, The Economic Value of the Quality of Life.The First in a Series
 George S. Tolley, Philip E. Graves, and Glenn C. Blomquist, Environmental Policy, vol. 1, Elements of Environmental Analysis.Bus Stop
 David Banister, Transport Mobility and Deprivation in Inter-Urban Areas.Expecting
 Gerry E. Hendershot and Paul J. Placek, eds., Predicting Fertility: Demographic Studies of Birth Expectations.Good Form
 Kevin Lynch, A Theory of Good City Form.Also of Interest
 Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, The Adaptive Reuse Handbook: Procedures to Inventory, Control, Manage, and Reemploy Surplus Municipal Properties.Michael Goldberg and Peter Horwood, Zoning: Its Costs and Relevance for the 1980s.Jean-Michel Guldmann and Daniel Shefer, Industrial Location and Air Quality Control: A Planning Approach.K. H. Schaeffer and Elliott Sclar, Access for All: Transportation and Urban Growth.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:North of the Border
 Niles Hansen, The Border Economy: Regional Development in the Southwest.Cruel, But Not Unusual
 Sylvia Ann Hewlett, The Cruel Dilemmas of Development: Twentieth-Century Brazil.The Pursuit of Natural Resources
 Gordon C. Bjork, Life, Liberty, and Property: The Economics and Politics of Land-Use Planning and Environmental Controls.The Old Neighborhood
 Shirley Bradway Laska and Daphne Spain, eds., Back to the City: Issues in Neighborhood Renovation.Factory Fixation
 Barry M. Moriarty et al., Industrial Location and Community Development.City Salmagundi
 Lisa Taylor, ed., Urban Open Spaces.Consumption and Protection
 Horst Siebert, Economics of the Environment.Ownership Threshold
 George Sternlieb and James W. Hughes, The Future of Rental Housing.Going with the Flow
 David L. Brown and John M. Wardwell, eds., New Directions in Urban-Rural Migration: The Population Turnaround in Rural America.Energy, Marine, and Water Resources
 Chennat Gopalakrishnan, Natural Resources and Energy: Theory and Policy.Eat Your Lawn
 Robert Rodale, Our Next Frontier: A Personal Guide for Tomorrow's Lifestyle.American Odyssey
 Mark Kramer, Three Farms: Making Milk, Meat, and Money from the American Soil.Also of Interest
 Jeffrey I. Chapman, Proposition 13 and Land Use: A Case Study of Fiscal Limits in California.J. P. Cole, The Development Gap: A Spatial Analysis of World Poverty and Inequality.W. L. L'Esperance, The Structure and Control of a State Economy.Frank J. Popper, The Politics of Land-Use Reform.Ira M. Robinson, Canadian Urban Growth Trends: Implications for a National Settlement Policy, Human Settlement Issues, vol. 5.Frederick Steiner, The Politics o f New Town Planning: The Newfields, Ohio Story.

Notes: Book Review in this ArticleNick Eberstadt, ed., Fertility Decline in the Less Developed CountriesK. S. Shrader-Frechette, Nuclear Power and Public Policy: The Social and Ethical Problems of Fission TechnologyLloyd C. Irland, Wildlands and Woodlots: The Story of New England's ForestsDavid Lowenthal and Marcus Binney, eds., Our Past before Us: Why Do We Save It?Theodore W. Schultz, Investing in People: The Economics of Population QualityPeter O. Muller, Contemporary Suburban AmericaGail Garfield Schwartz, ed., Advanced Industrialization and the Inner CitiesWilliam W. Philliber and Clyde B. McCoy, eds., The Invisible Minority: Urban AppalachiansA. C. Lewin, Housing Co-operatives in Developing Countries: A Manual for Self-Help in Low-Cost Housing SchemesRichard E. Lonsdale and John H. Holmes, eds., Settlement Systems in Sparsely Populated Regions: The United States and AustraliaLaurence J. C. Ma and Edward W. Hanten, eds., Urban Development in Modern ChinaCharles Madge and Peter Willmott, Inner City Poverty in Paris and LondonDean E. Mann, ed., Environmental Policy Formation: The Impact of Values, Ideology, and StandardsEdward S. Mason et al., The Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of KoreaThomas L. McPhail, Electronic Colonialism: The Future of International Broadcasting and Communication

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:How Much Is Enough?
 Paul Burrows, The Economic Theory of Pollution Control.The High-Tech Dilemma
 New England Regional Commission, The New England Regional Plan: An Economic Development Strategy.Masters of Development
 Saburo Okita, The Developing Economies and Japan: Lessons in Growth.Perils of the Protoproletariat
 Ingolf Vogeler, The Myth of the Family Farm: Agribusiness Dominance of U.S. Agriculture.For Better or Worse
 Martin Kupferman and Maurice D. Levi, Slowth: The Changing Economy and How You Can Successfully Cope.Uncle Sam and Old Sol
 John H. Minan and William H. Lawrence, eds., Legal Aspects of Solar Energy.Managing Agricultural Resources
 Sandra S. Batie and Robert G. Healy, eds., The Future of American Agriculture as a Strategic Resource.Boom Town Women
 Elizabeth Moen et al., Women and the Social Costs of Economic Development: Two Colorado Case Studies.The British Economy
 Bill Jordan, Automatic Poverty.Planning by Synthesis
 Melville C. Branch, Continuous City Planning: Integrating Municipal Management and City Planning.Social Cleavage
 Lynne C. Burkhart, Old Values in a New Town: The Politics of Race and Class in Columbia, Maryland.Unconventional Wisdom
 P. T. Bauer, Equality, the Third World, and Economic Delusion.Fueling Better
 Joy Dunkerley et al., Energy Strategies for Developing Nations.Michael Satow and Ray Desmond, Railways of the Raj.Also of Interest
 J. A. Allan, Libya: The Experience of Oil. Boulder, Col.: WestviewI. Amon, Modernization of Agriculture in Developing Countries: Resources, Potentials, and Problems.James E. Austin, Agroindustrial Project Analysis.Robert H. Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Afica: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies.Ian Bell, The Dominican Republic.Mark Blacksell and Andrew W. Gilg, The Countryside: Planning and Change.Larry S. Bourne, The Geography of Housing.P. R. Brahmananda, Growthless Inflation by Means of Stockless Money: A New Classical lYeatise on Rising Prices.Lawrence A. Brown, Innovation Diffusion: A New Perspective.Stanley D. Brunn and James O. Wheeler, The American Metropolitan System: Present and Future.Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds., Cities under Stress: The Fiscal Crises of Urban America.Chong-Shik Chung and Gahb-chol Kim, eds., North Korean Communism: A Comparative Analysis.Albert M. Church, Taxation of Nonrenewable Resources.Diana Conyers, An Introduction to Social Planning in the Third World.Michael Dunn, Marilyn Rawson, and Alan Rogers, Rural Housing: Competition and Choice.John Gilderbloom, ed., Rent Control: A Source Book.David G. Green, Power and Party in an English City: An Account of Single-Party Rule.Philip Hanson, Trade and Technology in Soviet-Western Relations.George W. Hoffman, ed., Federalism and Regional Development: Case Studies on the Experience in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany.Richard H. Jackson and Lloyd E. Hudman, World Regional Geography: Issues for Today.

Notes: Bioherms found in the Lower Permian Tyrrellfjellet Member of Central Spitsbergen contain bindstones produced by the ?hydrozoan taxon Palaeoaplysina. We briefly describe the bioherms’stratigraphical and environmental setting and note their development on hardground surfaces. The association of these structures with bituminous limestones is interesting in view of the petroleum resources of similar buildups in the USSR.

Notes: Aeolian deposits are described in terms of their areal distribution, sedimentary and pedological characteristics. These deposits, which have accumulated at the valley margins, result from deflation of fluvian sediments deposited in the valley bottom. Fine horizontal lamination in the upper horizons is tentatively attributed to winnowing of primary depositional units following partial cementation by salt precipitates. This stratification breaks down at depth and is replaced by a gleyed horizon, resulting from drainage impedance by permafrost. Proximal aeolian accumulations on flu-vially inactive areas of the valley bottom may typify many other valleys in Spitsbergen.

Notes: Occurrence of Salterella rugosa Billings on Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, is reported for the first time. The rocks that produced these fossils belong to the upper part of the Kapp Sparre Formation. This unit can be correlated with the Oslobreen Dolomite in Ny Friesland (Spitsbergen, Svalbard) from which the same species has been reported earlier; these fossils have not been illustrated previously. In both areas many specimens are poorly preserved, and it is becoming increasingly evident that the difference between Salterella and Volborthella simply may be the result of loss of the outer shell in the Volborthella.

Notes: Foraminiferal faunas were analysed from 22 cores (length 30-165 cm), three grab samples and one dredge sample taken from Spitsbergenbanken and the trenches Storfjordrenna and Bjørnøyrenna. The distribution pattern of selected taxa and eight assemblages are discussed in relation to water depth, currents and sedimentation. The assemblages found on Spitsbergenbanken where currents are particularly active, are clearly different from the assemblages occurring in the more quiet environments of the trenches.In the Quaternary evolution of the area three successive stages are distinguished: glacial shelf environment of the Weichselian; semiglacial, or transitional environment of the Late Weichselian and Early Holocene; open, or deglaciated shelf environment of the Holocene. Minor faunal changes in Storfjordrenna are explained by changes in the current pattern.In some assemblages marked postmortem changes have taken place which include solution of calcareous shells, breakage and abrasion by currents, and transport of shells out of the high energy bank area with assumed redeposition in deeper water.

Notes: The pre-Carboniferous miogeosynclinal sedimentary and volcanic sequences of south-central Prins Karls Forland belong to a suite of rocks known as the Forland Complex. During early Palaeozoic diastrophism the Complex of Prins Karls Forland experienced predeformational, low grade metamorphism. A knowledge of the stratigraphy and structure of the region, together with an analysis of metamorphic mineral assemblages and reactions enable the conditions of metamorphism to be determined within certain limits. It is found that temperatures during metamorphism were between 400°C and 500°C, and pressures were about 6 kb. These conditions provide an estimate of palaeogeothermal gradient, consistent with observed mineralogies, of 18 to 21°C.km−1. In addition, compositional variations within mineral phases are found to be largely dependent upon bulk-rock chemistry, and are of limited use in determining grade changes.

Notes: The Orustdalen Formation of Brøggerhalvaya is well exposed on two coastal sections and is 200–250 m thick. It consists dominantly of siliceous conglomerates and sandstones with subordinate shales and impure coal. One horizon low in the sequence yielded spores of uppermost Dinantian/lowermost Namurian age. Three sedimentary fades have been recognised. The fluvial channel facies (interbedded conglomerates and cross-stratified sandstones) are interpreted as braided stream deposits with flow directions to south and west. A shale facies, sometimes with drifted plant remains, is interpreted as overbank in origin. Highly quartzose, medium-to-coarse-grained, cross-stratified sandstones make up the reworked facies where palaeocurrents are bimodal or indicate movement to the NE. The Formation is thought to represent sediments shed from an early Carboniferous fault scarp eroding’a siliceous Lower Palaeozoic source terrain. The proximity of a nearby coastline led to the construction of fan deltas where fluvial deposits were reworked by waves and/or tides. Early diagenetic events include the local development of pyrite, kaolinite and calcite cements. Reddening’probably occurred during Middle Carboniferous times beneath an exposed land surface. Following burial, pressure solution and quartz cementation eliminated porosity at depths greater than 1000 m.

Notes: : Samples were collected upstream and downstream of Schwatka Lake, Yukon Territory, to examine nutrient transport through a small northern impoundment. Annual loads were estimated for total phosphorus, nitrate plus nitrite, total dissolved nitrogen, silicate, total inorganic carbon, and total organic carbon. Transport of these materials out of the impoundment was greater than estimated for the upstream location. Results of a short term temporal study confirmed that the output exceeded the input to the lake. There are several processes which might be responsible for this occurrence, of these, ground water contributions appear to be the active process.

Notes: : An evaluation of flood frequency estimates simulated from a rainfall/runoff model is based on (1) computation of the equivalent years of record for regional estimating equations based on 50 small stream sites in Oklahoma and (2) computation of the bias for synthetic flood estimates as compared to observed estimates at 97 small stream sites with at least 20 years of record in eight eastern states. Because of the high intercorrelation of synthetic flood estimates between watersheds, little or no regional (spatial) information may be added to the network as a result of the modeling activity. The equivalent years of record for the regional estimating equations based totally on synthetic flood discharges is shown to be considerably less than the length of rainfall record used to simulate the runoff. Furthermore, the flood estimates from the rainfall/runoff model consistently underestimate the flood discharges based on observed record, particularly for the larger floods. Depending on the way bias is computed, the synthetic estimate of the 100-year flood discharge varies from 11 to 29 percent less than the value based on observed record. In addition, the correlation between observed and synthetic flood frequency estimates at the same site is also investigated. The degree of correlation between these estimates appears to vary with recurrence interval. Unless the correlation between these two estimates is known, it is not possible to compute a weighted estimate with minimum variance.

Notes: : Winter heat budget and frazil ice production in the St. Lawrence River between the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom and the Moses-Saunders Power Dam are analyzed. Contributions of each heat exchange component, and spatial distributions of heat exchange rates are calculated for three typical winters. Based on the calculated heat budget, the amount and distribution of frazil ice generated in the study reach is analyzed. The result of this study indicates that the thermal energy contained in the river water flowing into the study reach is a dominate factor in the heat budget analysis. The heat flux from the channel bottom accounts for an important portion of the total heat budget during the ice covered period.

Notes: : This paper discusses the economics, advantages, potential applications, and status and future research needs of porous pavements. Porous pavements are an available storm water management technique which can be used on parking lots and low volume roadways in order to reduce both storm water runoff volume and pollution. In addition, ground water recharge is enhanced. Also, cost reductions result due to elimination of curbs, drains, and small sized storm sewers. Porous asphalt pavements consist of a relatively thin course of open graded asphalt mix over a deep base of large size crushed stones. Water can be stored in the crushed stone base until it can percolate into the subbase or drain laterally. Other porous pavement types include concrete lattice blocks and a porous concrete mix.

Notes: : Municipal water supply restrictions and/or conservation policies are widely believed to affect urban growth, at least in Western states. An analysis of this issue, drawing upon a wide array of empirical water use research, casts doubt upon the presumed connection. Water availability seems likely to have little effect upon the amenities which draw newcomers to Western cities. It also seems to have little effect upon the locational decisions of industries which affect growth by creating new jobs. Consequently, there is little reason to oppose municipal water restrictions as prejudicial to urban growth or to favor such restrictions in the hope of constraining growth.

Notes: : Sequential water reuse by various users, i.e., municipal, industrial, agricultural, is common practice in all river systems. In the arid and semiarid western United States where streams are not large and water demands are high relative to the virgin water supply, the practice causes a reduction in stream flow and an increase in stream salinity. This paper outlines a quick and easy application of the materials balance principle to approximate the effects of increasing the level of sequential reuse on residual stream flow and salinity.

Notes: : The cost of sanitary facilities is a major cost item in recreation areas at water resources projects. Often planners wish to analyze the tradeoffs in providing different levels of service at these areas. Cost functions are presented in this paper to enable the planner to make quick comparisons between different types of buildings, sizes, exterior treatments, and number of fixtures.

Notes: : Three hydrologically different water bodies located at the urban fringe of Metropolitan Syracuse, New York, were monitored using field equipment to determine the effect of dilution on water quality in response to precipitation events during Summer 1980. Conductivity was the primary parameter since the portable meter used to obtain readings provided an immediate indication of dilution of the dissolved solids content of base flow. Results show that water quality is a complex function of hydrologic, precipitation, and watershed characteristics. In the ground water pond, dilutions ranged from 50 to 150 micromhos/cm as a result of direct precipitation and overland flow. These dilutions along with increasing conductance as evaporation losses increased were indicative of the role of the pond as a “sink,” as opposed to being a part of a flow through steady state system. Watershed orientation governed dilution of base flow in Butternut Creek. The westerly summer storm track moves across the narrow Butternut Creek. The watershed, the orientation of which is northerly, so that the drainage area exposed to precipitation was minimal. Dilution ranged from 50 to 200 micromhos/cm. In the Butternut Feeder Canal (created by withdrawal from Butternut Creek), extreme fluctuations reflected the localized land use, in particular the imperviousnes of adjacent urbanized hillsides. This investigation suggests guidelines to further assess the impact of Meadow Brook and storm sewer input on the Feeder Canal. The water level in a section of Old Erie Canal State Park is maintained by the Feeder Canal. Therefore, it is imperative that jurisdictional agencies complete this assessment. On a broader scale, this study demonstrated the value of field equipment as a viable alternative to expensive instrumentation if the data to be generated are of general, descriptive use.

Notes: : Transmissivity and storativity of an aquifer are usually determined by analysis of steady or nonsteady pumping test data. The classical methods of nonsteady pumping test analysis are mostly graphical in nature and are, therefore, subject to errors of judgment in curve fitting, interpolating, and reading graphs and charts. A method is described here which does not require construction of graphs or use of charts and tables. The transmissivity and the storativity are calculated using regression analysis of the nonsteady time drawdown field data. The calculations can readily be performed on a hand held calculator. The procedure is described using four examples, and the results are compared with those obtained from graphical techniques. It is shown that the method is a viable alternative to the type curve solution of Theis or Straight line solution of Jacob for nonleaky artesian aquifers. However, the regression method poses problem in the cases of leaky artesian and water table aquifers.

Notes: : Phytoplankton were studied in lakes augmented with water from the Floridan aquifer and in control lakes. Augmented lakes exhibited enhanced phytoplankton diversity which was believed to be related to chemical changes in the lakes brought about as a result of ground water addition. In particular, elevated concentrations of inorganic carbon appeared to influence phytoplankton populations.

Notes: : Site specific studies of water based recreation participation are intended to describe use at a particular recreation area. Two common strategies employed in site specific studies are the on-site “entry” or “exit” survey and the off-site mailed questionnaire to known users of an area. Previous research has reported differences in psychological perceptions of a recreation engagement depending on whether a survey was administered during or after a trip. If such bias exists for behavioral reports, then managers and planners must be cautious in interpreting results of survey based use assessments for a particular site. Findings may be affected by the particular survey strategy employed. In this study, entry point and post-trip mailed questionnaire measures of water based recreation participation were compared for a sample of reservoir users. For most activities, a high degree of consistency in measures was found. Inconsistent reports were most likely to occur among participants in activities sharing significant common behaviors, such as power boating and water skiing. Inconsistency was also observed for those reporting very generalized behaviors, such as relaxing. In general, the use of either pre- or post-trip measures of water based recreation participation was supported.

Notes: : In addition to offsetting water supply shortages, water conservation is recognized as serving many purposes, ranging from reduced energy consumption to lower capital costs. Since the discussion of these benefits has been a recent development and has generally excluded local water supply managers, a question arises as to whether supply managers are implementing conservation programs to exploit these benefits. A survey of the managers at 35 Maryland water utilities provides insight into the prevailing attitude toward conservation in a water rich eastern state. The results indicate that most managers continue to view conservation only as a short term response to temporary supply shortages. Only 12 Maryland utilities have undertaken any form of water conservation activity and just two systems have ongoing, comprehensive conservation programs. Institutional, perceptual, economic, political, and time constraints all contribute to the managers’attitudes and general inaction. If water conservation is to be widely practiced, these issues must be addressed and the benefits attributed to conservation must be better documented and articulated to supply managers.

Notes: : Hydrograph analysis of six streams on the south shore of Long Island indicates that eastward urbanization during the last three decades has significantly reduced base flow to streams. Before urbanization, roughly 95 percent of total annual stream flow on Long Island was base flow. In urbanized southwestern Nassau County, storm water sewerage, increased impervious surface area, and sanitary sewerage have reduced base flow to 20 percent of total stream flow. In an adjacent urbanized but unsewered area in southeastern Nassau County, base flow has decreased to 84 percent of total annual stream flow. In contrast, base flow in two streams in rural areas has remained virtually constant, averaging roughly 95 percent of total annual flow throughout the 1955-70 study period. Double-mass curve analysis of base flow as a percentage of total annual stream flow indicates that (1) changes in stream flow characteristics began in the early 1960's in the sewered area and in the late 1960's in the later urbanized, unsewered area, and (2) a new equilibrium has been established between the streams in the sewered area and the new hydrologic characteristics of their urbanized drainage basins.

Notes: : The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.

Notes: : The detection of change in a hydrologic varaible, particularly water quality, is a current problem. A method is presented for testing whether there has been a shift in the mean of a hydrologic variable based on the well established bivariate normal distribution theory. In this technique, the dependent, or target, and the independent, or control, variables are formed as weighted linear combinations of the mean values at a number of locations in a selected target and control area. The weighting factors are determined based on a mathematical programming technique which minimizes the conditional coefficient of variation thereby minimizing the number of observations required to detect a change of a preselected magnitude in the mean of the target area. The result is a situation where a savings in the number of observations required to detect a change is a consequence of adding more stations: the space-time tradeoff. Two applications of the technique are presented, the first using electrical conductivity (EC) data from two sets of river basins and the second using EC data from a set of basins as the target variable and annual discharge as the control. The results indicate that a significant savings in time can be achieved by using this method.

Notes: : A computer model was developed in order to establish a yield predictive relationship and to estimate the water requirements for supplemental irrigation of horticultural crops in the humid region. Alternative distribution systems were developed and designed using the results from the computer model and Wood's (1980) pipe network algorithm. The capital, operational, and maintenance costs of the distribution and recommended on-farm irrigation systems were determined and used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the alternative designs. Results show that the concentration of irrigated area along the distribution system, the length of the distribution system, and cropping system all have an important effect on the economic feasibility of supplemental irrigation in Wayne County, Kentucky.

Notes: : Specific annual suspended sediment yields and their standard deviations are presented for 47 basins of North Island, New Zealand. Most of the variance in yields is explained by catchment mean rainfall. Rivers with similar flow range have similar suspended sediment concentration ratings, independent of differing watershed lithology and regolith, except for six basins having an abundance of soft fine sediments. Prediction equations for yield and its standard deviation are derived for four essentially arbitrary regions. AU feature rainfall as the independent variable. Differences between regions may owe to variations in intensity, frequency, and duration patterns of storms and, in one area, to bed material size as well. The temporal distribution of annual yields from a basin m be modeled by a two-parameter lognormal function: the prediction equations above may be used to evaluate this function at a site for which suspended sediment data are unavailable.