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  • ASTROPHYSICS  (546)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • 1980-1984  (848)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939
  • 1982  (848)
  • 1
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    Development of the operational program for satellite meteorology (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The geostationary and polar satellites comprising the current operational system are discussed. The data acquisition capabilities of both satellite types and their complementary functions are reviewed. The advanced very high resolution radiometer on the TIROS N satellites is particularly addressed along with the imaging and atmospheric sounding instrumentation aboard the GOES satellites. The dissemination of the satellite data to the prospective users is also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 34-40
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  • 2
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    Early program development and implementation (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Programs for the development and operation of meteorological satellites from the TIROS 1 satellite and the establishment of NASA through the 1960's are described. The technical problems confronted in the development of the early satellite systems are discussed in addition to issues in international involvement and program support. The TIROS and Nimbus series satellites are primarily addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 5-33
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  • 3
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    The climatic effect of explosive volcanic activity: Analysis of the historical data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: By using the most complete available records of direct beam radiation and volcanic eruptions, an historical analysis of the role of the latter in modulating the former was made. A very simple fallout and dispersion model was applied to the historical chronology of explosive eruptions. The resulting time series explains about 77 percent of the radiation variance, as well as suggests that tropical and subpolar eruptions are more important than mid-latitude eruptions in their impact on the stratospheric aerosol optical depth. The simpler climatic models indicate that past hemispheric temperature can be stimulated very well with volcanic and CO2 inputs and suggest that climate forecasting will also require volcano forecasting. There is some evidence that this is possible some years in advance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 191-202
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  • 4
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    Distribution of Mount St. Helens dust inferred from satellites and meteorological data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Visible and infrared pictures from two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Systems satellites, in circular orbits at about 19,000 nautical miles, are available continuously at approximately 30 minute intervals. Still pictures and film loops from this system vividly depict the events associated with the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The initial explosion, shock wave, and visible horizontal dust distribution during the following week are readily apparent. Meteorological wind and height fields permit the inference of the vertical distribution of volcanic dust as well as explain the atmospheric behavior which caused the visible and nonvisible dust distribution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 131-140
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  • 5
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    Comments on satellite meteorology from geostationary satellites (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Examples of the use of geostationary satellites in meteorology are given. Studies of the rate of change of cumulus clouds and cloud systems and wind parameter determination from cloud motions are reviewed. Computer processed imagery products are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 72-83
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  • 6
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    Military applications evolution and future (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program is described with particular emphasis on the military applications of METSAT data. Satellite operational support, data processing and image quality requirements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 41-47
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  • 7
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    Early satellite program developments (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A historical overview of the pioneer projects for the development of meteorological satellites is given. In addition, the parallel development of the responsible space agencies and panels is addressed. The Vanguard 2 satellite, the first Earth radiation experiment, and the vidicon equipped TIROS-1 satellite are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 1-4
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  • 8
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    Problems in the climatology of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A brief review of the effects of climate and weather on the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions and the subsequent dispersion of ash and gases and the reciprocal influences of the eruptions on climate and climatology is presented. The effects of mesoscale destruction of snow fields and vegetation, a revised mountain profile, and ash deposits are addressed along with impacts on hemispheric climate and disruption of normal climatological observations, in the areas directly affected by the explosions and ashfall. Environmental and economic consequences are also considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 203-209
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  • 9
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    A study of the geographic coverage properties of a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Geographic coverage frequency and geographic shot density for a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system are measured. The equations of motion of the light path on the ground were derived and a computer program devised to compute shot density and coverage frequency by latitude-longitude sections. The equations for the coverage boundaries were derived and a computer program developed to plot these boundaries, thus making it possible, after an application of a map coloring algorithm, to actually see the areas of multiple coverage. A theoretical cross-swath shot density function that gives close approximations in certain cases was also derived. This information should aid in the design of an efficient data-processing system for the Doppler lidar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 26 p
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  • 10
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    Thunderstorm electric field modelling (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Calculation of eletric field vectors within and near an isolated thundercloud (which has a given volume charge distribution) is envisaged. The maximum field strength within the thundercloud is calculated. The effects of screening layers, both above and below the thundercloud may be investigated, as well time-dependent potential problem. The study can lead to a better understanding of the charge distributions in a thundercloud, which in turn may shed some light on the actual mechanism of charging of a thundercloud.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 10 p
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  • 11
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    Kinetic theory in astrophysics and cosmology (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Results associated with exact solution of the Einstein-Boltzmann and Einstein-Maxwell-Boltzmann equations are presented. The generalization of Ehler's killing vector approach for the distribution function to charged particles is considered.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 21 p
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  • 12
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    Remarks on future developments (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Future developments in satellite meteorology are proposed and examined in the light of policy and funding changes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 97-101
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  • 13
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    Prospects for the future (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Atmospheric and surface fields produced from the TIROS N high resolution infrared sounder/microwave sounding unit data are discussed. The data were analyzed by direct physical inversion of the multispectral radiative transfer equation. Sea ice mapping and sea surface temperature determination are addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 84-96
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  • 14
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    Key scientific questions and the role of satellites (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Some of the research opportunities that are available from geostationary satellite data, especially from MONEX during the Global Weather Experiment are described. In addition, the International Cloud Climatology Program is described and the use of satellite imagery in studying mesoscale convection complexes is discussed. Finally, information derived from satellite data on ocean winds is examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 48-71
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  • 15
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    Volcanoes and climate (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The evidence that volcanic eruptions affect climate is reviewed. Single explosive volcanic eruptions cool the surface by about 0.3 C and warm the stratosphere by several degrees. Although these changes are of small magnitude, there have been several years in which these hemispheric average temperature changes were accompanied by severely abnormal weather. An example is 1816, the "year without summer" which followed the 1815 eruption of Tambora. In addition to statistical correlations between volcanoes and climate, a good theoretical understanding exists. The magnitude of the climatic changes anticipated following volcanic explosions agrees well with the observations. Volcanoes affect climate because volcanic particles in the atmosphere upset the balance between solar energy absorbed by the Earth and infrared energy emitted by the Earth. These interactions can be observed. The most important ejecta from volcanoes is not volcanic ash but sulfur dioxide which converts into sulfuric acid droplets in the stratosphere. For an eruption with its explosive magnitude, Mount St. Helens injected surprisingly little sulfur into the stratosphere. The amount of sulfuric acid formed is much smaller than that observed following significant eruptions and is too small to create major climatic shifts. However, the Mount St. Helens eruption has provided an opportunity to measure many properties of volcanic debris not previously measured and has therefore been of significant value in improving our knowledge of the relations between volcanic activity and climate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 15-36
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  • 16
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    Influence of the vegetation structure on the thermal forcing of the atmosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: World Climate Programme: Sci. Papers Presented at WMO(ICSU Conf. on Phys.; p 327-340
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  • 17
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    Ability and limitations of general circulation models to simulate climate and climate variability (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: World Climate Programme: Sci. Papers Presented at WMO(ICSU Conf. on Phys.; p 97-128
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  • 18
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    The Crab Nebula's progenitor (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The initial mass of the Crab Nebula's progenitor star is estimated by comparing the observed nebular chemical abundances with detailed evolutionary calculations for 2.4- and 2.6-solar-mass helium cores of stars with masses of 8 to 10 solar masses. The results indicate that the mass of the Crab's progenitor was between the upper limit of about 8 solar masses for carbon deflagration and the lower limit of about 9.5 solar masses set by the dredge-up of the helium layer before the development of the helium-burning convective region. A scenario is outlined for the evolution of the progenitor star. It is suggested that the Crab Nebula was probably the product of an electron-capture supernova.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 299; Oct. 28
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  • 19
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    Cosmic turbulence and the angular momenta of astronomical systems (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is suggested that gravitationally bound astronomical systems ranging from asteroids to galaxy superclusters may derive their rotation from a hierarchy of cosmic turbulence, thus explaining the empirical specific angular momentum-mass relationship (j approximately equal to M to the 3/4 power) exhibited by these systems. It is shown that many of the properties of these systems, e.g., the random orientation of their spin vectors, can be accounted for if astronomical objects form in a turbulent environment.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 261
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  • 20
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    Relativistic kinematics for motions faster than light (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-20197)
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: vol. 35; Nov. 198
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  • 21
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    Water as a probe of star-forming regions (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Preliminary calculations employing statistical equilibrium techniques were carried out to determine brightness temperatures of water transitions occurring in the submillimeter band. The interesting candidates appear to be the 325 GHz, 380 GHz, and 448 GHz transitions, they are compared with the 183 GHz and 380 GHz transitions observed in the Orion Kleinmann-Low nebula and the combined results seem to be consistent with H2 densities of 100,000 -1 million cm-3 and a water column density of approximately 10 to 18th power. This implies a relative abundance of approximately 0.00001 which means that water may be about one twentieth of CO. In addition, it was found that for the conditions of the Orion plateau source, the 448 GHz line is expected to be a mild maser.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESA The Sci. Importance of Submillimetre Observations; p 129-130
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  • 22
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    Radiation from the accretion column of magnetized neutron stars (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some developments in radiative transfer for magnetized neutron star conditions, and their application in models of the structure and properties of self-consistent polar cap emission regions are reviewed. Several of the assumptions and uncertainties involved are discussed, and present problems are indicated.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Max-Planck Inst. Phys. and Astrophys. Accreting Neutron Stars; p 253-274
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  • 23
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    Mid-latitude model analysis of solar radiation, the upper layers of the sea, and seasonal climate (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simplified, time-dependent energy balance climate model is run at the latitude belt 40-50 deg N. The model solves for the temperatures of the land, air, and 12 vertical oceanic layers, and it includes a wind stirred mixed layer. A change in model ocean optical turbidity from relatively clear (Jerlov 1) to particle rich (Jerlov III) conditions decreases the effective thickness of the oceanic layer in which heat is stored seasonally and increases the seasonal variation of sea surface temperature by 2-3 C. A decrease in the liquid water content of clouds by a factor of 4 warms the model climate and increases the seasonal variation of sea surface temperatures by 2-3 C. A 2-3 C change in the seasonal variation of sea surface temperature is also obtained by varying oceanic mixing through a factor of 2 change in the surface wind speed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Oct. 20
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  • 24
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    Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF's), eigenvectors of the spatial cross-covariance matrix of a meteorological field, are reviewed with special attention given to the necessary weighting factors for gridded data and the sampling errors incurred when too small a sample is available. The geographical shape of an EOF shows large intersample variability when its associated eigenvalue is 'close' to a neighboring one. A rule of thumb indicating when an EOF is likely to be subject to large sampling fluctuations is presented. An explicit example, based on the statistics of the 500 mb geopotential height field, displays large intersample variability in the EOF's for sample sizes of a few hundred independent realizations, a size seldom exceeded by meteorological data sets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; July 198
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  • 25
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    The growth of prognostic differences between GLAS model forecasts from SAT and NOSAT initial conditions (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A study has been conducted to determine the cause of a major synoptic difference in the 72 h GLAS model forecasts from 0000 GMT 19 February 1976 that resulted from the inclusion of satellite data. The prognostic differences that resulted in diverging cyclone paths between the forecast that included satellite temperature soundings (SAT) and the forecast that excluded satellite sounding data (NOSAT) have been traced to initial state differences in the upper level wind and temperature patterns. These modifications enhanced the variation of thermal vorticity and thermal advection across the cyclone center and in the SAT case, gave a greater initial rate of movement of the upper-level vorticity maximum associated with the surface cyclone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; July 198
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  • 26
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    Radar reflectivities and satellite imagery of severe storms 20 May 1977 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Storms on 20 May 1977 generated a vast cirrus deck. Disturbed areas at storm top had equivalent black-body temperatures (T sub BB) much lower than the tropopause temperature, indicative of overshooting tops. The area of T sub BB not greater than -71 C represents the area of convective activity penetrating 2 km above the tropopause. This area was relatively large after cloud tops and radar reflectivities reached their maximum heights. It became much smaller during tornadoes when reflectivities were decreasing. T sub BB was at a minimum at the time of mesocyclone formation. The Del City storm had two periods of growth, as indicated both by reflectivities and the T sub BB areas. The mesocyclone was first detected during the second less intense period of growth; the tornado occurred during decreasing reflectivities. The maintenance of large areas of relatively low T sub BB after tornado dissipation is ascribed to continued convection on the flanks of the storm and to residual updrafts in a thick anvil cloud.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; July 198
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  • 27
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    The effect of model resolution and satellite sounding data on GLAS model forecasts (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of horizontal model resolution on satellite data impact has been studied for two versions of the GLAS second-order general circulation model: the C-model with a 4-deg latitude by 5-deg longitude resolution and the F-model with a 2.5-deg latitude and 3-deg longitude resolution. It is found that the 48-72 h forecast skill of the GLAS model was significantly improved by the increased resolution. Initial state differences between the SAT and NOSAT cycles using the F-model were on the average smaller than the corresponding differences with the C-model. However, the F-model cycle differences exhibited a smaller scale structure and, in some cases, larger gradients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; July 198
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  • 28
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    Spectral evolution of active galactic nuclei - A unified description of the X-ray and gamma-ray backgrounds (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-22137)
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 260
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  • 29
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    On OMC-1 temperatures determined from methyl cyanide observations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis is performed on the J(k) = 12(k)-11(k) and 13(k)-12(k) transitions of methyl cyanide detected by other investigators in the direction of OMC-1. The original interpretation of those observations argues for the presence of two distinct temperature regions or possibly a temperature gradient within the cloud. The analysis presented here demonstrates that the observations of these particular molecular transitions are consistent with a single methyl cyanide emission region with a source kinetic temperature of 121.2 + or - 8.2 K and a molecular rotational temperature of 16.6 + or - 1.8 K.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 260
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  • 30
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    A large scale height galactic component of the diffuse 2-60 keV background (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The diffuse 2-60 keV X-ray background has a galactic component clearly detectable by its strong variation with both galactic latitude and longitude. This galactic component is typically 10 percent of the extragalactic background toward the galactic center, half that strong toward the anticenter, and extrapolated to a few percent of the extragalactic background toward the galactic poles. It is acceptably modeled by a finite radius emission disk with a scale height of several kiloparsecs. The averaged galactic spectrum is best fitted by a thermal spectrum of kT about 9 keV, a spectrum much softer than the about 40 keV spectrum of the extragalactic component. The most likely source of this emission is low luminosity stars with large scale heights such as subdwarfs. Inverse Compton emission from GeV electrons on the microwave background contributes only a fraction of the galactic component unless the local cosmic ray electron spectrum and intensity are atypical.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 260
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  • 31
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    Doppler radar echoes of lightning and precipitation at vertical incidence (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Digital time series data at 16 heights within two storms were collected at vertical incidence with a 10-cm Doppler radar. On several occasions during data collection, lightning echoes were observed as increased reflectivity on an oscilloscope display. Simultaneously, lightning signals from nearby electric field change antennas were recorded on an analog recorder together with the radar echoes. Reflectivity, mean velocity, and Doppler spectra were examined by means of time series analysis for times during and after lightning discharges. Spectra from locations where lightning occurred show peaks, due to the motion of the lightning channel at the air speed. These peaks are considerably narrower than the ones due to precipitation. Besides indicating the vertical air velocity that can then be used to estimate hydrometeor-size distribution, the lightning spectra provide a convenient means to estimate the radar cross section of the channel. Subsequent to one discharge, we deduce that a rapid change in the orientation of hydrometeors occurred within the resolution volume.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Aug. 20
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  • 32
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    BL Herculis stars - Theoretical models for field variables (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Type II Cepheids with periods between 1 and 3 days, commonly designated as Bl Herculis stars, have been modeled here with the aim of interpreting the wide variety of light curves observed among the field variables. Previously modeled globular cluster members are used as standard calibration objects. The major finding is that only a small range of luminosities is capable of generating a large variety of light curve types at a given period. For a mass of approximately 0.60 solar mass, the models are able to reproduce the observed mean luminosities, dispersion of mean luminosities, periods, light amplitudes, light asymmetries, and phases of secondary features in the light curves of known BL Her stars. It is possible that the metal-rich variables (which are found only in the field) have luminosities lower than those of most metal-poor variables. The present revised mass for BL Her, a metal-rich object, is not significantly different from the mean mass of the metal-poor variables.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 259
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  • 33
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    A heuristic criterion for instability to fragmentation in rotating, interstellar clouds (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A heuristic criterion, based on linear perturbation analysis, is applied to the initial growth of density perturbations in isothermal or adiabatic gas clouds, with initially uniform density and uniform rotation. The heuristic criterion is shown to be consistent with the available results from numerical calculations of cloud collapse. The criterion predicts that perturbations varying as cos(m-phi) will be most likely to grow when m is small, unless the cloud is nearly pressureless.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 259
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    High energy X-ray observations of Cyg X-3 from OSO-8 - Further evidence of a 34.1 day period (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-18085)
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 22; 4, 19; 1982
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  • 35
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    Neutron star collisions and the r-process (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is shown that a natural consequence of the binary pulsar's evolution is a neutron star collision. Such a collision is expected to eject neutron-rich matter of an r-process character. Taking reasonable estimates for the number of such events over the history of the galaxy, it may be that they account for all of the r-process nuclei.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 22; 4, 19; 1982
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  • 36
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    The peculiar variable star R Aquarii and its jet (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of the variable star R Aquarii from 1928 to the present are examined to conclude that the star is a binary system with a jet. The orbital period of the objects is estimated at 22 yr, and a supercritical mass transfer that occurs once every 44 yr is suggested as a mechanism to explain deep minima observed on two occasions that many years apart. Calculations presented for the critical accretion rate of the two Miras indicated that one of the objects possesses a substantially stronger gravitational field than the other and features a large accretion disk. Oriental astronomical records from 930 AD are cited as evidence that a nova occurred in the vicinity of R Aquarii at that time. The system is noted to be the closest jet thus far observed, and the accretion disk may be visible with the Space Telescope.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 298; Aug. 5
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  • 37
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    The photospheric velocity field of Procyon (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Balloon-borne Ultraviolet Stellar Spectrometer observations of the profiles of two well observed spectral lines in the ultraviolet spectrum of Alpha CMI (Procyon; F5IV-V) are analyzed with a Fourier transform method in order to determine values of various parameters of the velocity field of the upper photosphere. A microturbulent line-of-sight velocity component of 0.9 + or - 0.4 km/s, a macroturbulent velocity component of 5.3 + or - 0.2 km/s, and a rotational velocity component of 10.0 + or - 1.2 km/s were determined. In these calculations a single-moded sinusoidal isotropic macroturbulent velocity function was assumed. The result appears to be sensitive to the assumed shape of the macroturbulence function.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 84; 2, Ju; June 198
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  • 38
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    On the structure of the outer layers of cool carbon stars (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Exposures on the spectra of four late C-type stars have been made with the IUE satellite in the wavelength range of the LWR camera (1900-3200 A). Two Mira variables near maximum light and two semiregular variables were observed. Although the exposure times used, which range up to 240 min in the low-resolution mode, were more than sufficient to record the continuum and emission lines of Mg II, Fe II, and Al II in normal M stars of similar magnitude and temperature, no light was recorded. It is concluded that the far-ultraviolet continuum is strongly depressed in these cool carbon stars. The absence of UV emission lines implies either that the chromospheric lines observed in M stars require an ultraviolet flux for their excitation, or that cool carbon stars have no chromosphere at all or that the opacity source is located above even the emission-line-forming region. This opacity source, which is probably some carbon condensate since it is weak or absent in M stars while absorbing strongly in C stars, is discussed both in terms of the chromospheric interpretation of the emission lines and in terms of their shock-wave interpretation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 111; 1, Ju; July 198
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  • 39
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    A precessing relativistic jet model for 3C 449 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is shown that the radio structure of 3C 449 can be matched with a model in which the jets are precessing and have relativistic (beta greater-than or equal to 0.4) velocities. The best-fit model implies a precession period of about 100,000 yr and a cone angle which increases with time. A similar model may be relevant for the radio structure of 3C 31. A brief discussion of the implications for 3C 449 is given.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 258
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  • 40
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    Collapse of accreting, rotating, isothermal, interstellar clouds (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The evolutions of the envelopes of collapsing, accreting, isothermal clouds have been numerically calculated for both spherically symmetric and rotating (axisymmetric) clouds. The results provide a cohesive picture of isothermal collapse, and their relationship to previous numerical calculations and similarity solutions is discussed. Even with a large initial rotation rate, the majority of the cloud envelope is accreted, in one case leaving behind a large-scale circulation current. The calculations are performed for both initially uniform density and centrally condensed clouds. Density and velocity profiles for a wide variety of observed systems are compared with those obtained in this study, providing a preliminary assessment of the stage of evolution and initial structure for the observed systems.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 258
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  • 41
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    Laboratory measurements of amorphous silicate smokes and the infrared spectra of oxygen-rich stars (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The infrared spectra of smokes condensed from SiO-H2 and Mg-SiO-H2 vapors and of smoke samples annealed for various times at 1000 K and 1250 K are presented. The spectra of these materials show features in the 8-25 micron interval in addition to the well-known bands near 10 and 20 microns. It is suggested that these features may correspond to weak structures that can be seen in the infrared spectra of oxygen-rich stars. Observations are needed to determine the reality and characteristics of such weak features.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 257
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  • 42
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    The distribution of free electrons in the inner Galaxy from pulsar dispersion measures (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-18096)
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 257
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  • 43
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    Altitude variations in stratospheric aerosols of a tropical region (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: To investigate the possibility that significant amounts of tropical tropospheric air may be convectively introduced into the stratosphere, aerosol samplings over Panama were made at various altitudes using a wire impactor collector. The percentage of particle sizes less than the mean mode decreases with height above the tropopause, suggesting depletion of small particles, possibly due to coagulation. Larger aerosols (greater than 0.3 micron in diam.) are more abundant farther above the tropopause, indicating growth, mainly by condensation. The total particle concentration decreases with increasing height above the tropopause, and also with increasing temperature. Aerosols containing smaller-size particles are thus found closer to the tropopause, and larger-size, more-evolved aerosols occur at higher altitudes. These data indicate that convective activity at the Intertropical Convergence Zone may be a source mechanism for stratospheric aerosols.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; June 198
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  • 44
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    A dehydration mechanism for the stratosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Although mean circulations are generally credited with dehydration of the earth's stratosphere, convective instability in the tropics converts mean circulations to small residuals of local convective circulations. The effects of large cumulonimbus which penetrate the stratosphere and form huge anvils in the lower stratosphere are discussed with respect to hydration and dehydration of the stratosphere. Radiative heating at anvil base combined with cooling at anvil top drives a dehydration engine considered essential to explain the dry stratosphere. Seasonal and longitudinal variations in dehydration potentials are examined with maximum potential attributed to Micronesian area during winter and early spring.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; June 198
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  • 45
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    An assessment of the FGGE satellite observing system during SOP-1 (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sensitivity of a Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences global objective analysis cycle to the addition of FGGE level II-b data is assessed. The GOAS system comprises a predictive continuity provided by a model first-guess forecast integrated from a previous forecast and updated by data gathered in the interim. FGGE data originated in the Jan.-Mar. 1979 period and were acquired by rawinsondes, pilot balloons, surface stations, satellites, ships, and drifting buoys deployed during SOP-1. Focussing on 2-5 and 8-day forecasts, comparisons were made of the 6 hr forecast error at the 300 mb height in three experiments using all, no-satellite (NOSAT), and without rawinsondes or pilot balloons modes. Larger errors occurred in the case of NOSAT, while significant corrections to the GOAS predictions were noted using all the FGGE data. It was concluded that all forecasts were improved by inclusion of full FGGE data sets, including forecasting beyond one week.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 63
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  • 46
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    Star formation - The influence of velocity fields and turbulence (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is shown that the Jeans mass for gravitational collapse can be very much reduced by the influence velocity fields, even when allowance is made for non-isothermal gas behavior. We examine the role of turbulence in establishing the initial stellar mass function and show that the flattening and/or turnover at the low mass end may be a signature of interstellar turbulence. We consider also the implications of primordial turbulence for the formation of stars in the early universe.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 256
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  • 47
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    Stratospheric condensation nuclei variations may relate to solar activity (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of increases of stratospheric condensation nuclei suggest a photo-initiated sulphuric acid vapour formation process in spring in polar regions. It is proposed that the sulphuric acid rapidly forms condensation nuclei through attachment to negatively charged multi-ion complexes and that the process may be modulated through variations in solar activity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 297; May 13
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  • 48
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    A model of a comet coma with interstellar molecules in the nucleus (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The coma of a comet is modeled assuming the icy nucleus contains interstellar molecules. This composition overcomes discrepancies between observation and earlier model predictions for CN, C2, C3, and NH2 abundances. It is found that the abundances of CN, C2, and C3-bearing compounds in the nucleus must be constrained to trace amounts in order to account for the observed column densities. NH3 also cannot be abundant by more than about 1%. The model gives good agreement with observed relative ranges of neutral species in the coma as well as with their observed relative intensity dependence on heliocentric distance. The size of the nucleus and the heliocentric ranges considered are relevant to comet Halley.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 108; 2, Ap; Apr. 198
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  • 49
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    Skylab near-infrared observations of clouds indicating supercooled liquid water droplets (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Orographically-induced lee-wave clouds were observed over New Mexico by a multichannel scanning radiometer on Skylab during December 1973. Channels centered at 0.83, 1.61 and 2.125 microns were used to determine the cloud optical thickness, thermodynamic phase and effective particle size. An additional channel centered at 11.4 microns was used to determine cloud-top temperature, which was corroborated through comparison with the stereographically determined cloud top altitudes and conventional temperature soundings. Analysis of the measured near-infrared reflection functions at 1.61 and 2.125 microns are most easily interpreted as indicating the presence of liquid-phase water droplets. This interpretation is not conclusive even after considerable effort to understand possible sources for misinterpretation. However, if accepted the resulting phase determination is considered anomalous due to the inferred cloud-top temperatures being in the -32 to -47 C range. Theory for the homogeneous nucleation of pure supercooled liquid water droplets predicts very short lifetimes for the liquid phase at these cold temperatures. A possible explanation for the observations is that the wave-clouds are composed of solution droplets. Impurities in the cloud droplets could decrease the homogeneous freezing rate for these droplets, permitting them to exist for a longer time in the liquid phase, at the cold temperatures found.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Mar. 198
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  • 50
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    Utilization of normal mode initial conditions for detecting errors in the dynamics part of primitive equation global models (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: When a global atmospheric basic state has constant angular velocity and its temperature varies with altitude only, there exist normal mode solutions to the linearized global primitive equations. The use of these normal modes, which have known behavior in time, is superior to the use of the Rossby-Haurwitz wave as initial conditions for detecting errors in the dynamics part of primitive equation global models. With these initial conditions, integration through only one time step is sufficient to detect many formulation and coding errors. Other tests are still required for detecting problems of nonlinear instability and conservation of integral properties, however.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; Apr. 198
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  • 51
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    Radial evolution of power spectra of interplanetary Alfvenic turbulence (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-18097)
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; May 1
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  • 52
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    Infrared emission line studies of the structure and excitation of H II regions (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Maps of five H II regions in one or more of the infrared fine-structure lines of Ne II (12.8 microns), Ar III (9.0 microns), and S IV (10.5 microns) have been obtained with angular resolutions ranging from 4 to 7 arcsec. The observations are used to discuss the morphology and excitation of these nebulae. Considerable diversity is found in the structures of the nebulae, probably resulting from differences in their ages and the circumstances of their formation. In all cases, more ionizing luminosity than would be provided by a single dominant ionizing star appears to be required, although uncertainties in the model nebulae make this conclusion uncertain.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 255
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  • 53
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    Evidence for extended X-ray emission from globular clusters (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Deep exposures with the Einstein Observatory show evidence for diffuse X-ray emission from three globular clusters. One possible interpretation of these observations is that the interaction between a cluster wind and a hot gaseous galactic halo is being observed. The one cluster for which the proper motion has been measured is consistent with this interpretation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 254
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  • 54
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    A different type of maser star (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A systematic survey of short-period, semiregular variable stars has been made resulting in the detection of six new water masers. Of the 14 short-period maser stars now known, nine are classified as SRb variables. All are very late spectral type SRb's, typically M7, while the overwhelming majority of normal SRb stars is M4 to M6. Their 2.2-11 micron color indices are among the lowest of any known maser stars. They are presumably less dusty as well. Four of the SRb stars and two of the remainder do not obey the correlation between period and velocity spread of the emission features that is found for the Mira and long-period, semiregular variables. Finally, high galactic latitudes dominate; 13 of the 14 are in excess of 13 deg, and nine of these are greater than 25 deg. These facts suggest that the short-period semiregular variables - particularly in SRb stars - may be a very different type of maser star than the Mira and long-period semiregular variables.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 254
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  • 55
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    The discovery of 50 minute periodic absorption events from 4U 1915-05 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis of X-ray observations shows that the steady flux from 4U 1915-05 undergoes periodic absorption dips with a period of 50 minutes. This period most probably represents the underlying orbital period of the system, and variations in the depth and duration of these events suggest that they are caused by a bulge on the edge of the accretion disk at the point where the gas stream impacts the disk. The mass-losing star in this system is probably a low-mass white dwarf, and the spectrum of the dips indicates that the metallicity of the absorbing material is at least a factor of 17 below solar values. The discovery of the 50-minute binary period supports earlier suggestions that X-ray burst sources are in binary systems.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 253
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  • 56
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    Search for interstellar superheavy hydrogen (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Models for fundamental physical interactions allow for the existence of stable or nearly stable elementary particles much heavier than the proton. Stellar spectra were searched for a positively charged superheavy particle, X(+), which, with a bound electron, should appear as apparently superheavy neutral hydrogen in the interstellar medium. An upper limit for the abundance of X relative to normal hydrogen in the line of sight toward the bright star gamma Cassiopeiae is 2 x 10 to the -8th.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 216; Apr. 2
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  • 57
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    Resonant electrodynamic heating of stellar coronal loops - An LRC circuit analog (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problem of electrodynamic coupling of stellar coronal loops where beta is less than 1 to underlying velocity fields where beta is greater than approximately 1 is treated. A rigorous analysis reveals that the physics can be represented by a simple yet equivalent LRC circuit analog. This derived analog suggests the existence of global structure oscillations which resonantly excite internal field line oscillations at a spatial resonance within the coronal loop. Even though the width of this spatial resonance, as well as the induced currents and coronal velocity field, within the resonance region explicitly depends on viscosity and resistivity, the resonant form of the generalized electrodynamic heating functions is virtually independent of irreversibilities. This is a classic feature of high-quality resonators that are driven externally by a broad-band source of spectral power.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 254
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  • 58
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    Observations of interstellar zinc (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: IUE observations toward 10 stars have shown that zinc is not depleted in the interstellar medium by more than a factor of two, suggesting that its abundance may serve as a tracer of the true metallicity in the gas. A result pertinent to the history of nucleosynthesis in the solar neighborhood is that the local interstellar medium has abundances that appear to be homogeneous to within a factor of two, when integrated over paths of about 500 pc.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 254
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  • 59
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    Electromagnetic cascades in pulsars (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of pair-photon cascades initiated by high energy electrons above a pulsar polar cap is simulated numerically. The calculation uses the energy of the primary electron, the magnetic field strength, and the period of rotation as parameters, and follows the curvature radiation emitted by the primary, the conversion of this radiation to e(+)e(-) pairs in the intense fields, and the quantized synchrotron radiation by the secondary pairs. A recursive technique allows the tracing of an indefinite number of generations using a Monte Carlo method. Gamma-ray and pair spectra are calculated for cascades in different parts of the polar cap and with different acceleration models. It is found that synchrotron radiation from secondary pairs makes an important contribution to the gamma-ray spectrum above 25 MeV, and that the final gamma-ray and pair spectra are insensitive to the height of the accelerating region, as long as the acceleration of the primary electrons is not limited by radiation reaction.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 252
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  • 60
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    Model atmospheres, predicted spectra, and colors (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Theoretical models of stellar atmospheres and the process of forming a spectrum are reviewed with particular reference to the spectra of B stars. In the case of classical models the stellar atmosphere is though to consist of plane parallel layers of gas in which radiative and hydrostatic equilibrium exists. No radiative energy is lost or gained in the model atmosphere, but the detailed shape of the spectrum is changed as a result of the interactions with the ionized gas. Predicted line spectra using statistical equilibrium local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), and non-LTE physics are compared and the determination of abundances is discussed. The limitations of classical modeling are examined. Models developed to demonstrate what motions in the upper atmosphere will do to the spectrum and to explore the effects of using geometries different from plane parallel layer are reviewed. In particular the problem of radiative transfer is addressed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: B stars With and Without Emission Lines, Parts 1 and 2; p 165-197
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    User needs and the future of operational meteorological satellites (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Meteorological satellites and their capabilities are described. Future satellite configurations and instrumentation are discussed in the light of future user needs. In addition to the continuation of existing baseline products and services, the goals for improvement of the geosynchronous system through the 1990's will be: increasing spacial resolution in the visible and infrared channels; increasing vertical mean layer temperature resolution; adding the ability to image the solar disk; and upgrading the ground systems. Other improvements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Meteorol. Satellites; p 53-59
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    The initial conceptualization and design of a meteorological satellite (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The meteorological satellite had its substantive origin in the analytical process that helped initiate America's military satellite program. Its impetus lay in the desire to acquire current meteorological information in large areas for which normal meteorological observational data were not available on a day-to-day basis. Serious consideration was given to the feasibility of reconnaissance from meteorological satellites. The conceptualization of a meteorological satellite is discussed along with the early research which gave substance to that concept.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Meteorol. Satellites; p 3-6
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    The Nimbus satellite system: Remote sensing R&D platform of the 70's (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Originally conceived to be the future operational weather satellite, the Nimbus series of seven satellites became the work horse and experimental backbone of the NASA/NOAA space research program. Early problems in developing the attitude control system and proving its operational characteristics in the simulated space environment are discussed. The program proved itself many times over; contributing substantially to the scientific knowledge of atmospherics and weather. As application/research vehicles, the seven Nimbus spacecraft were used for the development, test and application of a variety of new and advanced meteorological and geophysical remote sensing instruments and associated data transmission and processing techniques.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Meteorol. Satellites; p 17-29
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    Isolated grain condensation behavior: Computation methods and first results (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A set of efficient programs for calculation of condensation behavior in a system with either solar or carbon-rich elemental composition was developed to treat the course of condensation at very low pressures. These programs were applied to the problem of condensation at very low pressures. The minerals produced in the stellar and nova-related processes under study, including carriers of important volatile elements such as carbon and nitrogen, are candidates for accretion into meteorite parent bodies and planets, and may still be discernible in the enstatite chondrites.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary Atmospheres Program; p 36-47
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    Cloud cover sampling capability of various satellite combinations for ISCCP (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: One of the most important objectives of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) is the quantification of cloud cover and associated radiation parameters for climate research. The time-varying nature of cloud cover requires a measurement system that obtains cloud radiance at sufficient time intervals for determining accurate values of cloudiness for the appropriate averaging period. Current plans for the ISCCP call for such day to be acquired every 3 hours during both data and night to ensure that the diurnal cycle of cloud cover is adequately sampled. The satellite system proposed is an array of geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites. The error in mean cloud cover estimates for observation systems which do not include geostationary satellites are quantified. Candidates for such a system include two NOAA Sun-synchronous satellites with daylight equatorial-crossing times of 0730 and 1430, and a USSR satellite in an 81 deg. inclination, 900-km altitude orbit.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: World Climate Program Rept. of the First Session of the International Working Group on Data Management for the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP); 27 p
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    Theory of electron-positron showers in double radio sources (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A black hole of mass of about 300 million solar masses is assumed to be present in the nucleus of an active galaxy or quasar. With an axial magnetic field near 1000 gauss, a potential drop 10 to the 19th volts is generated by the unipolar induction of a rotating accretion disk surrounding the black hole. The possibility that the acceleration of electrons or positrons in the unipolar fields initiates an electromagnetic cascade shower at distances at least 10 to the 16th cm from the black hole is investigated. The scattering medium for the shower is considered to be the spectrum of low energy photons originating from the inner region of the disk. It is found that at completion of the cascade, power-law energy spectra of relativistic electrons and positrons and of gamma-rays emerge under appropriate conditions. If the cascade-initiating particles are collimated, the electrons and positrons emerge in a collimated beam. Such beams may power extragalactic double radio sources.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 262
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  • 67
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    The WC6 star HD76536 compact companion (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The variability of HD76536 was observed by IUE. Photometric variability is confirmed by measurements with the IUE fine error sensor. Profile changes in the ultraviolet emission lines and stellar wind absorptions were studied. Data favor a binary model with a low luminosity (perhaps compact) secondary.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESA 3rd European IUE Conf.; p 269-271
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  • 68
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    On redistribution and the equations for radiative transfer (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The derivation of the equations of statistical equilibrium are outlined, starting from the quantum density-matrix equations, drawing particular attention to the approximations and assumptions used in the development of tractable expressions. Then, using the quantum-fluctuation-regression theorem, emission and absorption coefficients are obtained for multilevel atomic systems which are nondegenerate except for m-substates. These coefficients are valid to first order in the incident intensity. Possible extensions to higher intensity broadband incoherent fields are suggested.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 260
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  • 69
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    Neutral hydrogen in elliptical galaxies with nuclear radio sources and optical emission lines (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-22136)
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 259
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  • 70
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    Sensitive ammonia observations in the southern hemisphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The 64-m spacecraft communication antenna of the NASA-JPL Deep Space Network has been equipped for spectral line observations at K band (18-25 GHz). To demonstrate the potential of this system, preliminary observations of the (1, 1) transition of ammonia are reported for a selection of eight southern molecular clouds. Estimates of gas density and ammonia column density are reported for six sources.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 87; Aug. 198
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  • 71
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    A search for fragmentation debris near Ursa Major Stream stars (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Accretion models of planet formation and the early cratering history of the solar system suggest that planet formation is accompanied by a cloud of debris resulting from accumulation and fragmentation. A rough estimate of the infrared luminosities of debris clouds is presented for comparison with measured 10-micron luminosities of young stars. New measurements of 13 F, G, and K main-sequence stars of the Ursa Major Stream, which is thought to be about 270-million years old, place constraints on the amount of debris which could be present near these stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 50; Apr. 198
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  • 72
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    Lidar clear atmosphere multiple scattering dependence on receiver range (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The degree of multiple scattering encountered by nadir-directed lidar in clear atmosphere conditions was assessed by the Monte Carlo method based on a model of the vertical distribution of aerosol scattering in the atmosphere. The lowest 3 km of the atmosphere were regarded as containing 90% of the aerosol optical thickness, with the unity normalized value for the forward peak of the aerosol phase function being 4.38 at a 694.3 nm laser wavelength. Results were obtained for two lidar receiver heights for three receiver field of view (FOV) angular halfwidths. An increase in receiver height was determined to cause a significant increase in the amount of angular scattering of the lidar signal. A factor of 20 change in receiver height produced an order of magnitude change in the single to multiple scattering ratio.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; July 15
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  • 73
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    Large-scale magnetic fields in spiral galaxies (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The optical polarization vectors which measurements have shown to be parallel to the pronounced dark lanes of such galaxies as NGC 5128 and 4590 are interpreted as the consequence of a large scale, systematic field parallel to the dark lane that leads to the alignment of the grains. It is suggested that such polarization may also be produced by scattering off grains concentrated in the dark lane. It is recommended that there be further observational tests of the hypothesis that the observed polarization indicates the magnetic field in the galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 258
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  • 74
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    Radar research on thunderstorms and lightning (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Applications of Doppler radar to detection of storm hazards are reviewed. Normal radar sweeps reveal data on reflectivity fields of rain drops, ionized lightning paths, and irregularities in humidity and temperature. Doppler radar permits identification of the targets' speed toward or away from the transmitter through interpretation of the shifts in the microwave frequency. Wind velocity fields can be characterized in three dimensions by the use of two radar units, with a Nyquist limit on the highest wind speeds that may be recorded. Comparisons with models numerically derived from Doppler radar data show substantial agreement in storm formation predictions based on information gathered before the storm. Examples are provided of tornado observations with expanded Nyquist limits, gust fronts, turbulence, lightning and storm structures. Obtaining vertical velocities from reflectivity spectra is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 297; June 10
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  • 75
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    The latitude dependence of the variance of zonally averaged quantities (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Geometric characteristics of the spherical earth are shown to be responsible for the increase of variance with latitude of zonally averaged meteorological statistics. An analytic model is constructed to display the effect of a spherical geometry on zonal averages, employing a sphere labeled with radial unit vectors in a real, stochastic field expanded in complex spherical harmonics. The variance of a zonally averaged field is found to be expressible in terms of the spectrum of the vector field of the spherical harmonics. A maximum variance is then located at the poles, and the ratio of the variance to the zonally averaged grid-point variance, weighted by the cosine of the latitude, yields the zonal correlation typical of the latitude. An example is provided for the 500 mb level in the Northern Hemisphere compared to 15 years of data. Variance is determined to increase north of 60 deg latitude.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; May 1982
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  • 76
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    Clarification of confirmation in the FACE-2 experiment (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Definitions of the data acquisition and interpretation goals which were sought in the Florida Area Cumulus Experiment (FACE) phase-II experiment as confirmation of results from FACE-I are presented. The FACE-1 trials in cloud seeding to increase rainfall were conducted in 1970, '71, '73, '75, and '76 and phase II proceeded from June 1978-August 1980. The data from the second set were to be treated with a block randomization scheme using the mean vector wind speed and direction and superposition of rainfall data, considering fixed and floating target clouds. A first level of probability was configured to eliminate cells from further investigation, and then two other levels are included in the analyses, each of continually increasing levels of likelihood. The instances of rainfall with seeding cover periods of either 60 or more or 60 or less seeding flares being ignited.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 63
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  • 77
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    Cloud top remote sensing by airborne lidar (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of cloud top height, backscattering, and signal depolarization have been obtained by a lidar system operating onboard a high-altitude research aircraft. The transmitter for the cloud lidar system is a doubled Nd:YAG laser operating at 5 Hz. The system functions as a fully automated sensor under microprocessor control and operates from a nominal 19-km altitude. Measurements have been acquired over a wide variety of cloud cover in conjunction with passive visible and infrared measurements. Initial observation results are reported
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; May 1
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  • 78
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    An iterative radiative transfer code for ocean-atmosphere systems (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The details of an iterative radiative transfer code for computing the intensity and degree of polarization of diffuse radiation in models of the ocean-atmosphere system are described. The present code neglects the upwelling radiation from below the ocean surface and as such can be applied to the part of the spectrum where the absorption by water is strong. To establish the reliability of the numerical scheme and the computer code, the results are compared with those of Fraser and Walker (1968), Dave (1972), and Mullamaa (1964); they are found to be in excellent agreement. The computations also show that both the intensity and the degree of polarization of the upwelling diffuse radiation at the top of the atmosphere vary significantly when the rough ocean at the base of the atmosphere is replaced by a Lambertian surface that reflects the same energy as the rough ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Mar. 198
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  • 79
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    Cygnus X-3 observed at photon energies above 500 GeV (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: High-energy gamma rays from Cyg X-3 have been observed with the twin 11-m mirrors of NASA JPL's solar energy facility, using the atmospheric Cerenkov technique, resulting in data from about 100,000 air shower events with an approximate threshold energy of 500 GeV for the August 29 to September 6, 1981 period. A positive signal whose amplitude is 10.9 + or - 2.5% of the background cosmic ray rate appears near phase 0.6 of the 4.8-hour cycle, where phase 0.0 corresponds to minimum X-ray emission. This, together with previous Cerenkov detections, indicates that the high energy emission from Cyg X-3 is evolving on a time scale of a few years and suggests that the present form of the system has a recent origin.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 296; Apr. 8
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  • 80
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    Precipitation measurements from space - Workshop summary 28 April-1 May 1981, Greenbelt, MD (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The goals and methods for global precipitation measurements from space are examined. Records currently exist only for visible and IR scans of cloud properties, and are applied from GEO for detecting diurnal variations in precipitation. Microwave radiometry is noted to be a suitable method for supplementing the visible and IR data for measuring stratiform oceanic precipitation, and when used at up to 3 microns can detect areas, if not amounts, of precipitation from GEO. Applications of radar altimeters are proposed in terms of modifications to the Seasat-type 2.2 cm radar, the use of surface target attentuation radar, of frequency agile rain radar, or of adaptive pointing radar. Soil moisture sensing is available with passive microwave radiometry in the 20-50 cm bands, or active sensing in the 5-8 cm bands. The utilization of GARP ground truth data is explored, along with statistical methods for treating the data samples.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 63
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  • 81
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    Parity nonconservation and the origin of cosmic magnetic fields (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Three mechanisms of cosmic magnetic field generation are discussed: (1) asymmetric decay of particles emitted by rotating black holes; (2) asymmetric proton emission by black holes due to weak radiative corrections, and (3) equilibrium parity-violating currents. It is shown that all three mechanisms can produce a seed field sufficiently strong to account for the present galactic fields.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 254
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  • 82
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    Cometary NH - Ultraviolet and submillimeter emission (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A description is presented of the results of computer calculations on the molecule NH, which is an important constituent of cometary comae, and a probable, but an as yet undetected, interstellar species. Attention is given to spectroscopic properties, the treatment of solar spectral data, and radiative transfer calculations. The results of calculations for the Einstein A-coefficients are given in an appendix, where the entries for the X-X and A-A transitions depend on the assumed permanent electric-dipole moment squared. Rotational-spin-Lambda-doublet energy levels used for statistical equilibrium population densities are listed in a table.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 253
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  • 83
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    Interplanetary gas. XXVIII - A study of the three-dimensional properties of interplanetary sector boundaries using disconnection events in cometary plasma tails (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Studies of the solar wind on the basis of cometary plasma tail observations are considered. Niedner and Brandt (1978, 1979) have concluded that the plasma tail frequently disconnects from the cometary head, and that these disconnection events (DEs) are produced by magnetic reconnection at sector boundary passages. They proposed that the disconnections are a natural combination of Alfven's model and the solar-wind sector structure first discovered by Wilcox and Ness (1965). The DEs can be utilized as probes of interplanetary sector structure. Correlations between DEs and sector boundaries observed at earth are considered, and sector boundary properties deduced from DEs are discussed. Attention is given to a review of the warped sheet model, the latitude extent of sector structure, the sector boundary tilt, and specific sources of error in the tilt angles derived from DEs.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 48; Jan. 198
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  • 84
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    On syntheses of the X-ray background with power-law sources (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The conditions under which the combined emission from power-law sources can mimic the X-ray background (XRB) spectrum in the 3-50 keV range are considered in view of HEAO 1 A-2 experiment measurements, and it is confirmed that a good fit may be obtained. The required spectral properties of the component sources differ, however, from those observed for local active galactic nuclei. Constraints are deduced for both the low-luminosity extension and evolution of such local objects, and it is shown that any other class of sources contributing to the X-ray background must be characterized by an energy spectral index lower than about 0.4, which is the mean index of the XRB, and exhibit steeper spectra at higher energies.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 253
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  • 85
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    Hot wind from Gamma/2/ Velorum observed in the ultraviolet carbon lines (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The close binary system Gamma(2) Vel, consisting of a WC8 and an O9 I star, has been observed in the ultraviolet at various phases. Preliminary analysis of selected data shows that the temperature of the stellar wind from this binary increases outward. This suggests that an additional source of energy other than radiation pressure may exist for the wind. The mass flow occurs in all directions from the binary. However, there is evidence of an increase in the mass flow through the third Lagrangian point, although from the extant data it is not possible to decide whether or not a similar increase in the mass outflow occurs through the second Lagrangian point. There is also evidence of mass surge, which probably is independent of orbital phase.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 252
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  • 86
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    Neutral hydrogen emission and absorption in three active Irr II galaxies (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Peak optical H I absorption depths of 10% are found in a neutral hydrogen emission-absorption study of the active-nucleus Irr II galaxies NGC 520, 5363, and 5506. It is suggested that the absorption is due to a few standard clouds within several hundred parsecs of the nucleus, in the narrow-line emission region. The width of the absorption features is interpreted as being due to random motions of the gas within the absorbing clouds, in contrast to the large widths of the emission features that are due to the overall rotation of the galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 252
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  • 87
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    Vacillation, sudden warmings and potential enstrophy balance in the stratosphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The balance of potential enstrophy and its relationship to vacillation cycles and the sudden warming is studied for a beta-channel model of the stratosphere. It is shown that the mean flow cannot be steady in the presence of large-amplitude quasi-geostrophic waves (approximately 1-0.25 geopotential kilometers /gpkm/) when any dissipation is present, and the maximum wave amplitude allowed is approximately 2 gpkm. If wave forcing (transience plus dissipation) is artificially maintained, the mean flow decelerates slowly at first then explosively as the potential vorticity gradient of the basic state is wiped out over the channel. This process is called wave saturation. The initial phase of the explosive deceleration resembles both the observed and modeled mean flow evolution during a sudden stratospheric warming. A simple vacillation model based upon these ideas shows remarkable similarity to the results of Holton and Mass (1976) and Davies (1981).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Aug. 198
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  • 88
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    The remarkable 400 micron source NGC 6334/I/North/ (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations at 400 microns of the NGC 6334 complex have confirmed the discovery of an unusual 1000-solar mass object, NGC 6334/I(North), which was not detected by broad-band 100-micron survey observations. The results suggest that this cool source (T = 19 + or - 5 K) is an active star formation region in a very early stage of evolution. The observed infrared luminosity of the source, 7000 solar luminosities, requires the presence of one or more embedded B stars or the formation of a dense protostellar core. Derived dust and gas densities agree well with results from molecular line observations of the complex. Nearby 100 micron peaks I and V were also observed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 259
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  • 89
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    Sensitivity of the boundary layer energy fluxes to forcing parameters in a simple climate model (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Winter and summer surface temperatures and time-averaged boundary layer energy fluxes are calculated by utilizing the Saltzman-Ashe parameterization for boundary layer fluxes in a two-level static model. The results are found to agree with observed patterns. Within the framework of this simple model, sensitivity analyses of the time-averaged boundary layer energy fluxes are conducted. Based on these results some of the forcing parameters (such as the subsurface temperature, cloud cover, surface albedo, etc.) are arranged in a hierarchical order of importance. A generalized method of sensitivity analysis is also suggested.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus; 34; Aug. 198
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  • 90
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    Stratospheric warmings diagnosed using the transformed Eulerian-mean equations and the effect of the mean state on wave propagation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Terms for the transformed Eulerian equations are calculated in order to characterize the phenomenom of sudden stratospheric warming. The transformed diagnostics are applied to data for warmings during Dec. and Jan. 1976-1977, as well as cross sections for the directions of the Eiliassen-Palm (EP) fluxes and residual mean meridional circulations. The convergence of the EP flux was determined to provide a strong approximation to the total effect of waves in forcing the zonal mean flow. The EP fluxes change from an upward and equatorward direction to an upward and poleward direction during the warmings, and indications are reported that the effect is due to a feedback on wave propagation of an evolving mean flow. Ray paths in the meridional plane are computed for different mean wind fields to determine the direction of wave propagation according to linear theory based on the WKB approximation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; June 198
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  • 91
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    The path and surviving tail of a comet that fell into the sun (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A satisfactory orbital solution for Comet Howard-Koomen-Michels 1979 XI is found on the assumption that the comet's line of apsides coincided with that of the Kreutz sungrazing comet group. The derived perihelion distance then shows that this is the first known case of a comet falling into the sun. A dust tail that survived the comet is studied as a particle flow phenomenon controlled by no force other than solar gravity and solar radiation pressure. The tail's outline is interpreted in terms of an onset of dust production, a peak repulsive force on the particles, and a circumsolar dustfree zone due to particle sublimation. It is shown that the surviving debris consisted mostly of absorbing, submicron size particles in hyperbolic trajectories convex to the sun and curving toward the earth. The tail width may be a product of the interaction of charged dust in the tail with a complicated structure of the coronal magnetic field.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 87; July 198
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  • 92
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    Extragalactic gamma radiation - Use of galaxy counts as a galactic tracer (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-20109)
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 109; 2, Ma; May 1982
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  • 93
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    SASS wind ambiguity removal by direct minimization (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An objective analysis procedure is presented which combines Seasat-A satellite scatterometer (SASS) data with other available data on wind speeds by minimizing an objective function of gridded wind speed values. The functions are defined as the loss functions for the SASS velocity data, the forecast, the SASS velocity magnitude data, and conventional wind speed data. Only aliases closest to the analysis were included, and a method for improving the first guess while using a minimization technique and slowly changing the parameters of the problem is introduced. The model is employed to predict the wind field for the North Atlantic on Sept. 10, 1978. Dealiased SASS data is compared with available ship readings, showing good agreement between the SASS dealiased winds and the winds measured at the surface. Expansion of the model to take in low-level cloud measurements, pressure data, and convergence and cloud level data correlations is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 94
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    The light curve of periodic comet Halley 1910 II (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Photometric parameters for periodic comet Halley 1910 II have been derived from 144 total visual magnitude estimates. The pre-perihelion data are best represented by an absolute magnitude of 5.47 and a power-law exponent of 4.44; post-perihelion results show that the absolute magnitude brightened to 4.94, and the exponent decreased to 3.07. Only small fluctuations in brightness about the power-law solutions are noted. Based on these results, a forecast of the visual brightness of periodic comet Halley's 1985-1987 apparition is presented.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 87; June 198
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  • 95
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    Large-scale variations of the interplanetary magnetic field - Voyager 1 and 2 observations between 1-5 AU (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-13594)
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; June 1
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  • 96
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    Accretion disk coronae (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-20106)
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 257
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    Unknown
    Automatic classification of clouds on Meteosat imagery - Application to high-level clouds (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical classification method based on clustering on three-dimensional histograms is applied to the three channels of the Meteosat imagery. The results of this classification are studied for different cloud cover cases over tropical regions. For high-level cloud classes, it is shown that the bidimensional IR-water vapor histogram allows one to deduce the cloud top temperature even for semi-transparent clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 21; Mar. 198
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Unknown
    Determination of semi-transparent cirrus cloud temperature from infrared radiances - Application to Meteosat (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A bispectral technique was employed to determine the cirrus cloud-top temperature. Data were gathered from aircraft equipped with the ARIES radiometer, which on sixteen flights provided IR readings at 6.5 and 11.5 microns of cirrus tops. The flights were made on a NASA Convair to a maximum ceiling of 12,500 m. The brightness temperatures above the cirrus were found to be consistently colder, by up to 40 K, than the 11.5 microns window channel, and good spatial correlations were displayed over whole clouds. Effective emissivities are calculated for both channels and applied to Meteosat digital imagery. The subsequent derived temperatures were significantly colder than black-body temperatures, which is explained by taking into account the absorption of emitted radiation by water vapor.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 21; Mar. 198
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    Solar-stellar astrophysics (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Nonthermal physical processes in the solar atmosphere are discussed. The solar atmospheric regions are defined, and solar convection and its phenomena are explained. The relationship of the solar dynamo, magnetic field, and flares is explored. The solar atmospheric velocity fields are discussed, and the unresolved problem of the nature of atmospheric heating is detailed. The solar wind heating and acceleration are discussed and the need for global solar atmospheric models is emphasized. The application of these solar nonthermal processes to the stars in general is then taken up, employing the same categories as were applied to the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Comments on Modern Physics; vol. 9
    Format: text
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  • 100
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    Unknown
    Energy distribution in the strongly interacting binary system SX Cassiopeiae (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: IUE spectra and optical scans covering the 110-680 nm interval were obtained in a search for a source which would resolve the anomalous presence of strong Balmer emission lines in the SX Cas eclipsing binary system, which is inconsistent with the usual spectral classification of the components as A6 III + G6 III. The IUE spectra unexpectedly show such strong emission lines as those of C IV, N V and Si IV, which require higher temperatures that the already anomalously high Balmer lines, and a continuum several magnitudes higher than the extrapolated continuum of an A6 star. A model in which the UV continuum originates in the transition zone between the A6 star and an accretion disk fails to reproduce the observed energy distribution. A revision of component spectral types to B7 + K3 III removes the UV excess.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 256
    Format: text
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