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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (8,988)
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  • Articles  (8,988)
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  • 2005-2009  (4,624)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1990-1994  (2,889)
  • 1980-1984  (1,475)
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  • 1
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 93-104 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic approximation problem for polynomic operators is formulated. The performance of polynomic operators of various degrees is compared. The effect of causality constraints is also examined.
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  • 2
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 137-169 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A recently developed algebraic approach to the feedback system design problem is reviewed via the derivation of the theory in the single-variate case. This allows the simple algebraic nature of the theory to be brought to the fore while simultaneously minimizing the complexities of the presentation. Rather than simply giving a single solution to the prescribed design problem we endeavor to give a complete parameterization of the set of compensators which meet specifications. Although this might at first seem to complicate our theory it, in fact, opens the way for a sequential approach to the design problem in which one parameterizes the subset of those compensators which meet the second specification...etc. Specific problems investigated include feedback system stabilization, the tracking and disturbance rejection problem, robust design, transfer function design, pole placement, simultaneous stabilization, and stable stabilization.
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  • 3
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 267-268 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 4
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 433-445 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe a recently developed framework for exploring the structure of linear time-invariant models of large systems, and for constructing interpretable or physically-based, reduced-order models that reproduce selected modes of the original systems to a desired accuracy. Application of this framework to constructing lumped approximations for interconnections of lumped and distributed systems is briefly explored.
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  • 5
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 115-136 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract By considering all orderings of the input samples, which are discrete-time continuous-valued, it is shown here that a weighted median (WM) filter of spanN can be specified unambiguously by 2N−1 consistent linear inequalities relating the weights. This specification is identical to that of a self-dual threshold function with the same weights. It is also shown that WM filters with symmetric weights can be specified by ternary threshold functions. Based on these inequalities, properties of WM filters which can be used to check equivalence of some WM filters are derived.
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  • 6
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 137-151 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Because binary mathematical morphology permits fast local neighborhood operations by flash conversion, it is used extensively in high-speed pattern-recognition computer systems. Further, since anyN-dimensional integer function may be represented by an (N + 1)-dimensional binary (bilevel) function, ordinary two-dimensional graylevel images become three-dimensional binary images. Thus these images may be processed by high-speed flash-conversion computers assuming that a sufficiently compact three-dimensional kernel can be devised. The tetradekahedron of the face-centered-cubic tessellation forms a perfect kernel in three-dimensions. Its neighborhood is compact. It has total symmetry with all 12 neighbors equidistant from the central element. Using this kernel a variety of useful three-dimensional morphological operations may be performed for target track detection, shaded graphics, data clustering, automated focusing, and spatial filtering.
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  • 7
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 153-169 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two techniques for image restoration are compared in this paper. One is a technique based on the theory of optimal adaptive stack filtering; the other is a recently developed vector detection approach to image restoration. The primary difference between these two techniques is that the optimal detection technique exploits multilevela priori information, while the stack filter uses only single level zero crossing information. The design constraints for stack filters and vector detection are similar. Both approaches rely on the existence of a training sequence for the image source in order to obtain optimal processing. Adaptive stack filters do, however, require a training set of the noise while the optimal detection approach only needs a multivariate parametric representation. The image-restoration performance of these two methods is compared in a signal dependent noise environment characterizing imaging systems with speckle, film-grain, and Poisson shot noise. Comparisons are made using the mean absolute error measure as well as a subjective measure.
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  • 8
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 325-352 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of digital ladder filters close in form, via the lossless discrete integrator (LDI) transformation, to doubly terminatedLC Cauer ladder low-pass filters is studied. The LDI transformation does not necessarily map stable analogue into stable digital filters. Necessary and sufficient conditions for these digital filter to be lossless and for a corresponding doubly terminated filter to be stable are given. LDIs are often used in the design of switched capacitor (SC) filters. For this case we provide a threshold sampling rate above which the SC LDI filter retains the stability of the analogue filter. In spite of the stability problem with the LDI mapping, it has been observed that when applied to simulate analogue filters the resulting filter is stable. It can now be argued that, in these cases, other factors in the determination of the sampling rate leads typically to a choice that is also sufficiently above the threshold rate for stability. The theory described is also useful to derive more general digital filters and to perform the design of stable LDI filters exclusively in the Z-plane without reference to analogue prototypes.
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  • 9
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 285-307 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe a family of operators for constructing nontrivial left and right coprime factorizations under rather weak conditions for a large class of nonlinear feedback control systems that has a stabilizable or unstabilizable plant, using a common criterion of input-output stability. The proposed sufficiency and construction method are based on a generalization of the nonlinear Lipschitz operator theory formulated by us for such systems. This class of generalized nonlinear Lipschitz operators constitutes a very large family (an infinite-dimensional Banach space) of bounded nonlinear operators that describe (part of) the underlying systems. One of the main difficulties in constructing coprine factorizations for nonlinear feedback systems has been in taking care of the nonlinear composite and inverse operators that appear in the closed-loop configuration such that the overall feedback system is well defined in the sense of stability, causality, and uniqueness of the internal signals and such that the coprime factorizations can be achieved. In this paper we show how these difficult issues can be handled nicely under our framework of generalized nonlinear Lipschitz operator theory, at least for a very large class of nonlinear control systems. We give a simple illustrative example to show how these coprime factorizations can actually be characterized and constructed to yield explicit closed-form solutions.
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  • 10
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 387-398 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the problem of designing a neural network that gives the correct binary representation of a given real number. Previously this problem has been studied by Tank and Hopfield. The network proposed by them exhibits “hysteresis” in the sense that the current vector of the network sometimes converges towards a binary vector that isnot the correct binary representation of the input current. The reason for this is that the network proposed by them has multiple asymptotically stable equilibria. In the present paper, we propose another neural network which has the property that it hasa single, globally attractive equilibrium for almost all values of the input current. Hence, irrespective of the initial conditions of the network, the current vector converges towards the correct binary representation of the input current.
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  • 11
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Concepts of observability and strong observability for singular systems are introduced and characterized geometrically in terms of the system matrices without using the Weierstrass decomposition. Duality relations between observability and controllability and that between reachability and strong observability are established. A canonical form for the action of the output injection group on the set of observable systems is presented.
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  • 12
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 455-492 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mathematical morphology is becoming increasingly important in industrial vision applications for object recognition and defect inspection. In this paper we define a new function based on mathematical morphology, which we named the Rotationally Invariant Pecstrum (RIP). The RIP is proven to be invariant under rotation regardless of the shape of the structuring element. This paper also discusses how to use the RIP as an object descriptor and studies the effect of using different structuring elements on recognizing objects of different shapes.
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  • 13
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 493-508 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This work presents close-form formulas for typical two-dimensional bandselect linear-phase FIR filters (e.g., band-pass, high-pass, and band-stop filters) optimal in the least-squares sense. Cases of both circular and elliptical symmetry are considered. The formulas refer to the coefficients of the frequency sampling form of the frequency response. Therefore they can either be directly used for filter implementation, if the frequency sampling structure is adopted, or used to obtain the impulse response coefficients via an inverse FFT.
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  • 14
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 305-309 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present speculations on the asymptotic behavior of Hermite-Padé polynomials of type I constructed from a set of functions with common branch points. The proposed form is consistent with all known results and numerical work.
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  • 15
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 321-343 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Algorithms are derived for representation of double power series by branched continued fractions. Some properties of the branched continued fractions are given. Two new alternative structures for realization of a two-dimensional, zero memory nonlinear transfer characteristic are proposed. These structures permit the design of 2-D systems with relatively low sensitivity of the transfer function to coefficient errors. Generalized equivalence transformations of branched continued fractions are also presented. Illustrative examples are included.
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  • 16
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 77-92 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Time-invariantn-port networks are considered which are constructed from linear resistors and transformers, and nonlinear inductors and capacitors. A port property is sought which is analogous to the symmetry of the impedance matrix obtained in the linear case. Such a property is found using a stochastic characterization: with all resistors assumed to be at the one temperature and modelled to include the usual thermal noise, a fluctuating noise voltage will be observed at the ports of the networks. With some reasonable restrictions on the nature of the nonlinearities in the reactive elements, the vector of such noise voltages is shown to constitute what is known as a reversible stochastic process; in the linear case, reversibility holds if and only if the impedance matrix is symmetric.
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  • 17
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 123-134 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Three algorithms for the solution of the eigenvalue problem for a continuously parameterized family of sparse matrices are presented; a continuousLU (orLR) algorithm, a continuousQR algorithm, and a continuous Hessenberg algorithm. Each of the three algorithms may be implemented recursively and the sparsity of the given matrices is preserved throughout the numerical process.
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  • 18
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 171-202 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present two new algorithms to estimate the domain of attraction of the equilibriumx=0 of a nonlinear systemx=f(x). One of these algorithms utilizes quadratic Lyapunov functions while the second algorithm makes use of norm Lyapunov functions. Both of these procedures yield estimates for the domain of attraction which are comparable to those obtained by existing methods; however, the present algorithms appear to be significantly more efficient than existing algorithms. We also show how sometimes the applicability of the above results can be extended to high order systems by invoking the comparison principle. In doing so, we establish some results for the comparison principle which are of interest in their own right. Specifically, we relate the domain of attraction of a low order comparison system to the domain of attraction of a higher order system and we give an interpretation of the comparison principle in terms of stability preserving maps. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the present results, and in order to compare the present results with existing results, several specific examples are presented.
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  • 19
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 251-266 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This work provides a mathematical framework for topologically-independent analysis of permutation networks. First, a structure-dependent representation is provided using matrices whose entries are switching expressions. Then, a transformation is presented which maps these matrices into structure-independent representations which are matrices whose entries are 0/1 matrices. Algebraic tools for manipulating the second type of matrices are also provided. Notions such as permutations realizable by a network, the rearrangeability property, and series and parallel connections of networks are defined and discussed with regard to the proposed representations.
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  • 20
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 289-304 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A reliable algorithm, similar to the modifed Kronecker algorithm, is provided for the solution of the Polish polynomial approximation problem. Implicit in this solution is an efficient and reliable method for the algebraic solution of Toeplitz equations.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract TheKdV andMkdV multisoliton solutions are found to be generated by rational Stieltjes functions of the non-linearity parameter, each pole of which can be associated with a soliton. The well-known asymptotic emergence of the separate solitons follows at once from the motion of the poles. Successive (n-1/n) Padé approximants to theN-soliton series are considered to show how the solitons are reconstructed from an increasing number of perturbation terms (n ≤N). Their asymptotic behaviour is particularly striking: as time increases the behaviour of then th approximation becomes that of an actualn-soliton solution, constituted by then leading solitons. Furthermore, it turns out that each such Padé approximation satisfies a conservation law: the mass of the approximated solution, equal to that of then solitons included, is conserved.
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  • 22
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 367-377 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this note we review the technique for rational Chebyshev approximation as given by the generalization of the Remes algorithm and point out its connection to the generalized eigenvalue problem for symmetric Hankel matrices. By a classical example and some recent work it can be shown that interpolation with rational functions (even) on equidistant knots may lead to results that are superior to Chebyshev approximation by means of polynomials for comparable numerical work.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 407-431 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A problem on optimal approximation of continuous-time linear systems is studied. The performance measure (error) is chosen to be the spectral norm of the difference between the Hankel operators associated with the original system and the approximant. It is shown that the Hankel operators associated with continuous-time systems and the Hankel matrices associated with discrete-time systems are related by an interesting correspondence property via bilinear transforms. This fact is then used to derive the continuous-time results (theory and algorithms) from the established discrete-time ones. Some simple examples are presented.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 471-495 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The techniques of scattering and inverse scattering theory are used to investigate the properties of matrix orthogonal polynomials. The discrete matrix analog of the Jost function is introduced and its properties investigated. The matrix distribution function with respect to which the polynomials are orthonormal is constructed. The discrete matrix analog of the Marchenko equation is derived and used to obtain further results on the matrix Jost function and the distribution function.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 3-4 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 5-6 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 57-76 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents our unified approach to the solution of large system analysis problems. The macromodular behavioral technique combines multiple-logic function macromodeling, functional latency and nested macromodel. We take advantage of the dynamic behavior and the repetitive modular structure of a system to improve the computational efficiency during system analysis. Several Bipolar and MOSFET electronic networks are used to demonstrate the merits of the macromodular behavioral method for large system analysis.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 43-56 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the design of an FIR digital filter by interconnecting a number of identical FIR subfilters with the aid of a few additional multipliers and adders. The overall structure is in the form of a tapped cascaded FIR subfilters. A composite method to determine the tapping coefficients along with the coefficients of the subfilter to approximate overall frequency response characteristic is proposed. Several numerical examples illustrating the proposed method are included.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 105-122 
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    Notes: Abstract Given a passive frequency-dependent source impedance and an active or passive load and a preassigned transducer power-gain characteristic, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a lossless reciprocal equalizer which, when operating between the given source and the given load, yields the desired transducer power-gain characteristic. The significance of the present approach is that the realization of the equalizer involves only driving-point synthesis by the Darlington theory.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 135-135 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 203-216 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using semistate theory forward and reverse binary hysteresis operators are defined from which design equations result for relevant circuits. Through variation of the design parameters swept hysteresis is introduced and experimental results presented on it.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 217-231 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of a block-state structure with minimum round-off noise subject to ℓ2-norm dynamic range constraint is outlined. The pertinent equations for scaling and for round-off noise analysis of block-state structures implemented using fixed-point arithmetic are first derived. Next, a lower bound and the global minimum of the output noise due to the round-off of the block-state-variables are derived. A method of deriving the minimum round-off noise block state-structure is outlined. A numerical example is included. With regard to computational complexity and overall noise performance, the block-state realization of recursive digital filters is shown to be superior.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 233-249 
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    Notes: Abstract Although an operational amplifier is a nonlinear device, the existing methods of analysis of circuits with operational amplifiers view it as a linear element which possibly has an infinite gain. As a result, it is not clear to what extent the results thus obtained hold. In this paper we construct a general model of a (nonlinear) circuit containing operational amplifiers. Viewing such a network as an interconnection of a multiport withn operational amplifiers, we give conditions for solvability (i.e., for the existence of an input-output operator), and establish estimates for the error incurred by replacing such a system by an idealized system whose operational amplifiers have infinite gain. In this way we determine ranges for variables within which the traditional linear analysis gives results that fulfill given accuracy requirements.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 279-287 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A brief account is given of a number of generalisations of Padé approximants defined and studied over the past twenty years. These generalisations include multi-point approximants, approximants based upon differential equations, multivalued approximants, multivariate approximants, and approximants defined from series of orthogonal functions. The general class of Hermite-Padé approximants is discussed, and various applications are noted.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 345-366 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent signal processing research suggests that a theory of moments for finite Toeplitz matrices and forms would help in understanding and solving certain model approximation problems. Such a theory is developed in this paper and it is shown how these moment parameterizations can make approximating by low rank Toeplitz matrices tractable. In the case of Toeplitz forms, this moment representation gives a simple solution to the extendibility problem for finite sections of a Toeplitz form.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 395-406 
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    Notes: Abstract A theorem is proved which demonstrates that an earlier derived minimum description length estimation criterion is capable of distinguishing between structures in linear models for vector processes. A fairly simple algorithm is described for the estimation of the best model, including its structure and the number of its parameters.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 447-470 
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    Notes: Abstract Singular value analysis, balancing, and approximation of a class of deformable systems are investigated. The deformable systems considered herein include several important cases of flexible aerospace vehicles and are characterized by countably infinitely many poles and zeros on the imaginary axis. The analysis relies completely on the so-called asymptotic singular value decompositon of the Hankel operator associated with the impulse response of the system. A parametric study of a six-dimensional single-input single-output case is performed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 431-439 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An efficient design of digital differentiators (DD), with a variable frequency range of operation at low and midband frequencies, has been proposed. Implemented as a Taylor structure, a DD designed for orderN can be made to function as a universal configuration giving optimal transfer functions for all possible ordersN, without changing the coefficients.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 443-454 
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    Notes: Abstract For large-array processing problems there is a need for decentralized methods that are computationally efficient. A decentralized variant of the MUSIC algorithm, proposed in the literature, is here analysed from a statistical viewpoint, assuming that a large number of snapshots is available. As intuitively expected, the centralized MUSIC algorithm is more accurate than both the local and decentralized versions of MUSIC. More surprisingly, the decentralized variant of MUSIC is not always more accurate than the local MUSIC estimates. The theoretical analysis is supported by numerical examples.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 3-41 
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    Notes: Abstract Many problems in adaptive filtering can be approached from the point of view of system identification. The close interconnection between these two disciplines is explored in some detail. This approach makes it possible to apply recursive parameter estimation algorithms to adaptive signal processing. Several examples are discussed including: adaptive line enhancement, generalized adaptive noise cancelling, adaptive deconvolution and adaptive TDOA estimation. It is shown how the recursive maximum likelihood algorithm can be used for both FIR and IIR filtering, and some preliminary results are presented. Several alternative algorithms are briefly discussed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 269-278 
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    Notes: Conclusions To conclude our discussion we can only confess to our shortcomings as organizers and editors. We have been incomplete, we have been biased, and, worst of all, we have not been able to produce the most essential connections in any firm way. Perhaps our major achievement — if we may say so — has been to point the way to many possible new results and to new research. The field discussed here seemed at first very conventional. May we have convinced the reader that it is not. That the major problems have not been solved. That here lies an open field for system engineers, numerical analysts, and mathematicians.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 379-394 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent results in labelling all contractive intertwining dilations and in studying connections between labellings are presented. These facts are used to describe the general solution of the Carathéodory-Fejér extrapolation problem. This turns out to be useful for some numerical problems such as: computation of the norm of an analytic Toeplitz matrix, an algorithm for detecting reflection coefficients in seismic exploration, and a model for controlling the errors in Wiener prediction.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 7-45 
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    Notes: Abstract Within the last two decades a small group of researchers has built a useful, nontrivial theory of nonlinear signal processing around the median-related filters known as rank-order filters, order-statistic filters, weighted median filters, and stack filters. This required significant effort to overcome the bias, both in education and research, toward linear theory, which has been dominant since the days of Fourier, Laplace, and “Convolute.” We trace the development of this theory of nonlinear filtering from its beginnings in the study of noise-removal properties and structural behavior of the median filter to the recently developed theory of optimal stack filtering. The theory of stack filtering provides a point of view which unifies many different filter classes, including morphological filters, so it is discussed in detail. Of particular importance is the way this theory has brought together, in a single analytical framework, both the estimation-based and the structural-based approaches to the design of these filters. Some recent applications of median and stack filters are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach to nonlinear filtering. They include: the design of an optimal stack filter for image restoration; the use of vector median filters to attenuate impulsive noise in color images and to eliminate cross luminance and cross color in TV images; and the use of median-based filters for image sequence coding, reconstruction, and scan rate conversion in normal TV and HDTV systems.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 171-193 
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    Notes: Abstract The four different types of stack filters, type-0 through type-3, are determined by four different shapes of the on-set of the positive Boolean function from which the stack filter is constructed. Under all three appending strategies commonly considered in the literature-first and last value carry-on strategy, constant value carry-on strategy, and the circular approach-stack filters of type-0 through type-2 possess the convergence property, while type-3 stack filters do not all share this property. Examples of cyclic behavior in type-3 stack filters are given. Conditions under which certain operations on stack filters which possess the convergence property produce other filters with this property are provided. In perhaps the most important result in this paper, it is shown that the root signal set of any type-3 stack filter is the intersection of the root sets of the type-1 and type-2 stack filters from which the type-3 filter is constructed. This should simplify the task of finding the set of roots of type-3 stack filters. The rates of convergence for stack filters of type-1 and type-2 are determined for each appending approach. The convergence behavior and rates of convergence of stack filters of type-1 and type-2 are then generalized to include type-1 and type-2 filters with indexi.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 195-228 
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    Notes: Abstract The present paper introduces a digital gray-scale morphological filtering technique that is based on postfiltering a given filter so the invariant class of the new filter is larger than the invariant class of the original filter. More specifically, the invariant class of the new filter contains the original invariant class together with all signals whose variation is below a chosen threshold. The postfiltering includes a single erosion and a single dilation by a one-parameter structuring element, the choice of parameter determining the resulting invariant class. While the methodology is quite general, the two applications considered pertain to moving averages with nonnegative weights and moving medians, both of which are morphological filters. Both suppress noise in a signal and each possesses specific advantages and disadvantages. In brief, means tend to give better noise suppression while blurring edges, whereas medians preserve edges, while at the same time flattening small background variation in the underlying signal. The new one-parameter family of filters derived from moving averages are called pseudomeans. The filters derived from medians are called pseudomedians. Both preserve uncorrupted low background variation, as well as steps. Because they preserve small variation while at the same time behaving like the original filters, both filters are especially effective when the noise occurs in bursts, rather than uniformly across the signal.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 281-281 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. ii 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 229-252 
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    Notes: Abstract A new class of morphological filters is proposed for image enhancement. The filter, known as the generalized morphological filter (GMF), uses multiple structuring elements and combines linear and morphological operations. The GMF can be designed to suppress various types of noise yet preserve geometrical structure in an image. A study of several aspects of the performance of the filter is presented. The study includes geometrical feature preservation, noise suppression, structuring element selection, and the root signal structure. For the sake of comparison, averaging and median filters are also used in the experiments and corresponding figures of merit of the performance of the filter. The empirical study shows that the generalized morphological filter possesses effective noise suppression with reduced geometrical feature blurring.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 253-280 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the analysis and the implementation algorithms of the morphological skeleton transform (MST) of binary images. A general MST algorithm is provided from which different subclasses of MSTs can be derived by choosing different structuring elements. Three subclasses of MSTs are discussed in this paper: the uniform-step-distance MST (USDMST), the periodically-uniform-step-distance MST (PUSDMST) and the pseudo-Euclidean MST (PEMST). A general discrete distance called morphological distance relates distance measures to the definitions of structuring elements. The PEMST is proposed which uses isotropic discrete structuring elements called quasi-circular structuring elements (QCSE). The QCSEs of all integer sizes are composed by a dilation interpolation method so that they can be decomposed into simplest elements in order to reduce computation. The PEMST has better performance in terms of rotation-invariance than any existing MSTs. The algorithm has an approximately linear computational complexity. Finally, the implementation of the three MSTs are discussed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 309-324 
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    Notes: Abstract Dual time-scale sampling with intermediate discrete filtering, called moving-average skip sampling, is introduced to overcome the problem of unstable zeros of the sampled system. The new scheme proves easy to implement and efficiently recovers the minimum-phase property of the continuous system at major sampling intervals. An example illustrates the effect of moving-average skip sampling on the nonminimum-phase zeros.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 47-108 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper consists of a tutorial overview of morphological filtering, a theory introduced in 1988 in the context of mathematical morphology. Its first section is devoted to the presentation of the lattice framework. Emphasis is put on the lattices of numerical functions in digital and continuous spaces. The basic filters, namely the openings and the closings, are then described and their various versions are listed. In the third section morphological filters are defined as increasing idempotent operators, and their laws of composition are proved. The last sections are concerned with two special classes of filters and their derivations: first, the alternating sequential filters allow us to bring into play families of operators depending on a positive scale parameter. Finally, the center and the toggle mappings modify the function under study by comparing it, at each point, with a few reference transforms.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 109-114 
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    Notes: Abstract LetX 1,X 2,... be a stationary sequence of random variables with Pr{X t, ≤x}=F(x),t=1, 2,... Also let i ∶n,(t) ,i=1,...,n, denote the ith order statistic (OS) in the moving sample (X t−N ,...,X t,...,X t+N) of odd sizen=2N+1. ThenY t=∑a i X i ∶n(t) with ∑a i=1 is an order-statistics filter. In practicea i≥0,i=1,...,n. Fort〉N, the sequence {Y t} is also stationary. IfX 1 X 2, ... are independent, the autocorrelation function ρ(r)=corr(Y t,Y t+r) is zero forr 〉n − 1 and forr ≤n − 1 can be evaluated directly in terms of the means, variances, and covariances of the OS in random samples of sizen +r fromF(x). In special cases several authors have observed that the spectral density functionf(ω) of {Y t} is initially decreasing for ω 〉 0. This result is made more precise and shown to hold generally under white noise. The effect of outliers (impulses) is also discussed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 353-362 
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    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the sequence ofs-numbers {sn},n=0, 1,..., of a compact operator, and particularly a compact Hankel operator Γ=[h j+k −1], converges monotonically to zero. Since the (n + 1)sts-number sn measures the error ofL ∞(¦z¦=1) approximation, modulo an additive H∞ function, by nth degree proper rational functions whose poles are restricted to ¦z¦ 〈 1, it is very important to study how fast {s n } converges to zero. It is not difficult to see that ifh n =O(n −α), for someα 〉 1, thens n =O(n −α). In this paper we construct, for any given sequenceɛ n ↓ 0, a compact Hankel operator Γ such thats n ≥ɛ n for alln.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. i 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 365-376 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper addresses the problem of robust linear estimations of systems perturbed by noise with a wide sense stationary (WSS) process, with its spectral density known only to be in a neighborhood of some specified spectral density. The asymptotic efficiency of the least-square (LS) estimator relative to the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is known to depend upon the degree of the variance of the spread of the noise spectral density at the frequencies where the spectral mass of the system's impulse response function is concentrated. A signal estimator in the frequency domain is considered and it is demonstrated that where the Fourier transform is applied to the observed data, robust estimation occurs.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 377-385 
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    Notes: Abstract Fast progressive reconstruction (FPR) of images based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) has been developed by Takikawa [3]. This technique is now extended to the discrete cosine transform (DCT). The quality of reconstructed images during the intermediate stages based on these transforms is analyzed. This comparison is both subjective and objective. The feasibility of the DCT in this FPR scheme is discussed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 399-419 
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    Notes: Abstract In contrast to 1-D systems, the 2-D systems have no natural notion of “causality.” An artificial restriction traditionally imposed to allow recursive solution of these systems is that of “recursibility.” In this paper we study 2-Dsingular systems, taking advantage of the nonoriented or noncausal nature of these systems to provide a solution even if the requirement of recursibility does not hold. It is shown thatnonrecursible masks may be described using singular 2-D systems. The analysis approach relies on thefundamental matrix.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 1-22 
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    Keywords: Distributed parameter system ; Strong stabilization ; Stable compensator ; Parity interlacing condition ; Callier-Desoer class
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    Notes: Abstract It is proved that a multivariable distributed system, that has no poles on the boundary of the half-plane of analyticity of its transfer function, can be stabilized with a stable strictly proper lumped compensator if and only if the standard parity interlacing condition is satisfied. The problem is formulated and solved in a Banach algebra of transfer functions that are Laplace transforms of measures having a finite total variation with respect to some given submultiplicative weight function. In particular, this result can be applied to transfer functions in the Callier-Desoer class, and it seems to be new even for this class. The proofs are closely related to and based on the scalar case solved previously.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 23-39 
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    Keywords: Adaptive algorithms ; Condition estimation ; Recursive least squares ; Signal processing ; Singular values
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    Notes: Abstract We apply a fast adaptive condition estimation scheme, calledACE, to recursive least squares (RLS) computations in signal processing.ACE is fast in the sense that onlyO(n) operations are required forn parameter problems, and is adaptive over time, i.e., estimates at timet are used to produce estimates at timet + 1. RLS algorithms for linear prediction of time series are applied in various fields of signal processing: identification, estimation, and control. However, RLS algorithms are known to suffer from numerical instability problems under finite word-length conditions, due to ill-conditioning. We apply adaptive procedures, linear in the order of the problem, for accurately tracking relevant extreme eigen-values or singular values and the associated condition numbers over timet. In this paper exponentially weighted data windows are considered. The sliding data window case, which involves downdating as well as updating, is considered else-where. Numerical experiments indicate thatACE yields an accurate, yet inexpensive, RLS condition estimator for signal processing applications.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 117-149 
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    Keywords: Hankel matrices ; Manifolds ; Partial realization ; Cell decomposition ; Bruhat decomposition ; Principal minors
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the topology of manifolds of rectangular Hankel matrices, motivated by the problem of partial realization. Following Fischer and Frobenius, we introduce a rank-preserving Gl(2, ℝ)-action on the space Hank(M × N) of all realM × N Hankel matrices. We derive an explicit formula for the firstn x n principal minor of transformed Hankel matrices. Extending the earlier work of Brockett, the formula is applied to introduce a manifold structure on the space Hank(n, M × N) of allM × N Hankels of rankn. We construct a cell decomposition of Hank(M × N) which induces a cellular subdivision on each of the manifolds Hank(n, M × N) wheren ≤ min (M, N). This new cell decomposition is applied to investigate the topology of partial realizations.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 41-66 
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    Keywords: Local controllability ; Normal reachability ; Measurable controls ; Control approximations
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce a local property of nonlinear systems called the nontangency property and we show that, in the presence of this nontangency property, small-time local controllability by measurable controls implies small-time local controllability by piecewise-constant controls; furthermore, the initial state is normally reachable from itself in arbitrarily small time. The class of systems that are small-time locally controllable and satisfy the nontangency property is shown to contain all real-analytic systems, all smooth systems with the Lie-algebra rank condition, and all locally boundedC 1 systems. Some consequences of small-time normal self-reachability are also discussed.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 67-79 
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    Keywords: Hankel norm ; Rational approximation ; Order of approximation ; Wiener class
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of approximating Hankel operators of infinite rank by finite-rank Hankel operators is considered. For efficiency, truncated infinite Hankel matrices Γn of Γ are utilized. In this paper for any compact Hankel operator Γ of the Wiener class, we derive the rate of l2-convergence of the Schmidt pairs of Γn to the corresponding Schmidt pairs of Γ. For a certain subclass of Hankel operators of the Wiener class, we also obtain the rate of l1-convergence. In addition, an upper bound for the rate of uniform convergence of the rational symbols of best rank-k Hankel approximants of Γn to the corresponding rational symbol of the best rank-k Hankel approximant to Γ asn → ∞ is derived.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 81-91 
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    Keywords: Deflection ratio ; Generalized signal-to-noise ratio ; Quadratic detection ; Stochastic signal detection ; Reproducing kernel Hilbert space
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    Notes: Abstract The generalized signal-to-noise ratio (GSNR) is a measure of performance often used in evaluating binary hypothesis testing procedures. In this paper, we investigate the properties of the GSNR as applied to the evaluation of quadratic detectors with Gaussian hypotheses. Appealing to reproducing kernel Hilbert space theory, we give a representation for the GSNR that is particularly useful for evaluating extremal properties. Finally, we discuss an alternative performance measure that is both intuitively appealing and superior to the GSNR in some respects.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 93-114 
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    Keywords: Ergodic control ; Singular control ; Bounded variation control ; Diffusion process ; Dynamic programming ; Reflected diffusion
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    Notes: Abstract A multidimensional Wiener process is controlled by an additive process of bounded variation. A convex nonnegative function measures the cost associated with the position of the state process, and the cost of controlling is proportional to the displacement induced. We minimize a limiting time-average expected (ergodic) criterion. Under reasonable assumptions, we prove that the optimal discounted cost converges to the optimal ergodic cost. Moreover, under some additional conditions there exists a convex Lipschitz continuous function solution to the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation which provides an optimal stationary feedback control.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 365-390 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Automata ; Invertibility ; Observability ; Resiliency ; Error recovery ; Discrete-event dynamic systems
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider a class of Discrete-Event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) modeled as finite-state automata in which only some of the transition events are directly observed. An invertible DEDS is one for which it is possible to reconstruct the entire event string from the observation of the output string. The dynamics of invertibility are somewhat complex, as ambiguities in unobservable events are typically resolved only at discrete intervals and, perhaps, with finite delay. A notion of resiliency or error recovery is developed for invertibility, and polynomial-time tests for invertibility and for resilient invertibility, as well as a procedure for the construction of a resilient inverter, are discussed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract General results are given for the influence of coherence and misalignment on the complex amplitude addition and subtraction by holographic Fourier transformation. For the method of Gaboret al. we have investigated the effects of longitudinal and transverse misalignment of the recording material between the first and second exposure. A method for complex addition and subtraction of Fourier transforms is investigated also.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 245-251 
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    Notes: Abstract The excite-and-probe technique was used to study the optically induced charge carrier concentration dependence of the reflectivity of semiconductors, both experimentally and theoretically, in the case of an exponential carrier distribution. The second harmonic of an Nd : YAG laser (pulse duration 25 ps) was used as the exciting beam; the fundamental wave served as the probe beam. At a carrier concentration of about 2.5×1021 cm−3 a minimum reflectivity was obtained if the angle of incidence was greater than 40°. For increasing absorption constants of the semiconductor at the exciting frequency, this minimum value of the reflectivity was shown to increase. The dependence of the reflectivity on the exponentially distributed carrier concentration was studied experimentally for thin amorphous silicon films produced by the glow-discharge technique. For an absorption constant of 6×105 cm−1 at 532 nm, good agreement was found between the numerical calculations and the experimental results.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 253-261 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract This paper deals with self-focusing of picosecond laser pulses due to the optical Kerr effect in CS2. It describes experimental techniques by which the self-focusing process can be controlled with a good degree of spatial and temporal reproducibility. It includes applications to the frequency modulation of light pulses. Appropriate combination of this modulation with linear amplitude filtering results in pulse shortening of a 30 ps pulse by a factor of 30.
    Notes: Résumé Nous décrivons plusieurs techniques expérimentales qui permettent de maîtriser le phénomène d'autofocalisation d'un faisceau laser ‘picoseconde’ dans un matériau présentant l'effet Kerr optique. Sous certaines conditions, ce phénomène est suffisamment prévisible et reproductible dans le temps et dans l'espace pour produire des impulsions picoseconde présentant certaines lois contrôlées de modulation de fréquences temporelles. Enfin, nous montrons comment des impulsions laser de durée initiale 30 ps modulées convenablement en fréquence par autofocalisation contrôlée dans CS2 peuvent être raccourcies d'un facteur 30 environ par filtrage passif d'amplitude.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 280-282 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 321-326 
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    Notes: Abstract Hysteresis is demonstrated in the light output versus current characteristics of twin-stripe injection lasers subject to optical injection. The sensitivity of the device to optical injection is adjustable and allows an adjustable switch for bistable operation to be defined.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 331-338 
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    Notes: Abstract The radiation emitted spontaneously by a semiconductor which has been excited for a very short time decays exponentially with a time constant that depends on the recombination rate of electrons and holes. This recombination rate is the combination of radiative and nonradiative transition rates between conduction and valence bands of the semiconductor. The radiative recombination rate depends on the density of states of the electromagnetic field, which can be made to be dependent on the geometry. In this paper, we report on the dependence of the fluorescence lifetime upon the thickness of active thin films. For systems in which the radiative recombination rate is dominant over the nonradiative ones, the total recombination time can be changed by suitable modifications of the thickness of the film. In this situation, the nonradiative rate can be evaluated. We present experimental results for the case of cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 339-346 
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    Notes: Abstract A new technique of alternate two-wavelength oscillation of a CO2 laser is discussed for application to various differential absorption spectroscopic measurements. Power-balanced, two-adjacent branch oscillation using a single CO2 laser was achieved by modulating the angle of a mirror inside the laser cavity and adjusting automatically the cavity length. The two-wavelength modulation frequency was extended up to about 1.2 kHz. Line tuning and power modulation characteristics were studied. The laser was used in long-path differential absorption measurements of ethylene air pollution molecules to demonstrate the capability of this power-balanced, two-wavelength oscillation method. The minimum detectable absorption was nearly 1×10−3 in a short-path cell experiment and 3×10−3 in a long-path experiment.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 371-374 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 425-431 
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    Notes: Abstract The distinction between coherent and incoherent nonlinear optical interactions is established at the beginning of the paper. In the first part parametric up conversion (PUC) by coherent nonlinear optical mixing of the strong pumping radiation with weak input radiation is treated with respect to statistical properties of generating radiations. The efficiency of PUC is calculated by means of the conserved statistics method. It is shown that the efficiency of PUC depends upon the photon statistics of the strong pumping radiation only, namely, it decreases with increasing fluctuation level in the pumping radiation. The fourth-order statistics of generated sum-frequency radiation is calculated in the first approximation of the iterative solution. The statistics of both generating radiations are projected into the statistical distribution of the resulting sum-frequency radiation in the same way at the beginning of the process.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 445-451 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a theoretical and experimental study of the application of the near field technique to the measure of radiance of light emitting diodes and laser diodes. We have shown the possibilities and the limitations of this technique.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 465-466 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 483-499 
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    Notes: Abstract Snyder's equivalent step-index method is extended to the case of graded profiles with a depressed cladding. This method is then used to determine the limit of monomode operation. Comparison with the results obtained by an exact numerical technique is made for a large variety of simulated profiles, including those with ripples in the cladding. Conclusions are drawn concerning the sensitivity of various profile-shapes to such ripple structure. The method is applied also to measured profiles, reconstructed by a well-known tomographic procedure. In this latter case a comparison is made with experimentally determined values.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 525-537 
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    Notes: Abstract A new theoretical treatment of the dispersion theory for rectangular optical waveguides is presented. The theoretical basis of the effective dielectric constant method is investigated, and it shows how corrections can be calculated systematically. The result is a new set of eigenvalue equations, simple in form, and which provide very accurate values for the propagation constant.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 547-556 
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    Notes: Abstract A theoretical study is presented of the stationary energy transfer between two beams in the writing of a reflection hologram in a dynamic medium. The intensities of the two beams both inside the medium and at the surfaces are determined as a function of absorption coefficient, the effective coupling constant, the initial intensity ratio and the thickness of the medium. Numerical results obtained from the computer calculations are presented in graphical form.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 89-91 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 157-167 
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    Notes: Abstract A new optical-optical modulator for the infrared region (4μm 〈λ 〈 11μm) is described. It is based on the tuning of the transmission of a plane parallel tellurium slab by free carriers created by multiphoton absorption of 10.6μm and 5.3μm radiation at room temperature. The operation of this device is described by a simple theory using the plane-wave approximation and the Drude-Zehner model. The assumptions of this theory were fulfilled by the experimental conditions, permitting a quantitative analysis of the registered modulations. Under certain working conditions pulse shortening (170 ns pulses ofλ=5.3μm were shortened by up to 20 ns) and fast switch-on of the device (switch-on time ⩽2 ns) were observed. Moreover, the modulator exhibits limiter action and optical bistability which, for the first time, is observed in an intrinsic semiconductor device at room temperature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 61-66 
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    Notes: Abstract The design and performance of a high-speed optical receiver for the 1.3μm and 1.5μm wavelength regions is described. The receiver comprises an InGaAs PIN photodiode feeding into a bipolar transimpedance preamplifier. Measured receiver characteristics are found to compare favourably with theoretical predictions.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 73-76 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 85-88 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 95-143 
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    Notes: Abstract This review discusses the requirements and constraints on components for long-wavelength monomode systems. In particular it critically reviews the current status of fibre, splicing, cabling, laser, detector, receiver and systems research; emphasis is placed on practical achievements rather than just speculative possibilities. The review concludes with a brief assessment of the future role of guided-wave optical devices.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 225-236 
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    Notes: Abstract We apply an operator method, based on the scalar wave equation, to study the propagation of a Gaussian light beam in an optical fibre with an arbitrary, elliptically symmetric refractive-index profile. We discover that ray optical results, while not capable of predicting the rapid distortion of an optical beam in a non-ideal refractive-index profile, successfully simulate the general form of the optical power distributions, even in non-ideal profiles. We find that the propagation patterns for elliptical fibres with and without a strongly scattering central index dip show several unexpected similarities.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 201-215 
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    Notes: Abstract A general method is introduced for modelling coherent radiative and propagational processes at optical and near-optical frequencies in degenerate transitions of gaseous atomic and molecular systems. A ‘Blochtensorial’ expansion is used to describe the coherent behaviour of the system, and is applicable to P-, Q- and R-type transitions. Time-dependent solutions of the high-order multipole Maxwell-Bloch equations are obtained for irradiation of the systems by both linearly polarized and circularly polarized incident fields. These lead to important predictions of pulse evolution behaviour in degenerate amplifier and absorber systems.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 237-243 
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    Notes: Abstract Single-mode operation of an atmospheric-pressure TE CO2 laser is reported. Single longitudinal mode emission has been achieved by incorporating a low-pressure, transversely excited gain section in the same laser cavity as the atmospheric-pressure section. The effects of different resonator configurations on the system modal behaviour have been investigated and it is shown that unstable resonators are particularly suitable for controlling the transverse mode structure with a complete coverage of the excited medium. With an unstable resonator configuration, formed by a metallic convex mirror and a plane diffraction grating, single longitudinal and single transverse mode output pulses with energy up to 2 J have been produced on more than 40 lines of both the 9.4μ m and 10.4μ m bands. This technique can easily be scaled to larger aperture devices at higher extracted energies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 375-389 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of an external dispersive resonator on the emission properties of a double heterostructure semiconductor laser operating at room temperature has been investigated. The proper design of the external resonator (frequency selectivity and efficient back-coupling of the radiation leaving the diode) demonstrates that a laser with optical feedback can show bistability and hysteresis phenomena. The dispersive bistability has its origin in the dependence of the refractive index on carrier density, temperature and optical power. Hysteresis curves have been measured by changing the injection current or by tuning the dispersive element. We have found a threshold in the injection current for the onset of the hysteretic behaviour. Moreover, a theoretical model has been established to explain the essential features of the experimental results. Hysteresis cycles for different experiments have been calculated.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 413-417 
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    Notes: Abstract The design of tunable large angular aperture TeO2 noncollinear acousto-optic filters for use in the 1.0–1.6μm region is discussed. It is shown that it is possible to maximize the angular aperture of such a filter by the correct choice of the direction for the acoustic wave vector and that this required direction is independent of the operating wavelength in the range 1.0–1.6μm. The theoretical model adopted is verified by comparison with experimentally measured filter characteristics and the design of filters with narrow bandwidths and low power requirements is discussed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 433-444 
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    Notes: Abstract Parametric up conversion (PUC) by incoherent nonlinear optical mixing of second-order coherent strong pumping radiation and another weak chaotic input radiation with a finite spectral width is treated in the second part of this paper. The efficiency of PUC is calculated in the second approximation of the iterative method. It is shown that in the case of perfect phase matching the efficiency of PUC decreases with increase of both the spectral width of the input radiation and the dispersion of medium, whilst at considerable values of phase mismatch the reverse effect appears. The spectral distribution of the resulting sum-frequency radiation is calculated in the first approximation of the iterative method. There is a general tendency to narrowing of the spectral distribution of the generated radiation in the course of PUC. Moreover, when there is a phase mismatch present, a spectral shift of the central maximum of generated radiation towards the blue or red region, according to the signs of the phase mismatch and the typical dispersion coefficient, appears in the later phases of the PUC.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 467-474 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of off-axis Gaussian beams through an optical system is described in the paraxial approximation. The formulae for the second harmonic power for stationary focused noncollinear SHG is given. Numerical results and analytical approximations for limiting cases are provided. The theory is applied to the problem of background of noncollinear SHG in pulse duration measurement techniques.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 501-513 
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    Notes: Abstract Onset of the dissociative-attachment instability requires that the rate coefficient for electron detachment (k d) from negative ions be below a critical value. The predominant negative and positive ions in a CO2∶N2∶He gas-discharge plasma are known to change with time. As secondary by-products form and the predominant negative-ion species changes from CO 3 − to NO 2 − , a decrease ink d occurs destabilizing the discharge. Since NO 2 − and NO 3 − are largely unreactive with respect to associative detachment,k d depends in a sensitive fashion on the concentration of certain minority negative ions (O−, O 2 − ) and neutrals (CO, O, N). The sufficient conditions for the dissociative-attachment instability are much less sensitive to changes in the electron-ion and ion-ion recombination rate coefficients resulting from the ion aging process.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 539-546 
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    Notes: Abstract Based on the theory of coupled waves the simultaneous diffraction of two waves at a plane dielectric reflection volume hologram is described. By analogy to the transmission volume grating the intensities of the output beams strongly depend on the phase shift between the incident waves and the phase shift of the grating with respect to the interference structure of the read-out waves. This gives the possibility of transferring the incident energy from one wave into the other and can be used for the modulation or deflection of the reconstructed beams. The separate determination of the different kinds of phase shifts by intensity or phase measurements is discussed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 24 (1992), S. 647-659 
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    Notes: Abstract Usually, coupling coefficients of parallel weakly-guiding waveguides of arbitrary crosssectional shape with uniform infinite cladding are calculated via two-dimensional overlap integrals of the refractive-index distribution of the concerned waveguide core and the field distributions of the two coupling isolated-core modes. In this paper it is shown that, in the case of synchronous coupled modes, the calculation can be reduced to the evaluation of a line integral involving only the field functions. Convenient formulations are obtained for typical forms of the field representation.
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    Notes: Abstract The large nonlinearities of the solutions of a new type of rare-earth complexes RE(TTA)4:HP, synthesized by ourselves, are experimentally demonstrated. The critical powers for the self-trapping of a laser beam in the solutions were measured. The dependence of the self-trapping critical powers on the absorptivity of the solutions and the type of solute complexes was found. The analysis for the experimental results shows that the effects of self-focusing and self-trapping of light in the solutions are not due to the change of molecular local density but the thermo-optical nonlinearities of the dissolved molecules themselves.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 24 (1992), S. 661-676 
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    Notes: Abstract A transfer function of the thermal FM response of laser diodes is theoretically derived that is in excellent agreement with the experimentally measured FM response and agrees in general with an empirical expression reported earlier in the literature. The characteristic dip in the overall sinewave FM response and the time-domain stepresponse of the laser diode are analysed theoretically as a function of a thermal cutoff frequency and the ratio of thermal FM at d.c. to the carrier FM at d.c. From the step response analysis, the lower bound on the bit rate for penalty-free Alternate Mark Inversion FSK (AMI-FSK) transmission is derived which tallies well with the experimental observations. A first-order equalization network to correct the drooping nature of the FSK output pulse response is analysed theoretically.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 24 (1992), S. 631-646 
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    Notes: Abstract The mutual intensity of the optical field in the Fraunhofer diffraction region produced from the end of an optical fibre under illumination of a coherent beam, is theoretically analysed by using an optical fibre-end source model. In this source model, the optical field at the end of the fibre is expressed as an aggregation of independent plane waves with random directions and phases, because the guided modes propagating through the fibre may be regarded as a stochastic process. It is found that the optical field in the diffraction region from the multimode optical fibre is not homogeneous butquasi homogeneous in a statistical sense. The spatial coherence properties in the field are discussed in connection with theV number (the normalized frequency) of the fibre and in comparison with those in the field produced from an incoherent source obeying the van Cittert-Zernike theorem.
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