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  • Articles  (1,644)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,644)
  • 1980-1984  (1,644)
  • 1981  (1,644)
  • Biology  (1,012)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (825)
  • Computer Science  (63)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • Articles  (1,644)
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  • 1980-1984  (1,644)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Isostatisches Heißpressen ; SiC ; Gefüge ; Dichte ; Porosität ; Festigkeit ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: NOx-Bildung ; Brennstoffstickstoff ; Stufenverbrennung ; Stufenmischbrenner ; Feuerungen ; Umsatzgrade zu NO ; Stickoxide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 223-225 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: The role and use of experimental laboratory-scale models for predicting the performance of an industrial gas-liquid reactor. The aim of the present work is to illustrate the usefulness of experimental laboratory-scale models for simulating the operation of industrial gas-liquid reactors. After defining the term simulation and establishing the necessary simulation criteria, the authors present various experimental laboratory-scale models and characterize them by the criteria so as to enable selection of one of these models for simulating the operation of an industrial gas-liquid contactor. The respective principles of the differential and integral simulation of an industrial absorber by a “point” model or by an “integral” model are discussed and illustrated with the aid of practical examples. The differential simulation of a packed column by a laboratory agitator vessel and the integral simulation of a pilot scale liquid motivated venturi jet scrubber by a laminar jet are dealt with in detail. Finally, a few industrial applications of this technique published in the literature are presented.
    Notes: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Wert und Nutzen der experimentellen Simulation von Labormodellen bei der verfahrenstechnischen Auslegung von industriellen Gas/Flüssigkeits-Reaktoren hervorzuheben. Der Begriff „Simulation“ wird definiert, und die bei dieser Methode notwendigen Kenngrößen werden hergeleitet; die verschiedenen Laborapparate, die als Modelle in Frage kommen, werden vorgestellt; für jeden von ihnen werden die Bereiche der oben genannten Kenngrößen angegeben, so daß es möglich wird, das für die Simulation eines gegebenen industriellen Gas/Flüssigkeits-Reaktors brauchbare Labormodell auszuwählen. Die Prinzipien der differentiellen (mit einem „Punktmodell“) und der integralen Simulation (mit einem „vollständigen“ Modell) werden dargestellt. Einige praktische Beispiele werden gegeben; auf zwei Anwendungen wird näher eingegangen: die differentielle Simulation einer Füllkörperkolonne mit einem Labor-Rührkesselreaktor und die integrale Simulation eines Venturi-Flüssigkeitsstrahlwäschers durch einen laminaren Strahl. Schließlich werden die bis jetzt veröffentlichten industriellen Anwendungen dieser Simulationsmethode vorgestellt.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 272-274 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Sieden ; kapillarporöse Strukturen ; Wärme-Rohre(heatpipes) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 295-295 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Naßoxidation ; Zimmermann-Prozeß ; Kosten ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Finite-Element-Methode ; elastisch-plastische Spannungsanalyse ; Bruchmechanik ; Bauteilzähigkeit ; Versagenshypothesen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 302-302 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 344-351 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methodology of scaling up chemical reactors. Although numerous publications emphasise the necessity of a systematic approach in the scaling-up of reactors, this is not always adequately observed in practice. The methodology of scaling-up not only pertains to the chemical reactor itself, but also to all essential components of a chemical process. This article deals exclusively with the scaling-up of reactors, since the extrapolation of reactor parameters presents the greatest difficulties. A description of the mode of approach is followed by an account of how the methodology can be employed, using a few practical examples for illustration.
    Notes: Obwohl die Notwendigkeit einer systematischen Vorgehensweise bei der Maßstabsvergrößerung von Reaktoren in mehreren Veröffentlichungen betont wird, wird dies leider nicht immer hinreichend beachtet. Die Methodik bei der Maßstabsvergrößerung betrifft nicht nur den chemischen Reaktor selbst, sondern auch alle wesentliche Komponenten eines chemischen Verfahrens. Im folgenden wird ausschließlich die Maßstabsvergrößerung von Reaktoren behandelt, weil die Extrapolation der Reaktoren die größten Schwierigkeiten bereitet. Nach der Beschreibung der Vorgehensweise wird anhand einiger praktischer Beispiele gezeigt, wie die Methodik angewendet werden kann.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 379-383 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Suspensionspolymerisation ; Fließbetrieb ; Vinylacetat ; Verweilzeitverteilung ; Teilchengrößenverteilung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Fließbett ; Wirbelschicht ; Gasverteiler ; Blasen ; hydrierende Kohlevergasung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 398-400 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 446-449 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 529-542 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: The state of the art of extraction with compressed gases. Gases under high pressure have the properties of solvents. Their utilization has led to the development of novel methods of separation, extending materials separation process engineering by a new group of process techniques. Catalysts can be dissolved in high-density gas phases and thus effect favourable reaction conditions.In the neighbourhood of the critical temperature, liquid-like densities of the compressed gas are already achieved at relatively moderate pressures in the range from 50 to about 300 bar. A comparatively high solvent power of the gaseous phase ensues. This property of a compressed gas can be varied within wide limits by a change of pressure and temperature. With decreasing density it approaches the behaviour of a normal gas, with increasing density that of a liquid. Thus, there is the possibility of separating out the dissolved material again. The working temperature of such a process is largely determined by the critical temperature of the gas employed. Since a number of readily available gases have critical temperatures in the region up to 50°C, the first separations to be examined during the development of this process were those of temperature-sensitive and low-volatile mixtures. Polar materials having substantially higher critical temperatures such as ammonia, methanol and water promise a further series of possible applications.
    Notes: Gase unter hohem Druck haben die Eigenschaften von Lösungsmitteln. Ihre Verwendung führt zu neuartigen Trennverfahren, die die Verfahrenstechnik der Stofftrennung um eine Gruppe neuer Verfahrensweisen erweitern. In der chemischen Reaktionstechnik können Katalysatoren in Gasphasen hoher Dichte gelöst und dadurch günstige Reaktionsbedingungen bewirkt werden.In der Nähe der kritischen Temperatur werden bei relativ mäßigen Drücken im Bereich von 50 bis etwa 300 bar bereits flüssigkeitsähnliche Dichten des komprimierten Gases erreicht. Es ergibt sich eine vergleichsweise hohe Lösefähigkeit der gasförmigen Phasen. Diese Eigenschaft eines komprimierten Gases kann durch Ändern von Druck und Temperatur in weiten Grenzen variiert werden. Mit abnehmender Dichte nähert es sich dem Verhalten eines normalen Gases, mit zunehmender Dichte dem einer Flüssigkeit. Somit ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, die gelösten Stoffe wieder auszufällen. Durch die kritische Temperatur des verwendeten Gases ist die Arbeitstemperatur eines solchen Verfahrens weitgehend festgelegt. Da eine Reihe leicht verfügbarer Gase kritische Temperaturen im Bereich bis 50°C besitzen, wurde bei Entwicklung dieser Verfahren zunächst die Trennung temperaturempfindlicher und schwerflüchtiger Stoffmischungen behandelt. Darüber hinaus versprechen polare Stoffe mit erheblich höher liegenden kritischen Temperaturen wie Ammoniak, Methanol und Wasser eine Reihe weiterer Anwendungsmöglichkeiten.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 565-567 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 571-571 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Luftspaltrohr ; Wärmedurchgang ; Kühlung ; Reaktoren ; Katalyse ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 576-577 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Abstrom-Blasensäule ; Gasverdichtung ; Gasförderung ; Strahlpumpe ; Venduri-Düse ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Flüssig/Flüssig-Extraktion ; System Wasser/Aceton/Toluol ; anionaktive Tenside ; Natriumalkylsulfate ; Natrium-n-alkyl-etheralkoholsulfate ; Salz-Einfluß ; aufsteigender Tropfen ; Dispergierung ; Stoffübergang ; Grenzflächenspannung ; kritische Mizellbildungskonzentration ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 580-581 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: volumetrischer Stoffübergangskoeffizient ; Hydrazin-Oxidation ; Katalyse ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 586-586 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 587-591 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Basis for reliable production in the chemical industry. Adoption of stepwise procedures and repeated testing as well as systematic analysis of breakdowns are essential steps in the development, design, and operation of reliable chemical plant. This can be convincingly demonstrated by means of the fundamental approaches employed. However, a discussion of some of the methods of systematic reliability analysis and their application to a simple example reveal the limitations of reliability assurance measures. Reliability in the field of chemistry cannot be quantified at the planning stage. Nevertheless, it can be demonstrated by reference to all experience gained so far that state-of-the-art chemical plant are sufficiently reliable.
    Notes: Schrittweises Vorgehen und ständig wiederkehrende Überprüfungen sowie systematische Störungsanalysen sind wesentliche Elemente bei Entwicklung, Planung und Betrieb sicherer Chemieanlagen. Das läßt sich anhand der grundsätzlichen Vorgehensweisen überzeugend darlegen. Die Diskussion einiger Methoden der systematischen Sicherheitsanalyse und ihre Anwendung auf ein einfaches Beispiel machen andererseits die Grenzen sicherheitstechnischer Maßnahmen deutlich. Die Sicherheit im Chemiebereich ist im Planungsstadium nicht zu quantifizieren. Wohl aber läßt sich durch Hinweis auf alle bisherigen Erfahrungen zeigen, daß nach dem Stand der Technik errichtete Chemieanlagen ausreichend sicher sind.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 600-606 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: New approaches in flotational processing and waste water treatment in the chemical industry. Flotation has not yet become universally accepted in the chemical industry as a separation technique for the solids/liquid system. This article attempts to discover the reason why. It also presents possibilities enhancing the attractiveness of the flotation technique for recovery of materials and waste water purification in the chemical industry. A brief indication of the phenomena exploited by the flotation technique is followed by a discussion of chemical engineering aspects of this technique in ore and coal flotation and in mechanical waste water purification. A flotation cell without stirrer is presented, as has been designed specifically for the chemical industry. In conclusion, some flotation tasks performed with a laboratory version of this type of cell are presented and discussed. They show that the flotation technique can be a favourable alternative to classical separation techniques in many solids/liquid and liquid/liquid separation tasks, and should therefore be considered in future for appropriate separation problems (particle size ca. 100 μm, solids content ≤ 20 g/l).
    Notes: Die Flotation hat sich in der chemischen Industrie als ein Trennverfahren für das System fest/flüssig bisher noch nicht durchgesetzt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, dafür eine Erklärung zu finden. Gleichzeitig werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die die Flotationstechnik zur Werkstoff-Rückgewinnung und Abwasserreinigung in der chemischen Industrie attraktiv machen könnten. Nach Hinweisen auf die Phänomene, deren sich die Flotationstechnik bedient, werden die verfahrenstechnischen Aspekte dieser Technik bei der Erzund Kohleflotation bzw. bei der mechanischen Abwasserreinigung besprochen. Es wird eine rührerlose Flotationszelle vorgestellt, die speziell für die Belange der chemischen Industrie entwickelt worden ist. Abschließend werden einige Flotationsaufgaben, die mit einer Laborausführung dieses Zellentyps durchgeführt worden sind, vorgestellt und besprochen. Sie zeigen, daß die Flotationstechnik bei vielen Trennaufgaben in den Stoffsystemen fest/flüssig und flüssig/flüssig eine günstige Alternative zu den klassischen Trennverfahren sein kann und sie daher künftig bei entsprechenden Trennproblemen (Teilchengröße ≤ 100 μm, Feststoffgehalt ≤ 20 g/l) in Erwägung gezogen werden sollte.
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  • 35
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 620-625 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Automation of chemical plant employing techniques of systems engineering - analysis and trends. Automation techniques involving systems have been advancing as a consequence of tremendous progress in microelectronics. Independently, an altered economic situation in the area of chemistry, which can be characterized by more stringent demands with respect to product quality, is extending the goals of automation, again requiring the methods of systems engineering for their realization. This completes a circle which should also encompass the organization of the departments responsible for automation and related concepts, solutions, and sophisticated engineering methods.
    Notes: Die Automatisierungstechnik mit Systemen konnte sich durch die sehr großen Fortschritte der Mikroelektronik entwickeln. Unabhängig davon führt eine veränderte wirtschaftliche Situation in der Chemie, die sich durch höhere Qualitätsanforderungen charakterisieren läßt, zu erweiterten Automatisierungszielen, die zu ihrer Lösung wiederum systemtechnische Methoden erfordern. Damit schließt sich ein Kreis, in den noch eine Organisation der für die Automatisierung verantwortlichen Abteilungen und darauf abgestimmte Konzepte, Lösungen und weiterentwickelte Ingenieurmethoden einzubeziehen sind.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thoughts on quality assurance in the construction of chemical plant. To be able to operate a chemical plant free of hazards and breakdowns, a wide variety of measures have to be taken to assure quality during planning, during construction and in operation. These measures are outlined with the aid of an example, namely a large reactor. Particular attention is paid to the individual building phases and the intermediate non-destructive tests. The paper also touches on quality planning, quality assurance in operation and the organization of quality systems. The example is intended to show that, however much quality documentation there may be, it cannot replace the willingness of the people involved to adopt a quality-conscious approach to their work and be responsible for the quality of their own workmanship. Educating the employees to think in terms of quality is an important aspect of quality assurance.
    Notes: Um eine Chemieanlage gefahr- und störungsfrei betreiben zu können, ist eine Vielzahl von Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssi-cherung bei der Planung, während des Baus und im Betrieb notwendig. Anhand eines Beispiels, nämlich eines großen Reaktors, werden diese Maßnahmen geschildert. Dabei wird besonders auf die einzelnen Bauphasen und die zwischenge-schalteten zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen eingegangen, berührt werden aber auch die Qualitätsplanung, die Qualitätssiche-rung im Betrieb und die Organisation des Qualitätswesens. Das Beispiel soll zeigen, daß noch so viele Qualitätsdokumentationen die Bereitschaft der beteiligten Menschen, qualitäts-gerecht zu arbeiten und für die Güte der eigenen Leistungen einzustehen, nicht ersetzen können. Deshalb muß die Erziehung zum Qualitätsdenken eine wichtige Aufgabe der Qualitätssicherung sein.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 39
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 660-661 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Langrohrverdampfer ; Mehrphasenwendelrohr ; Diinnschichtverdampfer ; Thermolabilitat ; Verweilzeit ; Bugwellen ; Saccharose-Inversion ; Dimensionierung nach minimaler Zersetzung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 666-667 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Vielstoffbetrieb ; Chargenverfahren ; Materialfluß ; langfristige Planung ; Rührwerksbehälter ; Rührwerksdrucknutsche ; Schaufeltrockner ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 43
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 673-682 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Detection of hazardous states of chemical reactors in early stages of runaway. Safe operation of chemical reactors with strongly exothermic reactions requires the availability of measurement devices which are able to detect hazardous reactions in early stages. Only then can one adopt adequate countermeasures and thus avoid such dangerous situations. This paper attempts to show that modern control theory provides model-based state reconstruction methods for the solution of this detection problem. A mathematical model serves as a source of a-priori information on process behaviour in order to reconstruct the whole state vector of the plant from those quantities which are easy to measure. A knowledge of the whole state allows predictive calculation of the reaction and hence early detection of hazardous states. The possibilities of such a concept for the safe operation of strongly exothermic reactions are illustrated by the example of a simple batch process.
    Notes: Um Reaktoren mit stark exothermer Reaktion sicher betreiben zu können, sind Meßeinrichtungen erforderlich, die es gestatten, gefährliche Reaktionszustände bereits im Stadium ihres Entstehens zu erkennen. Nur dann können rechtzeitig geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen eingeleitet werden, um solche Zustände zu vermeiden. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird gezeigt, daß die moderne Regelungstheorie mit ihren modellgestützten Meßverfahren Methoden anbietet, die in der Lage sind, einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Erkennungs problems zu leisten. Diese Methoden benutzen die in Form eines mathematischen Modells vorliegende a-priori-Information über das Prozeßgeschehen, um den gesamten Zustand einer Anlage aus denjenigen Größen zu rekonstruieren, die einer Messung unmittelbar zugänglich sind. Die Kenntnis des gesamten Prozeßzustandes erlaubt dann eine prädiktive Berechnung des zukünftigen Reaktionsablaufs und damit eine frühzeitige Erkennung gefährlicher Reaktionszustände. Die Möglichkeiten eines auf dieser Grundlage basierenden Konzepts zur sicheren Führung stark exothermer Reaktionen werden ausführlich anhand eines einfachen Batch-Prozesses diskutiert.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 737-737 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Aerosol ; Düse ; Sprühen ; Teilchen ; Tropfen ; Zerstäuben ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 46
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 741-741 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: thermische Stoffeigenschaften ; Methan, p, Qm ; T-Daten ; zweiter Virialkoeffizient ; Dampfdruck ; Siededichte ; Taudichte ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 750-751 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Gasgehaltänderung ; Blasensäule ; Rohrströmung ; Aufwärtsströmung ; Abwärtsströmung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 877-879 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Blasensäule ; CMC-Lösungen ; Fermentationsmedien ; Gasgehalt ; Phasengrenzfläche ; Stoffübergangszahlen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phase equilibria of binary mixtures of hydrocarbons. Seven methods for the calculation of phase equilibria of binary mixtures from vapour pressure data have been programmed. Results of computations for hydrocarbon mixtures are discussed, using just one regression method and six iteration procedures based on the Gibbs-Duhem equation. The iteration methods use the approximation of experimental vapour pressure data, e. g. by means of cubic splines or orthogonal polynomials. The practical application of the results, e.g. for the simulation of separation columns, requires the regression of the vapour mole fractions following the iterative solution of the Gibbs-Duhem equation.
    Notes: Sieben Verfahren zur Berechnung des Phasengleichgewichts binärer Gemische aus Dampfdruckdaten wurden programmiert, umfassend untersucht und die Ergebnisse von Berechnungen für Kohlenwasserstoff-Gemische diskutiert. Es handelt sich um ein Regressionsverfahren und sechs iterative Verfahren auf der Grundlage der Gibbs-Duhem-Gleichung. Die iterativen Verfahren benötigen die Approximation der experimentellen Dampfdruckdaten z. B. mittels cubic splines oder orthogonalen Polynomen. Für die weitere praktische Anwendung der Ergebnisse, z. B. für die Simulation von Trennkolonnen, ist nach der iterativen Lösung der Gibbs-Duhem-Gleichung die Regression der Dampfmolenbrüche notwendig.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 95-95 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 107-109 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 113-115 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: The contribution to energy supply of oil recovered by distillation of oil shale and tar sands. Following a world-wide survey of the most important deposits of oil shale and tar sands, the current activities in the USSR, China and Canada in the field of the industrial recovery of shale oil and bitumen from tar sand are described in broad terms. Thereafter, the current large-scale projects for the production of synthesis oil from these feedstocks are dealt with.The operating method and development status of modern processes for distilling oil shale are covered, as is the working principle of the hot water extraction of tar sand which is already commercially in application. The LR-Process method of operation and its especial feature of circulating the distilled residue as solid heat carrier are discussed in more detail. This is followed by information on the throughput potential of this process. The characteristic reactions influencing the quality of the LR products (oil, gas, residue, flue gas) are handled. Typical quality data for oil and gas obtained from oil shale and tar sands are given.A route is indicated for further processing of the condensate streams from the Lurgi-Ruhrgas Process. This consists of precipitation of solids, distillative separations and one hydrogenation step for the naphtha and oil fraction. These process steps produce a „syncrude“ which can be further processed together with crude oil in conventional refineries. Examples are given for the independent further processing of syncrude to end-products customary on the market.
    Notes: Nach einem weltweiten Überblick über die wichtigsten Lagerstätten von Ölschiefer und Teersand werden die derzeitigen Aktivitäten in der UdSSR, in China und Canada auf dem Gebiet der industriellen Gewinnung von Schieferöl und von Bitumen aus Teersanden in großen Zügen beschrieben. Anschließend werden die heute zur Diskussion stehenden Großprojekte zur Erzeugung von synthetischem Rohöl auf der Basis dieser Ausgangsstoffe aufgezeigt.Arbeitsweise und Entwicklungsstand der modernen Verfahren zur Schwelung von Ölschiefer werden dargestellt, ebenso das Arbeitsprinzip der bereits großtechnisch in Anwendung stehenden Heißwasserextraktion von Teersand. Genauer eingegangen wird auf die Arbeitsweise des Lurgi-Ruhrgas (LR)-Verfahrens und dessen besonderes Merkmal, daß der ausgeschwelte Rückstand als fester Wärmeträger im Kreislauf geführt wird. Es folgen Angaben über das Durchsatzpotential dieses Verfahrens. Die charakteristischen Reaktionen, welche die Qualität der LR-Produkte (Öl, Gas, Rückstand, Abgas) beeinflussen, werden dargestellt. Typische Qualitäten für Öl und Gas auf Basis eines Ölschiefers und eines Teersands werden angegeben.Für die Weiterverarbeitung der Kondensatströme aus dem LR-Verfahren wird ein Weg gezeigt. Dieser besteht aus Feststoffabscheidung, destillativen Trennungen und je einer Hydrierung für die Naphtha- bzw. Ölfraktion. Diese Verarbeitungsschritte ergeben ein „Syncrude“, das mit Rohöl gemeinsam in konventionellen Raffinerien weiterverarbeitet werden kann. Für die selbständige Weiterverarbeitung des Syncrude zu handelsüblichen Endprodukten werden Beispiele gegeben.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum emulsions  -  Properties, stability, and demulsification. Petroleum always occurs together with brine and is often recovered as an water-in-oil emulsion. Emulsions containing more than 90 percent of water are known; they are often very stable. The viscosity of the emulsions rises at a faster rate than the water content and is always significantly higher than that calculated according to the Einstein equation. Petroleum emulsions are stabilized by adsorption of the asphaltenes and petroleum resins colloidally dispersed in the petroleum. These components form mechanically stable films at the water/oil interface. The films contain several anionic, cationic, and amphoteric interfacially active substances, which are associated to form micelles, and which are adsorbed at the oil/water interface as a result of their interfacial activity. The adsorption films are wetted by the oil phase. The emulsions are stable towards coalescence, but not towards flocculation. Demulsifying agents displace the stabilizers from the interface or change their wettability.
    Notes: Erdöl kommt immer zusammen mit Salzwasser vor und wird sehr häufig als Wasser-in-Öl-Emulsion gefördert. Es sind Emulsionen mit mehr als 90% Wasser bekannt. Sie sind oft außerordentlich beständig. Die Viskosität der Emulsionen steigt überproportional mit dem Wassergehalt an und ist regelmäßig wesentlich höher als die nach der Einsteinschen Beziehung berechnete Viskosität. Die Erdöl-Emulsionen sind durch Adsorption der in den Erdölen kolloidal dispergierten Asphaltene und Erdöl-Harze stabilisiert. Diese bilden an den Wasser/Öl-Grenzflächen mechanisch stabile Filme aus. Die Filme enthalten verschiedene anionaktive, kationaktive und amphotere Stoffe, die im Erdöl zu kolloidalen Micellen assoziiert vorliegen, und die aufgrund ihrer Grenzflächenaktivität an den Öl/Wasser-Grenzflächen adsorbiert werden. Die Adsorptionsfilme sind von der Ölphase benetzt. Die Emulsionen sind koaleszenzstabil, nicht aber flockungsstabil. Emulsionsspalter verdrängen die Stabilisatoren von der Grenzfläche oder verändern ihre Benetzbarkeit.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 959-960 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Possibilities and limitations of a deductive approach to the development of industrial catalysts. Solid catalysts are an integral part of most industrial reactors and catalyst development is thus a fundamental part of chemical reaction engineering. While most other chemical plant components can be designed and optimized on the basis of physical theory and well established correlations, such a procedure appears to be inapplicable in catalyst development. Empirical methods are always necessary in this field because the kinetics of chemical reactions taking place at the active component cannot be quantitatively predicted by theory. A stringent analytical approach is needed to deduce the kinetics of chemical transformation at the site of catalytic activity from the observed reactor behaviour. It is then possible to design and optimize the morphology of the catalyst, taking into account the coupling of chemical reactions with transport phenomena. The development of industrial catalysts can be a rational undertaking if empiricism is complemented by engineering principles.
    Notes: Während es für zahlreiche verfahrenstechnische Prozesse eine auf physikalischem Verstehen basierende Grundlegung gibt, die auch präzise Vorhersagen zuläßt, ist dies für den wichtigsten Bestandteil von Reaktionsapparaten, die darin enthaltenen festen Katalysatoren, nur in begrenztem Ausmaß der Fall. Es wird erörtert, wie sich die für die technische Durchführung eines Verfahrens wichtigen Leistungsdaten eines Reaktors auf die Kinetik der Vorgänge an der aktiven Komponente in einem porösen Kontaktkorn zurückführen lassen. Die chemische Kinetik der Reaktionen an der aktiven Komponente ist grundsätzlich nicht aus der Theorie vorausberechenbar. Daher sind empirische Methoden bei der Entwicklung technischer Katalysatoren nicht zu vermeiden. Das bedeutet aber nicht, daß ein rein empirisches Vorgehen der Sache allein angemessen wäre. So kann man z. B. den Einfluß der Morphologie des Kontaktkorns auf die Aktivität und die Selektivität genau vorhersagen. Ein auf Prinzipien der Reaktionstechnik gegründetes methodisches Vorgehen vermindert die Zahl der durch Versuche zu optimierenden Variablen.
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    Keywords: Anemometrie ; Leitfähigkeitssonden ; Zweiphasenströmung ; Bioreaktor ; Turbulenz ; Blasensäule ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Blasenbildung ; Blasendruck ; Blasendurchmesser ; kritischer Gasdurchsatz ; Strahlgasen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Kohleverflüssigung ; wäßrige Reaktionsphase ; Kohlenmonoxid ; überkritische Bedingungen ; brasilianische Steinkohlen ; Autoklaven-Hydrierung ; Umsatz ; Extraktausbeute ; Öl ; Asphalten ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Füllkörperkolonnen ; Extraktion ; Flutpunkt ; Dimensionsionerung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 439-444 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Disposal of waste material in hazardous waste-tips. In setting up and operating hazardous waste-tips the greatest of care is necessary, since the public reacts strongly, even to the slightest pollution of the environment in the neighbourhood of such tips. As an example, the waste-tip at Malsch south of Heidelberg is considered from all points of view, beginning with the geological prerequisite, the sealing measurements and control of the tip. The procedures in making applications to authorities, the equipment required and the method of running the tip are also dealt with. Until now, no serious incidents have occurred at the waste-tip at Malsch.
    Notes: Bei der Einrichtung und beim Betrieb von Sonderabfall-Deponien ist größte Sorgfalt nötig, da die Öffentlichkeit sehr empfindlich auch auf geringfügige Beeinträchtigungen der Umwelt in der Umgebung derartiger Deponien reagiert. Am Beispiel der Sonderabfall-Deponie Malsch südlich von Heidelberg wird über alle zu beachtenden Gesichtspunkte berichtet, beginnend mit den geologischen Voraussetzungen, den Dichtungsmaßnahmen und der Kontrolle der Deponie. Im Hauptteil werden u. a. das Antragswesen, die Ausrüstung und der Betriebsablauf behandelt. Bisher gab es in der Sonderabfall-Deponie Malsch keine gravierenden Vorkommnisse.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mixing of solids: present methods and current state of knowledge in design of equipment. In the design of mixing processes involving solids, power requirements and mixing time are of primary interest. Frictional forces, which are responsible for the resistance to mixing tools, depend on such parameters as fineness and roughness of the material. In addition, the state of compression of the material and geometric considerations exert their influence. Fundamental investigations which involve scale-up are extremely laborious and hence insufficiently available at present. For this reason, design depends mainly on the body of experience available to manufacturers. This paper reviews our present knowledge as illustrated by several well known mixing processes.
    Notes: Für Auslegungen zu Verfahren des Feststoffmischens interessieren hauptsächlich die notwendige Leistung und die Mischzeit. Die für den Werkzeugwiderstand verantwortliche Reibung hängt bei einem Schüttgut außer von Parametern wie Kornfeinheit und -rauhigkeit auch vom Verdichtungszustand des Materials und in starkem Maß von geometrischen Gegebenheiten ab. Weil Grundlagen-Untersuchungen sowohl zur Leistung als auch zur Mischzeit, in die notwendigerweise Fragen der Maßstabsvergrößerung miteinbezogen sein müssen, außerordentlich aufwendig sind und deshalb nur in ungenügendem Maß vorliegen, fehlen der Planung geeignete Unterlagen. Sie ist in hohem Maß auf Erfahrungen von Apparateherstellern angewiesen. In dieser Arbeit soll allgemein, insbesondere aber anhand einiger wichtiger Mischverfahren, der Kenntnisstand umrissen werden.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Vasculogenesis of the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) was examined in 10- to 21-day chick embryos and in chicks during the first 5 days post-hatching. The entire circulatory system was injected with India ink, and the bursae were then removed and either cleared for examination in toto or sectioned serially. The bursa was supplied by three pairs of extrinsic blood vessels. At 10 and 11 days of incubation, most intrinsic vessels were arranged in a superficial, hexagonal network. In regions of developing plicae, the hexagonal plexus extended into the core of each plica, forming middle plical vessels. The latter were interconnected across interplical areas by cross-connecting vessels. The middle plical vessels gave rise to small capillary offshoots, which soon increased in complexity, forming delicate loops. Branches extended from these loops through the subepithelial lamina propria to incipient epithelial buds by 12 days of incubation. All epithelial buds were supplied by at least one such branch, and similar branches extended to the basal aspect of the epithelium in areas where epithelial buds had not yet formed. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that blood vessels induce formation of epithelial buds. At about 15 days of incubation, the cortex and medulla of each developing lymphatic follicle were defined clearly, and an intricate, web-like, capillary network coursed throughout the follicular cortex. The medulla appeared to be devoid of capillaries. The diameters of all intrinsic and extrinsic bursal blood vessels gradually increased throughout development. During post-hatching stages, the diameters of the extrinsic vessels continued to increase, whereas those of the intrinsic vessels were markedly decreased from late pre-hatching stages.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The use of hormone replacement to support limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts has been the subject of many investigations. Growth hormone, as well as prolactin (PL) in combination with exogenously supplied thyroxine, have all been shown to he effective. However, the bovine growth hormone used to support limb regeneration was contaminated by prolactin and thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH). The present investigation evaluates the significance of (1) prolactin contamination and (2) endogenous thyroxine synthesis resulting from TSH contamination on limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts. The effect of supplying exogenous thyroxine was also evaluated. Our studies showed that when hypophysectomized newts were injected with contamination levels of PL and TSH, regeneration occurred, suggesting that the newt's thyroid synthesized sufficient thyroxine to support a prolactin-thyroxine synergism. The endogenous thyroxine was synthesized by thyroid glands that were indistinguishable from those of saline-injected, hypophysectomized controls.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 109-118 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the posterior abdominal epidermis in hypophysectomized/thyroidectomized male and female tokays following surgery, and subsequent androgen therapy, indicates that, contrary to a previous model, all aspects of β-gland differentiation are under direct androgenic control. On the other hand, another epidermal specialization, the digital foot-pad, shows a pattern of histogenesis directly comparable to that of β-glands, but is unaffected by androgens. These data are discussed with respect to the evolution of glandular epidermal specializations in gekkonid lizards and the possible role of androgens in modifying the control of cell differentiation in lizard epidermis.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 167-184 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are four major tooth attachment modes in actinopterygians. Type 1 mode is characterized by complete ankylosis of the tooth to the attachment bone; it is the primitive attachment mode for actinopterygians. In Type 2 mode there is a ring of collagen between the tooth base and the bone. In Type 3 mode mineralization extends near or to the bone at the anterior tooth border, and there is a relatively large collagen area on the posterior surface of the tooth; Type 3 teeth are hinged with an anterior axis of rotation. Type 4 teeth also have a relatively large posterior collagen area, but there is no collagenous connection between the anterior basal tooth border and the attachment bone; Type 4 teeth are hinged, with a posterior axis of rotation. Types 2, 3, and 4 attachment modes appear to result from retardation of mineralization and resemble, with some modifications, ontogenetic stages in the development of Type 1 mode; they are considered to be paedomorphic features. Attachment modes 2, 3, and 4 are each associated with a major evolutionary lineage within the Teleostei. The degree to which paedomorphosis has been a factor in teleostean evolution is discussed.
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  • 75
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    Notes: Bolitoglossa occidentalis, a lowland salamander of Mexico and Guatemala, has a highly derived morphology. The features that are derived with respect to the condition in generalized members of the genus include the following: (1) small body size; (2) short tail; (3) fully webbed hands and feet; (4) reduction and loss of certain phalangeal elements; (5) fusion of carpals and tarsals; (6) absence of prefrontal bones; and (7) reduced skull ossification. The ontogeny of this species was analyzed quantitatively and compared with the patterns of growth and differentiation encountered in two morphologically generalized members of the genus, B. rostrata and B. subpalmata. Most of the derived features can be explained by invoking a single heterochronic process: truncation of development at a small size (most likely the product of early maturation). Therefore, B. occidentalis is a paedomorphic species whose morphology has been attained through the process of progenesis. This result supports Alberch's ('80a) prediction, based on functional analysis, that the principle adaptation to arboreality in B. occidentalis is small size; other derived morphological features are associated with the organism's truncated development and may have no adaptive significance. However, patterns of dissociation are found within this overall progenetic process. Some of these include the following: (1) accelerated growth rates of the metatarsals and first phalanges, and retarded growth rates of the second and third phalangeal elements; (2) dissociation between rates of ossification of the skull and the autopodial elements; and (3) dissociation between the timing of termination of the process of shape change during the ontogeny of the foot (the product of differential growth between digital and interdigital areas) and termination of growth in overall foot size (foot surface area). This later result illustrates the independence of morphogenetic phenomena (shape change) from processes of growth (size increase).
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  • 76
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    Notes: A table of development (25 stages) for the period of incubation in the pouch was constructed for Gastrotheca riobambae; it can be used to stage embryos of other egg-brooding hylids. Analysis of embryonic weights during incubation shows that the mother does not contribute nutrients, but gases and other factors are probably exchanged between mother and embryos.According to species, incubation on the back of the mother is carried to the froglet or to the tadpole stages. Development in these hylids is characterized by specialized gills, the bell gills derived from the branchial arches. In some species, the bell gills derive from the first branchial arch and cover less than 50% of the embryo, while in others, the bell gills come from both branchial arches I and II and cover from less than 50% to 100% of the embryo. The most complex bell gills derive from the fusion of the two branchial arches.The majority of egg-brooding hylids live in tropical forests and carry development to the froglet stage. Tadpoles are produced by species of Flectonotus, Fritziana, and Gastrotheca. Tadpole-producing species of Gastrotheca have the most complex reproductive adaptations among egg-brooding hylids Acceleration and retardation in development seem to have played important roles in the evolution of these frogs. The evolutionary trend has been toward direct development, i.e., disappearance of the free-living larval stages through maternal incubation, and later to a recovery of the free-living tadpole stages in species of Gastrotheca with the most complex reproductive adaptations.
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    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 313-331 
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    Notes: The ectodermal eyes, 45-55 μm in diameter, of the cnidarian hydrozoan Cladonema radiatum Dujardin possess a lens approximately 15 μm in diameter enveloped by an eyecup (retina). An overlying layer of intensely vacuolated distal process of the adjoining epithelial cells forms a transparent cornea. The eyecup is composed of three cell types: basal cells, melanin-containing pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells. The last two cell types occur in the ratio of approximately 2:1. Histogenesis of the eye both during ontogeny and regeneration is described from light and electron microscopic investigations. During ontogeny the cell types forming the retina are derived from a compact group of morphologically undifferentiated cells, but during regeneration a primordium is formed by regeneration cells. In both cases the lens is built from distal nonnucleated cytoplasmic portions pinched off from the pigment cells. The cornea is formed by distal lamellar processes of the ocellus adjoining the epithelial cells. Through EM-histochemical methods (silver impregnation and DOPA-oxidase reaction) the pigment of the chromatophores of the retina was identified as melanin.
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    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 247-247 
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    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981) 
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    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 189-227 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The neural organization of the olfactory system in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, has been investigated by using the Fink-Heimer technique to trace the efferents of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and Golgi preparations to determine the spatial relations between olfactory afferents and neurons in the primary olfactory centers.The accessory olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral nucleus sphericus via the accessory olfactory tract. The main olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral telen-cephalon via four tracts. The medial olfactory tract projects to the rostral continuation of medial cortex and to the septum. The intermediate olfactory tract projects to the olfactory tubercle and retrobulbar formation. The lateral olfactory tract projects to the rostral part of lateral cortex. The intermediate and lateral olfactory tracts also merge caudally to form the stria medullaris, which crosses the midline in the habenular commissure and distributes fibers to the contralateral hemisphere via two tracts. The lateral corticohabenular tract terminates in the contralateral lateral cortex. The anterior olfactohabenular tract terminates in the contralateral olfactory tubercle, retrobulbar formation and septum.The relation of olfactory afferents to neurons in the medial cortex, lateral cortex, nucleus sphericus, and septum corresponds to a pattern of organization that is typical of many olfactorecipient structures. Such structures are trilaminar, with neurons whose somata are situated in the intermediate layer (layer 2) sending spine-laden dendrites into an outer, molecular layer (layer 1). Olfactory afferents intersect the distal segments of these dendrites. By contrast, other olfactorecipient structures in Dipsoaurus deviate from the familiar pattern. Olfactory afferents intersect somata lying in layer 2 of the retrobulbar formation. Olfactory afferents include some fibers which course perpendicularly to the surface of the olfactory tubercle and extend deep to layer 2.
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    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 281-288 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microscopic examination of adipocytes isolated from adult rat epididymal adipose tissue revealed numerous small cells (〈 10 μm) morphologically similar to larger adipocytes. These small adipocytes appear identical to a new classification of adipose cells termed preadipocytes. Electron micrographs of these preadipocytes revealed examples of cells 〈 10 μm in diameter in various stages of maturation and lipid accumulation. The percent distribution pattern of these small adipocytes was not significantly altered by exercise although exercise shifted the distribution patterns of the larger cells (〉 30 μm) toward a smaller mean cell size. The quantitative significance of preadipocytes is not established but these preliminary observations indicate that adipocytes 〈 10 μm in diameter may account for a numerically greater proportion of the total adipocytes observed in collagenase isolated preparations than heretofore recognized, although their contribution to total adipose mass is probably negligible.
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  • 82
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    Notes: When a newt is hypophysectomized prior to or at the time of forelimb amputation a dermal barrier eventually forms between the apical cap of epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissues, and the typical regeneration response is transformed to a wound-healing morphology. When hypophysectomized newts are injected on continuous alternate days beginning either at the time of amputation or following a fifteen-day delay, with either growth hormone (GH) or prolactin in combination with thyroxine (PLT4), normal regeneration occurs. Our experiment was designed to examine critically the early changes occurring in apical connective tissue that had been allowed to form as a consequence of hypophysectomy prior to forelimb amputation. Adult newts were hypophysectomized and five days later both forelimbs were amputated distal to the elbow. Following a delay of eight days, to permit the formation of connective tissue beneath the apical epithelium, they were injected intraperitoneally on successive alternate days with GH or with PL in combination with T4 in the aquarium water. The apical connective tissue of the limb stumps underwent a progressive erosion and became discontinuous by day 4. The limb morphology of hypophysectomized newts receiving ACTH or PL or maintained in thyroxine was virtually identical to sham-injected hypophysectomized controls. It appears that an initial effect of GH or PLT4 therapy is to establish the epithelial-mesenchymal interface that previously has been suggested to be a requisite for the regenerative event.
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  • 83
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    Notes: The external features of the embryo and the first instar larva of Pedetontus unimaculatus are described. Blastokinesis of P. unimaculatus is very similar to that of Petrobius brevistylis (Larink, '69), but differs from that of Machilis alternata (Heymons and Heymons, '05). The superficial structures of three pairs of protocerebral lobes are present. The terga of the mandibular, maxillary, and labial segments take part in the formation of the head capsule. In the maxilla and labium, the palpi are homologous with the telopodites of the legs; the other parts proximal to the palpi are homologous with the coxopodites. No sternal element contributes to the postmentum. Both glossa and paraglossa consist of two lobes. The pleuropodium, stylus and ventral sac are derived from distal parts of appendage anlagen. The pleuropodium of the first abdominal segment is homologous with the styli of the successive abdominal segments; the ventral sacs of succeeding segments are serially homologous. The basal parts of appendage anlagen cover each sternum in the first to ninth abdominal segments to form coxites, which are therefore appendicular in origin. The basal part of the cercus also covers the ventral and lateral surfaces of the eleventh abdominal segment.
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  • 84
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    Notes: The micropterygid moth Neomicropteryx nipponensis belongs to the most primitive suborder Zeugloptera of the Lepidoptera. During embryogenesis the small circular germ disk formed on the ventral egg surface invaginates deeply into the yolk. It finally separates from the egg periphery or rudimentary serosa, and becomes a sac-shaped germ rudiment. Its anterior part later develops into the germ band, while its posterior part is the future amnion. Just before revolution of the embryo, the embryo assumes a completely superficial position beneath the yolk. Neither amnion nor serosa rupture during revolution; by completion of dorsal closure they have been incorporated into the yolk to form the secondary dorsal organ.The formation of the germ rudiment and embryonic membranes in N. nipponensis resembles those of swift moths, Endoclyta (suborder Monotrysia) and of the caddisflies, Stenopsyche (Trichoptera), but differs from those of ditrysian Lepidoptera. The secondary dorsal organ has never been found in any other lepidopteran embryos; however, it is formed in N. nipponensis and in the Trichoptera. The results of the present study strongly support the general phylogenetic views that the Zeugloptera have a close affinity to the Trichoptera.
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981) 
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 29-47 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on the rattlesnake lung, which has the form of a cigar-shaped bag enclosing a large axial air chamber. The lungs were fixed by tracheal instillation of fixative to preserve the structural features of inflated lungs. An open tracheal groove along the ventral aspect of the lung is the only structural “airway” present. The wall of the lung has two histologically distinct regions: anteriorly, a respiratory portion, where up to three generations of septa subdivide the wall into cup-shaped gas-exchange chambers, termed faveoli; and posteriorly, a simple, thin-walled saccular portion. The epithelium lining the internal surface of the lung is composed of several cell types: (1) ciliated cells; (2) type I pneumonocytes; (3) type II pneumonocytes, secretory cells characterized by the presence of lamellar bodies; and (4) serous epithelial cells, secretory cells characterized by the presence of homogeneous, densely staining secretory granules. However, the distinctiveness of the secretory cell types in the snake lung is blurred because intermediate-appearing cells have both the lamellar body and homogenous type of secretory granule. The nonepithelial components of the pulmonary wall and septa consist of blood vessels and lymphatics, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, embedded in a matrix of extracellular connective tissue fibers. Tubular myelin figures were observed in the faveolar lining layer.
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 91-111 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Autoradiographic, HRP, and Fink-Heimer techniques define olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish. The olfactory bulb projects bilaterally to eight targets in the area ventralis telencephali including the preoptic area, five targets in area dorsalis telencephali, and the posterior tuber of the diencephalon. There is additional input to the peripheral margin of the internal cell layer of the contralateral olfactory bulb. Fibers cross in rostral (nervus terminalis and commissure of Goldstein) and caudal components of the anterior commissure and the habenular commissure. HRP techniques reveal the origin of bulb efferents from the internal and mitral cell layers of the olfactory bulb. The olfactory tract is divided into five major components, each with a unique subset of ipsilateral and commissural pathways.
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 149-159 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anuran (Rana) and urodele (Ambystoma) amphibian eggs were subjected to prolonged unnatural orientations in relation to gravity. In some cases eggs were rotated 90°, while in other instances eggs were rotated 180° (complete inversion). Alterations in the pigmentation pattern, cleavage pattern, and site of involution were observed. Despite these unnatural orientations to gravity, the morphogenesis of axial structures was frequently normal. Reorganization of the egg cytoplasm apparently takes place after the unnatural orientation. Rather than being localized in a fixed position in the egg (e.g., the egg cortex), the determinants for the pattern of early embryogenesis are probably located in that portion of the cytoplasm (e.g., “internal” cytoplasm) that orients to gravity.
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 207-223 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle, Chrysemys scripta elegans, were examined in Nissl-stained and Golgi-impregnated material. The torus semicircularis begins in the caudodorsal mesencephalon and extends rostrally and laterally to end ventrally to the tectal ventricle. The torus semicircularis consists of a central nucleus and a laminar nucleus, which is interposed between the central nucleus and the ventricle.The central nucleus can be divided into two regions, a small, large-celled area, located dorsally, and a larger area of small spherical (6-17 μm), large spherical (18-25 μm), triangular (15-27 μm) and fusiform (10-26 μm) neurons. The small spherical cells have two dendritic patterns: “radiate” and “single.” The radiate pattern has a dorsoventral orientation, several secondary branches and few dendritic spines. These cells are usually located in the center of the central nucleus. The single pattern is oriented mediolaterally. This cell type is most often observed at the periphery of the central nucleus. These neurons have few secondary branches and dendritic spines. The large spherical neurons display two dendritic orientations: dorsoventral and mediolateral. All dendritic trees have numerous secondary branches and few dendritic spines. The triangular neurons exhibit primary dendrites projecting from the corners of the somata and have few secondary branches and dendritic spines.The fusiform neurons have a majority of their dendrites oriented mediolaterally, few secondary branches and a small number of dendritic spines.The laminar nucleus consists of several layers and three cell types: ovoid (9-15 μm), triangular (20-40 μm), and fusiform (20-40 μm). All neurons have few secondary dendritic branches and few dendritic spines. The dendrites of many neurons course perpendicularly to the long axis of the brainstem and encapsulate the central nucleus. Some ovoid and fusiform neurons display dendrites that enter the central nucleus.
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    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 113-131 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the foregut muscles of five spider families (Theraphosidae, Agelenidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae) was described, and the individual fibre numbers and fibre cross diameters of the muscles were determined. The nomenclature of these muscles was reviewed and modified if necessary.Oxidative enzyme and myosin-ATPase histochemistry revealed eight dilatatory muscles of the foregut to consist of slow (type I) fibres, while fast fibres (type IIB), and intermediate fibres, were only to be found in the two other muscles of the foregut, and in the remaining prosomal muscles (type IIA fibres around the poison gland).The eight sucking muscles proper of the foregut also showed stronger activities of transmitter metabolizing enzymes [monoamine oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase(NAD)], and comparatively distinct amounts of glycogen and lipids.
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 325-336 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper reports observations on the innervation of gill filaments of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Nerve fibers run on each side of the afferent filament artery (AFA nerve) and in the connective tissue compartment along the efferent filament artery (EFA nerve). The AFA nerve supplies vasomotor fibers to the afferent filament artery and arteriovenous anastomoses and special visceral motor fibers to branchial muscle fibers (musculus compressor branchialis circularis). Nerve endings of the vasomotor fibers contain large, cored vesicles (60-180 nm in diameter) with a variable number of small, clear vesicles (30-70 μm in diameter), whereas those of the visceral motor fibers have many small, clear vesicles with few large, cored vesicles. The EFA nerve supplies vasomotor fibers to the efferent filament artery. Their endings, containing mixtures of predominantly large, cored vesicles and small, clear vesicles make close synaptic contacts with reticular cells. The latter in turn are connected with each other or with smooth muscle cells in the wall of the efferent filament artery by nexuses. No nerves are found in the axial plate between the afferent and efferent filament arteries nor in the secondary lamellae of individual gill filaments. No afferent nerve supply to the gill filament has been found.
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 351-355 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study, using the cobalt chloride technique, clarifies the origin of the giant axons in the cockroach, Periplaneta. Each giant axon in the ventral nerve cord arises from a single cell body located in the sixth abdominal ganglion. The position of the soma is always contralateral to the giant axon; it projects anteriorly. In six giant neurons, the axonic and dendritic branches are ipsilateral while the somata are contralateral. In two neurons, both the soma and the dendritic branches are ipsilateral while the axons are contralateral. The dendritic arborizations of the giant neurons form a dense and compact mass of neuropile in each half of the posterior and middorsal part of the ganglion where sensory fibers, primarily from the cercal nerves terminate. The relation of these findings to earlier electrophysiological studies is discussed.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Untreated adult newts do not undergo normal limb regeneration following hypohysectomy. A fibrocellular dermal barrier (cicatrix) atypically forms between the apical epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissues. Historically, continuous administration of growth hormone or of prolactin in combination with thyroxine restored regenerative capacity to these newts. In a previous investigation, we demonstrated that the initial effect of these two hormone treatments, when administered on alternate days to hypophysectomized newts beginning eight days post-amputation, was to facilitate the erosion of the fibrocellular barrier and establish the epithelial mesenchymal interface that is observed in a regenerating limb.The present investigation was designed to evaluate the necessity of continuous hormone therapy to maintain limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts. One, two, or three injections of growth hormone or of prolactin in combination with thyroxine was administered on successive alternate days to hypophysectomized newts either immediately following limb amputation (ID) or beginning eight days post-amputation (DD). The ID and DD newts receiving one, two, or three injections of growth hormone showed evidence of regeneration to the digitiform stage by day 30 post-amputation, while those receiving prolactin and thyroxine underwent wound healing. While both hormone treatments initially promoted a dermis-free apical epithelium, only hypophysectomized newts that had received growth hormone were able to continue regenerating.We have, therefore, concluded that discontinuous growth hormone therapy is sufficient to initiate and maintain the conducive environment for limb regeneration to advanced stages in the hypophysectomized newt. While initiating this process, prolactin and thyroxine therapy on a discontinuous regime does not maintain regeneration. The direct and indirect role of growth hormone in supporting limb regeneration in normal and hypophysectomized newts is discussed.
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  • 95
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 96
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 71-90 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitectonics of the telencephalon of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, are described as a basis for experimental analysis of telencephalic afferents and efferents. The olfactory bulb comprises: (1) an outer layer of olfactory nerve fibers, (2) a glomerular layer, (3) an external cell layer, (4) an inner fiber layer, and (5) an internal cell layer. The telencephalic hemispheres comprise the areas ventralis and dorsalis telencephali. The area ventralis consists of: (1) a precommissural, periventricular zone including nucleus 'nother (Vn), the ventral nucleus (Vv), and the dorsal nucleus (Vd); (2) a precommissural, migrated zone of central (Vc) and lateral (VI) nuclei; (3) a supracommissural nucleus (Vs); (4) a caudal commissural zone of postcommissural (Vp) and intermediate (Vi) nuclei; and (5) a preoptic area (PP). The area dorsalis comprises: (1) medial (DM), (2) dorsal (Dd), (3) lateral [DL, containing dorsal (DLd), ventral (DLv), and posterior (DLp) regions], (4) posterior (DP), and (5) central (DC-1, -2, -3) areas. Nucleus taeniae (NT) is transitional between areas dorsalis and ventralis.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the newly hatched larva of Carcinonemertes epialti Coe has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The newly hatched larva is covered with cilia and measures about 110 μm in length. Four types of epidermal cells are recognizable: (1) Multiciliated cells, (2) vacuolated cells, (3) mucous cells, and (4) “knob cells”. The knob cells protrude from the posterior end of the larva and contain granules and bundles of microfilaments. The gut is incomplete and is located ventral to the bipartite proboscis. A bilobed brain and two subepidermal ocelli are found in the anterior end of the larva. The anterior and posterior cirri are composed of long, tightly appressed cilia that arise from an invagination of the epidermis at each end of the larva. The anterior cirrus is surrounded by two types of glandular cells. It is proposed that the knob cells have a role in larval attachment, combining the functions of the adhesive cells and anchor cells described in the duo-gland system of turbellarians. The cirri are believed to be larval sensory structures that function in substrate selection. Histological and ultrastructural observations suggest that the larvae of Carcinonemertes are relatively long lived and develop into juveniles without a drastic metamorphosis.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glycoproteins are present in the web of the orb-weaving spiders Argiope trifasciata and Argiope aurantia. Periodic acid-Schriff reactive glyco-proteins are confined in large part, to the sticky spiral and sticky spiral-radial junctions. Glycoproteins containing amino sugars appear associated with all fibers, especially the radial fibers. Enzymes may be used to remove glycoproteins selectively from the sticky spiral and stabilimentum.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 191-206 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pineal organ of Ensatina eschscholtzi, a terrestrial and secretive species of salamander of the family Plethodontidae, is a photoreceptive structure lying on the dorsal surface of the diencephalon. The pineal is flattened with a broad lumen and consists of three cell types: photoreceptors, supportive cells, and neurons. Pineal photoreceptors are typical vertebrate photoreceptors and possess outer segment formations which, however, are frequently contorted and disorganized. Sloughing of apical portions of outer segments and vesiculation along the lateral edges of outer segment membrane disks are consistently observed and presumed to represent mechanisms of outer segment membrane recycling. Photoreceptors have basal processes which synapse with neural dendrites. Synapses between photoreceptor basal processes are occasionally observed. All synapses are characterized by synaptic ribbon structures of variable number, size, and configuration. Dense-core vesicles are occasionally observed mingled with clear synaptic vesicles within photoreceptor basal processes. Supportive cells within the pineal function in phagocytosis and recycling of shed outer segment membrane material, and neurons are localized at the lateral margins of the organ. The latter send axons into the ipsilateral side of the dorsal diencephalon. The pineal organ of Ensatina shows marked variation in overall size (cell total), cell type proportions, absolute neuron number, and ratio of photoreceptor number to neuron number for individual pineals. None of these morphological parameters is correlated with body size, sex, or season, and it is assumed that such variability represents significant variation in photosensory capabilities. It is suggested that the pineal organ of Ensatina is a partially degenerate photoreceptive structure.
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  • 100
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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