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  • Other Sources  (663)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (248)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (225)
  • ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING  (190)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (663)
  • 1981  (663)
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  • Other Sources  (663)
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  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (663)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Anchorage dependent cell cultures in fluidized beds are tested. Feasibility calculations indicate the allowed parameters and estimate the shear stresses therein. In addition, the diffusion equation with first order reaction is solved for the spherical shell (double bubble) reactor with various constraints.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 19 p
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The active cavity radiometer (ACR) experiment on the Spacelab 1 mission to measure the total solar irradiance is discussed. Short and long term variations in the total solar output of optical energy are studied. Solar total irradiance observation provides information on the solar cycle and other long term trends in solar output that are of climatological significance as well as short term solar physics phenomena. The interaction of solar radiation with the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land masses provides the primary driving forces for the formation of weather systems and the determination of climate. Astrophysical measurements determine the total energy flux. The principal role of the ACR observations support extended solar irradiance experiments on free flying satellites. Solar irradiance measurements are important in the establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level in the international system of units (SI).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The study of galactic and faint extragalactic extended sources and peculiar ultraviolet objects by a very wide field of view camera, operated in the ultraviolet photometric and spectrometric modes is discussed. The photometric mode is direct photography through filters for observation of the following sources: (1) large scale distribution of ultraviolet radiation in the Milky Way; (2) diffusion of the galactic light above the galactic plane and in front of the large absorbing clouds; (3) the optical emission of the interstellar matter; (4) stars, and starlike objects with diameters less than 3 arc minutes. In the spectrometric mode (nebular spectrograph) the light from the center of the photometric field is concentrated on a slit covering 10 degrees by 10 arc minutes on the sky.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-05
    Description: The use of a personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder to measure the physiological reactions of space flight personnel to space flight stress and weightlessness is described. The Oxford Instruments Medilog recorder, a battery-powered, four-channel cassette tape recorder with 24 hour endurance is carried on the person and will record EKG, EOG, EEG, and timing and event markers. The data will give information about heart rate and morphology changes, and document adaptation to zero gravity on the part of subjects who, unlike highly trained astronauts, are more representative of the normal population than were the subjects of previous space flight studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A test of the mapping capabilities of high resolution space photography taken at the resolution limit of image motion on large film format is planned. The metric camera system and its planned operation are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Photography and measurement of cloud-like structures of bright parallel bands observed in near infrared photography of the night sky is planned. The instrument is described and the purpose of the experiment summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: High resolution infrared spectroscopic observations of the Earth's limb in the wavelength range characteristic of the vibrational-rotational lines of trace atmospheric constituents is planned. The instrument and its operation and the purpose of the experiments are summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Technical improvements of a long life heat rejection system, suitable for long duration high power missions, that can be constructed and deployed in orbit is discussed. A mathematical model is formulated and a computer program developed which describes the transient priming characteristics of a dual passage heat pipe. An experimental test package is described for flight in the KC-135 Zero-g Aircraft, to be used to verify the modeling predictions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 50 p
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The counter is a static thermal diffusion chamber which has been modified to include an optical system for the determination of droplet concentration by the measurement of scattered light. The determination of concentration is made by measurement of the peak scattered light signal from the cloud of growing droplets which is a function of both the droplet concentration and chamber supersaturation. Because the formation of the peak is related to the rate of growth of the droplets and sedimentation, both of which are determined by supersaturation, the system calibration can be uniquely determined by comparison with an absolute counter such as a static diffusion chamber with a photographic recording system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 40-41
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Unlike typical CCN counters, this device counts the numbers of water droplets condensed on aerosol particles sampled on a microcover glass at various different relative humidities. The relative humidities ranged from 75 percent to a calculated value of 110 percent. A schematic of the apparatus is shown. The individual CCN can be identified in an optical micrograph and scanning electron micrograph and may be inspected for their chemical composition later.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 35-36
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In performing the data analysis of the measurements achieved during the Workshop with the device, a global approach was preferred rather than an individual analysis, in order to illustrate some main characteristics in the behavior of the device with respect to a mean behavior resulting from a general survey of all the equipments involved in each experiment. The device tends generally to overestimate the CCN concentrations measured near the high supersaturations and sometimes underestimates the concentrations close to 0.1% or 0.2% of supersaturation. Despite the fact that it belongs to a type of static diffusion chamber, it shows, however, similar spectra to those obtained with other types of chambers (continuous flow diffusion chamber and haze chamber).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 17-19
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The group's CCN counter is described. It is a static, horizontal, parallel plate thermal gradient diffusion chamber. Examples of the application of the CCN are presented and include the CCN spectra measured during the winter of 1978-79 near Elk Mountain, Wyoming. Comparisons of droplet concentrations derived from upwind CCN spectra are covered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 11-13
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The size distribution was measured in the size range between 0.0057 and 0.57 micrometer radius. A description of the instrumentation and data analysis is given, together with the measured size distributions calculated for 23 experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 69-78
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The experiments performed at the Workshop were undertaken to confirm the calculated sample volume, determine the usable range of supersaturation, and minimum detectable size. Comparison of absolute CCN concentrations with other state-of-the-art continuous flow diffusion chambers at supersaturations near 1 percent indicated that the volume used produced CCN concentrations well within the range of CCN concentrations determined at the workshop. This agreement is interpreted to mean the sample volume was correct. Direct measurements of the beam geometry done in the laboratory indicated a factor of 4-5 error. This error is apparently due to the larger apparent visible beam diameter versus the actual usable beam diameter given the droplet illumination, chamber optical geometry, microscope optics and film characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 44-45
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The utilization of rotary transformers as an alternative to slip rings for the power transfer from solar panels to a satellite's main body could be advantageous, especially if an ac bus system is taken into consideration. Different approaches with main emphasis on the electromagnetic design were investigated and showed efficiencies of up to 99% with a 3 kW power capability. A solidly preloaded pair of ball bearings with ceramic balls assures proper transformer air gaps and acceptable torque changes over temperature and temperature gradients. The bearing and power transfer assembly is driven by a direct drive stepper motor with inherent redundancy properties and needs no caging mechanism.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 189-203
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A multi-channel chopper system designed and built to stringent specifications is providing an excellent performance for a total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). State of the art machining technology, suitable material selection, and a way to hold and position the slit plate resulted in the instrument's better than expected performance. A shutter method used for internal calibration allows compensation for the occurrence of an unlikely wavelength shift during testing, launch, or during the orbiting life of the instrument. The TOMS is part of a payload on Nimbus 7 launched on October 24, 1978.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 63-75
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In the IHC the critical supersaturation is inferred from the measurement of the size of particles which have grown to their equilibrium size at exactly 100 percent RH. The largest size channel corresponds to a critical supersaturation of 0.014 percent. The growth time required for particles of this size to reach their equilibrium size exceeds the 110 second residence time in the IHC. Since the supersaturation spectrum is always very steep in this region, the contribution of these larger particles which have not yet attained their equilibrium size to smaller size channels is negligible. However, failure of these particles to reach their equilibrium size could result in a significant lowering of the count in the size channel corresponding to the smaller critical supersaturation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 42-43
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  • 18
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The chamber geometry and optical arrangement are described. The supersaturation range is given and consists of readings taken at five fixed points: 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, and 1.25%. The detection system is described including light source, cameras, and photocell detectors. The temperature control and the calibration of the chamber are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 26-27
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The NRL thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (TGDCC) consists of two plates 7.5 cm in diameter separated by 1.25 cm and covered with saturated filter paper. The cylindrical wall separating the plates is glass. The top plate is at room temperature and the bottom plate is cooled with a thermoelectric cooler. The temperature difference is measured with several sets of thermocouples. The CCN concentration was determined from the video recording. This procedure of averaging the maximum count obtained on several successive recordings at the same supersaturation results in concentrations which are somewhat higher than concentrations calculated from an average across the plateau.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 14-16
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  • 20
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Spacelab experiment to investigate two-phase flow patterns under gravity uses a water-air mixture experiment. Air and water are circulated through the system. The quality or the mixture or air-water is controlled. Photographs of the test section are made and at the same time pressure drop across the test section is measured. The data establishes a flow regime map under reduced gravity conditions with corresponding pressure drop correlations. The test section is also equipped with an electrical resistance heater in order to allow a flow boiling experiment to be carried out using Freon II. High-speed photographs of the test section are used to determine flow patterns. The temperature gradient and pressure drop along the duct can be measured. Thus, quality change can be measured, and heat transfer calculated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 43-57
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  • 21
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The equations of motion governing an incompressible fluid contained in an orbiting laboratory were examined to isolate various fictitious forces and their relative influence on the fluid. The forces are divided into those arising from the orbital motions and those arising from small local motions of the spacecraft about its center of mass. The latter dominate the nonrotating experiments. Both are important for rotating experiments. A brief discussion of the onset of time-dependence and violent instability in earth-based rotating and processing systems is given.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 96-102
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Two instruments were used to size dry aerosols for the CCN experiments: the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) instrument which uses an electrical mobility analyzer to separate the aerosol size fractions and a diffusion chamber to grow and count the particles and the University of Wyoming (WYO) aerosol monitoring system. Measurements from these two systems were usually found to be in agreement during the CCN Workshop. Two examples are presented to compare aerosol size distribution measurements of the two instruments: experiment 8 (monodisperse NaCl) and experiment 27 (polydisperse AgI). Differential (dN/dR) and cumulative plots are shown for both instruments for experiment 8 and experiment 27; also shown are Aitken particle measurements for comparison.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 106-107
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Nine CCN counters of the static diffusion (SDC) type were compared with one another and with continuous flow diffusion (CFD) chambers. The nine SDCs showed a considerable amount of variation, largely attributable to newness and/or lack of prior calibration of some units. The five more consistent instruments agreed quite well, to within at least 20 percent of the NRL mobility analyzer and to within 10 percent at 1 percent supersaturation. There was satisfactory agreement between the more reliable SDC and CFD chambers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 24
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The diffusion tube was designed to operate below about 0.25 percent of water supersaturation. It is simply a long tube lined on the inside with a damp chamois cloth, and heated isothermally to a few degrees centigrade above the incoming air. The diffusion coefficient for water vapor is slightly larger than that for heat, making it possible to supersaturate the airflow. This is the same principle by which transient supersaturations may occur in parallel plate cloud chambers. Only the diffusion of vapor and heat from the walls into the moving air are considered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 37-39
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The chamber is a thermal gradient diffusion type with the upper plate at room temperature and the lower plate thermoelectrically cooled. The light from a 25W projector bulb is focused in a beam of approximations 1x3 mm in the central part of the chamber. The light scattered by drops is viewed in the forward direction (40 deg) by a microscope and a sensitive photodetector. Experiments were performed to relate the peak output from the photocell with the maximum number of drops in the beam recorded photographically. The microscope is used to check the calibration at low concentrations of CCN. The results of the experiments and the performance of the counter are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 33-34
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  • 26
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Natural convection is not always harmful and, therefore, to be avoided. In some situations it may be desirable to have fluid flows in space processes, e.g., to stir the fluid phase for mixing and cooling or to help maintain concentration gradients. In may event, it is important to know the extent and nature of convection in space and the factors on which it depends, in order either to minimize the effects to convection, or to utilize the convection to advantage. The information needed to assess both conventional and unstable convection includes: (1) the magnitude and direction of accelerations; (2) geometric configuration; (3) imposed boundary conditions; and (4) material properties.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 69-95
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  • 27
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Systematic scaling or dimensional analysis reveals that certain scales of geophysical fluid flows (such as stellar, ocean, and planetary atmosphere circulations) can be accurately modeled in the laboratory using a procedure which differs from conventional engineering modeling. Rather than building a model to obtain numbers for a specific design problem, the relative effects of the significant forces are systematically varied in an attempt to deepen understanding of the effects of these forces. Topics covered include: (1) modeling a large-scale planetary atmospheric flow in a rotating cylindrical annulus; (2) achieving a radial dielectric body force; (3) spherical geophysical fluid dynamics experiments for Spacelab flights; (4) measuring flow and temperature; and (5) the possible effect of rotational or precessional disturbances on the flow in the rotating spherical containers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 25-31
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: After the external tank separates from the Orbiter about 2000 pounds of residual liquid oxygen remain in the main propulsion system lines. The pressurization of liquid oxygen from a subcritical to a supercritical state by the use of the heaters of the PRSA tanks while in a low-g environment is investigated. The performance of the heaters while bringing the state of the substance from the subcritical state to the supercritical one is studied, with particular emphasis on the time the pressurization process takes, and the temperature of the heater as the process proceeds.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 38 p
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A low-power portable data acquisition system presently in use for geomagnetic measurements is described. The system is composed of a data-processing system containing a low-power microprocessor, a 9-track digital tape recorder, and a rechargeable battery pack. The magnetometer is a low-power three axis fluxgate design. Under program control the data processing system keeps track of time of day and date, samples three analog magnetometer outputs at intervals of either 0.4 or 2 s, digitizes the data to 15-bit resolution, and, depending upon relative magnetic activity, decides upon data compression to increase the tape storage capacity. It also monitors and records internal voltages and provides self-checking functions which may be monitored through a visual readout on the control panel. The system is mounted in a rugged, weather-tight carrying case suitable for use outdoors with minimal protection. The system, including magnetometer, uses 1.6-W power and can store 5.7 Mbytes of data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; July 198
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problem of forced fluid vibrations in a partially filled spinning spherical tank is solved numerically by using the finite element method. The governing equations include Coriolis acceleration and spatially homogeneous vorticity. An exponential instability is detected in the present simulation for fill ratios below 0.5 and centrifugal acceleration to thrust ratios less than 1.7. This fictitious instability appears in the model as a result of the homogeneous vortex assumption since the free slosh equations are neutrally stable in the Liapunov sense.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration; 76; May 8
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  • 31
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The properties of bandpass filters for broadband photometry are reported in the 3-12/cm frequency range. The filters are based on a combination of capacitive grids deposited on thick Mylar substrates and are designed to have very high out-of-band rejection. Low frequencies are blocked by a thick grill that consists of a hexagonal grid of circular holes in a thick metal plate.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Apr. 15
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Advances in instrumentation for use in nuclear-science studies are described. Consideration is given to medical instrumentation, computerized fluoroscopy, environmental instrumentation, data acquisition techniques, semiconductor detectors, microchannel plates and photomultiplier tubes, reactor instrumentation, neutron detectors and proportional counters, and space instrumentation.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments have been done to study the performance of mercuric iodide (HgI2) detectors in the ultralow-energy X-ray region. Energy resolution values of 245 eV (FWHM) for the Mg K-alpha X-ray line at 1.25 keV and 225 eV (FWHM) for the electronic noise linewidth have been obtained for an HgI2 detector with painted carbon contacts using a pulsed-light feedback preamplifier; the whole system was operated at room temperature. The resolution values in the ultralow-energy region are still limited by electronic noise of the system. In an attempt to minimize X-ray attenuation in the front contact, detectors were prepared with thin evaporated Pd contacts. These detectors show a pronounced low-energy tailing of the photopeak below a few keV, in contrast to the spectra obtained by detectors with carbon contact. An attempt has been made to explain the tailing effect starting with models wich have been proposed to describe similar effects in Ge detectors.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The assumption that spherical-shell ion chamber rssponse is equal to the dose in the center of the cavity is found to be a poor approximation for ion chambers used for area monitoring in the space program. The dose response is calculated using the appropriate areal density distribution function. Effects of nuclear reaction are evaluated using proton buildup factors. Errors of up to 100% are found for some components of the space radiation environments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Technology; 52; 1, Ja; Jan. 198
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  • 35
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Approximate phase stability estimates for the coherent reference generator (CRG) unit in the DSN's Frequency and Timing Subsystem (FTS) are calculated. The method used involves estimating the phase noise introduced by CRG components based upon measurements made in the past on similar components in other parts of the FTS and obtaining the CRG phase noise from the component phase noises. Three estimates of phase stability are calculated: the fractional frequency change for a 5 C step in temperature, the phase noise spectral density, and the Allan standard deviation. It is found from these estimates that the CRG phase stability is better than that of the H-maser physics unit + receiver. Thus, the first step in improving FTS phase stability would be to make improvements in the H-maser physics unit + receiver. These results are corroborated by indirect clock stability estimates calculated from Doppler data.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 222-231
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: High power (20 kW) S and X-band transmitting systems were added to the Second Generation Common Aperture X/S Feedcone System to demonstrate X and S band uplink/downlink capabilities. Design considerations of new X band components, cone layout, and capabilities are discussed.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 97-103
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: For the transmission of imagery at high data rates over large distances with limited power and system gain, it is usually necessary to compress the data before transmitting it over a noisy channel that uses channel coding to reduce the effect of noise introduced errors. Both compression and channel noise introduce distortion into the imagery. In order to design a communication link that provides adequate quality of received images, it is necessary first to define some suitable distortion measure that accounts for both these kinds of distortion and then to perform various tradeoffs to arrive at system parameter values that will provide a sufficiently low level of received image distortion. The overall mean square error is used as the distortion measure and a description of how to perform these tradeoffs are included.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 63-72
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Heat transfer characteristics are analyzed for a cooled two-dimensional porous medium having a curved boundary. A general analytical procedure is given in combination with a numerical conformal mapping method used to transform the porous region into an upper half plane. To illustrate the method, results are evaluated for a cosine shaped boundary subjected to uniform external heating. The results show the effects of coolant starvation in the thick regions of the medium, and the extent that internal heat conduction causes the heated surface to have a more uniform temperature.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An interactive method is proposed for the solution of two-dimensional, laminar flow fields with identifiable regions of recirculation, such as the shear-layer-driven cavity flow. The method treats the flow field as composed of two regions, with an appropriate mathematical model adopted for each region. The shear layer is computed by the compressible boundary layer equations, and the slowly recirculating flow by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The flow field is solved iteratively by matching the local solutions in the two regions. For this purpose a new matching method utilizing an overlap between the two computational regions is developed, and shown to be most satisfactory. Matching of the two velocity components, as well as the change in velocity with respect to depth is amply accomplished using the present approach, and the stagnation points corresponding to separation and reattachment of the dividing streamline are computed as part of the interactive solution. The interactive method is applied to the test problem of a shear layer driven cavity. The computational results are used to show the validity and applicability of the present approach.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 40; Apr. 198
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A small ferroelectric ceramic element is used with an insulating gate transistor and two diodes as an electrically addressed, nonvolatile memory device which is read out nondestructively. The device uses the anomalous photovoltaic effect in ferroelectric ceramics, an effect in which the polarity and magnitude of photovoltages depend on the direction and magnitude of remanent polarization. Experimental results give memory characteristics. The device could be programmed with pulses as short as 200 ns. There is long-time retention of stored data.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 38; Feb. 1
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The shear-free turbulent boundary layer is calculated by the large-eddy simulation technique. The filtered Navier-Stokes equations are used; the method of integration employs Fourier expansions in the homogeneous directions and finite differences in the cross-stream direction. Results indicate that the simulation is capable of predicting the primary Reynolds-number effects.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 103; Feb. 198
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new switching phenomenon in metal-oxide semiconductor tunnel junction has been discovered. With a sufficiently large negative bias applied to the electrode, incident visible light of intensity greater than about 1 microW/sq cm causes the reverse-biased junction to switch from a low-current to a high-current state. It is believed that hot-electron-induced impact ionization provides the positive feedback necessary for switching, and causes the junction to remain in its high-current state after the optical excitation is removed. The junction may be switched back to the low-current state electrically. The basic junction characteristics have been measured, and a simple model for the switching phenomenon has been developed.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 38; Jan. 1
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method is described of applying a variable frequency-shift to a laser beam, by means of Bragg cells, in which the direction of the output diffracted beam is unaffected by the magnitude of the applied shift. Applications of the technique to reference-beam and Doppler-difference forms of laser anemometry are discussed together with methods of obtaining increased dynamic range.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 15
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Fluorescence lidar when applicable offers one of the most sensitive methods for measuring the concentration of trace constituents of the atmosphere. In the conduct of a fluorescence lidar experiment, a number of parameters which can be used to optimize the SNR can be controlled. In this paper the optimum division of laser pulses centered on and off the fluorescence excitation wavelength is calculated as a function of the ratio of the fluorescence signal strength to the strength of fluorescence from interfering species. For strong interference signals the time should be divided equally on and off the line. For strong fluorescence signals the time on line is proportional to the square root of the on-line off-line signal ratio. The optimization of the integration time for varying values of signal-to-background and signal-to-interference ratios, atmospheric attenuation, laser energy variations, background measurement time, and on-line off-line time division is also considered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 15
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of laser Raman measurement techniques in remote sensing applications is surveyed. A feasibility index is defined as a means to characterize the practicality of a given remote Raman measurement application. Specific applications of Raman scattering to the measurement of atmospheric water vapor profiles, methane plumes from liquid natural gas spills, and subsurface ocean temperature profiles are described. This paper will survey the use of laser Raman measurement techniques in remote sensing applications using as examples specific systems that the Computer Genetics Corporation (CGC) group has developed and engineered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 20; Jan
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The 31 and 92 GHz measurements of the superconductor-Schottky diode extended to millimeter wavelengths by a redesign of the semiconductor interface are reported. Diodes were fabricated by pulse electroplating Pb on 2 x 10 to the 19th/cu cm p-Ga-As etched with HCl; a thin Au overplate is deposited to protect the Pb film from degradation and to improve its lifetime. The noise performance was almost ideal at 31 and 92 GHz; it was concluded that this diode is a quantum-limited-detector at 31 GHz, with excessive parasitic losses at 92 GHz.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is proposed to use high-resolution stimulated Raman spectroscopy to directly measure high-speed molecular flow velocities in wind tunnels and in combustive chambers. A feasibility study indicates that flow speeds from Mach 0.04 up may be measured with the proposed method using available laser systems. It is pointed out that the success of the proposed technique will make it possible to measure all interesting flow parameters, i.e., species concentration, temperature, and velocity, in a time of less than 1 microsecond at a repetition rate of 10,000/s using a single experimental arrangement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-17; Jan. 198
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  • 48
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The distribution of image energy by the central obstruction of annular apertures is discussed with special emphasis on the effect of an aperture shape parameter which can be interpreted optically as the inverse obstruction ratio. This parameter generates group arrangements with the number of rings given by N2 = 1/a, where a is the central obstruction ratio.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Jan. 15
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The quantum mechanical technique is used to study ionic, configurational, and impurity defects in the ice surface. In addition to static calculations of the energetics of the water monomer-ice surface interactions, molecular dynamics studies were initiated. The calculations of the monomer-ice surface interaction, molecular dynamics studies were initiated. The calculations of monomer-ice surface interactions indicate that many adsorption sites exist on the ice surfaces and that the barriers between bonding sites are relatively low. Bonding on the prism face of ice is preferentially above lattice sites.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: A Mol. Model for Ice Nucleation and Growth; 27 p
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  • 50
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The central field empirical pair potential model is applied to studying the effects of kinks, ledges, and vacancies on the absorption of water molecules from the vapor. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that cluster and/or surface modes play a primary role in the absorption process, the flexibility of the hydrogen bond serves to decrease the energy required for structural interconversion, and the rapid distribution of added energy in a hydrogen bonded system lead to aggregate stability which greatly exceeds that predicted by static energy calculations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: A Mol. Model for Ice Nucleation and Growth; 22 p
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  • 51
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Areas of investigation in fluid dynamics, recommended experiments, and use of the facility for theory evaluation are discussed. Tunnel flow quality and calibration of the NTF are considered. Recent technological advances affecting tunnel design are surveyed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: High Reynolds Number Res. - 1980; p 169-195
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  • 52
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The construction, tests, and performance of a temperature stabilized phase detector are discussed. It has a frequency stability of 5 parts in 10 to the 16th power at 100 MHz, with a temperature step of 20 C (15 to 35 C).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 90-95
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The overall LSI (large-scale integrated circuits) architecture design and current status of the VBLI (very long baseline interferometry) block 2 correlator is addressed. The VBLI correlator algorithms demand a computing system that provides a throughput of hundreds of millions of instructions per second to perform cross-correlation detection for six baselines. The LSI technology lights the way for the computation of complex parallel process and is raising the upper bound of computerization.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 30-40
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A four way distribution amplifier with up to 100 dB isolation and with low phase noise of -140 dBc in a 1 Hz bandwidth 10 Hz from a 100 MHz signal was developed. It is to be used in the stabilized optical fiber distribution system to provide multiple outputs.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 31-34
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Electrical path delay caused by atmospheric water vapor may be a limiting error source for geodetic measurements made with VLBI. Direct measurement of atmospheric water vapor is necessary to obtain path delay correction required by the ORION project. A dual channel water vapor radiometer is described which operates at frequencies near the 22 GHz water vapor line and is capable of collecting data that permits calculation of path delay within 2 cm accuracy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 10-14
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The conservation-law form of the inviscid gasdynamic equations has the remarkable property that the nonlinear flux vectors are homogeneous functions of degree one. This property readily permits the splitting of flux vectors into subvectors by similarity transformations so that each subvector has associated with it a specified eigenvalue spectrum. As a consequence of flux vector splitting, new explicit and implicit dissipative finite-difference schemes are developed for first-order hyperbolic systems of equations. Appropriate one-sided spatial differences for each split flux vector are used throughout the computational field even if the flow is locally subsonic. The results of some preliminary numerical computations are included.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 40; Apr. 198
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new type of apparatus for high-pressure experiments at low temperature (1.5 K) is presented. It uses a flat diamond anvil with a spherical indentor. It utilizes a load ring placed under the sample, so that the load (and hence pressure) can be measured in situ at low temperature. The apparatus was successfully used to investigate the high-conductivity state of sulphur. It can be used to investigate other thin film samples.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Feb. 198
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A system to be used for the tracking of high altitude chemical releases in the presence of a bright daytime sky is described. The system uses telecentric optics, a tilting filter, a solid state image sensor, and a real time digital processor to produce the release image. Field test data are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Mar. 15
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An automated methane/total hydrocarbon analyzer is presented, which can produce alternate methane/total hydrocarbon measurements every 7 seconds to provide the spatial resolution required for regional hydrocarbon measurements at aircraft speeds. The construction and sampling techniques developed for the aircraft mounted system are discussed. A technique to periodically measure atmosphere oxygen is incorporated into the analyzer to ensure accurate hydrocarbon measurements, and a data collection methodology is developed to minimize errors resulting from changes in flame ionization detector sensitivity at different altitudes. Aircraft data acquired at the 1979 Southeastern Virginia Urban Plume Study are also presented, which illustrate the application of the instrument to a troposphere pollution plume.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Oct. 198
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A multichannel scanning radiometer developed for remote observation of cloud physical properties is described. Consisting of six channels in the near infrared and one channel in the thermal infrared, the instrument can observe cloud physical parameters such as optical thickness, thermodynamic phase, cloud top altitude, and cloud top temperature. Measurement accuracy is quantified through flight tests on the NASA CV-990 and the NASA WB-57F, and is found to be limited by the harsh environment of the aircraft at flight altitude. The electronics, data system, and calibration of the instrument are also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Oct. 198
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A comparison of measured and predicted signal-to-noise ratio is made in an optical heterodyne spectrometer utilizing a tunable diode laser which exhibited excess noise. It is shown that good agreement between predicted and measured signal-to-noise ratios results if excess noise effects due to tunable diode lasers are included in the predictions. The methods used to quantify excess noise and to incorporate their effects into predictions of signal-to-noise ratio are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 39; Nov. 1
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  • 62
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that no instrument is sensitive to only one oceanographic variable; rather, each responds to a combination of atmospheric and oceanic phenomena. This complicates data interpretation and usually requires that a number of observations, each sensitive to somewhat different phenomena, be combined to provide unambiguous information. The distinction between active and passive instruments is described. A block diagram illustrating the steps necessary to convert data from satellite instruments into oceanographic information is included, as is a diagram illustrating the operation of a radio-frequency radiometer. Attention is also given to the satellites that carry the various oceanographic instruments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Oceanus; 24; Fall 198
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of a laser diode as a light source for a schlieren system designed to study phase objects such as a wind-tunnel flow is explored. A laser diode schlieren photograph and a white light schlieren photograph (zirconium arc source) are presented for comparison. The laser diode has increased sensitivity, compared with light schlieren, without appreciable image degradiation, and is an acceptable source for schlieren flow visualization.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 20; Sept
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model has been developed which predicts the relative susceptibility of bipolar RAMs to heavy ion and proton upset. During the course of evaluating this model, physical and electrical variations were also evaluated indicating that the minimum internal signal level is the primary upset susceptibility indicator. Unfortunately, all of the physical and electrical variations expected during a normal product development cycle are in direct opposition to improved high-energy particle upset tolerance. Hence, a trade-off between highly susceptible, low power (medium speed) devices must be made against the less susceptible, higher power (high speed) equivalent device, taking into account the systems trade-off with respect to system power, software, error correction procedures and/or circuit redundancy.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An advanced, second generation, bulk, Si-gate CMOS process is described. This process is capable of producing LSI and VLSI parts that are latch-up free and hardened to total dose levels in excess of 2 x 10 to the 5th rad-Si for applications in space and weapons radiation environments. Two memories designed to use this process are also described. Both circuits are 4096-bit, static CMOS RAMs.
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The reported investigation shows that low-power TTL, standard TTL, low-power Schottky, and Schottky devices are all subject to upset by heavy ions. Low-power Schottky was the most sensitive of the device technologies tested. No evidence was found to correlate sensitivity to cosmic rays with any particular device manufacturer. The probability of upset of the logic devices is comparable to that of RAM's on a per-flip-flop basis, based on RAM data obtained by Kolasinski et al. (1979). The testing was performed by subjecting the devices to 120 MeV krypton ions from a cyclotron.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The procedures described by Danchenko et al. (1980) are applied to devices of RCA's Z-process (100,000 rad-hard). A thermal annealing investigation of the Z-process reveals an annealing behavior of the p-channels that is anomalous when compared with the p-channels of the commercial and J-processes. It is noted that the thermal annealing-induced shift of the threshold potential extends far below the original value; this necessitated the development of a new mathematical treatment, the treatment presented in the paper.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A significant number of spacecraft operational anomalies are believed to be associated with cosmic-ray-induced soft errors in the LSI memories. Test programs using a cyclotron to simulate cosmic rays have established conclusively that many common commercial memory types are vulnerable to heavy-ion upset. A description is given of the methodology and the results of a detailed analysis for predicting the bit-error rate in an assumed space environment for CMOS memory devices. Results are presented for three types of commercially available CMOS 1,024-bit RAMs. It was found that the HM6508 is susceptible to single-ion induced latchup from argon and krypton ions. The HS6508 and HS6508RH and the CDP1821 apparently are not susceptible to single-ion induced latchup.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Single event upset phenomena are discussed, taking into account cosmic ray induced errors in IIL microprocessors and logic devices, single event upsets in NMOS microprocessors, a prediction model for bipolar RAMs in a high energy ion/proton environment, the search for neutron-induced hard errors in VLSI structures, soft errors due to protons in the radiation belt, and the use of an ion microbeam to study single event upsets in microcircuits. Basic mechanisms in materials and devices are examined, giving attention to gamma induced noise in CCD's, the annealing of MOS capacitors, an analysis of photobleaching techniques for the radiation hardening of fiber optic data links, a hardened field insulator, the simulation of radiation damage in solids, and the manufacturing of radiation resistant optical fibers. Energy deposition and dosimetry is considered along with SGEMP/IEMP, radiation effects in devices, space radiation effects and spacecraft charging, EMP/SREMP, and aspects of fabrication, testing, and hardness assurance.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that several terms in the two-point spectral equation for homogeneous turbulence can be interpreted as spectral-transfer terms; that is, they represent the net rate of energy transfer into a wavenumber region from all other wavenumbers. This holds for terms associated with both turbulence and self-interaction and interaction between turbulence and mean gradients. It is not seen as obvious, however, that similar interpretations apply when the turbulence is not homogeneous. In particular, one might question the interpretation for the terms associated with turbulence self-interaction because the condition of homegeneity is generally used in making the interpretation. It is the purpose here to consider whether terms interpretable as transfer terms exist in the equations for inhomogeneous turbulence. It is found that certain terms in the two-point spectral equation can be interpreted as transfer terms.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 24; Oct. 198
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A comparison of analytical and experimental results is presented for a high performance dual-mode helix TWT, equipped with multistage depressed collectors (MDC), and operated over conditions ranging from saturation to the linear regime. The computations are carried out with advanced multidimensional computer programs which model the electron beam as a series of disks or rings of charge and follow their trajectories from the RF input of the TWT, through the slow-wave structure, through the refocusing system, to their points of impact in the depressed collector. TWT performance, collector efficiency, and collector current distribution are computed and compared with measurements. Very good agreement is obtained between computed and measured TWT performance and collector efficiencies. The analytical techniques were subsequently applied to the design of a smaller MDC of nearly equal efficiency.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A 16-channel integrated optical data preprocessor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration has been fabricated on a LiNbO3 substrate. The fabrication procedure is reviewed and a detailed discussion of the steps utilized to integrate the individual components is presented. The results of the device testing experiments are also discussed.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A solution to the rapid-distortion theory for small-scale turbulence in flow round an axisymmetric obstacle is derived. General formulae for velocity covariances and Eulerian time scales are obtained and are evaluated for the particular case of flow round a sphere. The large-scale limit for this flow is also discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics; 34; Nov. 198
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  • 74
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to a microplasma discharge to initiate a hollow cathode discharge for such applications as plasma flow experiments, the electric propulsion of space vehicles, and as a replacement for filament cathodes in neutral beam injector ion sources. The technique results in a cathode that is easy to start, simple in design, and which does not require external RF exciters, inserts or heating elements. Future applications may include ion beam milling and ion implantation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Aug. 198
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An improved formula for continuous-wave ultrasonic phase velocity measurements using contact transducers is derived from the transmission line theory. The effect of transducer-sample coupling bonds is considered for measurements of solid samples even though it is often neglected because of the difficulty of accurately determining the bond thickness. Computer models show that the present formula is more accurate than previous expressions. Laboratory measurements using contacting transducers with the present formula are compared to measurements using noncontacting (hence effectively correction-free) capacitive transducers. The results of the experiments verify the validity and accuracy of the new formula.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 52; May 1981
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  • 76
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The considered study is based on new theoretical concepts regarding a post-instability model of a fluid discussed by Zak (1980). The model permits the completion of the governing equations of turbulence by introducing multivalued fields of velocities. Attention is given to the mechanism of energy dissipation, the characteristic wave propagation, a simplified model, the formation of turbulence around stagnation points, the formulation of boundary conditions, and the mechanism of turbulence formation. The mechanism of turbulence formation can be understood as propagation of initial discontinuities from the boundaries into a flow with the characteristic velocity which is defined by the normal (to the boundary) velocity components. These components emerge at the boundary as a result of jumps in the tangential components due to the continuity equation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Mechanics Research Communications; 8; 2, 19; 1981
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Hot-wire measurements in an incompressible rectangular jet, issuing into a quiet environment at ambient conditions, are presented. A blow-down-type air supply system was used to provide the airflow to a cylindrical settling chamber 1.75 m in length and 0.6 m in diameter. The measurements were made with constant-temperature anemometers in conjunction with linearizers. The two signals from the linearizers were sent through a sum and difference unit which was calibrated from dc to 100 kHz. The distributions of mean velocity and the turbulence shear stresses were measured in the two central planes of the jet stations up to 115 widths downstream of the nozzle exit. Three distinct regions characterized the jet flow field: a potential core origin, a two-dimensional-type region, and an axisymmetric type region. The onset of the second region appeared to be at a location where the shear layers separated by the short dimension of the nozzle meet; and the third region occurred at a downstream location where the two shear layers from the short edges of the nozzle meet. In the central plane, similarity was found both in the mean velocity and shear stress profiles beyond 30 widths downstream of the nozzle exit; profiles of rms velocity showed similarity in the second, but not the third region.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 107; June 198
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The feasibility of the Lixiscope (Low Intensity X-ray Imaging Scope) is demonstrated for real-time observation of transmission Laue patterns. Making use of the high-gain capability of microchannel plate (MCP) visible-light image intensifier tubes, X-ray images are converted to visible-light images by a scintillator. Pb discs are taped to the center of the Lixiscope input face, and crystal samples are held on a goniometer stage with modeling clay. With a compact size to facilitate off axis viewing, and real-time viewing to allow instantaneous response, the Lixiscope may prove useful in dynamic studies of the effects of plastic flows, stresses, high pressures, and low temperatures.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; July 198
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  • 79
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An unbaked calibration system is described that permits absolute calibration with a piston manometer in the range 0.0002 to 6 Pa, with a probable error of 5 microPa + 0.8%, or in the range 0.00008 to 0.02 Pa, with a probable error of 2 microPa + 1%. Procedures and techniques that permit this performance are detailed. For hot-cathode ion gauges, the magnitudes of systematic corrections for envelope temperature and grid current are also indicated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology; 19; July-Aug
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Laboratory and flight radiometric performance testing of an experimental multispectral scanner system is described. High sensitivity performance is confirmed by test results using noise equivalent spectral radiance as the primary figure of merit. A performance comparison between the test-bed aircraft multispectral scanner (TBAMS) and the Bendix modular multispectral scanner (M2S) is presented. Methods for achieving high sensitivity operation are discussed as well as some of the practical implications of such operation for flight remote sensing experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 20; Sept
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: High frequency plane gratings (3500 and 3600 gr/mm) have been holographically ruled and blazed for the VUV spectral region. All gratings were coated with 70 nm Al + 25 nm MgF2. Absolute unpolarized and S- and P-plane polarization efficiencies have been measured for the first and second orders in the 120- to 450-nm spectral region at 18.5 and 30 deg angles of deviation. For deep grooves, anomalous features are more pronounced for the P-plane polarization efficiency than for the S-plane polarization efficiency. Holographic gratings can be tailored to produce high polarization or low polarization in the VUV. For comparison, efficiencies and polarization of the best conventional high frequency gratings were also determined. Measurements show that scattered light is significantly lower for holographic gratings in the VUV when compared with the conventional gratings.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; May 15
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis of different preamplification systems for use with room temperature mercuric iodide X-ray detectors has been performed. Resistor-, drain-, and light-feedback preamplifiers have been studied. Energy resolution values of 295 eV (FWHM) for an Fe-55 source (5.9 keV) and 225 eV (FWHM) for a pulser have been obtained with both the detector and the input FET at room temperature using a pulsed-light feedback preamplifier. Improvement in energy resolution by cooling the input FET using a small Peltier element has been discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 83
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Governing equations are developed for a simple capacitive heat exchanger. This type of heat exchanger consists of hot spherical particles falling through an ascending cold gas stream. The assumptions made in deriving the continuity, momentum and energy equations are clearly stated. The analysis yields a system of first order, ordinary, nonlinear equations which form a complex boundary value problem. The method of solution is presented together with a comparison between the performance of capacitive heat exchangers and conventional counter flow ones.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 207-221
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A Power Load Management Plan was deveoped which utilizes the unique power generating capabilities of the stations to reduce the stress on the local utility's reserve capacity and reduce the cost of electrical power at the stations. The plan has greatly reduced the cost of Goldstone electrical power by completely eliminating the use of commercial power during the local utility's high usage periods each day.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 219-225
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Testing of X band high power components in a traveling wave resonator indicates that this improved cooling design reduces temperature in the waveguide and flange. The waveguide power handling capability and power transmission reliability is increased substantially.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 104-107
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  • 86
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The current status of the transmitter automation development is reported. The work described is applicable to all transmitters in the Deep Space Network. New interface and software designs are described which improve reliability and reduce the time required for subsystem turn on and klystron saturation.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 114-117
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The circuit consists of a digital to analog converter, accumulator, read write memory and UV erasable read only memory. The circuit can convert an analog signal to a digital representation, perform mathematical operations on the digital signal and subsequently convert the digital signal to an analog output. Development software tailored for programming the 2920 is presented.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 108-113
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The efficiency of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is calculated as a function of the input beam sizes of the Stokes and pump laser beams. A Green's function formalism is used to show that maximum efficiency occurs when the confocal parameters of the two input beams are unequal and when the phase mismatch between the anti-Stokes field and the nonlinear polarization is nonzero.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Chemical Physics; 75; Sept. 15
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  • 89
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Photographs show the efficiency and resolution characteristics of single X-ray photons converted to optical photons in a variety of commercial X-ray phosphor screens. The recording system uses a cooled, two-stage image intensifier system with fiber optics coupling to the phosphor screen. High efficiencies in the energy range 20-100 keV with position resolution of the order 200 microns are readily achievable, although the sensitive area is presently limited. Potential applications include X-ray astronomy, high-speed X-ray diffractometry, and extremely low dose radiography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Aug. 198
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of photoelastic polarimeters in astronomy is briefly reviewed, and a visible and near-UV photoelastic modulation polarimeter is described which has been in continuous service on the 61-cm telescope of Pine Mountain Observatory for 6 years. The polarimeter is used primarily for linear polarization measurements, but is easily adaptable to circular polarimetry. The instrument has produced data at a sensitivity level of 0.01%, with long-term absolute reproducibility.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 93
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  • 91
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Rapid-double-exposure, diffuse-illumination holography is evaluated analytically and experimentally as a flow visualization method for time-varying shock waves. Conditions are determined that minimize the distance (localization error) between the surface or curve of interference-fringe localization and the shock surface. Treated specifically are the cases of shock waves in a transonic compressor rotor for which there is laser anemometer data for comparison and shock waves in a flutter cascade.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Sept. 15
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As part of a program to investigate the behavior of superconducting Schottky mixers at high frequencies, the mixing and video performance of several super-Schottky diodes (a 3-micron active diameter, and a doping concentration of 2 x 10 to the 19th per cu cm) have been tested at 92 GHz. At 92 GHz, video responsivities were typically 80 A/W (corrected for RF mismatch). Conversion loss (corrected for both RF and IF mismatches) was typically not less than 18 dB. As expected, diode temperature was low (less than 5 K). Video responsivity and conversion loss were also measured at an RF frequency of 3.95 GHz. These data were used with the measured volt-ampere characteristics of the diodes to compare theoretical predictions of diode performance at 92 GHz, in both the video and mixing modes, with the high-frequency data
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-29; Aug. 198
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  • 93
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A three-band Linear Array Pushbroom Radiometer (LAPR) was built and flown on an experimental basis by NASA, at the Goddard Space Flight Center. The functional characteristics of the instrument and the methods used to preprocess the data, including radiometric correction, are described. The radiometric sensitivity of the instrument was tested and compared to that of the Thematic Mapper and the Multispectral Scanner. The radiometric correction procedure was evaluated quantitatively, using laboratory testing, and qualitatively, by visual examination of the LAPR test flight imagery. Although effective radiometric correction could not yet be demonstrated by laboratory testing, radiometric distortion did not preclude the visual interpretation or classification of the test imagery.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; May 1981
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The improved efficiency of a multistage depressed collector (MDC) with ion-beam textured pyrolytic graphite electrode surfaces is demonstrated by comparison with the performance of other MDC's tested with the same microwave RF amplifier traveling-wave tube (TWT). Because of the sensitivity of overall TWT efficiency to collector efficiency, significant improvements in TWT performance are possible with the use of textured pyrolytic graphite MDC's.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Electron Device Letters; EDL-2; Oct. 198
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  • 95
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A definition for the large-scale coherent structure is presented, and the nature and role of coherent structures in turbulent shear flows are examined. The equations governing the coherent motions and the experimental considerations as well as constraints in the investigations of coherent structures in wall-bounded and free turbulent shear flows are discussed. Results from a few of our recent and on-going studies of coherent structures in excited and unexcited free turbulent shear flows are reviewed. These results show that coherent structures are dominant in transport in the early stages of their formation, but not in the self-preserving regions of turbulent shear flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: vol. 4; Aug. 198
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments have verified the existence of considerable delayed darkening in FWT-60 dosimetry films that may, depending on relative humidity, last for several hours. The amount of delayed darkening depends very strongly on the relative humidity at which the films are equilibrated before irradiation. It is pointed out that the delayed darkening effect must be taken into account before any meaningful dosimetric measurements may be made using these nylon-based thin dosimetry films. The particular radiation-sensitive compound used in the FWT-60 films is the hexahydrosyethyl pararosanaline cyanide with the Dupont nylon resin, Elvamide 8061, which forms the host matrix of a solid-state solution.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Large-scale integrated (LSI) devices fabricated with integrated injection logic (I2L) were studied by both heavy ion experiments and device analysis to determine the upset threshold, the charge collection volumes and ultimately the probability for upset in the galactic cosmic ray spectrum. The devices studied, the SEP9900A, the SBP9989 and the P-Code generator were fabricated by Texas Instruments, Inc.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Accurate heat transfer results are provided for the case of nonisothermal objects. A steady, laminar, free convection boundary layer flow over two-dimensional or rotationally symmetrical bodies of nonuniform surface temperature situated in an ambient fluid of undisturbed temperature is considered analytically. The surface heat flux is given in terms of the Nusselt number and wall derivatives of universal functions for Prandtl numbers of 0.72 and 100 are provided. The method is shown to be valid up to a temperature/radius ratio of 130 deg.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: The of an aluminum conductor with an aluminum oxide insulation film was investigated. Aluminum oxide insulated wire or strip (with a melting point of 2050 C) is unique for applications in the electronic, missile, atomic reactor, aerospace, and aircraft industries. The oxide film is highly flexible, suitable for all windings of any size and shape of coil (magnetic). Briefly touched upon are the ultraviolet, proton gamma radiation uses, as well as high vacuum and cryogenic applications. Since the film is inorganic and chemically inert, it does not age or deteriorate in storage and has good dielectric properties (1000 volts per mil).
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Proc. of the Conf. on High-Temp. Electron.; p 123-219
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Sodium-sulfur cells attractive electric energy storage device for long service, are discussed. The state of art is given. More than 200 Wh/kg cells were tested. The known range of working temperature is 550 to 750 F. Self-discharge is quite nonexistent for months in operation. The technical basis for expecting an operating range up to 1,000 F under a high pressure atmosphere is given. Possibilities to adapt size and characteristics to particular interplanetary missions are discussed.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Proc. of the Conf. on High-Temp. Electron.; p 107-109
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