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  • Articles  (55,733)
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  • Articles  (55,733)
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  • 1
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    EFFECT OF VARIOUS PRETREATMENTS ON X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS OF CLAY FRACTIONS OF PODZOLIC B HORIZONS (1981)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-05-01
    Description: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of various pretreatments on the X-ray identification and quantification of clay-sized minerals from some podzolic B horizons. After soil samples were treated with H2O2 to remove organic matter, clay fractions were dispersed, separated, and freeze-dried. A portion of each clay sample was subjected to the following pretreatments: ultrasonic bath, extraction by citrate-dithionite, extraction by 0.5 N NaOH, and extraction by Tiron. Oriented slides were used for identification and quantification of clay minerals after each pretreatment. The X-ray patterns for ultrasonically dispersed samples were used as a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the three chemical pretreatments. Tiron pretreatment was found to be the most suitable method for removal of amorphous material from clay separates of podzolic B horizons. The traditional citrate-dithionite method was not effective in removing amorphous Si from clays. The 0.5 N NaOH method is not recommended because it resulted in significant destruction of phyllosilicates and it was not effective in removing amorphous Fe.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 2
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    AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF BATCH AND ANNUAL PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS IN WHEAT PRODUCTION IN WESTERN CANADA (1981)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-02-01
    Description: A single batch application of phosphorus once in several years might be a more economical practice for wheat production in Western Canada than the traditional annual application at seeding time. Annual phosphorus applications and batch applications once every 8 yr were compared. Response functions were estimated for annual applications for two locations in Saskatchewan and two in Manitoba. The response functions were used to determine the optimum application rates at each location. These optimums were compared with the profitability of the batch application to determine the economic optimum phosphorus application strategy. Three wheat/fertilizer price ratios were used in the analysis to examine the effect of changes in relative prices. The 100-kg batch application was economically preferred to annual applications for all three price ratios at three of the four locations. Only at Swift Current, Saskatchewan was the batch application not economically justified. The 100-kg batch application was economically superior to the 200-kg application at all locations studied.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
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    EFFECT OF LABILE INORGANIC PHOSPHATE STATUS AND ORGANIC CARBON ADDITIONS ON THE MICROBIAL UPTAKE OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS (1981)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-05-01
    Description: The effect of labile inorganic phosphate (Pi) status of the soil on the decomposition of added cellulose and on the immobilization, mineralization, and redistribution of native and added P in soils was studied in a greenhouse incubation experiment. Cellulose was added at 765 μg C∙g−1 soil with and without P (9 μg∙g−1 soil) every 30 days under adequate N, H2O, and constant tempreature to two soils of different available P status. Lack of P eventually slowed down decomposition of added C, but this effect was partially compensated for by increased mineralization of organic P (Po) forms. Added P was redistributed to both P, (58–69%) and Po (42–31%) forms; higher amounts of Po were found in the soil with the highest Pi status. The correlation between microbial P uptake and solution P values was significant, and microbial C:P ratios ranged from 12:1 under high available P conditions to 45:1 where P was in low supply.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
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    Acknowledgement of Reviewers (2013)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    Ammonia volatilization losses were small after mowing field peas in dry conditions (2013)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-01
    Description: Engel, R., Jones, C. and Wallander, R. 2013. Ammonia volatilization losses were small after mowing field peas in dry conditions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 239–242. Ammonia losses following termination of peas (Pisum sativum L.) by mowing were measured using a micrometeorological mass-balance approach. Field trials were conducted during two seasons in a semiarid climate. Plant N in the above ground biomass was 105 and 79 kg N ha−1 in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Vertical NH3 flux estimates were nominal (0.3 to 1.7 g N ha−1 h−1) in the 2 wk following mowing. Cumulative NH3 loss represented 0.3 to 0.5% of the N in plant biomass, indicating that N fertility was not diminished by NH3 volatilization in this dry climate.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    ON PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTIVE STRESS IN UNSATURATED SOILS (1981)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-05-01
    Description: A theory is presented for the distribution of load pressures over the different phases in an unsaturated soil. It provides differential and integral relations between the equilibrium liquid pressure, the equilibrium solid pressure and the load pressure. Mechanical and thermodynamic models are presented by which the effective stress in unsaturated soils is defined. The value of the effective stress is then calculated for a certain state of a clay soil.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    HOW SOIL MAP UNITS AND DELINEATIONS CHANGE WITH SURVEY INTENSITY AND MAP SCALE (1981)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-11-01
    Description: It is becoming common for soil surveys to be made of the same area at different intensities and published at different scales. The principles of cartographic generalization are discussed that control the relationships between the map units and delineations on maps made from such surveys. A study of two sets of maps showed that almost no lines were coincident. Up to 20% of the small scale delinations could be ’inliers’ of different soils and about 15% of the large scale delineations would be outside their small scale equivalents. The same discrepancies are to be expected between large scale soil maps and the smaller scale maps of physiography or vegetation that are often used to stratify soils. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed under the headings of simplification and classification. Recommendations arc made to guide the preparation of maps and legends for different intensities and scales of survey in the same area. These recommendations have practical implications for the planning of surveys and the designs of computer-based autocartography systems.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    Rapid turnover of organic acids in a Dystric Brunisol under a spruce–lichen forest in northern Saskatchewan, Canada (2013)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-01
    Description: Fujii, K., Morioka, K., Hangs, R., Funakawa, S., Kosaki, and Anderson, D. W. 2013. Rapid turnover of organic acids in a Dystric Brunisol under a spruce–lichen forest in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 295–304. Organic acids released by lichen play an important role in mineral weathering and podzolization in the Boreal–Tundra transition zone of Canada; however, importance of low-molecular-weight organic acids in the soil carbon (C) cycle in the black spruce–lichen forests remains unclear. We examined soil solution composition and mineralization kinetics of 14C-radiolabelled oxalate and citrate to quantify the C fluxes from organic acid mineralization in a Dystric Brunisol under a spruce–lichen forest in northern Saskatchewan. Oxalate concentration in soil solution was greatest in the lichen layer, while the high levels of citrate were observed in the lichen and organic (O) layers to the Ae horizon with the lowest sorption capacity. Oxalate and citrate were rapidly mineralized within the lichen and O layers and had short mean residence times (0.5 to 2.7 h). Substantial C fluxes due to citrate mineralization were observed both within the lichen and O layers, but oxalate mineralization led to C flux in the lichen layer only. The contribution of citrate and oxalate to microbial respiration was large (up to 57%) in the surface soil layers. Citrate was the dominant substrate for microbial respiration of the surface soil; however, it appears that oxalate could also be an important microbial substrate within the lichen layer, at least in summer months. We conclude that the exudation of low-molecular-weight organic acids by lichenous fungi, followed by their rapid mineralization, could play an important role in the C cycles of the sandy soils under spruce–lichen forest.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    Freezing cycle effects on water stability of soil aggregates (2013)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-01
    Description: Dagesse, D. F. 2013. Freezing cycle effects on water stability of soil aggregates. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 473–483. The freezing process is commonly implicated as a key factor in defining the state of soil structural stability following the winter months. Controversy exists, however, regarding the efficacy, and even the net effect, of this process. The objective of the study was to establish the separate effects of the freezing, freeze–thaw and freeze-drying processes in defining soil structural stability following the over-winter period. Aggregates from soils of varying clay content (0.11, 0.33, 0.44 kg kg−1) and initial water content (0.10, 0.20 or 0.30 kg kg−1) were subjected to freeze-only (F), freeze–thaw (FT) and freeze-dry (FD) treatments. Post-treatment aggregate stability determination was via wet aggregate stability (WAS) and dispersible clay (DC). Freezing alone and freeze-dry treatments generally resulted in greater aggregate stability, while the freeze–thaw generally resulted in lower aggregate stability as compared with a control, not frozen treatment (T). These data suggest the freezing-induced desiccation process improves aggregate stability, while the addition of a thaw component following freezing, with the attendant liquid water, is responsible for degradation of aggregate stability. Clay content and initial water content are important factors governing the magnitude of this process.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    Delineation of management zones with measurements of soil apparent electrical conductivity in the southeastern pampas (2013)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-01
    Description: Peralta, N. R., Costa, J. L., Balzarini, M. and Angelini, H. 2013. Delineation of management zones with measurements of soil apparent electrical conductivity in the southeastern pampas. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 205–218. Site-specific management demands the identification of subfield regions with homogeneous characteristics (management zones). However, determination of subfield areas is difficult because of complex correlations and spatial variability of soil properties responsible for variations in crop yields within the field. We evaluated whether apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) is a potential estimator of soil properties, and a tool for the delimitation of homogeneous zones. ECamapping of a total of 647 ha was performed in four sites of Argentinean pampas, with two fields per site composed of several soil series. Soil properties and ECawere analyzed using principal components (PC)–stepwise regression and ANOVA. The PC–stepwise regression showed that clay, soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil gravimetric water content (θg) are key loading factors, for explaining the ECa(R2≥0.50). In contrast, silt, sand, extract electrical conductivity (ECext), pH values and [Formula: see text]-N content were not able to explain the ECa. The ANOVA showed that ECameasurements successfully delimited three homogeneous soil zones associated with spatial distribution of clay, soil moisture, CEC, SOM content and pH. These results suggest that field-scale ECamaps have the potential to design sampling zones to implement site-specific management strategies.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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