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  • Elsevier  (103,222)
  • Cambridge University Press  (4,125)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 1990-1994  (69,291)
  • 1980-1984  (40,383)
  • 1992  (69,291)
  • 1981  (40,383)
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  • 1
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 2
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 547-563 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In 1961, soon after the beginning of the first United Nations Development Decade, a conference of African Ministers of Education was convened by Unesco. The meeting resolved, inter alia, that by the year 1980 primary schooling throughout the continent should be ‘universal, compulsory and free’.1 As we have now reached that date, it is appropriate to review progress. A few countries have achieved the goal, but many others have fallen short. This article will examine the experience of the last two decades, and assess its implications for ultimate objectives and the strategies for achieving them. Despite national policy variations and divergent social and economic conditions, instructive overall patterns may be discerned.
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  • 3
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 565-594 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In the last few years there has been a growing interest in that very considerable and hitherto mostly unrecorded part of the economic life of the Third World which flourishes outside the state and foreign-owned medium and large-scale concerns. This great mass of non-enumerated enterprises and activities is a major source of employment and production. For the purpose of this article, it will be argued that many of those undertaking research in this sector can be regarded as belonging to one or other of two fairly distinct schools of thought formed by (1) a number of officials from the International Labour Organisation, the World Bank, and other international and government agencies, as well as some purely academic writers,1 and (2) the majority of social scientists attached to the British Sociological Association Development Group, some of whom operate to a greater or lesser extent within a Marxian or neo-Marxian perspective.2 For purposes of abbreviation only, these will be referred to as the ‘I.L.O.’ and the ‘Radical’ groups.
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  • 4
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 595-624 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In his classic study of decentralisation and development, Henry Maddick argued that economic growth and social modernisation depend in part on the ability of Third-World govenments to diffuse responsibility for development planning and administration, to expand participation in economic activities, and to promote new centres of creativity within society. Over-concentration of administrative authority stifles development, Maddick insisted; it leads to waste and corruption, delays action, and creates irrational and inefficient management practices, the costs of which developing countries cannot afford.1 To illustrate his point, Maddick cited the effects of the centralised supply system in the Sudan in the late 1950s, through which ‘shoes made in Fasher were sent 400 miles by rail to Khartoum where the whole shoe supply was concentrated. When Fasher wanted shoes for school children and government personnel it had to send to Khartoum for them.’ He also noted that school desks and equipment for the provincial city of Juba had to be ordered from Khartoum, which was 900 miles away and connected only by inefficient river transport, even though the wood from which the furniture was made originally came from Juba.2
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  • 5
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 625-646 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Theories of modernisation and social change have been increasingly challenged during the past decade by events in the Middle East and other areas of the developing world. Leaders of oil-rich nations are choosing to industrialise but not to westernise, and Islamic revivals are shaping new patterns of political and social development. For example, improvements in female status can no longer be regarded as the inevitable concomitants of industrialisation; to the contrary, gender inequality may actually be exacerbated by national resurgences of religious and cultural traditions which often accompany planned social change.1
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  • 6
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 647-665 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Foreign investment in South Africa during the past 20 years has been subject to criticism form several diverse schools of thought, ranging from those who believe it has contributed to country's economic growth without improving the condition of the black workers, to those who maintain that – at best – apartheid has been modernised rather than fundamentally changed.Today the focus of attention has shifted to collective bargaining and trade union rights, to the action that can be taken on their own behalf by the ecomomically underprivileged and the politically dispossessed, and to the assistance which foreign-owned companies have been given in improving the terms and conditions of employment of their own non-white employees by the codes of conduct that have quite recently been adopted by their own governments.
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  • 7
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 705-708 
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  • 8
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 9
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 667-704 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: People of quite diverse social position and perspective have turned to economic growth as a source of political change in South Africa. Contained within the concept of growth, they maintain, are processes — capital accumulation and class formation, business enterprise and markets, changing skill and capital requirements – that, at the very least, allow some blacks a more secure and higher living standard, that may bring greater equality between the races, or more profoundly, confound traditional racial lines and privileges of quite diverse social position and perspective have turned to economic growth as a source of political change in South Africa. Contained within the concept of growth, they maintain, are processes — capital accumulation and class formation, business enterprise and markets, changing skill and capital requirements – that, at the very least, allow some blacks a more secure and higher living standard, that may bring greater equality between the races, or more profoundly, confound traditional racial lines and privileges. Indeed, some argue that growth undermines the foundations of the racial state. Many of those who posit a relationship between economics and politics, take the next logical step: supporting actions, including foreign investment, that foster economic growth and, presumably, political change in South Africa.
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  • 10
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 11
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  • 12
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 715-717 
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  • 13
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 717-719 
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  • 14
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 719-720 
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  • 15
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-10 
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  • 16
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 722-728 
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  • 17
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Urban unemployment and underemployment are widespread problems in Africa, perhaps more so than on other continents. It is a truism, apparently accepted by most governments, that capital is scarce, and that the rate of development and employment creation are constrained by the relative scarcity of capital equipment and the slow rate of capital formation. And yet these two observations, challengeable but generally accepted as commonplace and obvious truths, co-exist in much of Africa with a paradoxical third statement: that much of the urban capital stock, particularly in the modern-service sectors – government, education, large-scale commerce, finance, etcetera – is utilised at a very low rate, typically of the order of 25–30 per cent of the potential maximum. This brief note speculates on the reasons for this state of affairs, and explores the consequences of adopting a possible policy designed to produce a significant change.
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  • 18
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 513-515 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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  • 19
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 221-256 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Virtually all analyses of Lesotho's political framework have agreed that strong elements of national identity have neither forestalled domestic conflict nor served to promote a unified assault on awesome economic problems. Hence many writers imply that a major asset, rarely found in independent Africa, has been wasted.1 Roger Leys has perceptively applied dependency theories of a ‘labour reserve’ economy to Lesotho,2 and spends considerable effort on historical analysis aimed at demonstrating the duration and pervasiveness of this process of systematic underdevelopment. In his conclusion he suggests that ‘the long and courageous battle of the Basotho to assert their dignity and worth is in fact a resource and political weapon of incomparable significance in the long-term battle for the liberation of southern Africa.’ Leys infers that national and class identities are interrelated, and possibly reinforcing, when he says that ‘the history of the struggle of the Basotho people and the very degree of their integration into the black working class of South Africa is a formidable weapon.’3
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  • 20
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    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 307-335 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Ethiopia has long been regarded as the only African state, along with Liberia, to have escaped the ravages of European colonialism, the epitome of African independence and self-determination.1 It was also considered a stable, relatively integrated, and viable political community amidst a continent of new states characterised by chronic instability.2 But by 1974, most if not all of these myths were in the process of being broken, as Ethiopia struggled for its very existence against pressures from within and without that threatened to dismember the Empire.
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  • 21
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 337-339 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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  • 22
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  • 23
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  • 24
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  • 25
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    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 345-347 
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  • 26
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    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 348-350 
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  • 27
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    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 347-348 
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  • 28
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    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 350-351 
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  • 29
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    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 356-357 
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  • 30
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    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 75-105 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Notes: Mauritius became independent on 12 March 1968, and was then said to be the paradigm of the small isolated, poor, dependent country, only emerging from the colonial era to fall immediately into neocolonialism – the Third World's Third World.
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  • 31
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    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 107-132 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
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    Notes: In 1955 the South African Government began to demolish a black freehold suburb in Johannesburg, and to relocate its inhabitants in a state-controlled township. Resistance to these moves by the leading black political organisation of the time, the African National Congress (A.N.C.), was short-lived and unsuccessful. Despite its abortive nature, the attempt to oppose the destruction of Sophiatown was historically significant for several reasons.
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  • 32
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    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 57-73 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In the course of several field studies carried out during 1978–9 on behalf of the Working Group on Recurrent Costs established by the Comité Inter-états de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel and the Club du Sahel, it became clear that imperfect functioning of domestic capital markets hampers the efforts of Sahelian governments to raise domestic non-tax resources for budget finance. Inasmuch as the operation and maintenance of development projects compete for a severely limited pool of uncommitted government revenues – that is, revenues not committed to debt service, meeting the civil service payroll, and other inflexible obligations – reforms that augment this pool are of particular interest from the viewpoint of ensuring that these projects function properly once established.
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  • 33
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 133-161 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Legislation in the former British colonial territories exhibited a pair of paradoxes. First, it spoke in legalese, a patois that only judges and lawyers can read easily. Many laws concerning development, however, addressed ordinary citizens. Second, drafters invented and used a specialised style to reduce official and judicial discretion by making legislation more precise, but this frequently endowed officials with discretion as broad as the unbroken sky. In Africa, the uses of legalese seemed to war with the purposes for which it was developed.
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  • 34
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 507-544 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Ever since its occurrence, the ‘Manchurian Incident’ of September 1931 has been interpreted, by both Japanese and non-Japanese writers, as a crucial event in modern Japanese and, indeed, world history. Not least, it has been identified as the beginning of Japan's ‘fifteen-year war’. Whether or not such judgements are accepted, it must be recognized that the Manchurian Incident and subsequent events significantly affected the workings of Japanese politics in the 1930s, the relationship between civil and military authorities and Japan's international image in the years leading up to the Pacific War.
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  • 35
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  • 36
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-2 
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  • 37
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 679-700 
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    Notes: The basic administrative unit in the Spanish Philippines was the pueblo or municipal township. The pueblo encompassed both settled and unsettled districts within its geographical boundaries. The town centre Known as the población was the largest single residential zone within the municipality but was surrounded by smaller satellite communities. Beyond these areas of settlement were the sparsely populated regions of swamp, forest, plain or mountain. Size varied enormously both in geographical extent and population density from a few hundred families clustered in a single village or barangay in frontier areas to many tens of thousands of persons spread over a number of settlements in the lowland provinces of Luzon and the central Visayas.2 The administrative boundaries of one pueblo, however, bordered upon another so that all areas under Spanish suzerainty fell within one or other of these municipalities.
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  • 38
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 763-790 
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    Notes: This paper attempts to examine Śrīnivāsdās's Parīksāguru ‘Experience is the only teacher’ (1882) generally considered to be the first novel in Hindi,as a novel which draws its subject matter from the extravagant life-styles of the traditional Hindu elites, the rich Hindu bankers and traders, rather than from the peculiar traits of the middle class as is generally asscrted by Hindi scholars.
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  • 39
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 31-47 
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    Notes: AbstractMigration from the countryside to urban provincial centres and capital cities is a major reason why rural communities in southeast Asia suffer extensively from acute poverty and ill health. In Thailand, as elsewhere, it is principally the young and able who move to the cities in search of jobs, and whose departure impoverishes even more their home communities. The Thai Sangha has traditionally accommodated this pattern of migration by providing educational opportunities for those who ordain at an early age, but in recent years a variety of schemes has enabled monks to learn secular skills which equip them to become ‘practitioners of development’ in their home regions. This training has gone hand in hand with attempts by leading scholar monks to reformulate Buddhist teaching to emphasize the importance of living in self-reliant communities which are alert to the most up-to-date scientific information available on health care and environmental protection.
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 591-608 
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    Notes: Kang Sheng—a veteran counter-intelligence official and close political ally of Mao Zedong's—is said to have remarked in the winter of 1959 that among the critics of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) there was ‘One soldier’ and ‘One civilian’ whose criticisms were ‘in close harmony’. The soldier was Peng Dehuai, China's Minister of Defence, who had clashed with Mao at the Lushan Conference that summer, and whose criticism of the GLF had subsequently been denounced by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee as an ‘attempt at splitting the Party´ and ‘a ferocious assault on the Party Center and Comrade Mao Zedong's leadership’. The civilian was Yang Xianzhen, the President of the Central Party School, who had aroused Kang's wrath by condemning the GLF as hopelessly Utopian, and by claiming that it already had brought on starvation and might yet bring about the collapse of the CCP.
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 815-853 
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    Notes: Indian newspapers and academic journals assault their readers with stories of large-scale communal violence and of the communalization of India's political institutions. These stories are frequently accompanied by pious editorials which enact the well-known Indian ritual of paying lip-service to the concept of ‘secularism’. Secularism is one question on which intellectuals have made common cause with social workers and politicians, joining them in meetings and seminars, even participating in the peace marches which are commonly organized in the aftermath of communal riots. There have even been occasions in which individuals who are known to have been involved, directly or otherwise, in communal battles, have participated in these rites of secularism.
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  • 42
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-2 
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  • 43
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 495-506 
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    Notes: With the current and continuing collapse of marxist-stalinist structures occurring in the eastern part of our European world and the ensuing debate now circulating about personal cultship and the mythologies surrounding it, I feel I must congratulate the convenor of this 1990 Oxford Trinity College lecture programme for the title he chose to bestow upon the small part I am responsible for discussing.
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 569-589 
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    Notes: In June 1930, units of the 10th Red Army, which had been formed in northeastern Jiangxi by Fang Zhimin and Shao Shiping, entered the ancient porcelain town of Jingdezhen. The capture of the town brought the modern revolutionary politics of the Chines Communits Party (CCP) into contact with the local government and trades union organizations of a conservative, traditionally-minded town. Jingdezhen remained under the influence of the Red Army from 1930 until the strategic withdrawal from the Northeast Jiangxi Soviet in 1933 which was the forerunner of the complete withdrawal from the Jiangxi base areas and the Long March. There is ample information on the organization of the N.E. Jiangxi Soviet base and its best-known leader, Fang Zhimin, but most studies concentrate on the political structure of the Soviet government, the career and personality of Fang and the peasant milieu in which the Soviet emerged.1 Jingdezhen was not a peasant society or a major city: it was an intermediate small town world with part of the population permanently resident and many seasonal workers from the rural areas who provided a link with peasant communities.
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 634-639 
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    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 275-287 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The modern state is interventionist, and planning is an effective means to ascertain its control over the entire social process. As an operational tool, planning seems formidable to structure the role of the state in accordance with its ideological underpinning. Therefore, not only is planning as an instrument tuned to economic regeneration, it is inextricably tied to the regime's political preference as well. The aim here is not to argue for a deterministic network between planning and the ideological slant of the regime and its leadership and viceversa, but to show the complex interdependence which entails, at the same time, an interplay of various pulls and pressures in a rapidly changing social fabric. Colonial India provides us with a political system embedded in both the age-old and primordial value system and various other cultural influences which, inter alia reflected the system's absorption of alien value preferences. This obviously was not a smooth process, for India which drew on loyalties based on primordial ties strove to absorb new stimuli which had their roots in a completely different socio-political and economic environment; the result being tension among those presiding over the destiny of the country which had its reflection in the political discourse of the day. By concentrating on planning which, among other things, strove to transform India from a traditional to a modern society, the paper seeks to explain the difficulty facing the Congress stalwarts, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose in particular, despite their confidence in planning as the only instrument to rejuvenate India after the British withdrawal.
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  • 47
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 48
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 157-197 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The spring month of Māgh heralds festivals, pilgrimages and popular rituals in the north Indian countryside. In 1872, the small village Bhaini, in Ludhiana district, was the scene of feverish activity. Participants in a millenarian community popularly known as Kukas had collected there in connection with the spring festivities on the 11 and 12 of January. They had, however, very little to celebrate. In the past four months nine of their numbers had been hanged by the colonial authorities on charges of attacking slaughter houses and killing butchers, others had been imprisoned, and many more were subjected to increasing surveillance and restrictions. British officials nervously shifted their views of the Kukas. Earlier seen as religious reformers within the Sikh tradition, they were now deemed to be political rebels. As those present felt heavily suspect in the eyes of the administration, the atmosphere at Bhaini must have been tense and unnerving.
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  • 49
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 26 (1992), S. 205-206 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 50
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 3-7 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: There has recently been an increased amount of interest in laboratory equipment for extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) measurements. In an earlier paper a facility for performing such measurements easily in a few hours was described in some detail. In this paper, further development of the techniques is reported. The use of high-power rotating-anode X-ray generator, the design of an X-ray curved-crystal spectrometer, the factors governing the proper choice of monochromator crystals and the design of fast-counting detectors and electronics are discussed. In addition, it is shown how errors caused by characteristic lines in the spectrum can be eliminated by use of a flux stabilization circuit.
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  • 51
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 24-27 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Photographic neutron intensity measurements on a 2 mm3 single-crystal of triclinic lysozyme are compared with conventional neutron diffractometer data. The reflections were recorded with the oscillation technique. The structure factors were derived from the optical densities scanned by an automatic microdensitometer and processed by computer programs. A statistical analysis shows that the photographic data are of about the same accuracy as recently collected diffractometer data. For the same flux and crystal volume the data collection time is reduced by up to two orders of magnitude.
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  • 52
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A device is described which uses liquid nitrogen to generate a cold or hot gas stream which is blown directly onto the crystal mounted on an X-ray diffractometer. With a specially constructed high-vacuum (〈 1.3 × 10–5 Pa) jacketed silica Dewar tube, it can operate between 83 and 1120 K with a stability over long time periods of ± ¼ K below and ± 1 K above ambient temperature. In the latter case the short-time stability is ± ¼ K for hours. It gives an inert atmosphere at elevated temperatures and allows extensive data collection for the accurate determination of crystal structures. The evaporator, the automatic refilling system and the silica Dewar tube are described.
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  • 53
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 60-61 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A fitting method is proposed for X-ray diffraction profiles which requires only a small number of parameters.
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  • 54
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 61-62 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Complete solid solution is observed amongst the compounds of the type M1MgCr2(VO4)3 (where M1 = K, Rb or Tl). The solid-solution series obtained show linear changes in peak positions and peak intensities in their X-ray diffraction patterns. The crystallographic behaviour with respect to the value of x for (RbxK1−xMgCr2(VO4)3 and (TlxK1−x)MgCr2(VO4)3 solid solutions is discussed.
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  • 55
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 64-65 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Indexed powder patterns of the monoclinic phase, stable at room temperature, and of the orthorhombic phase, stable for T 〉 786 K, are given. The cell dimensions are: a = 15.737 (8), b = 9.231 (5), c = 18.224 (9) Å, β = 125.46 (2)° at 295 K; a = 9.330 (3), b = 12.868 (5), c = 9.242 (3) Å at 818.6 K. Linear equations describing the thermal expansion of the two phases of ferric molybdate are reported. To verify if ferric molybdate can incorporate excess MoO3, measurements on non-stoichiometric samples were also made: no evidence of the presence of excess MoO3 was found.
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  • 56
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 68-68 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: High-temperature As2O5 at 768 ± 5 K is tetragonal with a = 8.577 (1), c = 4.637 (1) Å, V = 341.2 Å3, Z = 4, Dc = 4.475 Mg m−3. Indexed powder data are given.
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  • 57
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 85-93 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A flat, relatively thin (9 mm) xenon-filled multiwire proportional counter with two-dimensional, 2 μs delay line readout of a 270 × 300 mm active area has been developed for use as a position-sensitive area X-ray detector in the 8 keV energy region (Cu Kα) used in crystallographic structure work with large biological molecules. Its quantum detection efficiency for 8 keV X-ray photons is about 0.5, a value which is spatially uniform to within ± 2%. Its dead-time loss fraction at a typical data collection rate of 30000 photons s−1 is 12%. The detector has spatial resolution for X-rays of 0.6 mm FWHM in the horizontal direction and 2 mm, the anode wire spacing, in the vertical direction. The effects of parallax are found to be limited and do not seriously increase the apparent size of the diffracted beams. The position sensitivity of this detector is geometrically linear to within 0.5 mm across its active surface. Routine maintenance of the detector requires the attention of a skilled technician but is not time consuming. For four years, this detector has been used to measure millions of reflection intensities from crystals of many different proteins. The down time due to the detector has averaged less than four days per year, considerably less than the down time of other components of the data collection system. Four new protein structures have now been solved using data from this detector. Also, a considerable amount of data have been collected at higher resolution or at different temperatures with crystals of other proteins.
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  • 58
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 124-130 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The sources of systematic error in the X-ray diffractometer method of stress measurement are discussed. The errors in stress measurement and correction procedures for their elimination are described and quantitatively assessed.
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  • 59
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 117-123 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The diffraction aspect and rough cell parameters of a crystal to be studied are usually known before mounting the crystal on a diffractometer. Such data are used for orientation purposes in the method described. An ordered list of indexed 2θ values is calculated from which an optimum 2θ for a peak search is derived. The peaks found are centered, their possible unique indices are derived by comparison of the observed 2θ values with the calculated values. Two intense reflections with few indexing ambiguities are selected to define the crystal orientation. Their possible pairs of indices are found by considering combinations of indices related to the unique indices by the Laue-group symmetry and for which the calculated angle between the reciprocal vectors is comparable with the observed angle. Only the non-equivalent orientations defined by these initial pairs will be accepted. An initial pair will be rejected if the indices of both reflections can be transformed into those of a previously accepted pair by a single Laue-group symmetry operator of the first kind. The correct setting is usually obvious from a very short list of possible orientations and is retained. This simple approach has been programmed and treats all symmetries without branching of the logic. Rhombohedral crystals can be referred to hR or rP cells. The possible non-equivalent settings due to metric ambiguities, to pseudo-symmetry or to symmetry are exhaustively listed, but no symmetry-related setting is indicated. This scheme has automatically oriented more than 40 crystals from the seven crystal systems in 20–50 min each. The wavelength, the cell parameters and the short symbol of a valid space group in the correct diffraction aspect are the only input.
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  • 60
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 137-139 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Neutron time-of-flight powder data have been collected for forsterite [Mg2SiO4; Pbnm (D162h, No. 62); Z = 4, a = 4.7534 (1), b = 10.1989 (2), c = 5.9813 (1) Å] with the ZING-P′ high-resolution diffractometer at Argonne National Laboratory. Forty-seven variables, including anisotropic temperature-factor coefficients, were refined with a profile-fitting procedure to R(profile) = 2.10% and R(Rietveld) = 3.53%. Positional and thermal parameters are in good agreement with those determined from recent X-ray and neutron single-crystal diffraction experiments. Results suggest that powder data can be used to obtain accurate positional parameters and reasonable temperature factors for moderately complex structures.
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  • 61
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 139-141 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A Kratky small-angle X-ray camera was modified so as to allow the use of a one-dimensional (one-dimensional) position-sensitive detector (PSD) with it. The modification was designed in such a way that most of the calibrations, necessary for subsequent correction of the collected intensity data, can be performed with little alteration in the collimation geometry or the electronics settings. In particular, the calibration of the uniformity of detector efficiency can be performed by repeated vertical travel of the detector at a constant speed across a beam scattered from a sample.
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  • 62
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 145-148 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A computer program for the separation of a composite peak into the components and the background has been written in Fortran. Each component is approximated by a function of the form y(x) = c [1 + ({{x - d}\over{e}})^{2}]^{-f}, where c, d, e and f are the parameters to be determined by a least-squares method. Arbitrary, known or assumed relations among the parameters of different components may be read in to reduce the number of independent parameters and save computation time or, in other cases, to offer a better chance of separating a complex composite peak by varying a subset of the parameters.
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  • 63
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 151-153 
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    Notes: A computer program has been written with the aim of calculating the domain of an atom in a structure. The domain may be limited by planes situated half-way between the atoms, or at a distance that takes into account the relative radii of the atoms. Data concerning this domain and the corresponding coordination polyhedron are computed and printed. Punched cards, to be used in a special plotting program, can also be produced. Three types of weighted coordination number are calculated.
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  • 64
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 160-168 
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    Notes: Intensity can often be measured as a continuous function of scattering angle in diffraction from non-crystalline specimens. An analysis of the amount of information contained in one-dimensional continuous diffraction data is presented here. This analysis, based on the sampling theorem and the theory of entire functions, indicates that there is a limited but often rather large number of possible phase solutions to any given continuous intensity distribution. A refinement technique has been developed which allows phase solutions to be found that are consistent with the diffraction data and with other physical and chemical data. In favourable cases, when diffraction data is used in coordination with other kinds of data, there can be enough information in a diffraction pattern to identify a unique structural solution.
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  • 65
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 370-382 
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    Notes: A small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) spectrometer has been constructed at the University of Missouri Research Reactor Facility (MURR). The design of the MURR–SANS is unusual in that the size of the reactor containment building constrains the flight path to be vertical. This is achieved by Bragg scattering upward through 90° from a set of slightly misaligned pyrolytic graphite crystals to provide a neutron beam at 4.75 Å with a wavelength spread of approximately 4.1%. The beam incident on the sample is defined by two matched variable apertures located either 3.0 or 4.5 m apart. The evacuated scattered flight path is designed with removable extensions to match the primary flight path in length. The instrument has an automatic sample handling capability provided by its own dedicated PDP 11/03 computer. The detector is a large assembly of commercially available linear 3He detectors as an economic alternative to a crossed-wire two-dimensional multi-detector. An array of 43 position-sensitive proportional counters, 24 in (609.6 mm) long and 0.5 in (12.7 mm) in diameter, using charge division gives a spatial resolution of 5 x 12.7 mm. The area-averaged detector efficiency is about 84% at a wavelength of 4.75 Å. The range of scattering vectors that can be measured is 0.005 〈 Q〈 0.15 Å−1. The instrument is well suited to a wide variety of experiments on specimens having characteristic dimensions between 20 and 500 Å. MURR–SANS is designed as a user-oriented facility which provides both reasonable resolution and intensity on sample at a modest cost, and forms part of a neutron scattering center.
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  • 66
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    Notes: Two-dimensional antiphase domain structures existing in the composition range 20–23 at.% Mn were investigated by a high-resolution structure-imaging technique with a 1 MV electron microscope. The structures are based on the DO22 structure and consist of parallelogram-shaped domains containing 4 × 3 columns of Mn atoms and lozenge-shaped domains with 4 × 4 and 3 × 3 columns, and the domains are separated by two-dimensional antiphase boundaries parallel to the ({\bar 2}40) and (240) planes of the fundamental face-centred structure. The configuration of the domains changes delicately with a slight change of composition or annealing temperature, and the symmetry of the structure is lowered below about 670 K. The ideal structure models have compositions of about 22.7 at.% Mn. The images of about half of the specimen area of the 22.6 at.% Mn alloy annealed at 570 K do not correspond to these new structures, but bear a resemblance to the image expected from the two-dimensional antiphase structure proposed by Watanabe [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn (1960), 15, 1030–1040] for Au3Mn, which is based on the L12 structure and has boundaries parallel to the (100) and (010) planes.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 432-436 
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    Notes: Two methods for the numerical resolution of the Takagi-Taupin equations are compared. It is shown that for a small integration step Taupin's [Acta Cryst. (1967), 23, 25–35] extension to two dimensions of the one-dimensional Runge–Kutta third-order method is more accurate than the algorithm of Authier, Malgrange & Tournarie [Acta Cryst. (1968), A24, 126–136] but, for a given precision, Authier, Malgrange & Tournarie's method is faster than Taupin's so the former will usually be preferred for numerical calculation.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 444-446 
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    Notes: The phase separation of an 80% B2O3–15% PbO–5% Al2O3 (weight %) glass after splat-cooling was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The wavenumber which receives maximal amplification and the scattering intensity corresponding to this wavenumber were determined as a function of the cooling rate of the glass. The experimental results qualitatively agree with the main features of previous calculations based on the linear theory of spinodal decomposition, but no quantitative agreement is obtained.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 455-461 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An analysis of published X-ray diffraction data from nerve myelin is given based on the properties of analytic functions. Functions defined by a finite Fourier transform may be described by their distribution of zeros. This description allows a phase function to be determined from real data, which is unique in principle. A solution to the phase assignment is given and compared with corresponding published solutions derived by other methods. The strong measure of agreement for the phases of the first nine diffraction orders, and the stability of this agreement against the efforts of experimental error, leads to the conclusion that these phases are probably correct.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 465-465 
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    Notes: The powder data for [2.1.2.1]paracyclophan is reported. This compound is monoclinic with a = 21.44 (4), b = 17.22 (6), c = 9.70 (4) Å, γ = 141.30 (3)°, Z = 4.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 491-491 
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 226-229 
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    Notes: A numerical procedure using orthogonal polynomials is used for extracting the background in measured spectra. An X-ray spectrum obtained with the energy-dispersive method is considered as an example.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 247-252 
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    Notes: The effect of refraction on the observed diffractometer angles θr, ωr and χr of a centered reflection is discussed for general asymmetric reflection from a finitely absorbing extended-face crystal. Formulae are presented for θr, ωr and χr for symmetric reflection and for θr and ωr for the two extreme positions of asymmetric reflection in terms of the angles calculated assuming that refraction can be neglected.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 265-269 
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    Notes: A modification of the Berg-Barrett X-ray topographic method was developed which enables measurement of all three misorientation parameters of a general subgrain boundary. The described method is based on the evaluation of three topographs of a single, arbitrarily oriented crystal surface taken by symmetric zero-layer reflections. In practical tests performed on an as-grown Fe–3 Wt% Si single crystal, relative accuracy of 10% and angular sensitivity better than 1′ were achieved.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 274-279 
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    Notes: An interactive graphics program is described for use with the Evans & Sutherland Picture System 2 which is suitable for the comparison and refinement of protein structures. Several protein molecules and electron density maps can be viewed simultaneously, while great flexibility exists in creating, modifying and manipulating the picture on the screen. As the program is file oriented, it can be run on a small computer system with only 32 K memory.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 281-284 
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    Notes: A precise X-ray determination of the lattice parameters of silver gallium telluride, AgGaTe2, has been made in the temperature range 301 to 667 K with a Unicam 190 mm high-temperature powder camera. The data have been used to evaluate the coefficients of thermal expansion, α⊥ and α\parallel, at various temperatures. It has been observed that the `c' parameter decreases while the `a' parameter increases with increasing temperature as in the case of AgGaSe2 and AgGaS2, which also have a chalcopyrite-type structure. The magnitudes of both α⊥ and α\parallel increase non-linearly with increasing temperature.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 285-290 
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    Notes: Berg–Barrett topography gives information on large-scale dislocation distribution in deformed single crystals. The Burgers vectors are determined by disappearance of the dark `extinction contrast'. This contrast cannot be extinguished by any single diffracting condition when different types of non-coplanar Burgers vectors are present simultaneously; complementary information by electron transmission microscopy agrees well with this inference. These general remarks are illustrated by some examples on deformed single crystals of α-Al2O3, (Al2O3)1.8MgO, NaCl and Cu2O.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 300-304 
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    Notes: A description is given of a mathematical formalism which allows the study of diffraction by stacks which contain, simultaneously or not, (i) layers of different kinds, (ii) different translations or rotations between layers and (iii) different thicknesses. The formalism allows the calculation of intensities for all the hkl reflections or (h,k) reciprocal rods, and not just the 00l reflections. It accounts for an Sth-neighbour interaction (S≥1).
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 315-320 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The results of a trial powder diffraction experiment on the ADONE storage ring at the Frascati National Laboratories (Italy) are described. A (220) channel-cut Si crystal was used to provide a monochromatic beam and it was demonstrated that Debye–Scherrer photographs could be obtained in several hours. It was also shown that very high resolution can be obtained simply by increasing the camera dimensions. Finally, it is shown that with the higher fluxes of the SRS at the Daresbury Laboratory (England) very fast exposures will be possible without the need for focusing.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 329-336 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Satellite spots appear around every fundamental spot in electron diffraction patterns of iron-carbon martensite (α′) tempered in a temperature range from 273 to 363 K. High-resolution electron microscopic observations show that they are due to the formation of a modulated structure, in which interstitial carbon atom clusters smaller than 10 Å are distributed randomly in a plane nearly parallel to (102)α′, with inter-cluster distance of 10–20 Å and such carbon-rich planar regions are spaced periodically with intervals of 10–20 Å, depending on the carbon content of the martensite. A structure analysis was made by measuring the satellite spot intensity of the electron diffraction patterns, and the displacements of atoms from their average positions in martensite were determined. The result supports the above cluster model for the modulated structure.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 348-349 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: MSbO4, (M = Cr, Fe) are tetragonal, rutile-type compounds, P42/mnm (No. 136); Z = 1. M and Sb are randomly distributed in 2(a) positions and O in 4(f). For CrSbO4, Dm = 5.31, Dx = 5.35 Mg m−1, a = 4.5899 (2), c = 3.0525 (2) Å, U = 64.307 (8) Å3, x = 0.318, R = 4.6; Cr and Sb are coordinated with two O atoms at 2.064 and four O atoms at 1.930 Å.
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 352-353 
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 354-354 
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  • 84
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 355-356 
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  • 85
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 475-477 
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    Notes: Single crystals of [Cu(bpy)2NO2]ClO4, [Cu(C10H8N2)2NO2]ClO4, C20H16CuN5O2.ClO4, with space group P21/c, were grown from the reacting mixture of bis(2,2′-bipyridyl)copper(I) perchlorate with molecular oxygen in nitroalkanes. The unit-cell parameters are a = 10.83 (2), b = 12.51 (1), c = 17.04 (1) Å, β = 112.0 (2)°, Z = 4, Dm = 1.62 (1) Mg m−3.
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  • 86
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 472-473 
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    Notes: Indexed powder patterns of four monoclinic compounds of general formula (BH)3H3V10O28 .xH2O, where x = 1-2.5 and B = 2,4-dimethylpyridine (J8), (C7H10N)3H3V10O28.1.0H2O, 3,4-dimethylpyridine (J10), (C7H10N)3H3V10O28.1.0H2O, 3,5-dimethylpyridine (J11), (C7H10N)3H3V10O28.2.5H2O, and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (J12), (C8H12N)3H3V10O28.1.0H2O are given. The cell dimensions of the unit cells with two molecules are: J8 a = 18.360 (2), b = 10.438 (2), c = 13.503 (2) Å, β = 95.99 (1)°; J10 a = 12.538 (3), b = 13.634 (5), c = 16.662 (5) Å, β = 111.82 (2)°; J11 a = 19.483 (5), b = 10.711 (2), c = 13.020 (4) Å, β = 101.52 (2)°; J12 a = 12.776 (3), b = 22.470 (4), c = 11.790 (3) Å, β = 91.54 (1)°.
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  • 87
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 487-489 
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  • 88
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 490-490 
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  • 89
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    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 491-492 
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  • 90
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 1-5 
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    Notes: Based on investigations at 9 and 295 K, Na2UI6 has been shown to crystallize in a new structure type corresponding to space group R{\bar 3}, in contrast to ionic conductors of the type Na2UX6 for X = Cl, Br which crystallize in the space group P{\bar 3}ml. Atomic positions of sodium and iodine have been refined using the Rietveld profile fitting procedure. It was found that in space group R{\bar 3} the U, Na and I atoms occupy positions 3(a), 6(c) and 18(f), respectively. The relation between the Na2UCl6-type structure and the structure of Na2UI6 is discussed.
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  • 91
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 11-15 
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    Notes: An in situ observation of the structure transition of GeO2 has been made under 3.0 GPa at various temperatures with a diamond-anvil pressure cell. The time-resolved energy-dispersive (ED) diffraction experiment was undertaken using synchrotron X-radiation. A profile analysis of ED spectra observed every 15 min elucidates the transition process from the α-quartz form (P3221, Z = 3) to the rutile form (P42/mmm, Z = 2). The time-resolved measurement of their diffraction intensity ratio reveals the change of the mass fraction of the transformed product with time, which provides the transition rate. A transition curve showed three stages at low temperature; firstly a long inductance period after initiation of heat supply, secondly a rapid initiation of transition and finally a marked deceleration of growth. At high temperatures the inductance period of the transition was not observable. The transition is extremely sluggish. An apparent activation energy was calculated by the Avrami–Erofeev equation for the solid-solid transition and found to be 57.4 kJ mol−1.
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  • 92
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 6-10 
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    Notes: Nonlinear equations are given for determining the crystallographic orientation of surfaces of single crystals. The equations are solved by an iterative method in several variables. The angle φ between the surface plane and the lattice plane in question is decomposed into two components α and β. These two components are obtained from the solution of a nonlinear system of equations using two measurements and the Bragg angle. The diffractometric system considered is the well known θ/2θ with a sufficiently large area of X-ray detection and the capability of holding single-crystal samples. The results obtained are discussed from experimental and theoretical points of view.
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 26-30 
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    Notes: A method to improve the scaling of multiple intensity data sets is presented. A general scaling function K(x, s), which uses the direction cosine of the diffraction vector (x) and (sin θ)/λ (s) as scaling parameters, is developed by combining an isotropic scaling function, K(s) = A exp (Bs2), and a multiple s-shell anisotropic scaling function, K(x)s = (Σ Σ cijxij)s. This combined scaling function can greatly reduce the systematic differences in intensities among multiple data sets measured independently. This scaling method for the multiple data sets consists of three steps. In the first step, the individual isotropic scaling functions, K(s), are determined by an indirect least-squares method. Then the weighted mean intensity, 〈I〉, is calculated by applying the K(s) to the individual data sets. In the second step, the data in each data set are divided equally into 20 thin shells of (sin θ)/λ (s). The anisotropic scaling functions, K(x)s, of each s shell are determined by using the weighted mean intensity, 〈I〉, obtained in the first step as the target quantity in a least-squares minimization, i.e. Σ wi{〈I〉i − K(x)s[K(s)Ii]}2. In the final step, the new weighted mean intensity, 〈I〉, is calculated by applying the combined scaling function, K(x, s) = K(s)K(x)s, to the individual data sets. The new multiple s-shell anisotropic scaling functions are determined using the new weighted mean intensity, 〈I〉, as the target quantity in another least-squares minimization. By repeating this procedure three to five times, the least-squares minimization will converge. The method was successfully used to scale and merge 27 sets of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase data into a single data set. It was also used to scale the isomorphous replacement data sets of the enzyme.
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 16-25 
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    Notes: This work presents a new method of synthesizing the reflection profile, based on the calculation of Fourier coefficients of instrumental functions. The classification and construction of Fourier coefficients are effected, in a general way, from the analysis of the possible paths of beams in the diffractometer. Relationships were obtained which made it possible to synthesize the line profiles in different experimental conditions. The possibility of calculating the reflection profiles of a standard (annealed BaF2) without introducing varying profile parameters is shown. Better results in describing the reflection profiles have been obtained than by applying the Pearson VII function with varying profile parameters.
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 31-38 
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    Notes: A model of size distribution and structural disorder for palladium grown on pumice is developed. The model parameters are determined by fitting the simulated powder pattern to the experimental data. Three samples, characterized by 2.4, 1.14 and 0.86 wt.% Pd respectively were examined. The results point to nearly spheroidal crystallites, with sizes ranging from 40 to 20 Å, affected by stacking faults in the sequence of the close-packed (111) layers to an extent independent of size and by intralayer second-kind distortions. A comparison with the results obtained following classical procedures is supplied. In the Appendix a new approach for the determination of growth stacking faults from peak shifts is presented.
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 39-45 
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    Notes: Approximate analytic expressions for determining the transmission of neutron benders which take into account reflectivity losses using the mean number of reflections agree well with computer simulation results which track the neutron trajectories directly, provided that the reflectivity is high. The exact calculation which can be performed using exponential integral functions for any value of the reflectivity is presented. Ray-tracing techniques for determining the transmission and number of reflections for non-perfect reflectivity can therefore be replaced by direct calculation.
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 46-51 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The simulation of the experimental symmetric X-ray rocking curve of a coherent heteroepitactic structure, using first-order expressions in the incidence parameter, is shown to give a strain-depth profile not consistent with asymmetric rocking curves taken on the same sample. Two different expressions are suggested for the incidence parameter to attain internal consistency among all the rocking curves. The former involves second-order approximations and considers both normal and parallel lattice mismatches. The latter is the result of an exact derivation and takes into account only the normal mismatch. These models make the data from rocking-curve simulation reliable, provided that the angle between the surface and the planes corresponding to the nominal crystallographic orientation is not ignored.
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 65-68 
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    Notes: A procedure for evaluating peaks in the difference Patterson maps calculated from a complete native data set and partial (incomplete) potential isomorphous heavy-atom-derivative data sets is described. A sampling function is defined such that it is unity where data are available and zero elsewhere. It is the Patterson of this sampling function whose characteristics are useful. This function will not reconstruct unavailable information, but can reveal the presence of distorted and/or `false' peaks introduced by the sampling technique used in collecting partial data. This procedure is useful in screening potential heavy-atom derivatives using a minimum number of crystals.
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 52-64 
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    Notes: The theory of surface differential diffraction (SDD) is extended to the case of polarized neutron diffraction. Nuclear and magnetic surface contributions are thus separated. A method for coherent description of the geometry of the grains is proposed. A saturated D layer chemisorbed on Ni carried by silica is studied with the following results: (111) faces represent the majority of the surface; D atoms sit above the centers of surface Ni triangles with no Ni atom in the underlying layer, the Ni–D distance is equal to 0.215 (7) nm; the magnetic moment modification induced by chemisorption is mainly localized in the surface layer of nickel. Two possible interpretations of the magnetic structure factor are discussed: one assumes no magnetic moment on D atoms but Ni displacements; the other is based on opposite assumptions.
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    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 69-72 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method and algorithm are described for solution of the autoindexing problem of multiphase polycrystals. A Fortran program, called MRIAAU, which implements the algorithm, runs on a PC and can solve the problem in some minutes (IBM PC with 80286 and higher).
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