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  • Engineering  (522)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (522)
  • 1980-1984  (522)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (281)
  • 1981  (241)
  • 1
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 2
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 315-325 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This study presents the finite element analysis for the transient heat transfer problems by introducing the Fourth-dimension concept. Time is treated as an additional dimension in the solution domain thereby Increasing the number of dimensions by one. For instance, a three-dimensional transient problem can be considered as a four-dimensional problem in the x, y, z, t domain and a two-dimensional transient problem can be considered as a three-dimensional steady-state problem in the x, y, t domain, respectively. The variational principle of the finite element method and the techniques existing for steady-state problems can be directly utilized. Numerical calculations were performed for heat conduction problems, laminar-turbulent convective heat transfer problems, and radiative heat transfer problems.
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  • 3
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Techniques for computing the sensitivity of temperatures to changes in design variables needed for designing thermal protection systems are considered. It is shown that the choice of the most efficient technique depends on the ratio of number of temperature constraints to the number of design variabies, as well as on the thermal analysis method employed. The analysis is specialized to the case of a structure modelled by finite elements, and an example of an insulation panel is used demonstrate the techniques.
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  • 4
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A kinematically nonlinear analysis of unbraced, rigid-jointed, portal frames, rotationally restrained at the base and subjected to eccentric concentrated and/or uniformly distributed loads, is presented. Through this analysis the complete behaviour, including the primary path and postbuckling path (whenever it exists), is evaluated. Moreover, through parametric studies, the effects of bar slenderness ratio, load eccentricity and amount of rotational restraint are assessed. Through this method it is also possible to assess the effect of member lengths and member lengths and member bending stiffnesses.
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  • 5
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 615-631 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Simple mixed models are developed for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of deep arches. A total Lagrangian description of the arch deformation is used and the analytical formulation is based on a form of the nonlinear deep arch theory with the effects of transverse shear deformation included. The fundamental unknowns consist of the six internal forces and generalized displacements of the arch, and the element characteristic arrays are obtained by using Hellinger-Reissner mixed variational principle. The polynomial interpolation functions used in approximating the forces are one degree lower than those used for approximating the displacements, and the forces are discontinuous at the interelement boundaries.The equivalence between the mixed models developed herein and displacement models based on reduced integration of both the transverse shear and extensional energy terms is discussed. The advantages of mixed models over equivalent displacement models are outlined. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the high accuracy and effectiveness of the mixed models developed, and compare their performance with other mixed models reported in the literature.
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  • 6
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 679-706 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The treatment of zero energy modes which arise due to one-point integration of first-order isoparametric finite elements is addressed. A method for precisely isolating these modes for arbitrary geometry is developed. Two hourglass control schemes, viscous and elastic, are presented and examined. In addition, a convenient one-point integration scheme which analytically integrates the element volume and uniform strain modes is presented.
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  • 7
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 773-783 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A series of algorithms, to solve the nonlinear algebraic equations resulting from nonlinear finite element models, are proposed. These algorithms involve a selective relaxation of the corrections defined by the modified Newton method. The resulting techniques accelerate the convergence of the modified Newton method. The improved convergence rate is obtained at the expense of a small increase in storage requirements. The results of numerical experiments, on certain nonlinear elasticity problems, are presented to verify the developed techniques.
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  • 8
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 478-478 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0029-5981
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 543-556 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The boundary integral method is formulated and applied using cubic spline interpolation along the boundary for both the geometry and the primary variables. The cubic spline interpolation has continuous first and second derivatives between elements, thus allowing the accurate calculation of derivative dependent functions (on the boundary) such as velocity in potential flow. The spline functions also smooth the geometry and can represent curved sections with fewer nodes.The results of numerical experiments indicate that the accuracy of the boundary integral equation method is improved for a given number of elements by using cubic spline interpolation. It is, however, necessary to use numerical quadrature. The quadrature slows calculation and/or degrades the accuracy. The numerical experiments indicate that most problems run faster for a given accuracy using linear interpolation. There seems to be a class of problems, however, which requires higher order interpolation and/or continuous derivatives for which the cubic spline interpolation works much better than linear interpolation.
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  • 11
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 633-644 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Often, finite element solutions of thin plate/shell elements become very stiff and the displacement field solutions diverge from those predicted by Kirchhoff's theory. This phenomenon is known as the locking phenomenon. A theoretical fomulation demonstrating its existence is developed, and results of finite element analysis of a single element and mesh are discussed. This leads to a sufficient and necessary criterion which must be satisfied to avoid the locking phenomenon.
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 663-678 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with constructing finite difference formulaes for approximating ordinary derivatives in a uniform or non-uniform mesh. The corresponding order of truncation error is also established. The accuracy and versatility of the proposed formulae are illustrated through numerical solution to two-point boundary value problems.
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 719-733 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Cracked plates of power hardening material under plane strain and incompressibility conditions are investigated in this work by using a penalty function and superposition method. The present numerical method is found to be quite efficient for the relevant problems if the hardening exponent of material is not so large.
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 784-789 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this note, we give the basis functions (shape functions) for Hsieh-Clough-Tocher triangles, complete or reduced. In order to take the best advantage of symmetry and for simplicity, we derive these functions for a general triangle by using simultaneously the ‘area co-ordinates’ and the so-called ‘eccentricity parameters’. We conclude with some remarks concerning the implementation.
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  • 15
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 923-930 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presented an efficient computational algorithm for the eigensolution for real symmetric positive definite matrices. The algorithm is based on the Cholesky decomposition and will be referred to as the Cholesky algorithm. The efficiency of the algorithm is due to the combination of several iteration cycles into one, as well as to a judicious choice of shifts. The latter is accomplished by combining an approach based on Sturm's theorem for the initial stages of the process with another approach based on Gersch-gorin's theorem for the subsequent and final stages of the process. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm was tested against that of the QL method and was found to be superior. Moreover, its superiority increases with an increase in the order of the eigenvalue problem. For an eigenvalue problem of order 100, the proposed algorithm produced a solution in about one-half the time required by the QL method.
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 939-950 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element methods are formulated and investigated for the effectiveness factor problem for heat and mass transfer with chemical reactions in catalyst pellet models. A Galerkin finite element method is compared with a previous C1 collocation method7. A scheme that is conceptually intermediate between these two methods and accordingly has been termed collocation-Galerkin is formulated and numerical experiments considered. Of particular interest here are superconvergence results at the Gauss and Jacobi points, respectively. Numerical studies of superconvergence in the presence of a nonlinear reaction-rate term are presented. An integral formula is devised and used to compute the flux at the pellet surface to optimal accuracy. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the improvement in computed fluxes.
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 707-718 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The use of quasi-Newton methods is studied for the solution of the nonlinear finite element equations that arise in the analysis of incompressible fluid flow. An effective procedure for the use of Broyden's method in finite element analysis is presented. The quasi-Newton method is compared with the commonly employed successive substitution and Newton-Raphson procedures, and it is concluded that the use of Broyden's method can constitute an effective solution strategy.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 747-771 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses computational strategies for elastic-plastic-creep behaviour. These computational strategies, based on the tangent stiffness and initial strain techniques, include solution algorithms, modelling techniques and constitutive relations.A predictor-corrector iterative and non-iterative scheme is presented for combined plasticity and creep. This scheme has been incorporated into the three-dimensional, isoparametric element, module (HEX) of the Grumman PLANS finite element program for nonlinear analysis and used for the problems presented in this paper.The concept of modelling for inelastic behaviour is demonstrated by introducing a variable set of inelastic integration points within a finite element at which stresses and strains are monitored.In order to perform a meaningful analysis, one must understand and justify the employed constitutive relations. To this end, work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in justifying constitutive relations for high-temperature nuclear reactor components is referred to.An analysis of a test model of a nuclear reactor inlet nozzle operating at high temperatures is presented to demonstrate some of the computational strategies discussed.
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 796-796 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 871-877 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper considers some consequences of the common implementation of the finite element method in which element integrals are evaluated numerically by Gaussian quadrature. It shows that if the order of the Gauss scheme is less than the number of basis functions on an element, then the numerically evaluated capacity matrix for that element is singular. The capacity matrix of an assembly of such elements is also considered and is shown to be singular under certain conditions.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1282-1284 
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1325-1333 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1397-1406 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Quadratic and cubic quadrilateral isoparametric elements are investigated for use as transition elements for use a crack tip elements. Computations for a single element are explicitly carried out using a symbolic algebraic manipulation program and in addition to the desired square root singularity, additional singularities are revealed. Cubic transitional elements were used for a double-edge crack problem and only marginal improvement is found for a well-laid out grid.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1430-1435 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1436-1440 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1515-1523 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1861-1876 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method of the Newton-Raphson type is presented for elasto-plastic analysis using the finite element method. The method is developed from Nadai's deformation theory and Hooke's law. Numerical examples are used to show that the method provides very rapid solution convergence.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The boundary element method as it applies to two-dimensional elastostatic problems is implemented with quadratic variation in boundary variables and geometry. Additional parameters are associated with nodes at segment intersections to allow for discontinuous tractions. Supplementary equations consistent with linear elasticity are used to augment the regular boundary integral equations for certain mixed and displacement boundary conditions. Zoning or subregionalization capabilities are included to provide solutions to piecewise nonhomogeneous problems or problems on regions of irregular shape. Example problems are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the technique.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper, the application of successive block overrelaxation methods to obtain the deflection of a skew plate are compared, although the techniques herein are applicable to a wider range of problems. An algorithm for the direct solution of the submatrices comprising the two-line blocks of the skew grid is presented and the results are compared with the block (line and peripheral) overrelaxation methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Treatment of the finite element method for an unbounded field problem was proposed by McDonald and Wexler in 1972. Their method is superior to others, because it can exclude the singularities of Green's functions. This paper explains the treatment of the method in our 1979 letter which had some revisions of McDonald and Wexler's and calculated the time-harmonic field problems. Examples presented are electromagnetic fields of two-dimensional tapers which are open-ended. Electromagnetic waves propagate in the taper and radiate from the taper to free space. In this case, the exact solutions for radiation from tapers are not available because of the complicated shape, and so the finite element method is useful in solving these problems. Electromagnetic fields of tapers involving dielectric slabs are also calculated as examples of inhomogeneous problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 257-269 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Procedures for smoothing experimentally determined displacement fields are presented such that dynamic, non-steady-state metalworking processes can be analysed using the visioplasticity method. The procedure establishes a rectangular grid in which strain, strain rate and stress values may optionally be obtained at all points on the grid. The condition of material continuity is automatically satisfied by constraints during polynomial smoothing in position and time, using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization technique. Examples are given of quasi-static and dynamic plane strain upsetting operations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 293-303 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: By using the finite element technique, stress intensity factors have been obtained for finite rectangular plates and the results have been given for various h/a, W/a and L/W ratios. By using a three-dimensional isoparametric element, the problem has been considered as a three-dimensional one and the variation of stress intensity factor across the plate thickness has been found to be nonlinear.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 185-215 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It is well known that one way to treat nonlinear periodic dynamical systems governed by ordinary differential equations is to find first the corresponding point mappings. This approach has many advantages but it has a main obstacle in that it is difficult to obtain the exact mapping except in very special cases. Presented in this paper is a procedure which allows us to determine the point mapping in a polynomial form up to any specific degree of accuracy. The procedure when applied to linear periodic systems reduces to the one proposed by Friedmann et al.22 After presenting the algorithm for finding the point mappings, the method is applied to several problems in order to study the dynamical properties of the systems and to demonstrate the usefulness of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 281-291 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The inclusion principle provides a qualitative characterization of the eigenvalues of a matrix. The principle has been shown to apply to systems described by a single Hermitian matrix, the most important of which being the real symmetric matrix. Self-adjoint distributed systems, when discretized by either the classical Rayleigh-Ritz method or by the finite element method, lead to algebraic eigenvalue problems described in terms of two real symmetric matrices. The algebraic eigenvalues problem derived by the classical Rayleigh-Ritz method possesses the embedding feature required by the inclusion principle, but that derived by the finite element method in general does not. This paper demonstrates that the inclusion principle can be extended to discretized systems derived by the hierarchical finite element method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 310-310 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 581-615 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper presents a geometrically nonlinear formulation using total lagrangian approach for the three-dimensional curved shell elements. The basic element geometry is constructed using the coordinates of the middle surface nodes and the mid-surface nodal point normals. The element displacement field is described using three translations of the mid-surface nodes and the two rotations about the local axes. The existing shell element formulations are restricted to small nodal rotations between two successive load increments. The element formulation presented here removes such restrictions. This is accomplished by retaining nonlinear nodal rotation terms in the definition of the displacement field and the consistent derivation of the element properties. The formulation presented here is very general and yet can be made specific by selecting proper nonlinear functions representing the effects of nodal rotations. The element properties are derived and presented in detail. Numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate the behaviour and the accuracy of the elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 393-404 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A new, improved infinite element based on mapping is proposed for modelling unbounded domain problems. Mapping has previously been used in such problems, not only for the entire domain, but also for the infinite element itself. The novelty of the present approach is the simplicity of the mapping, and the retention of standard integration abscissae and weights. The implementation of these elements is very straightforward, and they are ideally suited for the analysis of infinite domain static problems in two and three dimensions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 647-664 
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    Notes: A Fortran computer program is described which calculates physical quantities for a class of shell triangular elements undergoing inextensional bending. These elements are in quadratic parametric representation and may have positive, zero or negative Gaussian curvature.The exact inextensional bending solutions for the rectangular displacement components are cubic in the surface co-ordinates and the curvature changes are relatively slowly varying.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 757-764 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: An algorithm based on a new formulation of problem is used in generating the co-ordinates of the meridian of the drop-shaped tank. The stresses and moments of this form, due to the varying hydrostatic pressure head, are obtained by a finite element simulation and the usefulness of this approach is assessed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 451-465 
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    Notes: In this paper we extend predictor-corrector methods, commonly used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (o.d.e.s), to parabolic partial differential equations (p.d.e.s), typically of the form ut = auxx + ƒ(u, ux, x, t).We describe linear multistep methods for p.d.e.s, the nonlinear algebraic equations arising from implicit formulae being solved using a corrector analogous to those used for o.d.e.s. A sufficient condition for convergence of the iteration is then derived and is found, in most cases, to be far less restrictive than that obtained from the usual method of lines approach. Numerical results are presented to investigate the necessity of this condition. They also indicate that we can accelerate convergence by reducing the time increment. This allows us to achieve convergence within a prescribed number of iterations and so to construct PCm methods corresponding to P(EC)m methods for o.d.e.s. Numerical results are also given to test the absolute stability of the Crank-Nicolson corrector for various predictors P, and iterations, m.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 505-520 
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    Notes: It is shown in this paper that non-conforming finite elements on the triangle using second-degree polynomials can be easily built and used. Indeed they appear as an ‘enriched’ version of the standard piecewise quadratic six-node element. This work is divided into two parts. In the first we present the basic properties of the element, namely how it can be built and basic error estimates. We also show that this element exhibits a very peculiar regularity property. In the second part we apply our element to the approximation of viscous incompressible flows and more generally to the approximation of incompressible materials.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 623-624 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 665-709 
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    Notes: A number of numerical methods for mildly nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems on general domains is presented. The discretization procedures considered are: a fourth-order FFT-type method, collocation using Hermite bicubic splines and Galerkin with linear triangular as well as quadratic quadrilateral isoparametric elements. The linearized collocation and Galerkin equations are solved by various direct methods available in the ELLPACK system. A comparative study of the above equation solvers is presented for different domain geometries and compilers. The evaluation of software for the general mildly nonlinear elliptic equations is performed over 36 instances from a population of 16 parametrized problems with ‘real world’ and ‘mathematical’ behaviour. The performance data suggests that collocation is an effective method for such general problems, while Galerkin with quadratic quadrilateral isoparametric elements is uniformly superior to the one with linear elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 739-755 
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    Notes: Stable difference schemes that approximate partial differential equations to any desired order are generated by means of power series. The method is demonstrated on the one-dimensional heat equation and the stability is studied in detail. Stability analyses are then presented for parabolic linear equations with constant coefficients. A nonlinear example is presented which indicates the efficiency of the higher ordered schemes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 772-784 
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    Notes: The Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) algorithm for multivariable unconstrained nonlinear function minimization is implemented on a desk microcomputer - the Hindustan Computers MICRO-2200 - with a floppy disk memory extension peripheral. The program is developed using the programming keys of the system. The program is closely based on FMFP, a well-known FORTRAN subroutine of the algorithm. Among the exercises performed are two standard nonlinear programming (NLP) test problems, namely the Rosenbrock and Wood function minimization and two SUMT (Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique) illustration problems in structural optimization, i.e. two-bar and three-bar truss weight minimization examples. Experience bears out the potential of desk calculating systems as tools in nonlinear programming algorithm research. Also, the small-scale structural optimization capability afforded by such systems is expected to be of significance in teaching and preliminary design contexts.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 831-840 
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    Notes: A clearer understanding of the problems associated with reduced integration and optimum integration schemes for the development of Mindlin plate elements is presented. It is shown that an optimal selective integration rule can be found for the 4-node quadrilateral plate bending element which requires 2 × 2 Gaussian integration for bending energy and 1 × 2 and 2 × 1 rules for the shear energy terms from (θx - w,x) and (θy - w,y), respectively. This will give an element of correct rank, without any zero energy mechanisms and without shear locking in the thin plate limit, and better performance in moderately thick situations than the currently available 4-node quadrilaterals using one-point shear integration or modified one-point shear integration due to Hughes et al. The effects of arbitrary orientation of the grid and the non-rectangular form of element are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 873-889 
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    Notes: A decomposition procedure is proposed in this paper for solving a class of large-scale optimum design problems for perfectly-plastic structures under several alternative loading conditions. The conventional finite element method is used to cast the problem into a finite dimensional constrained nonlinear programming problem. Structures of practically meaningful size and complexity tend to give rise to a large number of variables and constraints in the corresponding mathematical model. The difficulty is that the state-of-the-art mathematical programming theory does not provide reliable and efficient ways of solving large-scale constrained nonlinear programming problems. The natural idea to deal with the large-scale structural problem is somehow to decompose the problem into a collection of small-size problems each of which represents an analysis of the behaviour of each finite element under a single loading condition. This paper proposes one such way of decomposition based on duality theory and a recently developed iterative algorithm called the proximal point algorithm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 949-949 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 19 (1983), S. 1871-1880 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The heating (or cooling) of the rock adjacent to water flowing through a crevice is of interest in certain geothermal studies. For many purposes, only the rock temperature at the rock-water interface is needed. The fact that the convective heat transfer coefficient is a function of time in the case of unsteady flow takes this problem out of the strictly classical domain.Several methods of solution are described. An approach in which the heat equation is solved, under appropriate side conditions, by standard finite difference techniques is shown to be satisfactory but rather wasteful because much unneeded information concerning internal rock temperatures must be obtained. Several integral equations of Volterra type are derived that provide the temperature only at the interface. Two numerical approaches to their solution are described: one quite classical and only partially effective; the other an apparently new algorithm that is fast and efficient. Analytical upper and lower bounds on the temperature are obtained and serve to demonstrate that this numerical device is also very accurate.The algorithm is applicable to a wide class of Volterra integral equations of the second kind. A brief discussion of the possible future uses of this scheme and the need for additional research is given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1-14 
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    Notes: The principles of diakoptics are extended to time domain solutions and the technique is applied to the solution of fields by introducing space approximating polynomials. Since transmission-line networks provide time-discrete models suitable for exact numerical analysis, the topic is approached by tearing these transmission-line models and then showing how reconnection is made in the time domain.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 53-69 
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    Notes: Two alternative hybrid-stress based three-dimensional elements are presented. These elements are intended for use in the analysis of thick plates for which the through-thickness variation of displacement and stress may be of high order, and in which a single element is to be used through the thickness of the plate. For both elements, the displacement assumption allows for cubic through-thickness variation in the inplane displacements, and quadratic through-thickness variation for the transverse displacement. The elements differ in the stress assumption used. In the first element, the z variations in the stress components are chosen to be consistent with the z variations of the strain distribution calculated from the displacement assumption, and the traction boundary conditions at the upper and lower surfaces are satisfied in the weighted integral sense. In the second element, the z variations in the stress components are chosen to achieve consistency with respect to the equilibrium equations, and the traction-free conditions at the upper and lower surface of the plate are satisfied exactly. The example problem of a semi-infinite, simply-supported thick plate under transverse sinusoidal loading is considered. Results obtained by using each of these elements are compared with available elasticity and approximate solutions, and an assessment of the relative merits and range of applicability of each element is made.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 140-144 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 171-186 
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    Notes: A family of isoparametric curved beam elements of a general, compact cross-section is introduced. The formulation is based on beam theory and takes into account both transverse shear deformation and shear centre location. The elements exhibit the required displacement compatbility with Ahmad's superparametric thick-shell elements and isoparametric membrane elements. Examples presented at the end of the paper illustrate the validity of the formulation and the possibility of practical application of the elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 199-212 
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    Notes: A new method of solving the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations by using the finite element method is proposed. The flow is represented by the stream function-vorticity formulation and the no-slip boundary conditions are explicitly introduced in the nonlinear equations. This formulation coupled with the Newton-Raphson method enables the study of stationary flows for high Reynolds number, without any convergence problem. A number of flow problems are analysed in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the present formulation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 471-476 
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    Notes: This paper describes how general-purpose finite element structural analysis computer programs can be used, without modification, to solve various scalar field equations such as the wave equation, the Helmholtz equation, Laplace's equation, Poisson's equation, the heat equation and the telegraph equation, as well as mixed field problems (such as coupled structural-acoustic problems) which involve these equations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 480-482 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 483-501 
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    Notes: A series of 4-node axisymmetric solid-of-revolution elements with quadrilateral cross-section are developed based on the hybrid-stress finite element model. The displacement interpolation is identical, and the elements differ in the stress field chosen; alternative schemes for selection of stress distribution are investigated. The performance of these elements is assessed and compared for the example problems of a thick cylinder and thick sphere under internal pressure. Of particular importance are convergence, intra-element stress distributions, and element performance as the incompressible state is approached.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 573-599 
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    Notes: The dynamic stress field and its concentrations around holes of arbitrary shape in infinitely extended bodies under plane stress or plane strain conditions are numerically determined. The material may be linear elastic or viscoelastic, while the dynamic load consists of plane compressional waves of harmonic or general transient nature. The method consists of applying the Laplace transform with respect to time to the governing equations of motion and formulating and solving the problem numerically in the transfomed domain by the boundary integral equation method. The stress field can then be obtaind by a numerical inversion of the trasformed solution. The correspondence principle is invoked for the case of viscoelastic material behavious. The method is simplified for the case of harmonic waves where no numerical inversion is involved.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 145-153 
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    Notes: Numerical evaluations of elliptic integral solutions of some large deflection beam and frame problems are presented. The values are given in tabular form with up to six significant figures. The numerical technique used for evaluating the elliptic integrals is described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 156-156 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 187-198 
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    Notes: This paper presents the details of a unified numerical algorithm and the associated computer program developed for the efficient determination of natural frequencies and modes of free vibration of structures. Both spinning and nonspinning structures with or without viscous and/or structural damping may be solved by the current procedure; in a addition, the program is capable of solving static problems with multiple load cases as well as the quadratic matric eigenproblem associated with a finite dynamic element structural discretization. A special symmetric matrix decomposition scheme has been adopted for matrix triangularization, which renders the program rather efficient and economical. Also, a novel bisection scheme is described that further accelerates the solution convergence rate, particularly for the case of repeated roots.The associated computer program adopts and out-of-core solution strategy, thereby enabling effective solutions to be achieved for large, complex, practical structures. A complete listing of the program written in FORTRAN V, for the UNIVAC 1100/82 computer, along with the source deck is available for ready use.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 271-279 
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    Notes: A FORTRAN subroutine is presented to integrate a function given only by a set of tabular values at unequal intervals. It uses the trapezoidal rule and a generalization of Simpson's rule, obtaining a conservative error estimate by comparing the two results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 357-365 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 445-464 
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    Notes: A singular finite element is developed for direct calculation of combined modes I and II stress intensity factors for planar rectilinear anisotropic structures subject to arbitrary loading. Twelve-node conventional elements are used in conjunction with a linear elastic fracture mechanics enrichment of the same element which is formed into a four-element macro-element. Example problems show this formulation to be exceptionally accurate and results are presented for a variety of modern fibre-reinforced composites in simple mode I extension and in mixed mode I and II situations. In addition, it is shown that the meshes for accurate results are relatively coarse and thus calculations are quite economical.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 477-477 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 527-541 
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with conventional and mixed finite element analysis of large deflection bending and free vibration of axisymmetric circular plates including shear deformation. Conventional and mixed finite element formulations are presented. Numerical results are included for isotropic as well as orthotropic, circular and annular plates under various edge conditions and loadings.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 601-613 
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    Notes: The general problem of optimum design of trusses composed of tubular elements requires the determination of cross-sectional dimensions for each element which satisfy a set of side constraints on those dimensions as well as Euler and local buckling constraints. A formulation is presented which eliminates the necessity to use mathematical programming methods for the determination of feasible cross-sectional dimensions. The minimization problem is shown to be expressible in terms of area variables only, with each area subject to bounds which are functions of truss stiffness but which may be obtained by explicit analysis of the element ‘desing space’ for any design. This‘direct’ formulation is completely general and compatible with any minimization algorithm. The formulation also leads to a simple and efficient recursive procedure for producing near-optimal fully-constrained designs. Several examples illustrate results obtained by both the direct and recursive procedures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1081-1091 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical analysis of the critical conditions of thermal ignition for a two-dimensional cylindrical reactor with flow field occurrence was carried out. The critical conditions of thermal ignition were defined as bifurcation points of the limit type. The dependence of the bifurcation points on aerodynamics was analysed by a sequential variation of the Peclet number. The flow field in the reactor was generated previously by a numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations.The nonlinear parabolic equation of heat balance and linear eigenvalue boundary problems occurring in the proposed non-stationary method for calculating the bifurcation points was solved numerically using the finite difference technique.It was shown that the critical points of thermal ignition form a surface bounded by the line of ‘limit of criticality’ in the parameter space. For large values of the Peclet number, the dependence of the critical parameter of ignition on Peclet number becomes linear.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1093-1101 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The upwinded finite element method was introduced for the solution of conduction-convection problems by considering the model problem, u″-Ku′=0, K〉0, subject to the boundary conditions u(0)=1, u(1)=0. In this paper we consider the solution of this problem by the collocation method using piecewise cubic Hermite polynomials and a uniform grid. We consider the collocation points to be arbitrary parameters which enable us to express the collocation points in terms of the upwinding parameter of the upwinded finite element method. Various choices of the collocation points, including values which lead to complete accuracy in the nodal function values as well as the nodal values of the derivatives are discussed. Finally, we discuss the application of these points to slightly more general problems. Numerical results illustrating the behaviour of these points are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1161-1175 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The extension of a combined finite element-transfer matrix method to problems governed by quasi-harmonic equations is presented.Particular emphasis is given to heat conduction, and numerical results are presented for this type of problem (steady and transient cases).The principal advantage of the method with respect to finite elements concerns the minor dimension of the last matrix formulation which quite often implies a reduced computational burden.The accuracy of the method is considered by comparing the numerical results with some available analytical solutions for slabs: an excellent agreement is effectively obtained.No particular restrictions to the application of the method exist, and quite complex systems may be considered, provided that a suitable subdivision into strips and elements of the relevant region is carried out.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1257-1271 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical procedure developed for solving the two-dimensional elastic contact problems with friction is presented. This is a generalization of a procedure developed by Francavilla and Zienkiewicz to include frictional effects under proportionate loading. The method uses the flexibility matrix obtained by inversion of condensed stiffness matrix formed by eliminating all the nodes except those where contact is likely to take place and those with external forces. Compatibility of displacements for both normal and tangential directions is applied to those nodes which do not slip. However, for the nodes which slip, compatibility of displacements is applied for normal direction only and slip condition is applied in the tangential direction. The technique has been applied to several problems and very good results have been obtained. The number of iterations needed are very small.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1547-1570 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For computing the collapse state of a perfect plastic continuum we suggest a mixed finite element approximation to the infinite dimensional mathematical programming problem of limit analysis. The convergence of the limit load to the exact solution is discussed, as well as solution methods for the discrete problem. Finally the method is applied to a classical problem in plane strain.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1589-1589 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1613-1629 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1123-1146 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The viscous incompressible rotating flow in a shrouded rotor geometry is solved by the finite element method, using the complete three-dimensional (axisymmetric) Navier-Stokes equations. Solutions to classical as well as to previously unsolved rotating flow problems are given and discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1201-1231 
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    Notes: In this paper, free surface flow problems involving large free surface motion are analysed using finite element techniques. In solving these problems a spatially fixed Eulerian mesh is employed, in conjunction with a moving Lagrangian free surface line. The coupling, between the equations valid on the free surface and the equations valid on the fluid domain, is carried out using hybrid finite element techniques. Physical problems involving solitary wave propagation, sloshing dynamics and porous media flow are analysed to demonstrate the developed technique.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1279-1280 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1281-1281 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1313-1323 
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    Notes: This paper describes and efficient method for computing two-dimensional element stiffness matrices. It is a generalization of the algorithm given by Taylor. 1Theory is developed for elements which are loaded under plane stress, plane strain or axisymmetric conditions, and two FORTRAN IV subroutines are included. These subroutines, which are presented in a modular form, are applicable to any type of serendipity, Lagrangian or triangular element, and may be incorporated into a user's library. Alternatively, if desired, the relevant code may be embedded directly into existing stiffness generation routines.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1335-1353 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of harmonic waves in layered and fibre-reinforced composites is solved by a method of finite elements. Piecewise linear approximating functions are used for the displacement and stress fields in a mixed variational formulation, recently proposed by one of the writers in the form of a new quotient. Numerical computations are made for approximate phase-velocities of harmonic waves in layered composites, where asymmetric and symmetric triangular meshes, and square meshes with interior nodes, are used. To illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the method, these approximate solutions are compared with those given by means of exponential test functions, and the exact ones by Rytov, etc. Calculations are also performed for harmonic waves in fibre-reinforced composites. Dispersion curves for these waves are obtained and displayed graphically.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1441-1442 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1455-1467 
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    Notes: A solution strategy for the analysis of nonlinear structures is described. The strategy is a simple extension of existing Newton-type procedures, and can easily be incorporated into existing computer programs.Earlier work which contributed to the development of the strategy is reviewed and the theory of the procedure is presented. Six examples, covering several different types of structural behaviour are described. These examples suggest that the strategy is remarkably stable and efficient.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1539-1546 
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    Notes: This paper presents an algorithm for obtaining a small frontwidth. This feature is of interest when employing the frontal technique for solution of systems of linear equations in the finite element method. The performance of the algorithm is assessed by several examples at the end of the paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1576-1588 
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    Notes: The accuracy and computational efficiency of the boundary element and the finite element methods are compared in this paper for problems of time-dependent inelastic torsion of prismatic shafts. Several cross-sections and two types of twisting history are considered in the numerical examples. The shaft material is assumed to obey an elastic-time hardening creep constitutive model.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1591-1604 
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    Notes: A robust algorithm is described for the solution of the highly nonlinear potential problem in the analysis of semiconductors under a zero current assumption. Some examples are given showing the use of the algorithm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1659-1688 
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    Notes: This paper shows that mixed interpolation is required because of the nature of the pressure terms in the equations. These lead to finite element equations which in many circumstances do not uniquely determine the pressure, if the same interpolations are used for pressure and velocities.Several new combinations of pressure and velocity interpolation are analysed with the aid of a novel diagrammatic technique. In particular we consider some very interesting combinations in which, over nearly all the flow, the pressure and velocity are approximated on elements by biquadratic polynomials which are continuous across element boundaries.The theory of this paper is shown to be in complete agreement with numerical experiment.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1697-1716 
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    Notes: A finite element method with transmitting boundary is developed for time-harmonic elastodynamics on infinite domains. Only a finite inner domain needs to be discretized into conventional finite elements, while the effect of the exterior domain is simulated by introducing the transmitting boundary stiffness matrix on the degrees-of-freedom of the transmitting boundary nodes. In order to incorporate the Sommerfeld radiation condition, the reciprocity relation, on the transmitting boundary for the radiating elastodynamic state under consideration and the one which is induced by a finite number of point source is used to calculate the transmitting boundary stiffness matrix. The effectiveness of the transmitting boundary technique has been demonstrated by solving the stress concentration problems of a homogeneous isotropic full space with a circular cylindrical cavity and of the one with a spherical cavity, which are subjected to plane incident waves, and the results are compared with the ones of the conventional FEM and the exact data.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1749-1761 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Some recent developments are presented on a unified approach to the static and transient dynamic geometrically nonlinear analysis of Mindlin plates with initial imperfections.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1811-1821 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The transient thermal analysis of large aerospace vehicles such as the space shuttle requires models with thousands of degrees-of-freedom. The design of thermal protection systems for such vehicles requires the repetitive thermal analysis of the vehicle and the calculation of sensitivities - derivatives of the transient response with respect to design parameters. When the number of design parameters is large, the cost of the sensitivity calculations may become prohibitive. The present work is concerned with reducing the computational cost and errors in sensitivity calculations with one of the simplest available methods - the finite difference approach. A technique for calculating simultaneously the nominal and perturbed solutions required for the finite difference derivative is proposed. An expression for the optimum value of the perturbation parameter is obtained which permits reducing the computational error. An insulated cylinder is used as an example which demonstrates that significant improvements in accuracy and efficiency may be obtained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1835-1842 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A square tensile sheet with symmetric edge cracks is analysed by the finite element method to demonstrate the accuracy obtained with polynomial elements when the mesh patterns are chosen on the basis of the element's interpolation functions. Numerical results are provided for the accuracy of the total strain energy, the stress intensity factor, and the numerical condition of the global stiffness matrix. The stress intensity factor is determined to within 1.0 per cent accuracy using quadratic (linear strain) triangular elements with only 138 degrees-of-freedom.
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