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  • Springer  (88,496)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (88,496)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (44,784)
  • 1981  (43,712)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (88,496)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 102 (1983), S. A3 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Zoomorphology 102 (1983), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The eyes of Rostanga pulchra larvae develop immediately behind the velar lobes approximately 20 days after hatching. Each is a pigmented cup with a lens occupying the concavity of the cup. The eye is composed of a single corneal cell, 7 sensory cells and 8 pigment cells. Sensory cells are of the rhabdomeric type and bear microvilli as their receptive surface. The eye connects to the inner dorsal region of the optic ganglion through a nerve that consists of axons arising from the 7 sensory cells. The optic ganglion, in turn, joins the lateral region of the cerebral ganglion. The possible functions of the eye are discussed in relation to larval behavior.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The small cells of the midgut glands of Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber, and Alloniscus oahuensis were examined by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, histochemistry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Inclusions containing large amounts of heavy metals were the most prominent feature of these cells. Various areas of the midgut glands exhibited large differences in storage capacity. Juveniles were free of lead.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The oesophageal epithelium of eleven sea-water and four fresh-water teleosts was studied by light and electron microscopy. In sea-water species, the three main regions from pharynx to stomach are: a thick stratified pharyngeal epithelium with complex foldings and numerous mucous cells, and a simple microvillous columnar epithelium in the middle and posterior part. In fresh-water species, foldings are simple, the first two regions occupy the whole length, and no microvillous epithelium is observed. The adaptation from fresh-water to sea-water is characterized by the development of the third, microvillous epithelium. Different microridge cells appear in the mucous region of fresh-water and sea-water Anguilla anguilla oesophagus. The ultrastructure of the microvillous epithelium suggests an active transport of ions along the lateral membranes with water recycling in frequently dilated intercellular spaces.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cricket Cycloptiloides canariensis (Gryllidae, Mogoplistinae) has compound eyes of the eucone apposition type. They consist of relatively few (about 160–190) ommatidia with a wide angle of divergence. Each ommatidium has two primary pigment cells, four Semper cells and eight retinula cells whose four distal rhabdomeres are arranged around the tip of the crystalline cone. The screening pigments are contained mainly in the primary pigment and retinula cells, while the secondary pigment cells are sparsely pigmented. The dorsal eye region can be distinguished by the following characteristics: lack of dioptric apparatus (flat, unfacetted cornea, absence of cones), densely packed rhabdomes in approximately parallel orientation extending distally to the cornea and possessing a markedly increased cross-sectional area in comparison with those of normal ommatidia. Screening pigments are absent. The importance of this dorsal region will be discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die etwa 40–75 μm langen Porenplatten stehen über einen zentralen Kutikulakanal mit dem Antennenlumen in Verbindung. Unter der porendurchsetzten Sinnesplatte laufen in der Fühlerwand blind endende Tunnel distal- und proximalwärts. Die Porenplatten sind höchstwahrscheinlich Derivate basiconischer Sensillen; ihre Ontogenese wurde bis zur Abscheidung der Cuticulinschollen zurückverfolgt. Jeder Porenplattenanlage sind 40–47 Sinneszellen sowie 6 Hüllzellen zuzuordnen. Hüllzelle 1 scheidet die Dendritenscheide ab, die im Laufe der Ontogenese völlig reduziert wird. Die spiegelbildlich angeordneten Hüllzellen 2a und b (=trichogene Zellen) bilden die Sinnesplatte mit dem Porentubulussystem. Außen schließen die ebenfalls spiegelsymmetrischen Hüllzellen 3a und b an (=tormogene Zellen), die die trichogenen Zellen auf beiden Seiten umfassen. Sie scheiden eine rings um die Sinnesplatte herumlaufende kutikulare Randleiste ab. Die am weitesten außen liegende Hüllzelle 4 umwächst die Sensillenanlage von distal nach proximal. Durch Einfaltung und Zurückweichen der Hüllzelle 4 entsteht rings um die Porenplatte eine „Gelenkfurche“. Die bei Insekten ungewöhnliche Verdoppelung der trichogenen Zelle wurde bisher nur bei basiconischen Sensillen und Porenplatten von Hymenopteren festgestellt, die Verdoppelung der tormogenen Zelle nur bei basiconischen Sensillen von Cephus und Xiphydria (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Bei etwa 3–4 Tage alten Puppen beginnen sich die trichogenen und tormogenen Zellen von der Sinnesplatte zurückzuziehen. Diesen äußeren Liquorraum füllen bei der Imago die in dünne Äste aufgespaltenen Dendritenaußenglieder weitgehend aus.
    Notes: Summary The pore plates of Pimpla are about 40–75 μm long and 5–7 μm wide. Through a central cuticular canal they are in contact with the lumen of the antennae. Under the perforated plate blind-ending tunnels extend in the distal and proximal directions. It is extremely probable, that the pore plates of Hymenoptera are derivatives of basiconical sensilla. The ontogeny of the pore plates was followed back to the beginning of the deposition of the cuticulin layer. Each pore plate ‘anlage’ contains 40–47 sensory cells and 6 enveloping cells. Envelope cell 1 secretes the dendritic sheath, which is fully reduced during ontogeny. The envelope cells 2a and b (trichogen cells) are mirror images of each other, they form the perforated plate and the pore tubules. On both sides of the trichogen cells lie the envelope cells 3a and b (tormogen cells), they also form mirror images of each other. The tormogen cells secrete a cuticular ledge, that surrounds the perforated plate. In the outer distal position lies envelope cell 4, which encircles the pore plate ‘anlage’ in the proximal direction. Envelope cell 4 folds in and retreats from the epithelium surface, thus forming a ‘joint-furrow’ around the pore plate ‘anlage’. The doubling of the trichogen cell is unusual in insects and so far has been observed in basiconic sensilla and pore plates of Hymenoptera only. The doubling of the tormogen cell until now could be established only in basiconic sensilla of Cephus and of Xiphydria (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). In pupae 3–4 days old the trichogen and tormogen cells begin to retreat from the perforated plate. In the imago this outer receptor lymph cavity is nearly completely filled by the branched outer dendritic segments.
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  • 7
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    Zoomorphology 102 (1983), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During each moult the anal glands in Rhapidostreptus virgator are partly dissolved and subsequently rebuilt and enlarged by embryonic cells within the anal sac epithelium. An embryonic cell undergoes two mitoses thus producing the four cells which are present in a glandular unit. During the genesis of the glandular units each of the latter secretory cells produce a ciliary process, which is believed to serve as a mould for the canal cell, which in turn secretes the cuticular efferent duct.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fertilized egg of the freshwater bryozoan Plumatella fungosa develops into an elongated ovoid larva, which after embryogenesis in the embryo sack is released into the surrounding water. During the short free-swimming stage the larva is characterized by the presence of several locomotive and attachment cell types. The ectodermal epithelial cells are provided with numerous cilia. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells contains numerous mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and ribosomes. Gland cells containing vacuoles of flocculent, lightly staining secretion material were observed between the epithelial cells in the anterior pole of the larva. From a neural center beneath the epidermal cells in the anterior pole nerves emerge in a radial direction. These nerves may include up to 30 axons. Beneath the nerves are a lamella of collagenous fibers and a layer of muscle cells. Internally the larva possesses a coelomic cavity bounded by a squamous epithelium. At the anterior pole large, irregular cells rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets are seen associated with the coelomic wall. It is concluded that the P. fungosa larva is a true planctonic larva, although highly modified and reduced. There is an acceleration of adult features with differentiation of functional zooids within the larval body. This acceleration may be an adaptation to life in freshwater.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Origin and formation of the body wall epidermis of the ancestrula in three species of gymnolaemate bryozoans were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the ctenostome Bowerbankia gracilis, the aboral pallial epithelium forms the entire cystid epidermis, whereas in the anascan cheilostome Bugula neritina, the wall and roof regions of the internal sac form the epidermis. In the ascophoran cheilostome Watersipora culcullata, however, both the pallial epithelium and internal sac contribute to the body wall epidermis. In spite of these different origins, the tissues involved in production of the exoskeleton share a common ultrastructure. The various patterns of metamorphosis described here indicate that ancestrular body wall origin may be an important character in the analysis of phylogenetic relationships within the Bryozoa.
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  • 10
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    Zoomorphology 102 (1983), S. 111-123 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The three anterior adhesive papillae of Diplosoma macdonaldi serve to attach the larva to the substratum at settlement. Each is a cup-shaped, epidermal organ with a bulbous axial protrusion. Approximately 50 sensory neurons (anchor cells) are distributed around the rim of each papillar cup within the epithelium. An axon from each passes within the wall of the cup to the base of the papilla and thence in the hemocoel to the visceral ganglion. Microvilli arising from anchor cells form a network below the outer cuticle of the tunic. Ten to 15 sensory neurons of a second type (basal cells) are situated within the epithelium around the base of each papilla. A single cilium arises from an invagination in the soma of each basal cell and extends either proximally or distally along the surface of the epithelium. An axon from each basal cell joins the anchor cell axons to project to the visceral ganglion. We infer that papillar sensory cells allow a larva to sample the characteristics of the substrate at potential sites for settlement and metamorphosis.
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  • 11
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    Zoomorphology 102 (1983), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Each sessile eye comprises about 60 ommatidia with large lenses (diameter 100–150 μm), spherical crystalline cones, and hypertrophied rhabdoms (diameter about 100 μm). The cones are formed by two main cone cells, and in addition two accessory cone cells are present. Seven retinula cells contribute to the rhabdom, which is fused distally and open proximally (separated rhabdomeres). A special cell type, previously designated ‘hyaline cells’ are shown to be reflecting pigment cells. These cells form a well-developed tapetal layer. Distal pigment cells screen neighbouring ommatidia. Further, the eye is delimited by two membranes homologous to the fenestrated and eye capsule membranes present in several other isopod groups. The hypertrophied rhabdoms and the elaborate tapetal layer separate the morphology of the Cirolana eye from that of other isopod eyes. These structural features makes the Cirolana eye a case of convergent development with several other deep water living crustaceans.
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  • 12
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    Zoomorphology 102 (1983), S. 125-141 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The lateral retinae of some advanced salticid spiders are found to conform to the ultrastructural descriptions of Eakin and Brandenburger (1971). Retinae of two forms supposed by taxonomists to be primitive, Portia and Lyssomanes, are described for the first time. Portia exhibits the overall relationships between pigmented and non-pigmented glial processes and receptors typical of advanced forms, but (i) non-pigmented processes are elaborately and irregularly divided and do not contain microtubules; (ii) four pigmented processes enclose the complex of receptor+non pigmented glial processes instead of six. The rhabdomeral layer of the retina of Lyssomanes is not invaded by processes of the pigmented glia, which forms a pigmented screen proximal to the receptive segments. The receptors are separated from each other by thin lamellae of non-pigmented glia whose somata lie in the normal position amongst those of the receptors. The retinal organisation resembles that of some nocturnal spiders such as Menneus (Blest et al. 1980). The posterior median retinae of Portia are identical in construction to those of the other accessory eyes, although smaller. Those of Lyssomanes and advanced salticids are vestigial. Shedding of photoreceptor membrane during turnover appears to be largely intracellular in all these forms, in contrast to Plexippus in which an extracellular route has been described.
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  • 13
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    Zoomorphology 102 (1983), S. 143-163 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The terminal organ, a structure enabling pelagosphera larvae of Sipuncula to form temporary attachments to substrata, was examined behaviorally and with light and electron microscopy for larvae of Golfingia misakiana, collected from the Florida Current. The terminal organ appears as a retractile rounded knob with a short neck joining the posterior extremity of the trunk. It can attach larvae directly to substratum or can secrete a tether-like mucus strand about which the organism moves. In unattached larvae, the terminal organ is often placed in the mouth. The terminal organ of a 5.5 day old larva consists of 29 cells: 8 epidermal, 3 mucus, 2 tension-bearing, 5 sensory, 10 retractor muscles and 1 unknown cell. The mucus cells are presumed to release the adhesive material while the microvilli on the tension-bearing cells, with their dense cores of microfilaments, bear the strain. The latter are joined directly to the retractor muscles which originate on the dorsal body wall near the anus. Two of the sensory cells terminate within the cuticle flanking the adhesive pore and are assumed to be cuticle strain receptors. Three sensory cells terminate in cilia that extend posteriorly from the pore. These may function in substratum evaluation prior to temporary attachment, or settlement preceding metamorphosis. The terminal organ is compared to adhesive organs in other soft-bodied metazoans and although it approximates the structure found in some rotifers, it is considered to be independently evolved within the Sipuncula. The terminal organ can be understood as an adaptation in young larvae for protective attachment and facilitation of feeding whereas, in older larvae, it may only function in substrate evaluation prior to settlement.
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  • 14
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    Zoomorphology 102 (1983), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Crinoid tube feet occur in groups of three (podial triplets) that behave as functionally integrated units for food particle collection. Scanning electron microscopy shows that each triplet member has a distinctive morphology related to its behavioural role in feeding. Particularly conspicuous features are papillar distribution, papillar processes, ciliary tracts, and pores that are the openings of mucous glands. The primary podia serve for initial particle capture. The secondaries, together with lappets, play a major role in particle transfer from the primaries and may themselves also entrap particles. The tertiaries manipulate particles within the food groove after their transfer from the other podia. The tertiary podia use their papilla-free medial faces to compact mucusbound particles into boluses. In pinnules, boluses are transferred to the food groove midline by tertiaries, then propelled orally by paddling actions of these podia. Boluses are also transported by the medial ciliary tracts of the pinnules and arms. Bolus transport by tertiary paddling is probably more effective in the pinnular than the arm food groove. Short lateral ciliary tracts at the base of each primary podium may guide boluses into the main ciliary stream or may be cleansing currents. As the ultimate site of food particle collection, compaction and transfer, podial triplets represent a third adaptive level of an intricate suspension feeding system in which the first (arm postures) and second (pinnule orientations) adaptive levels are related to increasing collecting efficiency in diverse ambient flow.
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  • 15
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    Zoomorphology 102 (1983), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The accessory eye of an African giant snail, Achatina fulica, is situated under an extension of the cornea of the main eye and invariably possesses a small lens. The accessory retina is composed of type I and type II sensory cells and nonpigmented supportive cells that closely resemble corneal cells. Type I cells contain photic vesicles, and their microvilli are comparable in length and density to those of the main retina. Type II cells bear stubby microvilli and various vesicles, but no photic vesicles. The ratio of type I to type II cells is about two to one in both accessory and main retinas. Certain electron-opaque cells scattered among corneal cells possess numerous photic vesicles and twisted microvilli that are confined to intercellular spaces. The cavity of the accessory eye, being separated from that of the main eye by two boundary layers, is filled with debris, such as granules, vesicles, and whorls.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The long and slender spines of Diadema are highly flexible, although their skeleton consists mainly of CaCO3 and behaves optically like a single monocrystal of calcite. The flexibility is due to the shape of the spine skeleton as well as to the material properties of the echinoderm calcite. The spine skeletons are hollow beams consisting of radial wedges or septs. The shape of the septs shows a broad base situated at the periphery of the cross section, producing a high load-bearing capacity with minimum weight. Furthermore, material is concentrated at the base of the spine in such a way that the strain of the structure is kept constant along the axis. The septs are connected with one another by a few transverse bars positioned as closely as possible to the axis. The load-bearing parts of the septs are free. They have small diameters similar to flexible glass fibres. The stiff spines of other echinoids are also mainly built by radial wedges, but the spaces in between are closely filled with transverse bars. On the surface of stiff spines there are low grooves between the septs. The echinoid spines are covered with an epithelium which shows a basiepithelial nerve plexus. In the stiff spines this plexus forms cords which lie protected within the superficial grooves mentioned. In the flexible spines of Diadema the cords are deeply sunken in the spaces between the septs. In this manner the nerve cords are largely free from the tensile stresses to which the spine's surface is exposed. The flexible spines were used to determine the material properties of echinoderm calcite. Young's modulus was determined for fresh (live) spines, dry spines, and cleaned spine skeletons. Fresh spines show the highest elasticity, and their Young's modulus is significantly below the Young's modulus of the other test groups. The echinoderm calcite does not show the cleavage planes of mineral calcite, and probably this feature contributes to the high flexibility of echinoderm calcite.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heat stressed pigeons dissipate heat by panting and gular flutter which is associated with upper esophageal pulsation; these activities depend on evaporative cooling and convection from mucosal surfaces. The collar plexus, an unusual subcutaneous system of erectile veins, is the specialized vascular apparatus that seems to serve as the heat exchanger for gular flutter and upper esophageal pulsation. The collar plexus lies between the dermis and a deeper muscle sheet, extending from the head to the thoracic inlet in mature pigeons. The slightly filled plexus is inconspicuous, resembling an ordinary venous bed, and consists of thick-walled veins having small lumina, similar to arteries. When moderately-filled, the veins of the plexus distend and abruptly transform into “beaded” veins with contorted, sacculated expansions separated by constricted segments. During heat stress, engorgement of the plexus occurs rapidly by continual flow over arteriovenous anastomoses that empty arterial blood directly into the beaded veins. Constriction of veins draining the plexus impedes venous return to the jugular veins, thereby maintaining tumescence of the plexus. Disgorgement of the plexus also occurs abruptly. Intimate contact between the deep aspect of the engorged plexus and the trachea and upper esophagus provides for heat transfer from the plexus to the mucosal surfaces of these structures where evaporative cooling takes place. During esophageal pulsation the esophageal surface extends and augments the respiratory dead-space area used for evaporative cooling. Thus a possible advantage of cooling by upper esophageal pulsation is that, like gular flutter of the oropharynx, it may minimize the amount of air that must pass over gas exchange surfaces, thereby limiting the washout of CO2 and consequent acid-base disturbances that occur during panting in extreme heat stress. Ability to inflate the esophagus is of general occurrence among the pigeons and doves (Family Columbidae). The collar plexus is also widespread, having been found in representatives of five of the examined six main subdivisions of the Columbidae.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The development of taste hairs and tactile hairs of the fly Protophormia terraenovae is described using light microscope, scanning, and transmission electron microscope methods. 2. The development of taste hairs proceeds in the same way on tarsi, labella, and wings. First the dendritic outer segments of ciliary origin become visible above the hypodermal cell surface [2 days after pupariation (AP) at 19° C]; then the dendritic sheath starts growing out and finally the trichogen process follows. In a typical intermediate stage (‘stage C’) the distal sections of the dendrites float freely in the fluid surrounding the pharate adult. The more proximal sections are enclosed by the dendritic sheath around which the trichogen process is wrapped (4 days AP). The protruding dendrites disappear when the cuticle starts being deposited on the fully grown trichogen process, and the sheath vanishes later (9–10 days AP or 1 day before eclosion). The development is discussed with respect to the known structural organization of the adult hair. 3. In the tactile hairs the single dendrite which grows outwards is completely covered by the dendritic sheath and lies beside the trichogen process [stage C(m)]. 4. The taste and tactile hair development proceeds in the same way on legs isolated from the pupa after disc eversion in an artificial medium containing ecdysterone. 5. To check that both these patterns of development are widespread the development of taste and tactile hairs of the first instar cercus of the cricket Acheta domestica was studied with the light microscope: Both hair types pass through identical early stages.
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  • 19
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The larval endostyle consists of two ridges of secretory cells, which correspond to the two paired muciparous bands in the endostyles of the adult Branchiostoma, most tunicates, and the lamprey ammocoete. The peculiar shape of the larval endostyle is an effective adaption for food-trapping in the asymmetrical body of the larva. Contrary to general belief, the internal opening of the club-shaped gland is the site of the secretory release, while the exernal opening is an inlet for sea water. The water is mixed with the mucous substance, probably containing neutral glycoproteins, which is produced in the gland tube. This material is released through the internal pore dorsally in the buccal cavity at a position where it is carried with the endostylar secretion towards the intestine. The club-shaped gland is not part of the food-trapping mechanism, but it is apparently an important larval gland which produces substances which may act in the processing of the food or in some other way may direct larval life.
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  • 20
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Suspendierte Bäckerhefe (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) wird vom Süßwasserschwamm Ephydatia fluviatilis durch die Dermalporen über das einführende Kanalsystem in das Mesenchym geschleust und an der Oberfläche der den Wasserstrom erzeugenden Kragengeißelkammern deponiert. Sobald die importierten Hefezellen in der 1. Ingestionsphase die Choanocyten berührt haben, senden diese weitläufige Pseudopodien in den mesenchymatischen Raum aus, mit deren Hilfe die dort befindlichen Hefezellen phagocytiert werden. Ähnlich reagieren in der 2. Ingestionsphase die mesenchymatischen Zellen und später auch die Pinacocyten des ausführenden Kanalsystems. Alle Zellen von Ephydatia fluviatilis können Hefezellen phagocytieren. Die Hefezellen sind für Schwammzellen jedoch unverdaulich und werden im Verlauf von wenigen Stunden bis zu zwei Tagen wieder in das Mesenchym exocytiert, aus dem sie transcytotisch durch die Endopinacocyten-Wandung in das ausführende Kanalsystem und schließlich durch das Oskularrohr nach außen gelangen.
    Notes: Summary Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) suspended in the water that enters the incurrent canal system of the fresh-water sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis by way of the dermal pores is carried into the mesenchyme, where it is deposited against the surface of the flagellated chambers that generate the current. In the first phase of ingestion, as soon as the imported yeast cells have touched the choanocytes, the latter send extensive pseudopodia out into the mesenchymatic space to phagocytise the yeast cells there. Similar responses are elicited in the mesenchymatic cells during the second phase of ingestion and later in the pinacocytes of the excurrent canal system. All the cells of Ephydatia fluviatilis can phagocytise yeast cells. However, the yeast cells cannot be digested by the sponge cells and in the course of a few hours to 2 days they are expelled from the cells into the mesenchyme, whence they move transcytotically through the endopinacocyte lining into the excurrent canal system and eventually pass through the oscular tube to the exterior.
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  • 21
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 25-41 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The tissues of a fully grown echinoid skeleton are described using the primary spines of E. tribuloides as an example. Cidaroid spines are covered with an external, polycrystalline cortex, but as long as they are still growing they are covered with an epithelium. The mineral skeleton is embedded in the mesodermal stroma tissue which largely consists of fluid. Different types of mesodermal cells float within this fluid, but the sole characteristic stroma cells are the sclerocytes which are anchored to the calcite trabeculae by means of a cytoplasmic stalk. The latter spreads over the surface of the young trabeculae as a thin, continuous sheath, but on fully grown trabeculae it ramifies into numerous filiform processes (dp). The sclerocyte cell body is surrounded by a boundary layer which, however, is absent in the distal sheaths or filiform processes. The cytoplasm of the sclerocytes is electron-translucent and contains numerous free ribosomes. Sclerocytes which lie below the epithelium produce the cortex layer, and in the end the extracortical stroma as well as the epithelium vanish, and the cortex becomes external. Phagocytes within the stroma are at least as numerous as sclerocytes. They have a dense cytoplasm with long, straight pseudopodia protruding from it and running through the midst of the pore space. In normal conditions the pseudopodia do not touch the trabeculae. In a single instance, however, a phagocyte was demonstrated to etch a trabecula. Its etching face was crowded with clear vesicles which are not found elsewhere.
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  • 22
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 43-58 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reabsorption of calcite is known to occur in echinoid endoskeletons. The structure of the operating cells is described using ‘Prouho's membrane’ as an example, which dissolves the skeleton of cidaroid spines within a thin section. After that the distal part of the spine is shed, and a new shaft grows out of the remaining stump. The calcoclast function is exercised by phagocytes which are also numerous in normal spine tissues. If the spine is highly damaged, however, the phagocytes assemble at a defined level and melt into a single syncytium, called Prouho's membrane. They fulfill three functions: (1) they show an extreme phagocytotic activity and ingest cells of the distal spine part, (2) they block off the surviving stump from the distal part shed later, (3) they etch through the calcite trabeculae in order to detach the distal spine part. The dissolution of the calcite starts with circular bulges, but in the end extremely thin etching lamellae run transversally through the trabeculae.
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 59-66 
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    Notes: Summary The ommatidia of the compund eye of the krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, are composed of the following cell types: corneagenous cells, main cone cells, accessory cone cells, distal pigment cells, and retinula cells. The corneagenous cells secrete the cuticular lenses, below which the crystalline cones are present. The bipartite crystalline cone is formed within the main cone cells, whereas the accessory cone cells invest the distal part of the cone and proceed proximally in the retina to the basement membrane. Six distal pigment cells are arranged around each ommatidium, though shared by adjacent ommatidia. The seven retinula cells form the rhabdom, and penetrate the basement membrane as axons. The basement membrane is formed by the conjoined extended prolongations from the accessory cone cells and sheets from the basal pigment cells.
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    Notes: Summary Apodotrocha progenerans n.gen., n.sp. from tidal beaches or shallow waters on the east coast of the USA (Massachusetts) is a gonochoristic interstitial polychaete (length ca. 600 μm; six trunk segments), that lacks parapods, setae, and fleshy appendages, but has three characteristic caudal cirri. The habitus greatly resembles a larval stage of the Dorvilleidae, a family with which it also shares several anatomical features as revealed by ultrastructural investigations. Great similarities to the so-called archiannelids belonging to the Dinophilidae are also apparent, thus demonstrating the close phylogenetic relationship of the latter family to the Dorvilleidae.
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 89-102 
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    Notes: Summary The ovary of the red abalone consists of a series of trabeculae or polygonal chambers that extend from the ovarian wall toward the wall of the digestive gland. The ovarian wall consists of smooth muscle cells and bundles of collagen fibrils, that extend into the trabeculae. Presynthetic, synthetic and early postsynthetic oocytes are surrounded by a single layer of follicle cells which bind these oocytes to the trabeculae. The follicle cells contain bundles of microfilaments. Mature oocytes lack a follicle cell layer and are found free in the chambers formed by the trabeculae. Each oocyte is surrounded by a vitelline layer, a chorion, and a thick jelly coat. Stages in the formation of these layers are described. It is suggested that prior to spawning the trabeculae detach from the wall of the digestive gland and retract toward the ovarian wall. Contractions of the ovarian wall may force oocytes out of the ovary into the seawater where fertilization occurs.
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 121-133 
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    Notes: Summary The development of the aesthetascs of Neomysis integer (Malacostraca, Mysidacea) and Idotea baltica (Malacostraca, Isopoda) were investigated by electron microscope methods. Basically the aesthetascs of both species develop according to the same pattern. The newly formed sensillar shafts lie invaginated within the epidermal tissue. They are formed by numerous enveloping cells, which are arranged telescopically one by one. Each enveloping cell secretes a definite portion of the new shaft cuticle. The innermost enveloping cell extends furthest distally and deposits the cuticle of the future shaft tip. The outer enveloping cells produce the cuticle of the more proximal shaft portions. Whereas the morphogenesis of the aesthetascs of both species is uniform, the moulting processes are different. In the aesthetascs of Neomysis the morphological basis for a continuation of the sensitivity remains until ecdysis, as an intact dendritic connection between the sensory cells and the old shaft is maintained. In Idotea, the aesthetascs cease to function during the early moulting stages.
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    Notes: Summary A structural and ultrastructural investigation of epidermis in the esophageal region of Carinoma tremaphoros is correlated with analysis of burrowing locomotion. The pseudostratified epidermis contains multiciliated epidermal cells, gland cells and granule-containing basal or interstitial cells resting on a well-developed basement membrane. Both circular and longitudinal muscles are present within the epidermis, woven between the cells of this layer. These muscles are well-developed along the anterior region of the worm and, like the subepidermal muscles, are a variation of obliquely striated muscle without continuous Z-rods. Epidermal muscles originate as branches from the underlying mesodermal musculature and cross the basement membrane into the epidermis, confirming earlier observations. These muscles are unrelated to myoepithelial epidermal cells described in other metazoans. This condition is considered a secondary derivation consistent with the Gastraea-Enterocoel theory of bilateral metazoan evolution. Carinoma is a peristaltic burrower. Peristaltic waves are limited to the anterior region of the worm where the diameter of the rhynchocoel is maximal and the bilayered epidermal musculature is strongly developed. Following a consideration of burrowing mechanics in annelids, supernumerary epidermal muscles in Carinoma are interpreted as prerequisites to peristaltic burrowing effectiveness in a non-segmented coelomate.
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 135-148 
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    Notes: Summary Light- and dark-adapted ocelli (LL and DD for 30 h) of seastars were studied by thin sectioning and freeze-fracture techniques for electron microscopy, and by histofluorescence. Lighting conditions affected the ultrastructure of the sensory microvilli, which became longer, more numerous, and more regularly arranged in darkness. A significant reduction in the density of intramembranous particles (IMPs) occurred in the sensory microvilli of LL specimens (6,600/µm2 in DD, 3,000/µm2 in LL) and, to a lesser extent, in the apical projections, but not in other membranous components including the cilia of the sensory cells. Additional observations on four other species revealed higher densities of IMPs in sensory microvilli than those in cilia. The fact that IMP densities of the LL sensory microvilli and the pinocytotic vesicles were nearly the same was considered to show the relationship of the two membranous structures. A specific fluorescence, indicative of the presence of retinal-based proteins, appeared only in the ocellar lumen of DD specimens, but practically none in LL ones. It was suggested that in the seastar ocelli the sensory microvilli are the primary photoreceptive sites and that they contain a rhodopsin-like substance. These conclusions support the view that asteroid photoreceptors are microvillar and not ciliary.
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    Notes: Summary Rhabdom formation was examined at the EM level in two members of the Chrysomelidae with different patterns of open rhabdoms (Leptinotarsa decemlineata — ponticulus pattern; Crioceris asparagi — insula pattern). Rhabdom morphogenesis, especially that of the central rhabdomere system of R7 and R8 is slightly different in both species and does not reveal which of the two patterns is primitive and which is derived. A close spatio-temporal correlation was found in L. decemlineata between the occurrence of a transitory modified cilium and the beginning of rhabdomere formation. The significance of this finding and its possible functional implications for the development of insect photoreceptor cells are discussed.
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 149-164 
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    Notes: Summary The morphology of sternal glands and associated cuticular specializations are described for female polistine social wasps. Their distribution among 25 of the 28 genera of the subfamily is examined in light of what is known of the functions of these glands. Species in which queens found colonies independently of workers (four genera plus part of Ropalidia) have clusters of ducted gland cells on the sixth (terminal) gastral sternite. In all species examined the gland cells open into a tuft of long setae which probably functions as a reservoir/applicator brush. There is at least circumstantial evidence for all five genera that this gland produces an ant repellent substance that is smeared onto the nest petiole, where it serves as a defensive barrier against ants. The remaining genera (20 plus part of Ropalidia) consist of species in which queens are accompanied by a swarm of workers in the initiation of a new colony. In 12 of these genera females have a gland of ducted cells on sternite 5 (penultimate), associated with cuticular sculpturing of various types. Experimental or circumstantial evidence for several of these genera indicates that the product of this gland is used to lay an odor trail that guides the swarm from the parent nest to a new nest site. One genus has a similar gland on the sixth sternite, another has glands on both the fifth and the sixth, and the remaining six genera lack any evidence of sternal glands. The independent-founding species of Ropalidia have a sixth sternal gland associated with a tuft of setae, while the swarm-founding species have the tuft but lack the gland. Our interpretation of this is that the gland produces an ant repellent substance in the independent-founding species, but in the swarm-founding Ropalidia such a substance is of little value and so the gland has been lost.
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 177-192 
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    Notes: Summary The flow of stained haemolymph was photographed in the wings of resting Pieris rapae, Pieris brassicae, and Gonepteryx rhamni under UV-radiation at definite intervals after abdominal application of fluorescent tetracycline. There is no circular route in the wing. All wing veins are supplied with stained haemolymph from their own bases without preference to single veins. In freely resting Pieris with intact wings, most veins are completely stained after 20 min. The staining pattern supports the existence of an oscillating haemolymph supply mechanism in the wing veins and shows that the cross vein and encircling sinus are not essential in the supply of the longitudinal veins. Inflow of stained haemolymph into the wing membrane begins about 1 h after application and is generally completed within 12 h in Pieris. The wing membrane is supplied with fluid by diffusion and — especially under low relative humidity — additionally by haemolymph substitution of evaporated water. This mechanism is associated with the disadvantages of water loss and probably salt withdrawal from the body. The puddling behaviour of butterflies might help in restoring these postulated deficits. It is hypothesized that haemolymph substitution of water evaporated from the wing membrane is a preadaptation for accumulation of defensive toxins and pheromones in the wing membranes, especially in diurnal and basking Lepidoptera. The veinal system of 5-day-old young summer specimens of Gonepteryx stains more intensely than that of 4–5-month-old specimens just before entering hibernation. The transition of stained haemolymph from vein to membrane is reduced in this species, probably as an adaptation for water retention during diapauses.
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 193-208 
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    Notes: Summary The majority of large, bilaterally-symmetric animals possess two structurally distinct systems of internal fluid transport, the coelomic circulatory system and the blood vascular system (BVS). The coelomic circulatory system is generally situated laterally, lined by a continuous layer of mesodermally-derived cells and moves fluid with cilia or body wall muscles. The BVS occurs in extracellular matrix with the principal vessels situated dorsally and ventrally. The vessels are typically unlined by cells. Fluid is propelled by contraction of overlying muscle cells. Co-occurrence of two systems of internal fluid transport is explained by a segmentation hypothesis: Most large, triploblastic animals are segmented with at least two or three fluid-filled compartments separated by septal bulkheads. Because exchange surfaces (gas, nutrient) are regionally restricted, selective pressure favors a fluid transport system that bridges septal bulkheads. The BVS fulfills this requirement because it is situated in extracellular matrix that is non-cellular and continuous throughout organisms. A survey of animals indicates that all segmented taxa possess a BVS, except Sipuncula, where compensation sacs function as BVS analogues. Loss of the BVS in Hirudinea and other annelids is correlated with the disappearance of septa. Funicular vessels in Bryozoa are compared with BVS in other lophophorates. The fluid transport system of Nemertini and some platyhelminths is shown to conform to the definition of a coelomic circulatory system. This investigation supports Liwanow's proposition that the BVS evolved as the progressive modification of extracellular matrix in triploblastic animals. Evolution of coelomic circulatory systems is unresolved.
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    Zoomorphology 103 (1983), S. 219-227 
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    Notes: Summary Spermiogenesis and sperm cells of the meiobenthic priapulid Tubiluchus were described by means of the transmission electron microscope. The sperm cells are completely different from the male gametes of Priapulus, being elongated and thus indicating a different mode of sperm transfer. The anterior portion of the sperm head is characterised by a corkscrew configuration of nucleus and acrosome, both components being wrapped around each other. This kind of sperm cell has never been reported in other animal phyla.
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    Notes: Summary Freeze fracture preparations of the Branchiostoma epidermis revealed a number of specialisations of the plasma membrane. The highest number of intramembrane particles were found in the membrane of the microvilli, where they are predominantly localised in the P-face. In connection with the apical membrane an extracellular coat of complex branched filamentous structures (about 1.5 μm thick) can be demonstrated which was seen in carefully prepared transmission electron micrographs. In the area of the septate junction, the lateral plasma membranes are endowed with large numbers of variously sized membrane particles in the P-face which may form indistinct, short particle rows. The E-face is poor in particles. The freeze fracture image of this junction differs markedly from that of the mollusc-arthropod septate junction and bears similarities with the hemichordate and echinoderm septate junctions. Patches of particle aggregations suggest the presence of desmosomal contacts in the lateral membrane. No occluding or communicating junctions were found.
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    Zoomorphology 97 (1981), S. 31-52 
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    Notes: Summary The coronar growth of a cidaroid and an aulodont echinoid are investigated by means of tetracycline labelling. The results are compared with earlier investigations on a stirodont and on a camarodont echinoid in order to evaluate the general features of coronar growth. In all echinoids new coronar plates are added at the apical end of the corona throughout the life cycle. The plates are shifted towards the peristome and they grow peripherically. In cidaroids ambulacral (A-) plates are detached from the firm corona. They are transformed into scales covering the peristomial field. The interambulacral (IA-) plates, however, are partially reabsorbed at the peristomial margin. In this manner the oldest solitary interambulacral plates are lost. The subsequent plates are arranged in pairs. The cidaroids thus show interradial growth even at their peristomial margin. This is unique to echinoids. In non-cidaroids there is a perignathic girdle made up of paired ambulacral auricles with interambulacral ridges in between. In some species the ridge is a solitary element. Therefore interradial growth cannot occur in the peristomial margin. In other species the ridge consists of several elements, but it also grows as a whole. Slight resorption of calcite occurs in places at the peristomial margin. In other places, however, calcite is added onto the peristomial edge. In non-cidaroids, therefore, the widening of the peristome is achieved solely by means of lateral growth in the plates bordering the peristome. The shift of the coronar plates from apicad to orad in noncidaroids is a relative shift only. In all echinoids the coronar plates are arranged in meridional columns. All plates grow up to the peristome. Their growth rates are relatively uniform towards the adambulacral sutures (which run between A- and IA-columns). Their growth rates towards the perradius and the interradius respectively are high in younger plates which are positioned above the ambitus, and decrease rapidly in plates located below the ambitus. Near the peristome the interradiad and perradiad growth rates are always considerably lower than adradiad growth rates. Perradial and interradial growth serve to adjust the plates in size and shape to their respective position in the corona.
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    Zoomorphology 97 (1981), S. 101-119 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ultrastruktur der Schalendrüsen von Microdalyellia fairchildi (Graff) wird dargestellt. Die Drüsen bestehen aus zwei Zelltypen, Drüsenzellen I und II genannt. Die erste Zellart bildet zwei Büschel langstieliger Zellen am proximalen Oovitellodukt. Auffällige Merkmale dieser Zellen sind: das umfangreich entwickelte rauhe E.R., das aus stark erweiterten Zisternen besteht und in zahlreiche blasen- oder sackartige Teilräume aufgegliedert ist, die granuläres Material enthalten; ferner der schlauchförmige Sekretionsfortsatz, der mit gedrängt liegenden Sekretionsvakuolen angefüllt ist und den Eindruck eines vielkammerigen Sekretspeichers macht, sowie Autolysosomen. Sekretsubstanz ist in den Vesikeln nicht dargestellt. Der kanalförmige Endteil des Fortsatzes besitzt peripher liegende Mikrotubuli und bildet im mündungsnahen Bereich eine septierte Kontaktzone mit den Epithelzellen des Oovitellodukts, in den er ventrolateral ausmündet. Die Drüsenzellen II liegen — ebenfalls in zwei Gruppen geordnet — weiter distal. Sie sind wesentlich kleiner, haben ein englumiges rauhes E.R. und membranumschlossene Sekretgrana mit dichtgranulärem Material. Vereinzelt wurden Autolysosomen beobachtet. Die Fortsätze der Zellen bilden einen rohrartigen Endabschnitt, der in der Feinstruktur dem der ersten Zellart entspricht. Sie münden ventrolateral in den Oovitellodukt. Die erste Drüsenzellart von Microdalyellia besitzt eine Reihe von Übereinstimmungen mit bestimmten Zellen der Mehlisschen Drüse parasitischer Plathelminthen, den sog. S2-Zellen der Trematoden. Diese Zelltypen sind wahrscheinlich homolog. Andererseits ergeben sich aus der Ultrastruktur der Drüsenzellen II und der einer weiteren Zellform der Mehlisschen Drüse, den S1-Zellen, keine sicheren Anzeichen für eine gemeinsame phylogenetische Herkunft.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the shell gland of Microdalyellia fairchildi (Graff) is described. The gland is composed of two types of secretion cells termed gland cell I and II. The first type consists of two bundles of large flasklike cells placed in opposite positions at the proximal ovovitelloduct. Distinguishing features of these cells are the amply developed rough E.R. with distended cisternae, forming several circular or elongate vesicles, which contain a granular substance, the long cell process with densely packed secretion vacuoles constituting a honeycomblike structure, and autolysosomes. No condensed material is seen in the vacuoles. The process terminates with a narrow channellike part lined by peripheral microtubules and forming septate desmosomal junctions with the epithelial cells of the ovovitelloduct, into which the cells open ventrolaterally. The second cell type is likewise arranged in two lateral clusters at a more distal part of the genital duct. The cells are essentially smaller and the rough E.R. has the usual appearance with flattened cisternae. The secretion bodies are surrounded by a membrane and contain a central core of dense granular material. Some autolysosomes are also present. The fine structure of the endpiece of the process passing through the ventrolateral epithelium of the ovovitelloduct is similar to that of the gland cell I. There are special similarities between the first cell type of Microdalyellia and certain Mehlis gland cells of parasitic flatworms termed S2 cells in Trematoda, indicating that these are homologous. On the other hand there are no such hints concerning the gland cell II and another cell type of the Mehlis gland called the S1 cell.
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    Zoomorphology 97 (1981), S. 225-245 
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    Notes: Summary The development of abdominal segments in Spirorbis moerchi (Polychaeta: Annelida) was studied by light and electron microscopy. Abdominal segments develop in strict succession from anterior to posterior. Segmentation is initiated in the mesoderm and is followed by segmentation of the ectoderm. The mesoderm of the abdominal segments arises entirely from pygidial residual mesoderm; inward migration of cells from the pygidial ectoderm to give rise to mesoderm does not occur. The primordial germ cells remain distinct from the residual mesoderm of the pygidial growth region. After several abdominal segments have developed, the primordial germ cells “migrate” posteriorly from the achaetous region, invade the abdominal segments, and give rise to the retroperitoneal gonads. Abdominal segment formation is discussed in terms of heteronomy, primordial germ cell origin, gonad formation, and development of the circulatory system.
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    Zoomorphology 98 (1981), S. 1-16 
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    Notes: Summary The cerebral and epidermal ocelli of the Müller's larva and the cerebral and tentacular eyes of the adult turbellarian Pseudoceros canadensis were studied by electron microscopy. The right cerebral ocellus of the larva consists of one cup-shaped pigmented cell and three sensory cells that bear microvilli. The left cerebral eye of the larva has the above named cells plus a sensory cell with many cilia. Evolutionary significance is attributed to the presence of both ciliary and microvillar photoreceptors in an eye of a flatworm. The one epidermal ocellus of the larva is composed of two cells: a cup-shaped pigmented one bearing flattened cilia, the presumed photoreceptors, and a cell above the cup that adds a few nonciliary lamellae to the stack of ciliary ones from the pigmented cell. The adult eyes contain only microvillar receptors; cilia were not observed.
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    Zoomorphology 98 (1981), S. 47-67 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Zellen des Ventralepithels bilden keine Mikrovilli, sondern ein schwammartiges Maschenwerk gefensterter Leisten und Falten, welches bei der Haftung des Tieres an der Unterlage und/oder bei der extrasomatischen Vorverdauung der Nahrung eine Rolle spielen dürfte. 2. Während der Zellteilungen treten typische Centriole an den Spindelpolen auf. 3. Die wachsenden Eizellen phagocytieren Fortsätze der Faserzellen, die als Trophocyten fungieren. 4. Unter den gleichen Bedingungen, die zur Eibildung führen, können sogen. S-Zellen auftreten. Einige ultrastrukturelle Befunde sprechen dafür, daß es sich um Spermien handelt.
    Notes: Summary 1. The cells of the ventral epithelium form no microvilli but a spongy meshwork of fenestrated ledges and folds which may play a rôle in the adhesion of the animal to the substratum and/or in the extrasomatic predigestion of the food. 2. During cell division typical centrioles occur at the spindle poles. 3. The growing egg cells phagocytize projections of the fiber cells which function as trophocytes. 4. Under the same conditions leading to egg formation so-called S-cells may occur. Some ultrastructural data suggest that they are sperm cells.
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    Notes: Summary The mesogastropod Pyrazus ebeninus, produces true spermatozoa (here termed euspermatozoa) and multi-flagellate, mobile cells (here termed paraspermatozoa). The mature paraspermatozoon consists of an elongateconical ‘head’ (6.5–8.5 μm in length), constructed of an electron-dense mosaic sheath surrounding a similarly dense, rod-shaped nuclear core (which runs almost the full length of the head). An acrosome-like structure forms the apex of the head. Five to eight axonemes are fixed to the posterior extremity of the nuclear core, each by means of an attachment complex (dense attachment rod, centriolar cap and centriole). A short (3–4 μm) ‘midpiece’ zone follows the head and consists of the multiple axonemes interspersed with very elongate mitochondria. A tuft of short (20 μm) tails (termed minor tails) emerges from the midpiece in addition to one very long tail (termed the major tail) ensheathed in dense granules which resemble glycogen granules. A single membrane surrounds head, midpiece and tails whilst the nuclear core retains the original double nuclear membrane. Developmentally, the multiple axonemes arise from one of a pair of wheel-shaped arrangements of centrioles and attach to posterior indentations in the nucleus prior to its transformation into the nuclear core. Dense vesicles, derived apparently from the endoplasmic reticulum, accumulate along and around the developing nuclear core and (in the presence of microtubules) condense into the mosaic head sheath. Cytoplasmic mitochondria elongate and collect at the posterior axis of the cell, where, together with the axonemes, they form the midpiece. Features not previously reported in other ultrastructural studies of paraspermatozoa include the acrosome-like structure of the head, the structure of the midpiece zone, the glycogen sheath of the major tail, the dense annular structure at the junction of the midpiece and major tail and the presence of microtubules in the final phase of head and midpiece maturation. Some features of the euspermatozoon are also described and the comparative ultrastructure of mature and developing paraspermatozoa and their possible functions in the Gastropoda, are reviewed.
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    Zoomorphology 98 (1981), S. 227-231 
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    Notes: Summary A previously undescribed receptor in the coxo-trochantinal region of the metathoracic leg of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was found to have central cell bodies. This cockroach stretch receptor is the second sensory receptor in insects reported to possess somata in the CNS and its remarkable similarity to a locust proprioceptor suggests it to be homologous.
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    Zoomorphology 98 (1981), S. 241-260 
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    Notes: Summary The structural organization of the ocelli of several diplopod species has been studied by means of electron microscopy. The results provide evidence that diplopodan ocelli are derived from typical mandibulate ommatidia, which consequently had been present in diplopod ancestors. The recent representatives of the two sister groups, Pselaphognatha and Chilognatha are characterized by two essentially different types of eye morphology: The eyes of the Pselaphognatha comprise a bilayered rhabdom (built up by 3+4 retinular cells), a few corneagenous cells, a corneal lens, and two vitreous bodies. The latter probably represent relics of a former crystalline cone. On the contrary, the ocelli of the Chilognatha consist of a multilayered rhabdom (built up by a large number of retinular cells), numerous corneagenous cells, and a corneal lens. The dioptric apparatus lacks a crystalline cone. Further structural elements, the distribution of which varies, are the covering cells and processes of hypodermal cells which contain screening pigments. Whereas the eye of the Pselaphognatha can be traced back to a single ommatidium, the ocellus of the Chilognatha can only be interpreted as a merging product of several associated ommatidia or as the result of multiplication and rearrangement of former ommatidial elements. This concept is substantiated by analogous phenomena which occur within other arthropod groups and thus serve as models for the phylogeny of the diplopodan eyes. The comparison of the morphology and the ecology of palaeozoic and recent diplopods demonstrates that the disintegration of former facetted eyes and the modification of ommatidia were induced by the adaptation to cryptic modes of life.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 1-29 
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    Notes: Summary That the behavior of wood in service results from its “structure” is generally accepted by wood scientists. No doubt this acceptance is due to the broad interpretation of such a term. Structure can refer to the organization of elements on a macro scale, such as in a laminated beam, as well as to the arrangement of cellulose molecules in the crystalline region of an elementary fibril. This presentation focuses on a structural domain that appears increasingly to be a critical one in wood behavior-ultrastructure. The spectrum of terminology that has been used in profusion during the “electron microscopic era” must first be defined so that confusion is minimized. Then a historical evolution of the field of wood ultrastructure can be presented to provide perspective. Structures that have been shown to affect or indeed to control certain processes can be identified. The role of a “non-structure”, the elusive transient capillary, can be illustrated. Microfibrillar organization and cell wall archictecture fall into the realm of ultrastructure as well. The past decade of research in wood science has been productive to a significant extent because of scanning electron microscopy and its accessory tools and techniques. The exploration of wood penetration by wood preservatives, pulping liquors and coatings using this approach has yielded much new evidence. One can speculate about the anticipated contributions of computer-driven SEM, stereology, STEM, and even higher resolution microscopy in the near future.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 171-177 
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    Notes: Summary Problems associated with handling non-steady liquid flow data are discussed. It is shown that the Darcian flow model is fundamentally imprecise when applied to non-steady state flow in wood due to: 1) the observed decrease in permeability with increased specimen length 2) the wide range of diameters encountered in wood pores. Because of this wide range of pore sizes, liquid penetrates some flow paths more rapidly than others. This may give rise to the occurrence of surface forces resisting penetration, with both “wetting” and “non-wetting” liquids. It seems unlikely that these various factors can be accurately quantified. Hence the precise prediction of liquid penetration rate from steady state permeability data may be illusory.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 189-199 
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    Notes: Summary To predict the capillary transport of free liquid during the drying of softwood, it is essential to have knowledge of capillary pressure as a function of moisture content. The dependence of the capillary pressure on the wood's moisture content is predicted with a mechanistic model and measured for isothermal moisture movement in the tangetial direction. The experimental measurements confirm the model which is formulated on the postulate that the menisci that form between the liquid and gas in the tracheid lumens control the magnitude of the capillary pressure. Lumen size variation within an annual growh ring was found to significantly affect the local capillary pressure and indicated that separate flow paths are likely to exist in earlywood and latewood.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 201-209 
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    Notes: Summary A model for the build up of residual growth stresses in cylindrical tree stems is presented. By using Bessel functions the general equations can be solved to allow for surface strain distributions that vary both in the circumferential as well as longitudinal directions. An arbitrary surface strain distribution can be decomposed into Fourier components and the residual internal stresses can be found by superimposing the component solutions due to each new increment of growth. A numerical simulation leading to the residual stress distribution for a typical hardwood is presented.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 211-225 
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    Notes: Summary Information is presented on the magnitude of errors associated with various sampling simulation schemes of the distribution of three different populations, representing actual bending strength of dimension lumber. Errors were determined between the simulated and actual distributions. Graphical evaluations indicated good fits with the three-parameter form of the weibull distribution for both original and simulated bending strength data, as well as with the resulting error terms. Error terms, based on the simulated versus actual distributions, were generated for the lower 5% exclusion limit, for the 50% exclusion limit and for the entire distribution curve. Simulations were carried out with the aid of Monte Carlo techniques using distribution functions fitted to actual test data for dimension lumber. The errors are expressed as functions of confidence levels. The comparison of the erro obtained through the various sampling schemes could provide some initial directions to choose an economical sampling plan for the presently ongoing in-grade lumber testing program.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 251-263 
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    Notes: Summary Paintings on 150 wooden panels accepted and not accepted as authentic Rembrandts were investigated using wood-anatomical and dendrochronological techniques. Paintings on 131 panels came from oaks in the coastal area of the Netherlands and 1 panel came from an oak in the interior. The wood of the remaining 18 panels was from beech, poplar and walnut, presumably from the Netherlands, and from cedrela, mahogany and jequitiba imported from Central and South America. In several cases wood of different panels was from the same trunk. By determining the felling date of a tree, a “terminus post quem” could be set for the production of the panel and the completion of the painting, respectively. The art-historical dating of most paintings could be dendrochronologically confirmed. In some cases the attribution was corrected by a few years. In one case an older panel was re-used.
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    Notes: Summary Structural factors in a Pinus densiflora tree grown under the influence of strong wind were measured. No $$\overline {DP} $$ difference for cellulose molecules was noticed between compression and opposite wood, but the $$\overline {DP} $$ was somewhat lower in the region where the compression wood was concentrated. The degree of crystallinity of cellulose was 45–50% in compression wood, about 50% in normal wood, and 50–60% in opposite wood. The crystallinity decreased with increasing height above the ground. The maximum point of crystallographic b-axis (fiber axis) orientation distribution for cellulose crystallites in compression wood was located at ϕ≅30°, in normal wood at ϕ≅25° and in opposite wood at ϕ≅0°. The cellulose crystallite dimension in the transverse direction was 3.2 nm, corresponding to four cellulose unit cells, a value that was almost constant throughout the wood. In the longitudinal direction, there were large differences in cellulose crystallite dimensions between compression and opposite woods. In compression wood the cellulose crystallite dimensions was 12 nm corresponding to 11–12 cellulose unit cells. In opposite wood it was 17–32.5 nm corresponding to 17–32 cellulose unit cells. These structural factors were apparently affected by the environmental conditions, and the mechanical properties of the wood were influenced by these factors. Opposite wood had longer crystallites, a higher degree of crystallinity and a better orientation distribution of cellulose crystallites in the longitudinal direction. Compression wood, on the other hand, had shorter crystallites, a lower degree of crystallinity and a large angle between the stem and the direction of the crystallites.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 301-310 
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    Notes: Summary Wood poles have been traditionally tested by “sounding” — striking with a hammer and making a subjective assessment on the basis of the sound emitted. Various other acoustic methods have been developed and employed for this function but none has been accepted on any regular basis as being successful. The propagation of acoustic waves in poles is examined here, and measurements are made using a pulse echo technique of the two acoustic parameters, velocity and damping, on a selection of poles some of which contain decay and rot. The results suggest that measurement of the acoustic damping of longitudinal compression waves may be useful in detecting the presence of decay and rot within a pole.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 317-320 
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 31-38 
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    Notes: Summary An acoustic resonance technique has been evaluated as a means of detecting deterioration in wood poles. The basis of the technique is that degradation of the pole by rot or other agency will lead to an increase in the damping of longitudinal acoustic waves, which can subsequently be detected by an examination of the acoustic resonance characteristics of the pole. The technique was assessed in a series of field trials conducted on in-situ poles, which were subsequently removed and dissected. The results of the acoustic testing compared favourably with the gradings of the poles following dissection.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 1-11 
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    Notes: Summary Historically, adhesive development has been a propelling force in the evolution of the forest product industry. The 1973 energy crisis has caused the wood industry to focus its attention on the necessity of adhesive self-sufficiency. Research in the use of bark, pulp waste liquor and foliage for adhesive application is rapidly spreading. In addition, many new adhesives have been proposed by the chemical industry as alternatives for wood bonding. Recently developed physiochemical analytical methods have been successfully applied to this adhesive research area and to durability evaluation. However, there are still enormous difficulties in developing a durable natural product adhesive of low variability as well as a unified international interpretation of bond durability. Phenolic resins have weathered the energy crisis and are gaining importance in the industry. Some examples of recent contributions from phenolic-resin research to panel board and lumber end-joint developments will be discussed in detail.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 13-30 
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    Notes: Summary The fine structure of inactive eastern white spruce phellogen (Pg) and phelloderm is briefly described. Phellogen cells resemble dormant cambium but contain larger tannin vacuoles. Phelloderm cells contain even more tannin and have much thicker primary walls. Three types of phellem are described: crystalliferous phellem (CP), thin-walled phellem (TnP), and thick-walled phellem (TkP). All three occur in spruce, but only the latter two in balsam fir and eastern hemlock. The TnP cells have thin shared common walls overlain by suberinic and wax extractive layers. True pits are lacking, but plugged plasmodesmatal canals sealed over by the wax extractive layers cross the suberinic layers. Spruce CP and fir and hemlock TnP cells have adaxially-thickened suberinic and wax extractive layers when adjacent to TkP or inactive Pg. The suberin lamellae are much thickened in these suberinic layers, at least in spruce. Spruce CP has a thick wax extractive layer which also sheaths the crystals. The TkP cells of all three species have thick polylamellate abaxial cellin walls perforated by simple pits. The lamellae differ both in structure and composition. Polylamellate wall construction is discussed and a model proposed. The TkP cells have both suberinic and wax extractive layers in fir and hemlock, but only wax extractive layers in spruce. These cells are therefore true phellem cells, not phelloids.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 55-67 
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    Notes: Summary Deflections of wooden beams loaded repeatedly for seven or two days in every 14 were compared with those of beams under constant load over a period of six months in a constant environment. Four load levels were applied to beams of three species. Loads ranged from 17 to 67 per cent of short-time failing load estimated from matched specimens. The deflections under intermittent loads were lower than the creep deflections under constant load and, with the exception of material under high stress, applicability of Boltzmann's principle of superposition of deformations was confirmed. Non-linearity at high stresses is linked with other signs of weakening after application of loads in excess of about 50 per cent of short-time ultimate.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 79-80 
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 91-99 
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    Notes: Summary A computerised wood densitometer system using X-rays is described. The technique uses 5 mm increment core samples, machined to 2 mm thickness in the axial direction of the fibre, and an isotopic radiation source (Fe 55). Direct measurement of the intensity of radiation passing through the sample enables wood density variations to be recorded automatically and stored on disc file for subsequent analyses with an interactive computer program.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 101-105 
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    Notes: Summary An equation is derived to describe transverse nonisothermal moisture movement in wood, based upon a gradient of chemical potential. When compared with a previously derived equation based upon a gradient of activated moisture molecules, this new equation predicts an accentuated effect of the thermal gradient relative to the moisture gradient at high wood moisture contents and a decreased effect at low moisture contents. The two equations yield identical results at a moisture content in equilibrium with a relative humidity of approximately 53 percent.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 117-128 
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    Notes: Summary The hypochlorous acid formed intermediately during the bleaching of an oxygen-prebleached kraft pulp with pure chlorine dioxide (a D0-stage) was captured as N-chlorosulfamic acid by addition of sulfamic acid to the bleaching liquor. The amount of hypochlorous acid captured corresponded to about 50 mol% of the consumed chlorine dioxide. The amount of chlorite formed (20 to 30 mol%) was less than the amount of hypochlorous acid captured. The excess of hypochlorous acid over chlorite suggests that chlorine dioxide is reduced initially not only by a one-electron mechanism to chlorite but also by a two-electron mechanism to monochlorine monoxide, which is then reduced by lignin or by chlorine dioxide to hypochlorous acid. The routes for the further reactions of chlorite, monochlorine monoxide and hypochlorous acid are discussed.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 145-158 
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    Notes: Summary Ultra-high pressure water jets, operating at 48 300 kPa through a ring-type No. 6 nozzle with 15° fan and 1.57 mm diameter opening, were used in practical trials for debarking several hardwood species. Eucalyptus paniculata, E. agglomerata, E. acmenioides, E. pilularis and Syncarpia glomulifera were tested, as they are known to be difficult to debark. The effects of these jets on the configuration of the detached bark, were also assessed. Except for E. pilularis, all species were effectively debarked, and a classification was made of the relative difficulty with which various barks were removed. In E. pilularis the bark adhered strongly to the timber, the surface of which was extensively damaged by the water jets. The high pressure water often broke and shattered the bark, which sometimes underwent pronounced defibration. In particular, the bark of E. acmenioides and E. paniculata was broken down into a material, which should be readily utilisable without further processing. Finally, these trials have shown that the design of a small-size hydraulic debarker is feasible and should eventually be a commercially viable proposition.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 163-164 
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 186-186 
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 167-185 
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    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of oven-dry density, initial moisture content, vascular bundles and shrinkage to stem height and diameter of Cocos nucifera L. High correlations were obtained between initial moisture content and stem height, initial moisture content and oven-dry density, oven-dry density and stem height, vascular bundles per cm2 and stem height, vascular bundles and oven-dry density for cross-sections and shrinkage and vascular bundles per cm2. The high correlations between vascular bundles per cm2 and oven-dry density on the one hand and to shrinkage on the other can be used for visual grading of coconut timber.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 195-202 
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    Notes: Summary In the present paper a hydrothermolysis apparatus is described. The reaction vessel is of the percolator type with a volume of 560 cm3 and permits the hydrolysis of biomass materials up to 100 g. The optimum degradation conditions of pure cellulose (filter paper) were determined in dependence on temperature, flow rate of the eluting water and influence of stirring on the reaction mixture. Up to 52% glucose can be obtained by hydrolysing cellulose with pure water at 265°C at a flow rate of 12 cm3/min. Biomass materials such as poplar wood and wheat straw were hydrolysed in two stages, using temperatures of about 200°C for the easily hydrolysable polysaccharides and about 260°C for the polysaccharides, which are more difficult to hydrolyse. In the first stage on an average 45% of the initial amount is converted into soluble products, whereas in the second stage this value amounts to 48%.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 217-226 
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    Notes: Summary The use of ammonium sulfide in aqueous ethanol and methanol was investigated for pulping of wood. Hemlock chips required 21% ammonium sulfide (equivalent to 19% Na2O) at 180°C to become delignified to the kappa range 35–50. The yields exceeded those of conventional kraft pulps by 14% on dry wood basis. Over 75% of the original glucomannan was recovered in the pulp as the consequence of end group stabilization by ammonium sulfide. The intrinsic viscosity of the pulps, measured in cadoxen was 10.65 dl/g — approximately double the value for softwood kraft pulps. The pulps were readily bleached and possessed higher tensile and burst strengths but lower tear strengths than kraft pulps. Ammonium sulfide pulps from cottonwood were likewise obtained in high yields and with adequate strength properties.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 241-257 
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    Notes: Summary Changes in the submicroscopic porosity in southern pine latewood resulting from pyrolysis at temperatures through 600°C were measured using small-angle X-ray scattering. Two types of scattering curves were observed: the first was obtained for wood and for less intense heat treatment; and the second, for samples heated above 300°C. This change was found to be associated with the thermal degradation of crystalline cellulose in the sample. Specific surfaces and the average dimensions of macropores and micropores were calculated from the second type of scattering curve. The specific surface was found to increase from 1.2 to 2.3 m2/gm as the temperature and heating time increased. The average dimensions of the macropores calculated from the scattering curves was about 15 nm. The first effect of heating sufficiently to decompose the crystalline cellulose was found to be the production of micropores with average diameters of about 0.7 nm. Micropore volume increased from 0.06 cm3/gm for the lower heating temperatures to about 0.13 cm3/gm for samples heated to 600°C. The average micropore dimension increased as the temperature was raised and the samples were heated for longer times.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 287-302 
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    Notes: Summary In a typical sawmill, about 12% of the wood which is cut is reduced to sawdust. Further material is lost during subsequent planing. A substantial part of this large loss of a costly natural resource can be saved by the use of thin, stable sawblades, but only if proper saw tensioning conditions are developed. The thickness of a stable sawblade can be minimized through optimal tensioning, an increasingly urgent objective because of sharply rising raw material costs. A theoretical model is presented which accurately describes the development of residual stresses in a roll tensioned circular sawblade and the resulting changes in saw critical speed. This model is essential for the reliable prediction of optimal tensioning conditions for any given saw operating state, and for the development of automated control of the tensioning process. An example is presented of an optimally tensioned circular sawblade for which a 40% thickness reduction is achieved compared with an equivalent untensioned sawblade with the same critical speed.
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    Zoomorphology 97 (1981), S. 133-193 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The simple pharynges in thirteen species of Turbellaria in the orders Macrostomida, Haplopharyngida, Catenulida, and Acoela have been studied by electron microscopy. After consideration of the functional aspects of the pharynx simplex, the relationship of the pharynx simplex ultrastructure to the phylogeny of the above mentioned groups is analyzed. The Haplopharyngida and Macrostomida are united as a group by the following characters: a pharynx transition zone of 1–5 circles of insunk cells with modified ciliary rootlets or no cilia, pharynx sensory cells without stereocilia collars and with a variable number of cilia, a prominent nerve ring with more than 30 axons circling the pharynx at the level of the beginning of the pharynx proper distal to the gland ring, 2 or more gland cell types in the pharynx, with at least two layers of muscle present and the longitudinal muscles derived from regular and special body wall circular muscles and a prominent post-oral nerve commissure. This specific arrangement can be distinguished from the other pharynx simplex types and is called the pharynx simplex coronatus. The catenulid pharynx simplex is characterized by the lack of a prominent nerve ring, no prominent post-oral commissure, a transition zone with epidermal type ciliary rootlets, recessed monociliated sensory cells, and one or no type of pharynx gland cell. The Acoela are specialized because of the epidermal type rootlets in the pharynx proper. They also lack a transition zone and a prominent nerve ring and have monociliated sensory cells different from the catenulid type. Ultrastructural characters of the pharynx simplex support the view that the Haplopharyngida-Macrostomida are monophyletic. The more primitive catenulid pharynx probably arose from a common ancestral pool with the Haplopharyngida and Macrostomida, although it does not appear possible presently to establish a clear monophyletic line for these forms. The various pharynx types within the Acoela appear to indicate independent origins with no clear link to the basic pharynx simplex type in the three other orders.
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    Zoomorphology 97 (1981), S. 285-295 
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    Notes: Summary The surface anatomy and the structures lining the pharynx of Halicryptus spinulosus were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structures were compared and contrasted with those reported for other priapulids, particularly those features previously studied with SEM. Buccal papillae and pharyngeal teeth of two types were described. Surface structures observed with SEM were: scalids, abdominal setae, anal papillae, posterior warts and ring papillae. The latter three structures are unique among described priapulids. The anal papillae are composed of several rounded, perhaps pedunculate, structures; the posterior warts are composed of mitriform structures in close association with columnar structures. Both are located in separate depressions in the posterior integument. The ring papillae occur on the annuli close to the posterior end. Halicryptus spinulosus was previously thought to lack these structures.
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    Zoomorphology 97 (1981), S. 297-308 
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the blood vessels in the caudal region of Branchiostoma is described in specimens injected with indian ink. None of the vessels have endothelial cells delimiting the luminal surface. The vessels are delimited either by dense connective tissue or by the characteristic basement lamella underneath the basal lamina of the myocoelic epithelium. It is proposed that the main blood flow in the caudal region follows different pathways depending on the activity of the animal. During swimming the muscle activity of the caudal muscles may have the effect that more blood flows from the aorta to the myoseptal plexi and is drained to the caudal vessel. In the resting animal it is possible that the blood flow through the myosepta is insignificant, and that the caudal blood flow is more or less restricted to the direct connections between the aorta and the caudal vessel: the dorsoventral anastomosis and the segmental connecting vessels.
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    Zoomorphology 98 (1981), S. 35-45 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kragengeißelkammern von Ephydatia fluviatilis entstehen frei im Mesenchym. An den Entstehungsorten trifft man auf Anhäufungen rundlicher Zellen, die allem Anschein nach von Archäocyten stammen, jedoch kleiner sind als diese und einen nukleoluslosen Kern besitzen. Hierbei handelt es sich um Choanoblasten, die zunächst eine Geißel, später den Kragen ausbilden und sich als Choanocyten zu Kragengeißelkammern zusammenfügen. Die im Mesenchym vorläufig fertiggestellten Kragengeißelkammern gelangen an das Endopinacocytenepithel des ausführenden Kanalysystems. Daraufhin bilden sich die tangierten Choanocyten zu Konuszellen um. Das Endopinacocytenepithel antwortet seinerseits mit der Ausbildung einer Poruszelle pro Kragengeißelkammer. Die Porocyten gehen mittels der konfrontierten Konuszellen dauerhafte Verbindungen mit den zugehörigen, nunmehr funktionstüchtigen Kragengeißelkammern ein.
    Notes: Summary The flagellated chambers of Ephydatia fluviatilis arise at scattered sites within the mesenchyme. Each such site is marked by an accumulation of rounded cells, which appear to be derived from archaeocytes in most respects except that they are smaller than the latter and have no nucleoli in the nucleus. These are choanoblasts, which first develop a flagellum and later a collar; eventually, as choanocytes, they become arranged so as to form a flagellated chamber. Having reached this preliminary stage of completion in the mesenchyme, the flagellated chambers migrate to the endopinacocyte epithelium of the excurrent canal system. Then the choanocytes at the contact point are converted to cone cells. The endopinacocyte epithelium in turn responds by developing one pore cell for each flagellated chamber. The porocytes become permanently joined to the chamber by way of the adjacent cone cells, and from this time on the flagellated chamber is functional.
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    Zoomorphology 98 (1981), S. 89-99 
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    Notes: Summary Observations on two species of sponges, Tethya seychellensis from the Red Sea, and T. aurantium from the Mediterranean Sea revealed that young colonies are able to detach from their sites of settlement and by means of filamentous podia, to move to other sites in the vicinity. These podia are 10–16 mm long extensions of the sponge body wall that bear an adhesive knob on their distal ends. After being attached, the contracting ‘podia’ pull the spherical colonies of 2.0–3.0 cm in diameter, transporting them to a new site. EM observations showed that in the podia the matrix is rich in contractile myocytes, primary archaeocytes, nucleated archaeocytes and scleroblastic cells, each of which takes part in the moving ability of the podium. It was also shown that some of the archaeocytes go over a process of ripening within the podium and produce collagenic filaments deposited in the internal matrix.
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    Zoomorphology 98 (1981), S. 185-190 
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    Notes: Summary The position of the oocyte nucleus within the ooplasm is fixed during the mid and late stages of house fly oogenesis. The germinal vesicle is located near the border of the nurse chamber, towards the periphery of the oocyte. The position of the anlage of the chorion raphe is strictly related to the germinal vesicle. As the raphe corresponds to the dorsal side of the later embryo, both the position of the oocyte nucleus and the raphe anlage in the follicular epithelium are early indicators of the dorsoventral axis of the house fly egg cell. In cross sections of the ovary the follicles are arranged in several concentric circles. The dorsal sides of all follicles within the ovary are oriented to an imaginary center. This center of orientation lies eccentrically near the medial part of the female abdomen. The resulting symmetrical pattern can be observed throughout the course of oogenesis. This implies that only a few follicles have the same dorsoventral orientation as the mother fly, and therefore this arrangement is contradictory to the imprinting hypotheses of body axis formation as well as to a possible inductive role of gravity.
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    Zoomorphology 98 (1981), S. 209-225 
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    Notes: Summary Histological and ultrastructural observations of the digestive tract of eight-armed plutei of Dendraster excentricus are reported. The esophagus is divided into two regions. The uppermost is a narrow tube comprised of ciliated cells that assist in transporting food to the more bulbous lower esophagus where food particles are formed into a bolus prior to entering the stomach. The esophagus is surrounded by a network of smooth muscle fibers that are predominantly oriented circumferentially in the upper esophagus, and longitudinally in the lower esophagus. The musculature of the upper esophagus produces peristaltic contractions, whereas contractions of the muscle of the lower esophagus open the cardiac sphincter and force food from the lower esophagus into the stomach. Axons are associated with the ciliated cells and the muscles of the upper esophagus. The cardiac sphincter consists of a ring of myoepithelium, with cross-striated myofibrils oriented around the bases of the cells. The gastric epithelium is comprised of two cell types. Type I cells, which predominate, absorb and store nutrients, and may be the source of secreted digestive enzymes. Type II cells apparently phagocytize and intracellularly digest whole algal cells. The intestine is comprised of relatively unspecialized cells and probably functions primarily as a conductive tube for the elimination of undigested materials.
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  • 75
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    Notes: Summary Spermatogenesis was studied at the ultrastructural level in Polydora ligni, P. websteri, P. socialis and Streblospio benedicti. Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and mature sperm are described. In all four species, meiosis occurs in the coelom following release of spermatogonia from the gonad. In Polydora spp., chromatin condensation is lamellar with no microtubules present during nuclear elongation. In S. benedicti, chromatin condensation is fibrous with a manchette of microtubules present around the nucleus. In all four species, the acrosome forms from a Golgi-derived vesicle situated at the base of spermatids. The acrosome in Polydora spp. is conical with a distinctive substructure whereas the S. benedicti acrosome is long and spiral. The implantation fossa is short in all species except P. ligni. All four species have elongated sperm heads. The middlepiece as well as the nucleus is elongated in Polydora spp. whereas S. benedicti has a long nucleus but a short middlepiece. Platelet-shaped electron-dense bodies are present throughout the nuclear region and middlepiece of Polydora spp. and the nuclear region of S. benedicti. These membrane-bounded bodies may be energy storage organelles. The use of ultrastructural data in analysis of sibling species complexes is discussed.
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    Zoomorphology 97 (1981), S. 75-87 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ototyphlonemertes pallida (Keferstein, 1862) hat zwei Statocysten, die unmittelbar hinter den Dorsalganglien auf den verlängerten Ventralganglien liegen. Jede Statocyste besteht aus einer Statolithenkammerzelle, mehreren Nervenzellen und einer Anzahl Hüllzellen und ist von einer dicken Basalmembran umgeben. Die Statolithenkammerzelle umschließt in der Regel drei Statolithenkammern, die von einer doppelten Membran umgeben sind und untereinander in Verbindung stehen. Sie enthalten je einen frei beweglichen Statolithen. Cilien und Ciliarstrukturen fehlen. Auf der Dorsalseite der Statocyste liegen mehrere stark verästelte Nervenzellen, die einen gemeinsamen Strang bilden. In der Nähe der Statolithenkammerzelle spalten sie sich auf und bilden pro Kammer eine oder mehrere synaptische Platten mit elektrischen Synapsen. Die Statolithenkammerzelle wird von zahlreichen Hüllzellen umgeben, die durch Desmosomen fest verbunden und zusätzlich in der ventralen Hälfte der Statocyste an den Außenseiten stark miteinander verzahnt sind. Die Hüllzellen unterscheiden sich im Aufbau deutlich von den beiden anderen Zelltypen und sind nicht an der Reizperzeption oder Reizleitung beteiligt. Zu den cilienlosen Statocysten bei Coelenteraten, Turbellarien, Holothurien, Xenoturbella und Tunicaten-Larven bestehen keine engeren morphologischen Beziehungen. Die Statocyste von O. pallida stellt eine Bildung sui generis innerhalb der Nemertinen dar.
    Notes: Summary Ototyphlonemertes pallida (Keferstein, 1862) has two statocysts, which are situated just behind the dorsal ganglions on the elongations of the ventral ganglions. Each statocyst consists of one statolith chamber cell, some nerve cells and a number of covering cells and is surrounded by a thick basement membrane. Usually the statolith chamber cell encloses three statolith chambers, which are intercommunicated and surrounded by a double membrane. Each chamber contains a single mobile statolith. Cilia and ciliary structures are lacking. Within the dorsal part of the statocyst some very ramified nerve cells are situated, which form a nerve fibre. In the vicinity of the statolith chamber cell the nerve cells split up into synaptical plates with electric synapses; there are one or several synaptical plates at the level of each chamber. The statolith chamber cell is surrounded by numerous covering cells, which are connected by desmosomes and additionally linked together at the outside in the ventral part of the statocyst. With regard to their structure the covering cells differ greatly from the other cell types, and they do not participate in impulse perception and impulse conduction. There do not exist any closer morphological relations to the statocysts lacking cilia in Coelenterates, Turbellaria, Holothuria, Xenoturbella and Tunicata. The statocyst of O. pallida represents an indigenous structure within the Nemerteans.
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  • 77
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    Notes: Summary The pericardium in Lepidopleurus asellus (Spengler), Tonicella marmorea (Fabricius), T. rubra L., Ischnochiton albus L., and Calleochiton laevis (Montagu), species taxonomically far apart, is described. It consists of a flat, simple epithelium facing the pericardial cavity, a basement membrane, a muscle layer with two types of muscle fibres, nerve processes, glio-interstitial cells, and fibrocytes, embedded in a loose collagen matrix. The epithelium in L. asellus and I. albus have convoluted lateral cell borders, and in L. asellus very long basal cell processes are seen. Type 1 muscle fibres resemble smooth molluscan muscle. Type 2 muscle fibres resemble cardiac muscle fibres in chitons. Nerve processes associated with glio-interstitial cells and cell processes, run free in the matrix. Synapses in type 1 fibres are covered with glio-interstitial cell processes, lacking in type 2 muscle fibres synapses.
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    Zoomorphology 97 (1981), S. 247-261 
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    Notes: Summary Dart formation in Helix aspersa has been investigated by SEM of isolated darts at progressive stages in their development, and by histology of dart sacs at the same times. Dart formation begins at the tip of a tubercle where a small group of epithelial cells secrete an organic material filling a small CaCO3 cone that is the first mineralized part of the shaft. Subsequent secretory activity by an increasing area of the tubercle epithelium results in an increase in the diameter and anterior lengthening of the shaft. Continued secretion by the tubercle and dart sac epithelium produces the flare and finally the corona. A pattern of deposition is also evident in the fine structure of the mineral. In the shaft and vanes there is an inner layer of spherulitic prismatic structure which is covered by a layer of irregular patches of simple prismatic structure. The outermost layer of the shaft and vanes has a continuous simple prismatic structure. Two layers are present in the flare, an inner granular amorphous layer and an outer spherulitic prismatic layer. The corona consists of a single rarefied prismatic layer. A mechanism of dart formation is suggested that involves two types of organic matrix, calcifying and non-calcifying. Measurements of the calcium content of darts, dart sacs, and collars indicate that the hemolymph is the probable source of calcium for the dart.
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    Zoomorphology 97 (1981), S. 263-284 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gemmula-Anlagen des Süßwasserschwamms Ephydatia fluviatilis bestehen aus Archäocyten, Trophocyten und Spongioblasten. Beschalte Gemmulae enthalten ausschließlich mit Reservestoffen gefüllte Archäocyten, die vor Fertigstellung der Gemmula-Schale zweikernig werden. Die drei lichtmikroskopisch erkennbaren Schichten der Gemmula-Schale, nämlich die Innen-, die Vakuolen- und die Außenschicht, werden nach einem zur Schwammbasis hin gerichteten Gradienten von einem hochprismatischen Spongioblasten-Epithel sezerniert. Alle Anzeichen sprechen dafür, daß es sich bei diesen Spongioblasten um temporär modifizierte Exopinacocyten handelt. Zu Beginn der Schalenbildung übernimmt ein Verband von flachen Archäocyten an der Peripherie des inneren Zellenkomplexes die Funktion der Formgebung für die entstehende Schale. Diese Zellen sezernieren in Richtung des Spongioblasten-Epithels eine nur elektronenmikroskopisch erkennbare, innere Begrenzungsschicht der Gemmula-Schale. Die in der Gemmula-Schale enthaltenen Mirkroskleren (Amphidisken) werden jeweils in einem Amphidiskoblasten im Mesenchym fertiggestellt und, nachdem Begleitzellen Kontakt zu dem Amphidiskoblasten aufgenommen haben, in das Spongioblasten-Epithel einer Gemmula-Anlage transportiert. Dort wird die Nadel aus dem Zellenkomplex freigesetzt und in die Schale eingebaut. Die Verschlußmembran im Keimporus (Mikropyle) der Gemmula-Schale wird von einer Gruppe modifizierter Spongioblasten (Mikropylen-Spongioblasten) sezerniert. Sie besteht aus der regulären, nur elektronenmikroskopisch erkennbaren, inneren Begrenzungsschicht und zwei weiteren Schichten, die mit keiner Schicht der eigentlichen Gemmula-Schale identisch sind. Die Spongioblasten flachen sich gegen Ende der Schalenbildung zu einem dauerhaften Plattenepithel ab, das auf die Oberfläche der fertigen Gemmula eine dünne Sponginhülle sezerniert.
    Notes: Summary Primordial gemmules in the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis consist of archaeocytes, trophocytes, and spongioblasts. Once the shell has been completed the gemmules contain only archaeocytes filled with food reserves; they become binucleate before completion of the shell. The three layers of the gemmule shell discernible in the light microscope — the inner, vacuolar, and outer layers — are secreted by a highly prismatic spongioblast epithelium along a gradient from the apex to the base of the sponge. All the evidence indicates that these spongioblasts are temporarily modified exopinacocytes. Shell formation is initiated when a group of flat archaeocytes at the periphery of the inner cell complex assumes the function of establishing the shape of the shell. That is, they secrete toward the spongioblast epithelium a boundary layer, detectable only electron microscopically, that marks the inner surface of the shell. Each of the microscleres (amphidisks) in the gemmule shell is formed within an amphidiskoblast in the mesenchyme; when auxiliary cells have contacted the amphidiskoblast, they move together to the spongioblast epithelium in a region of the shell. There the spicule is released from the cell complex and incorporated into the shell. The membrane that closes the pore (micropyle) of the gemmule shell is secreted by a group of modified spongioblasts (micropyle spongioblasts). It consists of a continuation of the inner boundary layer lining the shell itself, detectable only electron microscopically, plus two other layers not identical with any layer of the shell. Toward the end of shell formation the spongioblasts flatten, creating a permanent pavement epithelium that secretes a thin envelope of spongin over the surface of the completed gemmule.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 179-188 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Orifice flow and drag theory are found theoretically to be generally inapplicable to axial gas flow through conifer wood under the conditions normally used for gas permeability studies of the material. However, orifice flow theory might be applicable at higher mean pressures or at higher applied pressure drops. Methods of testing this possibility experimentally are discussed.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 227-235 
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    Notes: Summary The maximum torsional-shear stress of 5 softwoods and 4 hardwoods were tested in the radial and tangential planes. These tests were carried out in glycerin which was preheated to different temperatures between 22°C and 150°C, inclusively. The dense hardwoods possess 2.4 times higher shear stress than softwoods at 22°C. However, at elevated temperatures, the same degree of shear stress reduction (77 %) is obtained for hardwoods and softwoods in both radial and tangential failure. Thus, the reduction in shear stress is independent of physical and structural wood variables.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 236-236 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 237-249 
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    Notes: Summary Past research on the combustion and pyrolysis of wood have often indicated a link between wood microstructure and its observed properties in fire exposure. The present research, after utilizing an instrumented fire exposure shown to simulate actual fire conditions, examines the microstructure of fire damaged wood and considers the implications of microstructural changes seen on the burning process. Differences in microstructural detail between wood and char, as well as fissure geometry, were shown to be consistent. The demarcation between damaged and undamaged wood was shown to be extremely small (several cell layers in thickness). The resulting microstructural observations are considered in light of published kinetic data on wood combustion and current theories and data on thermal degradation of wood.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 275-286 
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    Notes: Summary Radial pattern of variation in the first-formed earlywood tracheid length in blue pine shows that it increases outwards from the pith at first rapidly up to the 10th ring, then more slowly up to about the 40th ring and thereafter it remains more or less constant. It is correlated significantly and positively with both age and distance from the pith up to 40 years. In the mature wood zone i.e. after 40 years, tracheid length is not affected by either age or distance from the pith. The mean tracheid length of mature wood is significantly and positively correlated with the mean tracheid length of juvenile wood and also with the tracheid length of each of the juvenile wood rings. Based on the results of this study some guidelines for sampling are proposed. Trees with greater than 51 cm d.b.h. or above 40 years of age can be compared by sampling only four outermost consecutive mature wood annual rings; and those with less than 51 cm d.b.h. or below 40 years of age can be compared by sampling any of the juvenile wood rings.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 287-300 
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    Notes: Summary Crosslinking of wood with gaseous formaldehyde improves its hygroscopic and dimensional behaviour and its resistance against microorganisms. However, this formaldehyde crosslinking reaction takes place only in the presence of an acid catalyst, which results in losses in mechanical strength. Electron microscopic analysis of poplar samples treated under various conditions of reaction revealed severe degradation of cell wall substances. The formaldehyde gaseous nonomer is shown to have some hydrolytic action on cellular structure. Sulphur dioxide and particularly hydrochloric acid used as catalysts caused substantial extraction of matrix substances from fibre walls. Walls of vessels and ray parenchyma cells seemed to become less degraded. Strong exposure of cellulose fibrils during formaldehyde crosslinking reactions, illustrated by highly electron transparent zones in the S1 and inner S2 layers, occurred for both the SO2 and HCl catalyzed treatments. In general a more extensive degradation was observed for the formaldehyde-hydrochloric acid reaction and for the formaldehyde sulfur dioxide treatments using a high acid concentration. From these observations it might be concluded that the reduced mechanical strength of formaldehyde-treated woods are partially based on the hydrolysis of the carbohydrate backbone of the cell wall.
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 311-316 
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    Notes: Summary The structure of the non-cyclic benzyl aryl (α-0-4) ethers 4 and 5, proposed by Freudenberg and Friedmann (1960) and recently boubted by Leary (1980), is discussed on the basis of previously published experimental results. Further evidence in favor of the occurrence of non-cyclic α-0-4 bonds in lignin is provided. A critical comment is, however, given on the formation of non-cyclic α-0-γ bonds in lignin according to Leary (1980).
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 39-54 
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    Notes: Summary The viscoelastic deflection resulting from load increasing continuously from 30% stress level (linear range) to 60% stress level (non-linear range), i.e., within the proportional limit was measured over a period of 10 h. The experimental deflection could be predicted by a numerical method using model element constants which were an experimentally determined function of stress level. An 8-element model consisting of a Maxwell model and three Voigt models in series was used. The upper limit of stress level where a linear relation between creep strain and stress holds ranged from about 35% to 40%. Calculated deflections agreed well with experimental deflections.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 75-77 
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    Notes: Summary Two equations are derived to describe the nonisothermal unsteady-state diffusion of moisture in one direction in parallel-sided bodies. One equation is based upon a gradient of activated moisture molecules and the other on a gradient of chemical potential.
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 69-73 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A coarse thermomechanical Asplund pulp was prepared from Norway spruce (Picea abies). The pulp was delignified to different degrees using acidified sodium chlorite. The swelling behavior (measured as water retention value=WRV) of the resulting pulps was studied under various chemical conditions (pH and conc. of NaCl). It is shown that chlorite-delignified pulps have an appreciable polyelectrolytic character. Whereas the WRV of an Asplund pulp does not respond to changes in the chemical environment, the delignified pulp has a WRV of 155 at pH 3 and 250 at pH 9. Compared under the same chemical conditions, the WRV increases with increasing degree of delignification (〈70%) and is approximately constant at high degrees of delignification (〉70%).
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  • 90
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Morphactin IT3456, applied in a 2–3 cm band around the middle portion of 2- or 3-year-old internodes of artificially inclined 5-year-old Japanese larches, induced compression wood formation on both the upper and the lower sides of the inclined stem above the treated region, while it inhibited compression wood formation below this region. These results seem to suggest that a high concentration ratio of endogenous auxin to sugar (auxin/sugar) in the differentiating xylem tissue is necessary and sufficient for compression wood formation, and that compression wood formation under natural conditions requires polar transport of auxin which supplies and maintains high concentration of auxin along the undeside of the stem.
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  • 91
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The autoxidation kinetics of vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde) have been investigated in aqueous media between pH 5.0 and 13.5. The results obtained clearly show two distinct reaction mechanisms are operative. At pH 7.3 the reaction orders with respect to vanillin concentration and oxygen partial pressure are 1.50 and 0.5 respectively, indicative of a free-radical chain process. A bimolecular ionic pathway is indicated at pH 11.0 and above since the reaction orders with respect to both vanillin and oxygen are 1.00. The formation of a hydroperoxide intermediate is believed to be the first step in both pathways. The energy of activation was found to be 14.2 kcal/mole at pH 7.3 and 13.6 kcal/mole at pH 11.0.
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  • 92
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The high potential of marketing dry wood encourages the study of the possibility to kiln dry green hardwood. Description of the technical details of three drying processes and their differences are discussed. One of the processes is recently developed, and is called “Continuously Varying Schedule”. Three drying tests were carried out using each process to dry green 100×50 mm quarter and back sawn Eucalyptus laevopinea and E. agglomerata. The Continuously Varying Schedule and the Continuously Rising Temperature processes reduced the drying time to one third that of the Conventional process. Recovery in volumetric shrinkage for samples dried by the Continuously Varying Schedule was not significantly different from those dried by the conventional Schedule, but different at the 5% confidence level from those dried by the Continuously Rising Temperature.
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  • 93
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Some aspects of sulphur-free soda pulping with anthraquinone (AQ) additions and chlorine-free bleaching with oxygen-based treatments were investigated with the aim of producing bleached softwood pulp with kraft-like strength properties. The extent of soda-AQ pulping was studied by pulping to 32, 42 and 68 Kappa number. After oxygen delignification to 10, 15 and 20 Kappa number respectively, the extent of bleaching with ozone, alkali extraction, and hydrogen peroxide treatments (ZEP sequence) was studied. For comparison, oxygen delignified pulps were conventionally bleached with a sequential chlorine/chlorine dioxide, alkali extraction, and chlorine dioxide (D/CED) sequence. A reference kraft pulp at 45 Kappa number was similarly oxygen delignified and bleached. Kraft-like strength properties (as measured by tear/burst relationships) were attainable if soda-AQ pulping was terminated at high Kappa number and was followed by oxygen delignification and D/CED bleaching. This pulp had a 3% (on wood) higher total yield and consumed less active alkali (2.0% as Na2O) than the bleached reference kraft pulp. Soda-AQ pulping followed by oxygen delignification and ZEP bleaching produced pulp with strength properties that were at least 25% less than those of the reference kraft pulp after oxygen delignification and conventional bleaching with chlorine-based treatments. Although the combination soda-AQ pulping to low Kappa number and extended oxygen delignification adversely affected pulp strength properties, it was ZEP bleaching and ozone treatments in particular, which caused the majority of the strength loss.
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  • 94
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 95
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 165-165 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 96
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 194-194 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 97
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The permeability to water of the cell wall has been measured by applying a known osmotic pressure generated by PEG 6000 across wood samples containing water-swollen cell walls. In pine the void space was filled with silicone resin with the wood at near fibre saturation point. Permeability kx1021 as defined by the Darcy equation was 37.9 m2 for longitudinal flow and 0.96 m2 for tangential flow. Tangential permeability was also measured using water-saturated samples of spruce and lime, and allowance was made for the very high permeability of the water-filled cell cavities. The results were in satisfactory agreement with values obtained previously using wood filled with wax or resin. The variation of tangential permeability with temperature was measured over the range 10–55°C for pine and lime. The activation energy for flow through the cell wall was 6.8 kcal/mole for pine and 5.3 kcal/mole for lime. These values are much higher than the activation energy for viscous flow of water, presumably owing to hydrogen bonding of the water to the cell wall material.
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  • 98
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Viscoelastic bending loads resulting from prescribed deflections increasing continuously or stepwise from 0, 20, or 30% initial stress level (linear range) to 55 or 65% final stress level (non-linear range), i.e., within the proportional limit, were measured over a period of 10 h. Loads could be predicted by a numerical method using model element constants which were an experimentally determined function of deflection. An 8-element model consisting of a Maxwell model and three Voigt models in series was used. The upper limit of stress level where linear relation between creep strain and stress holds ranged from about 35 to 45%. Calculated load changes agreed well with experimental load changes.
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  • 99
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 227-240 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Round wood wafers, 4 mm thick along the grain and 2 cm in cross-sectional diameter, of green basswood (Tilia americana L.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), were dried to equilibrium in air of 77% relative humidity and 25°C. Weight, and radial and tangential dimensions were recorded during the drying using a mean air velocity of 212 feet/minute. Two drying stages were observed, a constant rate period during the early stages, followed by a falling rate period. The convective heat transfer coefficient h calculated from the constant drying rate period and based on an energy — mass balance equation was about 6.1×10-4 cal/cm2-sec-C° (4.5 BTU/ft2-hour-F°). It was independent of wood species and was within the range found by other workers. The calculated emission coefficient σ ranged from 0.50 to 0.58×10-4 cm/s. From the dimensional change measurements, it was noted that radial shrinkage began later than tangential shrinkage in each specimen tested. This may be due to structural differences between ray and longitudinal tissues.
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  • 100
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    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 279-286 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Inherent in most simulation processes is a mechanism to sample from known probability distributions. This is most often accomplished with the aid of pseudo-random generation systems. Though, these generators produce sets of numbers which are usually statistically indistinguishable from a uniform distribution, the actual distribution of any individual one of these data sets exhibit peaks and valleys which, when used in simulations, somewhat misrepresent the desired probability distribution. A stratified approach to fulldistribution sampling is presented which represents a marked improvement over random number generated sampling in certain types of simulation procedures.
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