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  • Articles  (12,326)
  • 1980-1984  (12,326)
  • 1980  (12,326)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (10,760)
  • Sociology  (1,566)
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  • Articles  (12,326)
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  • 1980-1984  (12,326)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 77-102 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 2
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 181-222 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 3
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 223-236 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 4
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 237-269 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 271-301 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 389-433 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 335-363 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 8
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 365-387 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 9
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 435-476 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 10
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 45-76 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 11
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 139-158 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 12
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 303-334 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 13
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 14
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 11-43 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 15
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 103-138 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 16
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 159-180 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 19
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Ahmad Jaleel: Import Substitution, Trade and Development.Berendsen B. S. M.: Regional Models of Trade and Development.Binswanger Hans P., Ruttan Vernon W., and others: Induced Innovation.Arndt Helmut: Irrwege der Politischen Ökonomie.Barry Thomas and Deaton David: Labour Shortage and Economic Analysis.BÉziade Monique: La monnaie.Coulbois Paul: Finance Internationale.Deiss Joseph: Monnaie et Prix internationaux.Brooks John and Evans Robert W.: Macroeconomic Policy in Theory and Practice.Cook S. T. and Jackson P. M. (Eds.): Current Issues in Fiscal Policy.Eckstein Otto: The Great Recession.Fraenkel Gioachino: Elementi di teoria e di politica monetaria.Freeman A. Myrick, III: The Benefits of Environmental Improvement.Guindey Guillaume: Mythes et Réaltiés de la Crise Monétaire Internationale.Hazari Bharat R.: The Pure Theory of International Trade and Distortions.Hettlage Robert: Genossenschaftstheorie und Partizipationsdiskussion.Hicks John: Economic Perspectives.Johansen Leif: Lectures on Macroeconomic Planning.Major Robin (Ed.): Britain's Trade and Exchange-Rate Policy.Passet RenÉ: L'économique et le vivant.Roll Eric (Ed.): The Uses and Abuses of EconomicsRostow W. W.: Getting from Here to There.Teighmann Ulrich: Wirtschaftspolitik.Vane Howard R. and Thompson John L.: Monetarism.Williams Ph. L.: The Emergence of the Theory of the Firm.Woll Artur (Hrsg.): Inflation.
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  • 20
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: An otherwise conventional Keynesian macro model is modified to include inventories of final goods by (1) drawing a distinction between production and final sales, and (2) allowing for a negative effect of the level of inventories on production. Two models are presented: one in which the labor market clears and one in which it does not. Both models are stable only if the negative effect of inventories on production is ‘large enough’. Both models also imply that real wages move procyclically - in direct contrast to the usual implication of Keynesian models. Detailed analysis of the market-clearing model shows that there should be negative correlation between the levels of inventories and output, and between changes in inventories and changes in output, over the business cycle. However, inventory change should be positively correlated with the level of output.
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  • 21
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the effects of rising oil prices and dependence upon imported oil on inflation. For the United States, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Australia, it is found that the price of imported oil is a significant cause of inflation. Dependence upon imported oil also is an important cause of inflation in Japan, the United States, and West Germany.
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  • 22
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 23
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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  • 24
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Für drei zentrale Ansätze der ökonomischen Theorie, den der walrasianischen Gleichgewichtstheorie, den der walrasianischen Unglcichgewichtstheorie und den der Neuen Mikroökonomie, werden die Komponenten der disziplinären Matrix, wie sie in dem von T. S. KUHN entwickelten wissenschaftstheoretischen Raster definiert sind, identifiziert. Ein exakter Vergleich dieser einzelnen Komponenten (das heisst der symbolischen Verallgemeinerungen, der metaphysischen Bestandteile, der Wertvorstellungen und der Beispiele) zeigt, dass sie sich so grundsatzlich unterscheiden, dass man von drei verschiedenen Paradigmata sprechen muss. In KuHNscher Terminologie zeichnen sich die Wirtschaftswissenschaften also (noch?) aus durch verschiedene Schulen, wie dies charakteristisch ist fur eine relativ friihe Phase der wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SUMMARYFor three central branches of economic theory, the walrasian equilibrium theory, the walrasian disequilibrium theory and the New Microeconomics, the components of the disciplinary matrix, as they have been defined by the epistemological screen developed hy T. S. KUHN, are identified. An exact comparison of these specific components (i.e. the symbolic generalizations, the metaphysicaI parts, the values and the exemplars) shows that they differ so fundamentally that we must speak of three different paradigms. In KuHNian terminology, economics (still?) is featured by distinct schools, as it is characteristic for a relatively early staze of scientific development.
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  • 25
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 26
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Allen T. Harrell: New Methods in Social Science Research.Bawa Vijay S., Brown Stephen J., and Klein Roger W.: Estimation Risk and Optimal Portfolio Choice.Bigksler James L. (Ed.): Handbook of Financial Economics.BlÜmle Gerold: Wirtschaftskreislauf, Beschäftigung und Inflation.Buomberger Peter : Theorie und Strategic der Geldpolitik in einer kleinen offenen Volkswirtschaft.Cipolla C. M. und Borchardt K. (Hrsg.): Sechzehntes und Siebzehnles Jahrhundert.CsikÓs-Nagy B.: Towards a New Price Revolution.Fine Ben and Harris Laurence: Rereading Marx.Hey John D.: Uncertainty in Microeconomics.Hunt E. K.: History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective.Lavigne Marie: Les relations économiquesMÜller JÜrgen und Vogelsang Ingo: Staatliche Regulierung.Mulvey Charles : The Economic Analysis of Trade Unions.Negishi Takashi : Microeconornic Foundations of Keynesian Macroeconomics.Paul Ellen Frankelm:Mo ral Revolution and Economic Science.Sargent Thomas J.: Macroeconomic Theory.SchÖnbÄck Wilfried : Subjektive Unsicherheit als Gegenstand staatlicher Intervention.Schrenk Martin, Ardalan Cyrus, and EL Tataway NawaL A.: Yugoslavia—Self-Management Socialism and the Challenge of Development.Siebert Horst: Ökonomische Theorie der Umwelt.Spatz Heinrich: Die Allgemeine Gleichgewichtstheorie.Whynes David K.: The Economics of Third World Military Expenditure.Wolfson Dirk J.: Public Finance and Development Strategy.
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  • 27
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper is a survey of the most important contributions to the development of a theory of ‘long waves’ in capitalist development. From the early forerunners of the discussion, via Kondratieff and Schumpeter, to the economists of today, the debate on the long-wave phenomenon is being surveyed and assessed. The result is rather negative. No one has been able to empirically verify the existence of the long waves. Secular wave-like fluctuations in prices and certain related time series have been found - but these are quite compatible with explanations based exclusively on exogenous factors. In physical time series of production or other time series that are not directly correlated with prices, there has been no evidence of long waves. Nor has anyone been able to give a satisfying explanation of why the secular rate of growth or level of economic activity would fluctuate in a self-generating cyclical pattern. Therefore, we must draw the conclusion that those turning-points and successive trend periods which undeniably exist in the development of capitalism cannot be regarded as manifestations of some kind of long wave or cycle; instead, they are specific, historical occurrences, each one characterized by its own specific features. The task of the social scientist is, thus, to study the actual historical dynamics of the economic system - without trying to squeeze it into a general pattern of secular cyclical swings.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The starting point is the model of individual behaviour used by modern economic theory. The individualistically oriented branch of modern sociological theory is based on the same behavioural model, but stresses different aspects than economic theory does. While economic theory holds preferences constant and investigates how changes in the restrictions placed on individuals produce changes in their behaviour, sociological theory investigates how different social conditions give rise to different preferences (‘attitudes’) which then result in different ways of behaving. The theory of voting behaviour is given as an example to show how economic and sociological theory can gain from supplement each other. While sociological theory explains mainly long-term developments in voting behaviour as reactions to long-term changes in the society's basic social structure, economic theory mainly explains short-term variations in voting behaviour resulting from changes in economic and political factors. We conclude by discussing some misunderstandings held by sociologists concerning the economic approach. It is shown that once these misunderstandings are cleared up, economics not only can learn from sociology, but sociology can learn from economics as well.
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  • 29
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the Friedman-Phelps‘expectational (dis)equilibrium’ and the Clower-Leijonhufvud‘non-market-clearing’ paradigms as alternative disequilibrium theories, and draws their respective policy implications. Then, these paradigms are taken as complementary to each other, as containing necessary ingredients for a synthetic disequilibrium theory, whose policy implications can only tentatively be explored. A general disequilibrium theory is founded on the notion of ‘disequilibrium consciousness’ and on a detailed characterization of ‘conjectural’ price and/or quantity responses to non-market-clearing, whose quasi-equilibrium outcome is conditioned by both expectations and the intra-market spillover effect.
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  • 30
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper identifies the disturbances in the balance of payments of the non-oil less developed countries responsible for the rapid growth in their external debt between 1972 and 1977. It also examines prospects for the future. It finds that the sharp growth in the current account deficits in the years 1974 and 1975 was due primarily to adverse movements in the terms of trade. But trade terms were reversed in 1976 and 1977 and the deficit was reduced. Still overall inflation, slow export growth, and large interest payments kept the deficit substantially above the 1972 and earlier levels. In part II the paper examines how the debt to GNP ratio of the LDC's could be affected by four factors: export growth, changes in real interest rates, terms of trade, and credit rationing. A model is developed which shows that certain combinations of the four factors could lead to rapid accumulation of debt relative to GNP.
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  • 31
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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  • 32
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Everyday, in real life, the past is irrevocable and the future predicted with a margin of uncertainty. In a theoretical model, time can be frozen but it is a common error to confuse a comparison of static positions with a movement between them. E. H. Carr claims that historians and natural scientist are alike in having given up the search for grand ‘laws’ and are now content to try to learn ‘how things happen’. To improve the status of economics it is necessary to get rid of logical contradictions, which involves eliminating the concept of static equilibrium; to guard against conception by ideological prejudice and to use the study of history, as it unfolds, to check up on the hypotheses that theory suggests.
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  • 33
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper considers one aspect of the potential conflict between efficiency and politics. It analyzes the conditions under which a reelection-seeking politician will find it in his interest to make efficient choices. The paper first presents a very unrealistic model in which there is no conflict between efficiency and the objectives of the government's chief executive. Under the more realistic assumptions developed in the rest of the paper, the politician can no longer be expected to be efficient. Even with no interjurisdictional spillovers and a single budget category, inefficiency arises from the basic political incentives generated by democratic institutions. There are two fundamental sources of inefficiency. First, the service may not be a pure public good so that particular individuals or firms may be favored more than others. The incumbent can then use state resources to maximize his probability of reelection at the expense of efficient tax and spending choices. Second, voters may have poor information about what the government is doing. The incumbent may then choose especially obvious ways of spending money or skew public decisions to favor campaign contributors.
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Let consumers decide whether the public sector shall be extended by progressive taxation or by fees. A majority for the fee case will be found (a) if tax financed public supply deviates from the allocative optimum to a too high extent; especially in case of public oversupply; (b) if the preferences for the public supply and thus the sensitivity to allocational questions increase. This may lead to a dilemma for Social democratic parties that influence their voters in favour of increasing preferences for public supply and may loose the majority in favour of further redistributive policy; (c) if the voters believe that there is already too much redistribution. In such a case the majority is more sensitive with respect to further redistribution and with respect to deviations from the allocative optimum. (If on the other hand the present situation of the public sector is characterized by a too high deviation from the allocative optimum the majority is more sensitive with respect to further deviations from the allocative optimum only; not with respect to further redistribution! This is an interesting asymmetry between allocation and distribution as far as the extension of the public sector is concerned.)
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    Notes: Arrow Kenneth J. and Hurwigz Leonid (Eds.): Studies in Resource Allocation Processes.Dornbusch Rudiger and Frenkel Jacob A. (Eds.): International Economic Policy - Theory and Evidence.Dubbelman G.: Disturbances in the linear model, estimation and hypothesis testing.DÜrr Ernst (Hrsg.): Wachstumstheorie.Hutchison T. W.: On Revolutions and Progress in Economic Knowledge.Johnson Elizabeth S. and Johnson Harry G.: The Shadow of Keynes: Understanding Keynes, Cambridge and Keynesian Economics.Kreuzer Arthur: Jugend - Rauschdrogen - Kriminalität.Kuyvenhoven Arie : Planning with the semi-input-output method.Lampert Heinz (Hrsg.): Arbeitsmarktpolitik.Lipp Ernst-Moritz : Parallelwährung für Europa.Miller Ervin with Lonie Alasdair : Microeconomic Effects of Monetary Policy.Mitchell Bridger M., Manning Willard G., Jr., and Acton Jan Paul: Peak-Load Pricing.MÜller Johann Baptist : Liberalismus und Demokratie.Oates W. E. (Ed.): The Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism.Pearson Charles (Hauptverfasser) und Pryor Anthony : Environment: North and South.Ribhegge Hermann: Rationale Einkommenspolitik aus der Sicht der Neuen Politischen Ökonomie.Roncaglia Alessandro : Sraffa and the Theory of Prices.Rose-Ackerman Susan: Corruption.Sahlins Marshall : The Use and Abuse of Biology - An Anthropological Critique of Sociobiology.Spengler Joseph J.: Facing Zero Population Growth: Reactions and Interpretations, Past and Present.Streit Max : Ökonomische Modelle für Ausbildung und Arbeitsmarkt.Thomson J. Michael: Grundlagen der Verkehrspolitik.
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Assuming a radicalized Weberian position, religious beliefs and their structuring dogmas are construed as independent variables. Within that frame Calvinism (Puritanism) is ‘ideal-typically’ compared with Catholicism, sketchily also with Lutheranism and Marxism. The dependent variables arc productivity, propensity to save and invest, a profit-making and calculating orientation, the perceived legitimacy of manipulating consumer choices. Though there are references to other national cultures the principal target is the American economy; its meteoric rise to wealth and economic predominance. Applying Weber's hypothesis as to the invariable bureaucratization of charismatic systems to the decreasing rate of economic progress of the American and other calvinistically influenced economies some macro- and micro problems are singled out for further analysis.
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This study represents an econometric investigation into the role played by exports in the process of economic development of the major oil producers in North Africa and the Middle-East over the past two decades. Single as well as simultaneous equation models were tested using aggregate and disaggregate data. Aggregate real analysis suggests that there is little evidence of spread effects of oil exports to the rest of the economy. Sectoral analysis indicates that the expansion in oil exports was not fully exploited in stimulating the manufacturing sector. Aggregate and disaggregate investment analysis clearly suggests that gross fixed capital formation, limited as may be, is extremely sensitive to growth in oil exports in all countries considered with the exception of Kuwait and Libya. The statistical results of the simultaneous relationships suggest the absence of feedback effects.
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    Notes: Armstrong Harvey and Taylor Jim : Regional Economic Policy and its Analysis.Benett R. J., Martin R. L., and Thrift N. J. (Eds.): Towards the Dynamic Analysis of Spatial Systems.Fujita Masahisa: Spatial Development Planning.Maclennan Duncan and Parr John B. (Eds.): Regional Policy.Sulzer JÜrg: Stadtentwicklung: Koordination von Raum- und Investitionsplanung.Backhaus JÜrgen, Eger Thomas und Nutzinger Hans G. (Hrsg.): Partizipation in Betrieb und Gesellschaft.Destler, I. M., Haruhiro Fukui, and Hideo Sato: The Textile Wrangle - Conflict in Japanese American Relations, 1969-1971.Hanabusa Masamichi: Trade Problems between Japan and Western Europe.Young Alexander K.: The Sogo Shosha: Japan's Multinational Trading Companies.Dreyer Jacob S., Haberler Gottfried, and Willett Thomas D. (Eds.): Exchange Rate Flexibility.Horowitz Irving Louis (Ed.): Equity, Income, and Policy.James D. E., Jansen H. M. A., and Opschoor, J. B.: Economic Approaches to Environmental Problems.James Simon and Nobes Christopher: The Economics of Taxation. Workbook for The Economics of Taxation.Janssen Martin und Hummler Konrad : Bundesverfassung und Verfassungsentwurf:Krauss Melvyn B.: A Geometric Approach to International Trade.Mayrzedt Hans: Multilaterale Wirtschaftsdiplomatie zwischm westlichen Industriestaaten.Nowotny Ewald (Hrsg.): Öffentliche Verschuldung.Ordeshook Peter G.: Game Theory and Political Science.Pejovich Svetozar (Ed.): The Codetermination Movement in the West.Pekkarinen Jukka: On the Generality of Keynesian Economics.Riechel Klaus-Walter: Economic Effects of Exchange-Rate Changes.Robinson Austin (Ed.): Appropriate Technologiesfor Third World Development.Schwarz Peter : Morphologie von Kooperationen und Verbänden.Smith V. Kerry (Ed.) Scarcity and Growth Reconsidered.Throsby C. D. and Withers G. A.: The Economics of the Performing Arts.Trzeciakowski Witold: Indirect Management in a Centrally Planned Economy.Ward Benjamin: The Ideal Worlds of Economics.Weise Peteret al.: Neue Mikroökonomie.Willke Gerhard: Globalsteuerung und gespaltene Konjunktur.Wong Stanley : The Foundations of Paul Samuelson's Revealed Preference Theory.
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Interindustrial wage differences in West Germany are explained by trade unions’ pressure (unionism, strike intensity), sellers’ market power (concentration, profits, vertical integration, cartels, and international trade), and fluctuations among labour force. The inverse relationship between concentration and wages can, theoretically, be traced back to monopoly and it is suggested that concentration should primarily be considered as an indicator of monopoly power. Vertical integration of successive stages of production within a single firm appears to entail efficiency gains on balance whereas in the case of cartels of the kind permitted in West Germany, monopolizing and efficiency raising effects appear to just cancel.
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Notes: In recent years female participation rates in the labour force have increased considerably in most developed countries. This is partly due to generally changed attitudes among women, partly to changing proportions among women with different attitudes towards labour force participation. The article focuses on this latter idea and tries to present a typology of different groups and their ‘typical’ labour supply attitudes. Using the traditional model of choice between (paid) working time and ‘leisure’ (including unpaid work) some typical attitudes are illustrated for single women (primary workers), married women with children, the ‘target-oriented’ additional worker, and the ‘emancipated’ woman. Certain conclusions are drawn under the additional assumptions that working hours cannot be freely chosen and that (desired) part-time work or overtime may not be available.
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper reports on technical studies of the determinants of inflation which were undertaken for the seven major industrial countries and Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland in two distinct expectational frameworks. Both are designed to account for the empirical fact that changes in the rate of growth of the money supply (M2) affect both actual and expected inflation with a lag distributed over several years. It is found that M2 velocity is strongly procyclical. Furthermore, the underlying course of inflation since 1960 was influenced not only by money supply growth, but also by the changed longrun behavior of velocity and potential output imparting additional inflationary bias in most countries.
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    Notes: This study develops and empirically tests a ‘scenario’ describing the evolution of a typical American multinational manufacturing corporation's (AMMC's) foreign research and development (R & D) activity. It finds that international differences in R & D factor costs probably have very little effect on R & D location decisions. The critical variables appear instead to be less traditional things like the time elapsed since the AMMC first engaged in foreign production. That such variables were discovered and emphasized in the study is a result of the ‘satisficing’ approach adopted in its ‘scenario’. In vindicating that approach, the paper's findings also show the need for economic theorizing to take explicit account of the fact that information costs something to obtain and to use.
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    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Notes: Three alternative definitions of equity are presented, which coincide under special conditions only. The author prefers the definition that equity means equality of welfare. This presupposes measurability of welfare (or utility). Two methods of measurement are discussed, called revealed or indirect and direct measurement. Concrete applications of both are shown, together with their shortcomings. In both cases equitable distribution is found to be less unequal than actual distribution in the Netherlands. Further research needed, on additional relevant determinants of utility and on learnability of some capabilities are formulated.
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    Notes: Convexity constraints create problems in the theory of public goods that need not arise in the theory of private goods. This paper discusses these problems, which have not been fully recognized in the standard literature. The dimensionality of public goods becomes critical. A distinction must be made between consumption units, that enter as arguments in utility functions, and production units, which enter production functions, and which are directly purchased by the demanders. Standard convexity properties defined on consumption units need not imply convexity properties on production units, given standard properties of utility and production functions. The ambiguities are clarified by reference to the orthodox literature in public goods theory.
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    Notes: The authors empirically and extensively analyse the budget incidence for the FRG (1969). They pursue four aims: Based on a realistic (theoretical) concept, also showing the limitations of the analysis they determine (1) the overall redistribu-tional effects of the budget to be 20.2|X%, measured by the difference between the Gini-coefficients under realistic assumptions, (2) the process of redistribution in the form of a sequence analysis, which proves that direct and indirect revenue compensate each other and that only government expenditure has an overall effect on redistribution, (3) extreme values (spans) of the budget incidence with the help of a sensitivity analysis of alternative hypotheses on the shifting of taxation, and these differ only by |Mp 3-4|X% compared with a middle variant, (4) modifications by the integration of the Aaron-McGuire concept concerning pure public goods, which correspondingly widen the span depending on alternative marginal rates of substitution between public and private goods. The open and realistic concept enables the inclusion of other theoretical procedures and methods and the critical comparison of the results. Political conclusions are not drawn, but some of the limitations of redistribution are revealed.
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    Notes: The effects of individual economic incentives are modified by social interactions among cooperating members of an organization such as the firm. An economic theory of such interaction, based on individual rationality or utility maximization, is briefly outlined, and various hypotheses on the effects of profit-sharing, piece-rates, and employee participation in decision-making are derived. These hypotheses are tested on data collected from smaller West German firms with various participation and profit-sharing schemes, independent of legal co-determination requirements. The predicted positive effect of participation, and of profit-sharing combined with participation on productivity is confirmed, in contrast to received theory.
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    Notes: This paper analyzes allocations of agricultural extension services in India in terms of a model of villages as political interest groups. The empirical evidence is viewed in the light of two competing models of the distribution and quantity of public goods: the ‘efficiency’ model of Hayami and Ruttan (1971), and the ‘interest group model’ of the newly developed literature on economic regulation. It is argued that in villages that are relatively remote from competitive markets, large landholders may be able to induce landless farmers to support the provision of extension services, because of the dependence of the landless farmers on the landowners for jobs and credit. In the absence of this ‘dependency structure’, the freerider problem would tend to prevent the village from acting collectively. This hypothesis is supported with evidence that villages with relatively large proportions of landless farmers are more likely to receive extension services, ceteris paribus; this relationship holds only in villages that are relatively far from links to competitive markets. It is also found that more highly educated farmers receive more extension services, despite evidence from previous studies that education and extension are substitutes in agricultural production. These results and other evidence support the interest group model over the efficiency model, which holds that efficiency considerations are the main determinants of government behavior.
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    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 157-228 
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    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 133-155 
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    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 229-259 
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    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 261-285 
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    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 287-309 
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    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 311-362 
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    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 393-425 
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    Annual Review of Materials Research 10 (1980), S. 363-391 
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Impact fatigue tests were carried out using a rotating-disk type impact fatigue testing machine. The influence of prior austenite grain size, ductile-brittle transition temperature and test temperature on impact fatigue crack growth rate was investigated by means of fracture mechanics and fractography in quenched and tempered Cr-Mo alloy steel in which the prior austenite grain size was varied from 8–3 to 25-4 μm. The results in impact fatigue tests were compared to those under non-impact conditions. The crack growth rates associated with striation formation were insensitive to the change in prior austenite grain size, ductile-brittle transition temperature and test temperature regardless of impact and non-impact fatigue. When the material was in the brittle condition, impact fatigue gave rise to a transition from striation formation to intergranular and cleavage cracking. Such a transition will result in the acceleration of crack growth rate. The Paris Law exponent values in impact fatigue were reasonably expressed by the ratio of test temperature to ductile-brittle transition temperature.
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    Notes: Abstract—The detection and measurement of surface microcracks in unnotched specimens are becoming more important, both from the point of view of description of crack growth by linear elastic fracture mechanics and from the classical endurance limit approach. Theoretical analyses of the current distribution in a cylindrical test specimen show promise that the a.c. potential drop method will become more sensitive for surface microcracks when higher current frequencies are applied. This effect was experimentally affirmed during fatigue tests on unnotched cylindrical specimens. With a 40 kHz current frequency semicircular surface microcracks with an area of 0.0066 mm2 (0.05% of the specimen cross-section) were detected. For accurate and reproducible crack growth measurements, a 5 kHz current frequency is preferable.
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    Notes: Abstract—A fully age hardened Al-4%Cu-1%Mg alloy has been subjected to plain-fatigue and fretting-fatigue and the resulting fracture surfaces compared. Crack initiation in the plain-fatigue sample occurred at cracked inter-metallic inclusions and subsequent crack growth was at 90° to the surface. Crack initiation in the fretting-fatigue sample occurred at the edge of wear scar and subsequent crack growth was at 45° to the surface. Measurement of fatigue striation spacing on the fracture surfaces showed that, for the same applied stress, the initial crack propagation rate was an order of magnitude higher in the fretting-fatigue sample. This accelerated crack propagation rate was maintained until the crack reached a depth of 0.5–1.0 mm; thereafter the growth rate was the same as that in the plain-fatigue sample.
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    Notes: Abstract—Ultrasonic bulk measurement technique was used to measure crack closure and a clip-on gage surface measurement technique was used to measure residual displacement at the crack tip of a propagating fatigue crack in 2219 and 7075 aluminum alloys. Experiments were carried out in vacuum, humid air, dry O2 gas, N2 gas, and deuteriated water vapor environments to evaluate effects of environments on residual strain and crack closure loads. It was observed that the closure load detected by ultrasonics decreased with introduction of humidity while the residual strain parameter dincreased with the humidity. The results are modeled as a build-up of oxide layer in addition to strengthening of asperities on the fracture surface. In the light of these observations, the effectiveness of surface and bulk measurements is evaluated. The results demonstrate that surface measurements are not always representative of the bulk behavior and use of such measurements in predictive analysis for fatigue can be misleading.
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    Notes: Abstract— Optical and scanning electron microscopy have revealed the existence of grain boundary cavities in a series of specimens which had been cyclically deformed in the strain range ±0.25% with hold times ranging from 0 to 1000 min. The way in which these defects increase in size and number has been measured and found to correlate with the creep strain accumulated during the hold periods.A further observation is that a critical amount of deformation is required before either fatigue or creep type damage is nucleated. These observations lead to an alternative method to the currently accepted linear damage summation rule for estimating a lower bound of the creep-fatigue endurance.
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    Notes: Abstract—The application of dimensional analysis and similarity methods to the study of the speed of fatigue crack growth is considered. It is shown that the Paris range of the crack propagation diagram is an intermediate-asymptotic stage of the crack growth process. Over this stage the influence of the initial conditions on the process of fatigue crack growth has disappeared but the influence of the instability has not yet intruded. So-called incomplete self-similarity prevails at this stage with respect to a basic similarity parameter, equal to the ratio of the stress intensity factor amplitude to the fracture toughness. It is shown that for a certain material under fixed external loading conditions the exponent in the Paris power law is a universal function of the ratio of specimen thickness to the ultimate size of the cyclic plastic zone. Processing of available experimental data confirmed the results obtained by this approach.
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    Notes: Abstract— Fracture surfaces of both service and laboratory fatigue fractures frequently show dark tongue-shaped marks. In fatigue tests on 7075–T6 specimens such tongues were produced by high peak loads. Measurements indicated that a tongue is not formed during a single burst of crack extension but is the result of a number of successive pop-ins requiring an increasing load. Therefore tongue formation is a quasi-stable phenomenon. The tunnelling fracture in the centre of plate thickness is accompanied by unfailed ligaments at the plate surfaces which reduce the stress intensity at the crack tip. The effect of different material conditions and loading direction on tongue forming was studied. A new model was developed to describe the growth of a tongue. The model was in good agreement with the various test results. The analysis of the problem has some relevance to validity requirements for K1c. A formula pertaining to tongues proposed by Forsyth was slightly modified and found to be approximately correct for the present results.
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A theoretical development based on a simple physical model is proposed to help the designer predict high strain multi-axial fatigue behaviour. This approach hypothesises that the maximum shear strain γ*, on planes driving the crack through the thickness, controls the fatigue crack propagation rate and hence the life. The direct strain δ*n acting normal to the plane of γ* can exert a secondary modifying influence. Experimental results from several research laboratories have been analysed in this manner with some success.
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  • 79
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Strain controlled continuous cycling fatigue tests are reported on three casts of Type 316 steel; the results obtained are shown to be consistent with published data.Strain controlled creep/fatigue tests are reported involving a hold period per cycle of between 0·2 and 168 h on one batch of Type 316 steel. An empirical extrapolation of the data and one involving a linear damage summation suggest that the existing Code Case N47 creep/fatigue design curve and rules are over-conservative. A stress relaxation/fatigue endurance correlation shows some promise for predictive purposes. Although many of the mechanical test and metallurgical features observed are consistent with a fundamental crack growth extrapolation approach, further consideration of detailed aspects are necessary before it can be used with confidence. It is concluded that there are no entirely reliable methods of extrapolation currently available for Type 316 steel and longer term tests are therefore essential to reduce the extrapolation uncertainties.
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  • 80
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack propagation tests were carried out in different environments on 7075–T6 and 2024–T3 centre-cracked sheet specimens. Observations were made on the macroscopic transition from tensile mode to shear mode. The transition is suppressed by an aggressive environment, whereas it is promoted by an inert environment. As a consequence there is no unique correlation between the state of stress and the mode of cracking. Both the state of stress and the environment have a significant effect on the mode of cracking. A simple model for the effect of environment on fatigue crack growth is presented. The implications for crack growth under corrosion fatigue conditions are discussed.
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  • 81
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—Measurement of the energy expended during growth of a fatigue crack in the near threshold region and how it is affected by a water vapor environment is coupled with direct observation of the crack tip to produce a modification of the damage accumulation model for fatigue crack growth which incorporates threshold and environmental effects.
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  • 82
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 83
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 84
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— On the basis of fatigue data derived from a large number of experiments, the load progression methods of Locati and Prot as well as a method operating on a thermometric basis have been comparatively evaluated in an experimental and analytical (statistical) study. The last-named thermo-method can provide useful estimates for a fatigue limit corresponding with ca. 0 to 5% probability of fracture with only 1 to 3 experiments.The Prot-method, set up and evaluated in a certain way, provides a useful estimate of the fatigue limit and, additionally, an approximate indication of the width of the transition range of the corresponding Wöhler-type tests after experiments on not less than about ten specimens.The load progression, contrary to the original Prot-concept, must not necessarily be applied in a continuous mode, but can occur stepwise with increments Δσ smaller than ca. 15 Nm-2.
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  • 85
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Linear-elastic fracture mechanics techniques were used to characterize the effect of temperature on the fatigue-crack propagation behaviour of precipitation heat-treated. Inconel X-750 in an air environment over the temperature range 24 to 649°C. In general, crack growth rates were found to increase with increasing temperature, particularly at the highest test temperature (649°C). The effect of stress ratio on the fatigue-crack growth behaviour of Inconel X-750 was examined at 538°C, and results indicated that the elevated temperature fatigue response of this nickel-base superalloy was relatively insensitive to stress ratio level at the growth rate levels studied. Metallographic and electron fractographic examination of Inconel X-750 fatigue fracture surfaces revealed operative crack growth mechanisms to be a function of temperature and prevailing stress intensity factor. Under room temperature and intermediate temperature conditions (up to 538°C), all fatigue fracture surfaces exhibited a faceted crystallographic morphology at low crack growth rates followed by striations in the higher growth rate regime. At the highest test temperature (649°C), the fatigue crack was found to propagate by an intergranular mechanism.
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  • 86
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this paper the strain distribution and the plastic zone size at a fatigue crack tip are discussed. From this analysis and considering the critical condition for plastic-blunting, a simple analytical formula for calculating the threshold stress intensity range for fatigue crack propagation at R= 0 is proposed. It is found that calculated values are in good agreement with existing experimental results.
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  • 87
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The plastic work to propagate a fatigue crack by a unit area, U, measured by the foil strain gage technique requires an extrapolation to estimate the contribution closer than 100 μm to the crack tip. This is due to the size of the strain-gages used, 200 × 210 μm. Conversely, the electron channeling technique for determining U is useful mainly close to the crack tip where subgrains form. In the present work U was measured by both techniques in the same low carbon steel at ΔK= 8 MN/m3/2. The contribution to U from closer than 100 μm of the crack tip was determined to be 1·7 × 106 J/m2 using electron channeling and 2·0 × 106 J/m2 by extrapolation. The measured contribution to U from further than 100 μm from the crack tip was 3·6 × 106 J/m2 giving 5·3 × 106 J/m2 for U. Thus, a large amount of energy is absorbed outside the region where sub-grains form. The non-hysteretic plastic work was found to be about four orders of magnitude smaller than the hysteretic plastic work, and may be neglected. A map of the plastic zone results from the strain-gage measurement. Rice's theory predicts the measured plastic zone sizeif the proper material's strength is employed in the formula.
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  • 88
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper deals with the effect of accumulated (oriented) plastic deformation (cyclic creep) on the life of metals under conditions of cyclic loading typically in the range of low-cycle fatigue. Specific features of cyclic creep of aluminium, titanium alloys and structural steels were investigated for the lives ranging from 05 to 2 × 105 cycles to rupture as well as specific features of transition from quasistatic to fatigue fracture associated with the variation in the mode of deformation of metals. It is shown that under conditions of repeated stress-controlled loading in a wide range of low temperatures, the cyclic creep processes are the predominant ones determining life of metals over a wide range of cycles, and when calculating life under these conditions it is necessary to take into account the rate of these processes irrespective of the type of fracture: quasistatic or fatigue. An equation was obtained for calculating life under low-cycle loading conditions which takes into account the interrelationship between the life, the accumulated plastic strain, steady-state cyclic creep rate and the resistance of the material to cyclic creep.
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  • 89
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Stress gradients at the root of a notch are significant for the notch effect and the size effect of fatigue properties. Usually the gradient of the stress distribution in the minimum section is considered. In the present paper the variation of the tensile stress along the edge of the notch is considered. Calculations are made for a variety of notches. The results indicate a remarkable conformity of stress distributions at the notch root if the same peak stress and notch root radius (ρ) apply. Consequently K1and ρare highly characteristic for the stress distribution around the notch. Along the edge of the notch the stress decreases at a much slower rate than in the minimum section going away from the material surface. For the stress along the edge of the notch a stress gradient coefficient is defined. The variation of this coefficient is fairly small for several notches and K1, values. A 5% lower stress as compared to the peak stress at the notch root is obtained at about 0.02 ρbelow the material surface and at a distance of about 0.18 ρalong the material surface.
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  • 90
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— –The rate of propagation of macrofatigue cracks down to near threshold was measured in air in three tempered martensitic steels; HY80, HY130 and 4140 (650°C temper). The value of ΔKth was determined by the load-shedding technique in center notched panel specimens. Of the three steels, 4140 tempered at 650°C had the lowest ΔKth, 3–5 MN/m3/2, while HY80 had the highest, 4.2 MN/m3/2. The 4140 (650°C temper) is intermediate in strength between HY80 and HY130. The results are discussed in terms of a recent theory of one of the authors.The fatigue crack propagation rates in the mid-ΔKrange in HY80 and HY130 in argon were also studied by measuring, with foil strain gages, the cyclic plastic work to propagate a fatigue crack by a unit area, U.HY80 has a lower crack propagation rate and correspondingly higher U.This was attributed in part to the higher yield strength of HY130 but the dislocation structure and carbide composition and morphology also play roles. Microstructural changes due to cyclic plastic deformation inside the plastic zone in HY80 and HY130 were observed by TEM of thin foils. SEM studies of the fracture surfaces at ΔK= 20 MN/m3/2 indicate a more ductile fracture mode for HY80 than for HY130. The fatigue crack propagation rate of HY130 is substantially higher in laboratory air (47% relative humidity) than in dry argon. This is not the case for HY80.
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  • 91
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Plastic zone size and shape and the distribution of strain within the plastic zone are determined for the high-strength aluminium alloys 2024-T4, 6061 T6, and 7075-T6 using the technique of selected area electron channeling. Plastic zone size is found to correlate with the work done in creating a unit of new crack surface and the yield stress, rather than with the stress intensity factor and yield stress. Plastic strain distribution is found to be a logarithmic function of distance from the crack tip, in agreement with the mathematical analysis for a moving crack in plane strain.
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  • 92
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— –The da/dNvsΔKrelation for Torbar Steel is obtained by testing specimens cut from 32 mm bar. This relation is compared with available data for Unisteel 410 and with medium strength steels. Also, the pattern of fatigue cracking in Torbar is studied by inspecting bars retrieved from reinforced concrete beams which were subjected to repeated loading. It has been observed that fatigue crack locations in the bars coincided with the locations of concrete cracks traversing the bars. Tension tests on the fatigue cracked bars show that the cracks considerably reduce the ductility of the bars.
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  • 93
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—Conventionally, fatigue growth rate data are correlated in terms of the range ΔKof the applied stress intensity factor. It is argued that a correlation involving both ΔKand the constant stress Tclose to the tip of the equivalent elastic crack should be adequate for moderate stress, biaxial fatigue data. Practical application of these ideas would involve the preparation of “T -term” compendia similar to those already available for K -calibrations. “T -term” data are presented for the case of an edge-cracked strip in tension.
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  • 94
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 95
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This work is concerned with the determination of the fatigue threshold ΔKth for an aluminium alloy. No dependency of ΔKth with grain size was observed. Crack closure concepts were applied in order to explain the effect of mean stress and environment. The opening load Pop was determined by the compliance method. Results show no significant variation of Pop with environment (air or vacuum) but partially explain the influence of mean stress on crack growth rates. Fractographic analysis (SEM) of fracture surfaces and evolution of compliance diagrams suggest that a change of mechanism in crack propagation occurs when stage I changes to stage II growth.
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  • 96
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— High strain fatigue tests of Type 316 stainless steel have been carried out at room temperature and 600°C. Cold work reduces the life relative to the annealed condition when considered in terms of plastic strain per cycle but not when the total strain range is used. It also renders the material far more resistant to cyclically induced changes in strength than the annealed state in which the strength is more than doubled at 600°C. Strain ageing causes further instability and enhances the hardening and loss of ductility in the annealed material. Because of the large number of variables involved, comparison with other work is unable to identify the parameters most influential in determining endurance. It is argued that where a fatigue–creep interaction occurs, then cyclic hardening will promote a higher creep resistance in a sequential interaction and favour a fatigue dominated failure in a simultaneous interaction.
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  • 97
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A test facility has been developed in which a thin walled tube can be subjected to fully reversed fatigue cycles for all biaxial stress or strain ratios. Twin loop servo-control allied to high resolution gauge length extensometry, load and pressure transducers permits stress or strain controlled testing. The rig is unique in that cyclic stress-strain hysteresis loops can be obtained for both axial and circumferential directions during a test.Results from a strain controlled series of low cycle fatigue tests on a ferritic 1Cr-Mo-V steel obeyed the Manson-Coffin relationship with the exponent being sensibly constant for all strain ratios. For a given maximum principal biaxial strain, the damaging effect increased as the strain ratio φ increased from –1 to +1. By comparing results from solid and hollow cylindrical specimens, geometry effects on fatigue life were revealed. Data on shakedown and cyclic softening under biaxial strain conditions were also obtained.
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  • 98
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Cyclic deformation behaviour of medium carbon steel, armco iron and copper has been investigated. A model based on the energy absorbed for the fracture process at the crack tip, given in the form (Δw*p)y where Δw*p is the hysteresis energy at the crack front and the exponent y decides the energy spent for the fracture process, is proposed for the crack growth in low cycle fatigue. The value of the exponent y has been found to be around 0·26 to 0·28 for medium carbon steel and armco iron and around 0·52 for copper. These values of y give good prediction of the relations between the total fracture energy and the stress amplitude and the total fracture energy versus the fatigue life. The energy based approach has been extended to predict the cumulative damage in a single step stress variation. Good correlation has been obtained between the experimental data and the theoretical prediction.
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  • 99
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—An investigation into the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics to very small fatigue cracks growing in a powder metallurgy nickel base superalloy is described. An unusual specimen was designed to facilitate the study of these small cracks. The stress intensity factor for the specimen was estimated and then calculated from the plastic zone size as determined by interferometry. The crack tip deformation field was also observed in the SEM and by stereoscopic viewing. These observations showed that the macroscopic deformation field was the same for both the long and short cracks, and was controlled by the stress intensity. The fatigue crack tip was found to interact strongly with the material microstructure and the localgrowth rate cannot be correlated with fracture mechanics quantities.
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract—An analytical model to represent and predict the influence of frequency on the elevated temperature fatigue crack growth behavior of structural alloys is described. This model was formulated by considering the time dependence of stress and strain rate in the crack tip region due to creep deformation.Fatigue crack growth rate data were generated on ASTM grade A470 class 8 (CrMoV) steel at 538°C (1000°F) for several frequencies to evaluate the model. Based on these results and data taken from the literature on 304 stainless steel, it was concluded that the proposed model is capable of accurately representing and predicting the effect of frequency over several orders of magnitude on the fatigue crack growth rates at elevated temperature.
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