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  • Rat  (39)
  • Immunocytochemistry
  • Springer  (56)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1980-1984  (56)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1980  (56)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (56)
  • Annual Reviews
Years
  • 1980-1984  (56)
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Bone formation ; Fluorochrome ; Microphotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method for quantitative studies of the formation rate of bone has been developed. After vital staining with calcein, the fluorescence of a bone section was measured with a microphotometer controlled by a mini computer. After staining the bone structure with alizarin red S in a second step, the section was measured in transmitted light. The two data sets were combined and the shortest distances between the bone surface and the fluorescence lines were computed. With this information the distance distribution and the bone area between the label and the surface could be calculated in two different ways: with the single labeling and the continuous labeling techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed and compared with those of other techniques.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Bone ; Metaphysis ; Quantitative ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work was to analyze the proximal tibial metaphysis of the 170 g rat in a quantitative histologic fashion which would allow some relation to tissue age to be established. Stained 3 µm thick tissue sections were analyzed with the aid of a Merz grid on an eyepiece reticule and a light microscope. Tissue mass and cell distribution were studied in all areas. The rate of change in tissue mass during aging of the metaphysis was calculated. Two regions of the metaphysis were identified. One, corresponding to the primary spongiosa, less than 4.45 days of age, is a region of high turnover of hard tissue and high numbers of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. The other, corresponding to the secondary spongiosa, is a region of relatively low net tissue turnover and low numbers of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. Osteoclasts were found relatively more uniformly distributed through the metaphysis than were osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. The rate of bone formation in the primary spongiosa is 50 times that found in the Haversian bone of the rib of 5-year-old humans and about 500 times that found at the cortical-endosteal surface of ribs of 5-year-old humans. It is argued that both cell distribution and tissue distribution in the metaphysis support the concept that osteoblasts and osteoclasts, rather than osteocytes, are responsible for the maturation of the metaphysis. The inhomogeneous distribution of both cells and tissue in the metaphysis has definite meaning for the interpretation of findings concerning the incorporation of radionuclides into the skeleton.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypophysectomy ; Dietary phosphorus deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The demands of growth are known to exacerbate the effect of phosphorus deprivation (PD). We examined whether changes associated with PD could be prevented in young rats in which growth and growth hormone (GH) were eliminated by hypophysectomy (HPX) and whether PD in normal intact rats (INT) was associated with increased secretion of GH. INT or thyroxine- and ACTH-replaced HPX rats were fed one of the three diets: 0.31% P (NP); 0.027% P (LP), and 0.31% P, pair-fed with LP-mates (NP-PF). The results indicate that HPX did not qualitatively alter several physiologic responses to PD: (a) serum and urinary phosphorus (P) decreased and urinary calcium (Ca) increased; (b) net intestinal Ca retention fell and duodenal sac uptake of45Ca rose; and (c) external P balance was restored and duodenal sac uptake of32P-phosphate increased. Only the hypercalcemia seen in INT, LP rats was prevented by HPX. In INT rats serum immunoassayable GH levels, measured in single samples, were not different between different dietary groups while pituitary bioassayable GH was reduced in both LP and NP-PF rats when compared to the NP rats. Thus, except for hypercalcemia, the physiologic responses associated with PD are not prevented by the elimination of growth and GH, and the development of these responses in INT rats was not associated with a consistent or specific alteration in GH secretion.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cotyledons ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Ferritin labeling ; Immunocytochemistry ; Phaseolus ; Protein (reserve) ; Reserve protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the storage parenchyma cells of the cotyledons of developing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds was examined in ultrathin frozen sections of specimens fixed in a mixture of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and acrolein, infused with 1 M sucrose, and sectioned at-80° C. Ultrastructural preservation was excellent and the various subcellular organelles could readily be identified in sections which had been stained with uranyl acetate and embedded in Carbowax and methylcellulose. The cells contained large protein bodies, numerous long endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, mitochondria, dictyosomes, and electron-dense vesicles ranging in size from 0.2 to 1.0 μm. Indirect immunolabelling using rabbit immunoglobulin G against purified phaseolin (7S reserve protein), and ferritin-conjugated goat immunoglobulin G against rabbit immunoglobulin G was used to localize phaseolin. With a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml of anti-phaseolin immunoglobin G, heavy labeling with ferritin particles was observed ober the protein bodies, the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, and the vesicles. The same structures were lightly labeled when the concentration of the primary antigen was 0.02 mg/ml. Ferritin particles were also found over the Golgi bodies. The absence of ferritin particles from other organelles such as mitochondria and from areas of cytoplasm devoid of organelles indicated the specificity of the staining, especially at the lower concentration of anti-phaseolin immunoglobulin G.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Subcommissural organ ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Vasotocin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin and oxytocin were specifically demonstrated in the rat brain using the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method and purification of the first antiserum. Vasopressin and oxytocin fibres extend via the subcommissural organ or habenular commissure into the pineal stalk and terminate in the anterior part of the pineal organ. In addition, immediately adjacent to the subsommissural organ many vasopressin-containing fibres run caudally toward the central grey. These results are discussed in relation to the proposed presence of vasotocin in the pineal gland.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Rana temporaria ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of the frog Rana temporaria was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of a double immunocytochemical staining method. The telencephalon, diencephalon and rhombencephalon contain somatostatin perikarya and fibers. In the telencephalon, the location of the somatostatin neurons largely corresponds to that of mammals. In the hypothalamus, the somatostatin perikarya are located in and near the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and also in the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum. Like the somatostatin neurons of the rat hypothalamus, they form a separate subpopulation, different from the neurons producing neurohypophysial hormones. In Rana, somatostatin neurons are also present in (as well as in the vicinity of) the subfornical organ, in the thalamus, the tectum opticum, the interpeduncular nucleus and the caudal end of the roof of the calamus scriptorius. A precise localization of the perikarya of most somatostatin fibers, including those found in the median eminence and the neural lobe, was not attained.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; VIP-immunoreactive neurons ; Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was detected in a population of amacrine cells in the retina of the rat. Processes of these cells reach both the inner and outer half of the inner plexiform layer where they form sublayers. The VIP neurons are different from previously known amacrine cell types.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Neurophysin ; Simultaneous demonstration ; Functional interaction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method was developed that allows the analysis of neuropeptides and monoamines in a single tissue section by the application of the unlabeled antibody method for peptide staining to tissue sections freeze-dried for formaldehyde-induced monoamine histofluorescence. The hypothalamic magnocellular system of male albino rats served as a model for this study; neurons were stained with anti-neurophysin sera, which mark the vasopressin- and oxytocin-associated proteins. Neurophysin-containing perikarya appeared to be surrounded by catecholamine-containing varicosities. This phenomenon was seen to varying degrees within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The juxtaposition of varicosities and peptidergic neurons suggests an afferent fiber-target neuron relationship that might favor a functional interaction between monoamines and neuropeptides.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Preovulatory follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Atresia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify and describe ovarian follicles committed to undergo follicular degeneration (atresia), immature rats were primed with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). After PMSG treatment, preovulatory follicles develop but subsequently degenerate. Prior to the appearance of pyknotic nuclei (Stage I of atresia), degenerative changes were observed in focal areas of the granulosa cell layer. These changes include “blebbing” of the cytoplasm and alterations in the shape of the granulosa cells. The appearance of these degenerative changes coincides with a decrease in ovarian concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. Since estrogens and androgens maintain the follicle, the decline in estradiol and testosterone could be responsible for the further degenerative alterations that lead to complete deterioration of the preovulatory follicle. In Stage I atretic follicles, lysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles develop and macrophages invade both the thecal and granulosa cell layers. The combined actions of the autophagic vacuoles and macrophages could destroy both the granulosa-cell and thecal layers and thereby transform the preovulatory follicle into an ovarian cyst.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node ; Macrophages ; Postcapillary high endothelial venules ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The afferent lymphatic vessels of rat popliteal lymph nodes were interrupted, and the histological alterations in the lymph nodes occurring 1 to 14 weeks after operation were studied. One week after operation the number of macrophages was considerably reduced and continued to decrease during the subsequent time periods studied. A 6 weeks most macrophages had disappeared. Simultaneously the immunological activity diminished and had completely disappeared 8 weeks after operation. Three weeks after operation the endothelial cells of the postcapillary high endothelial venules had flattened, and the number of immigrating lymphocytes was greatly reduced. Subsequently the lymph nodes became depleted of both macrophages and lymphocytes, leaving only the reticuloendothelial framework.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myoepithelial cell ; Exocrine gland ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By removing connective tissue components with enzymatic digestion followed by HCl-hydrolysis, myoepithelial cells (MECs) of the terminal portion in a variety of exocrine glands of the rat were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The profile of MECs varied considerably from gland to gland; MECs in the lactating mammary gland have a few long cytoplasmic processes in close contact with those of adjacent cells forming a continuous network around the terminal portion. Those of the exorbital lacrimal gland are stellate with many thin radiating processes with tapered ends that terminate freely. MECs in the sublingual gland are characterized by a number of broad and extensive cellular processes. MECs in the submandibular gland are similar in appearance to those of the exorbital lacrimal gland, but with more extensive cellular processes that form a more or less continuous network with those of the adjacent cells. No MECs were observed on the terminal portion of the parotid gland where the cells appear to be lodged on the intercalated duct. The relative surface area covered by MECs per terminal portion was also found to vary significantly, being 24% in the lactating mammary, 17% in the exorbital lacrimal, 48% in the sublingual, and 25% in the submandibular glands. The findings are discussed in relation to the physical properties of secretions in different glands.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 355-365 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LRH neurons ; Prosimians (Tupaia, Galago) ; Fluorescence ; microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reactive LRH neurons were characterized in prosimians (Tupaia and Galago) by immunofluorescence using rabbit immunesera against unconjugated synthetic LRH, or LRH conjugated with bovine serum albumin. These neurons, which vary individually in number in one species, are mainly concentrated in the rostral hypothalamus (medial preoptic area and anterior hypothalamic area) and in the lamina terminalis. In contrast to the simians and man, immunoreactive perikarya were not routinely found in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the prosimians investigated in the present study. Reactive axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract are more numerous and conspicuous in the retrochiasmatic area and in the postinfundibular eminence. They give rise to radiating collaterals ending mainly around the capillaries of the primary portal plexus of the median eminence and of the infundibular stem (where they are generally more numerous). Reactive axons of the preopticoterminal tract, originating from the perikarya of the lamina terminalis, end around the capillaries of the vascular organ or below and between the ependymal cells lining its ventricular side. In Galago a small but very distinct tract of reactive axons runs under the optic chiasma, between the lamina terminalis and the ventral labium of the infundibulum. Very fine reactive extrahypothalamic axons were observed in the posterior part of the habenular ganglia, along the preamygdaloid portion of the stria terminalis and along the blood vessels of the parolfactory area.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 89-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rehydration ; Nongranular vasopressin ; Intercellular clefts ; Axoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vasopressin system of the rat was examined in the course of the first 12 h of rehydration after prolonged thirst at light and electron microscopic levels and by use of the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. Light microscopically, the median eminence was the only part of the system that not only displayed distinct differences between animals of different rehydration times but also showed a characteristic pattern of immunohistochemical reactivity in its rostro-caudal distribution. Ultrastructurally, in the perikarya a maximal labeling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was observed after 2 h of rehydration, whereas an extensive labeling of the enlarged Golgi zones was attained after 4 h of resupplying water. A labeling of the intercellular clefts in the basal glial labyrinth of the supraoptic nucleus (and to a lesser degree in the subependymal neuropil adjacent to the paraventricular nucleus) was increased 30 min after the onset of drinking, as compared with water-deprived animals; it decreased slightly after 12 h of rehydration. The filling of the swollen fibers by increasing amounts of labeled axoplasmic reticulum, evident in the nuclear areas already after 30 min of water supply, begins in the median eminence after 2 h of rehydration and is fully developed after 4 and 8 h. Corresponding results hold true for the neural lobe but are somewhat delayed in comparison to the findings in the median eminence. The discussion considers (i) synthesis and transport of nongranular vasopressin within the axoplasmic reticulum, and (ii) release not only from the neural lobe but also from the nuclear areas and from the fibers of the median eminence.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 331-343 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut hormones ; Endocrine cells ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Peptidergic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods were used in light and electron microscopical studies to demonstrate the presence of a neuroendocrine system in the gut of the urodele, Salamandra salamandra. Cytochemical stains capable of detecting peptide-producing endocrine cells demonstrate cells reacting with Masson's silver (argentaffin) method, Grimelius' argyrophil silver method, masked metachromasia method and the lead haematoxylin stain. Using antisera raised to a variety of mammalian gut peptides, cells containing bombesin-, gastrin-, somatostatin-, substance P- and glucagon-like immunoreactivity were identified; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivities were found in nerve fibres in the submucous and myenteric plexus. No immunoreactivity was detected for motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin or secretin. The ultrastructure of the immunoreactive cells and nerves was revealed by the semithin/thin method. All the cells identified contained numerous electrondense secretory granules, which varied in their chracteristic morphological structure from one cell type to another. The evidence collected in this study indicates that a complex neuroendocrine system regulating gut function is present in this amphibian and may have developed prior to the emergence of the phylum.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus (rat) ; Differentiation ; Transplant ; Histofluorescence ; Immunocytochemistry ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hypothalamic tissue from 16 to 18-day fetal rats was transplanted onto the choroidal pia overlying the superior colliculus in adult female rats. After survival periods of 2 weeks to 19 months, brains containing transplants were processed for monoamine fluorescence histochemistry, immunohistochemistry for three neuropeptides (LHRH, somatostatin, neurophysin), or for autoradiography in ovariectomized hosts that received [3H] estradiol. Most of the transplants survived and retained or increased in size; 14 of 25 transplants examined by fluorescence histochemistry were found to contain median eminence-like structures. In almost all of the transplants that were stained for neuropeptides, beaded processes and occasional cell bodies were observed. Although immunoreactive fibers were found near blood vessels, no palisade arrangement typical of the normal median eminence was evident. Each of the hypothalamic transplants on which steroid autoradiography was performed contained clusters of estrophilic neurons, the intensity of labeling of which was comparable to that seen in the host hypothalamus. These results indicate that many characteristic morphological and chemical features of the hypothalamus, which are not evident in the 16 to 18-day fetus, are elaborated in transplants during the survival period in the host. Transplantation of fetal hypothalamus to adult choroidal pia thus appears to be a valuable approach for studying the factors, humoral or neural, that regulate the differentiation of this brain region.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipolytic peptide B ; Pituitary ; ACTH/MSH cells ; Brain ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several lipid-mobilizing peptides occur in the pituitary, among them β-lipotropin and “lipolytic peptide A and peptide B”. The latter two peptides are distinct from β-lipotropin and appear to be chemically related to the neurophysins. Immunohistochemistry has now revealed that the lipolytic peptide B of the pituitary is localized in the ACTH- and MSH-cells. In addition, immunoreactive peptide B was found in axons of the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Immunoreactive peptide B was found also in nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus, particularly in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and in the magnocellular neuronal system. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were numerous also in the periventricular nucleus of the thalamus. The antiserum against peptide B cross-reacts with neurophysin I, and hence, it cannot be excluded that at least part of the immunostaining in the brain reflects the presence of the latter component. However, the regional distribution of immunoreactive peptide B and neurophysin was not identical. Therefore, it is possible that authentic peptide B occurs not only in the pituitary but also in the brain.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuronal grafting ; Dopamine ; Nigrostriatal system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dissociated cell suspensions were prepared from the substantia nigra of 15–17 day-old rat embryos and grafted via an intraparenchymal injection into the depth of the neostriatum of adult recipient rats. The survival and fibre outgrowth of the dopamine-containing neurones in the implants were studied by fluorescence histochemistry, and the functional capacity of the grafts was monitored by repeated testing of the amphetamine-induced turning behaviour of the implanted rats. Before transplantation the target neostriatum of the recipient rats was denervated of its normal dopaminergic innervation by an injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ipsilateral nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. The completeness of the denervation was ascertained by measurement of the intensity of the amphetamine-induced turning response. After injection of the dissociated cells large numbers of dopamine-containing neurones were found in clusters at the site of injection as well as scattered in the apparently intact neostriatal tissue up to a distance of about 0.5 mm from the site of injection. Extensive dopamine-containing fibre networks had developed around the implant. These newly formed fibres, which were most abundant around the cell clusters at the injection site, extended in a loose network into large areas of the initially denervated caudate-putamen. In all animals with surviving dopamine neurones the amphetamine-induced turning response was reduced, and in the most extensively reinnervated cases even reversed, within 3–5 weeks after transplantation. This strongly suggests that the implanted dopamine neurones are capable of restoring dopaminergic neurotransmission in the denervated neostriatum, probably via reinnervation of the denervated neostriatal tissue. The use of dissociated brain tissue preparations thus permits reliable intraparenchymal grafting of neurones to plausibly any desired site within the central nervous system, and should open entirely new possibilities for investigation of neuronal growth dynamics and functional reconstruction of damaged brain circuits, perhaps even in brains of larger mammals.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Trabeculae carneae ; Fibrillar pattern ; Mouse ; Rat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cardiac muscle fibers in the trabeculae carneae of mice, rats, and rabbits show a special arrangement of densely interwoven myofibrils. They cross at various angles; however, a preferred orientation of the fibrils cannot be discerned. It is suggested that due to this arrangement the myocytes of trabeculae are not able to contract to the same extent as ventricular myocytes, but thereby gain a high rigidity during contraction. Hence, they may play a principal role as “guiding ridges” for the flow of blood, thereby improving hemodynamics.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 201-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: High pressure (2,100 bars) freezing ; Freeze-etching ; Nerve tissue ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vitrification of biological specimens in liquid nitrogen can be achieved under high pressure (2,100 bars). This procedure obviates the use of aldehyde fixation and cryoprotection (glycerol). The present work demonstrates its applicability to the freeze-etching of mammalian brain tissue. Freeze-fracture replicas from rat cerebellar cortex and subfornical organ prepared by this method are compared to conventionally processed material using aldehyde fixation, glycerination and freezing with Freon. The formation of large ice crystals is prevented in tissue blocks up to 0.5 mm thick; deep etching is markedly enhanced. Cytoplasmic microstructures such as mitochondrial cristae, microtubules and microfilaments, are readily observable against a finely granulated cytosol matrix. An additional advantage is the combined application with freeze-substitution.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 477-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapse ; Synaptic cleft ; Aldehyde ; PTA technique ; Densitometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic clefts of rat cerebral and cerebellar axodendritic spine synapses were studied after aldehyde-perfusion and subsequent immersion into osmic acid or after processing by the aldehyde-PTA technique. The threedimensional examination of aldehyde-perfused, osmic acid postfixed synapses revealed a double-layered intracleft lamina comparable in dimensions and position to the cleft density of non-osmicated, PTA-stained synapses. The relationship of this lamina to perisynaptic astroglial processes was pointed out. Densitometric analysis of the cleft area suggested the identity of the intracleft lamina of osmicated synapses with the cleft density of non-osmicated, PTA-stained synapses.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like material ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Neurosecretory cells ; Calliphora erythrocephala
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala, has been studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method, with the use of antibodies to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP). A number of immunoreactive neurones have been localised, some corresponding to neurones previously identified tentatively as neurosecretory. This finding is further evidence that biologically active peptides, previously considered to be “vertebrate”, also exist in invertebrates. It also supports the concept of their evolutionary origin in nervous tissue.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Sympathetic innervation ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Tupaia belangeri ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has previously been reported that the primitive primate Tupaia belangeri develops a renal failure when exposed to psychosocial stress. In order to learn if this high susceptibility to stress of the Tupaia kidney can be correlated with morphological and functional parameters of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the renin-angiotensin system, comparative experiments were performed on Tupaia and rat. Our results reveal an outstandingly high potency of the JGA and the renin-angiotensin system in Tupaia as evident from the following findings: The Tupaia JGA contains a great number of epithelioid cells abounding in renin granules (electron microscopy). The renin content of the Tupaia kidney is considerably higher than in the rat (radio-immunoassay). The sympathetic innervation of the kidney and especially of the JGA is abundant in Tupaia (fluorescence and electron microscopy). Catecholamine contents of the kidney and other organs are significantly higher in Tupaia than in rats (spectrophotofluorometry). Our results support the previously developed concept of a potent intrarenal neuroendocrine interaction at the JGA level favouring, under certain conditions of social stress, the development of acute renal failure in Tupaia belangeri.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje axon ; Ultrastructure ; Axotomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transection of Purkinje cell axons in adult male rats made 1.5 mm or further from the cell body does not lead to the death of the neuron and results in compensatory structural alterations of the surviving axonal portions of the nerve cell. Near to, and at the emergence of recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons, huge varicosities filled with filaments, granular material, lysosomes and mitochondria develop. Terminals of recurrent axon collaterals also exhibit different degrees of structural changes. Most striking of the morphological alterations is the regular presence of nematosomes in the hypertrophic axonal branches, especially in synaptic terminals. Since nematosomes were shown to contain RNA in other types of neurons, their presence in recurrent collaterals may indicate an enhanced synthetic activity in Purkinje axonal processes and endings after axotomy.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesotocin neurons ; Vasotocin neurons ; Avian hypothalamus ; Preoptic area ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory systems producing mesotocin (MT) and vasotocin (VT) (the avian homologues of oxytocin and vasopressin, respectively) were characterized in the brains of the domestic mallard and Japanese quail by means of indirect immunofluorescence techniques using specific antisera. In the anterior preoptic region, including the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, and at different levels of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, separate mesotocin- and vasotocin-producing neurons were identified. Mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic neurons were also located in the tuberomammillary area, among the ectomammillary tract fibers. The supraoptico-neurohypophysial tract, formed by vasotocin- and mesotocincontaining axons, enters the internal zone of the median eminence and ends in the posterior lobe of the pituitary. The external zone of the rostral median eminence appears to contain vasotocin and mesotocin fibers, which terminate in close contact with the capillaries of the hypophysial portal system.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 81-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interlamellar tight junctions ; Central myelin ; Myelogenesis ; Optic nerve ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The process of myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat (optic nerve) was studied with the freeze-fracturing technique and ultrathin sectioning to obtain information on the developmental mechanisms of interlamellar tight junctions. Using a tilting cartridge for analysis of thin sections, it could be demonstrated that during the initial phase of wrapping a tight junction formation develops between the joining tips of the oligodendrocytic process. In tannic acid-stained samples these junctions appear as typical quintuple-layered membrane fusions, while in potassium permanganate-stained material membrane thickenings between the apposing glial tips are prevalent. The latter configuration represents the characteristic feature of the so-called radial component of central myelin. Using the freeze-fracturing technique, a biphasic mode of the myelinic tight junction assembly was detected. It is suggested that tight junctions represent a prerequisite of the myelination process.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myosin ; Intestinal epithelium ; Brush border ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Notes: Summary Myosin was localized in rat intestinal epithelium by means of indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy (unlabeled antibody peroxidase method), using a specific antibody to myosin from chicken gizzard. Immunoreactivity was localized in the apical cytoplasm, where it was concentrated along the rootlets of the microvillar filament bundles and in the terminal web. A model of microvillar contraction is proposed.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Cortical cells and fibers ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, somatostatinpositive structures were observed in the cortex of the rat. These structures, including cells and fibers, are widely distributed in all cortical laminae and are also found in the basal ganglia. The positive results were obtained exclusively in two groups of animals sacrificed during two different months of two subsequent years. The reason for this variability in the immunocytochemical stainability of cortical structures remains enigmatic.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 445-451 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Rat ; Architecture
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    Notes: Summary The architecture of the pancreas was revealed by retrograde injection of the pancreatic ductal system of normal rats with a silicone rubber compound, and subsequent study of the preparation by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The injected material became associated with both ducts and “acinar” areas. Examination of these specimens suggests that the arrangement of the exocrine pancreas is that of a complexly curving and branching system of tubules which anastomose and end blindly. This architecture, which is not that of a true acinar gland, provides a rational basis for the understanding of the simple dedifferentiative changes that accompany pancreatic carcinogenesis, and which have been generally interpreted as representing ductular proliferation.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 453-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin system ; Postnatal development ; Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural results indicate that, in the rat, the vasopressin-synthesizing perikarya of the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) attain a certain degree of maturity earlier than those of the paraventricular nucleus (NPV). In the neonate rat, the stainability of the nuclear areas is very weak; in the perikarya of the NSO a few labeled granules can be found, whereas the perikarya of the NPV often display only a labeled Golgi area, the cytoplasm being devoid of granules. At the end of the first (NSO) and the second (NPV) postnatal weeks, the filling of the neurosecretory granules with vasopressin is inhomogeneous with irregular spots of reaction product distributed on the granules. This feature is less obvious during the following week and has nearly disappeared after the third and fourth postnatal weeks. Already in the neonate two types of vasopressin-positive fibers are observed in the median eminence, characterized by the different diameters of their granules and by their typical location in the internal and the external pericapillary contact zone. Especially in one and two week-old animals, in the internal zone of the median eminence and, to a lesser degree in the neural lobe, the immunocytochemical reaction product is deposited on an axonal tubular network. Judging from the presence of very few vasopressin-negative fibers in the neural lobe of the neonate, the development of the oxytocin system appears to be delayed. A characteristic relationship between pituicytes and the neurosecretory fibers can be observed during the first two postnatal weeks. After the third postnatal week the immunocytochemical features of the vasopressin system correspond approximately to that in adult rats.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cleft ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell surface changes ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the lining of the pituitary cleft was carried out in normal, lactating, castrated, adrenalectomized, and cyproterone-treated adult rats. Four cell types could be differentiated in the posterior wall in control and experimental animals: (1) cells with a smooth surface, (2) cells with microvilli located at the cellular borders, (3) ciliated cells, and (4) cells with evenly distributed microvilli. The anterior wall showed mainly cells with few microvilli located at their margins, and clusters of ciliated cells. In normal, and more frequently in experimental animals, the anterior wall showed shriveled cells, and variously sized cavities. Colloid appeared either as a network of finely granular material or as compact bodies adhering to the epithelial surface. These observations suggest that a compact component of the colloid is derived at least in part from degraded cells.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: AVT ; LHRH ; α-MSH ; Somatostatin ; Pineal Gland ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé En utilisant des anticorps contre l'AVT, l'α-MSH, le LHRH et la somatostatine, des cellules épiphysaires du Rat ont été immunocytochimiquement colorées. Tous ces anticorps colorent les mêmes cellules. Ces cellules réagissent également quand un anticorps est utilisé contre la fraction épiphysaire UMO5R, fraction qui est douée de propriétés antigonadotropiques in vivo. Il a également été montré que le nombre des cellules immunoréactives était plus important dans la pinéale du jeune rat que dans celle de l'adulte. La comparaison des résultats obtenus avec différents anticorps et l'étude des propriétés de ces anticorps aprés absorption sur différents peptides ou sur différentes fractions épiphysaires, a permis de conclure que les réactions obtenues dans la pinéale du rat n'étaient que la conséquence d'une réaction croisée de ces anticorps avec une/des substance(s) inconnue(s) synthétisée(s) par la pinéale elle-même. La nature endocrine possible de cette substance qui serait chimiquement apparenté aux fractions épiphysaires Mouton UMO5R et Prot. 4, est discutée. Drs. B.L. Baker (Ann Arbor, Mich., USA), M.P. Dubois (Nouzilly, France), J. De Mey (Beerse, Belgium), J.D. Fernstrom (Cambridge, Mass., USA.), H. Goos (Utrecht, The Netherlands), B. Kerdelhué (Gif-sur-Yvette, France) and A.G.E. Pearse (London, U.K.) are also acknowledged for their gifts of various antibodies
    Notes: Summary Using antibodies against AVT, α-MSH, LHRH and somatostatin, immunoreactive cells were detected in the rat pineal gland. All of these antibodies stain the same cells, which also react immunocytochemically when an antibody against the UMO5R sheep pineal fraction, a fraction that presents antigonadotropic properties in vivo, is used. Relatively more immunoreactive cells are present in the pineals of young rats than in the pineals of adult animals. Comparison of the results obtained with different potent antibodies against each of the peptides, and a study of the staining properties of the antibodies in the pineal after solid phase adsorption to different peptides or to different sheep pineal fractions, led to the proposal that the immunoreactivity found in the rat pineal is not due to the presence of AVT, α-MSH, LHRH or somatostatin, but to a cross-reaction of each of these antibodies with (an) unidentified compound(s). This compound is synthetized in the pineal gland, as was demonstrated using cultured pineals. The UMO5R and the Prot. 4 fractions of the sheep pineal seem to be chemically related to this unknown compound, the possible endocrine nature of which is discussed.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic nerves ; Synaptic vesicles ; Noradrenaline ; Serotonin ; Pineal gland ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The pineal gland of the rat receives a rich nervous supply originating from the superior cervical ganglia. These fibers contain serotonin in addition to their neurotransmitter, noradrenaline. Cytochemical studies at the ultrastructural level have shown that both amines are present in the cores of the granular vesicles that are characteristic of these nerves. It is presently shown that the bilateral electrical stimulation of the preganglionic fibers innervating the ganglia markedly reduces the number of small sites reacting cytochemically for both noradrenaline and serotonin, these sites corresponding to the cores of small granular vesicles, while the larger reactive sites (cores of large vesicles) remain unaltered. The vesicles are retained in nerve terminals after stimulation, as observed in conventionally processed tissues, although with altered sizes and shapes. Apart from these cytochemical and structural changes, nerve stimulation also reduces the endogenous noradrenaline content of the pineal gland. Thus, both noradrenaline and serotonin are released from their storage sites in pineal sympathetic nerves after electrical stimulation in vivo. This suggests the possibility that several substances with presumed transmitter or modulatory functions might be simultaneously released by nerve impulses from a given nerve terminal.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Islet of Langerhans ; Aging ; Insulin-secreting cells ; Organ culture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The B-cells of the endocrine pancreas constitute an adequate model for in vitro study of the aging process in highly differentiated cells. In the present study, collagenase-isolated islets of Langerhans from young and senescent rats were cultured up to 28 days. The response of the B-cells to the stimulatory conditions of the culture medium involved the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules. Correlated data from light microscopy, electron microscopy, and insulin radioimmunoassay show that the differentiation and function of senescent B-cells are maintained in culture, as it has been proven for the B-cells of younger animals. On the other hand, signs of cytological deficiency not directly concerned with the specific function of B-cells were observed: abnormal mitochondria and lysosomes are more numerous in the senescent B-cells. The proliferative capacity of the B-cells of aged rats is reduced.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 479-489 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Horseradish peroxidase ; Primary afferent neurons ; Axonal transport ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport in primary sensory neurons were studied in rats by demonstration of the reaction product in spinal nerves, spinal ganglia, dorsal roots and in the spinal cord at different survival times after application of the enzyme to the transected sciatic nerve and to the spinal cord. Using tetramethylbenzidine as the chromogen according to Mesulam (1978), transganglionic transport of HRP was shown in both the disto-proximal direction after peripheral application, and proximo-distal direction after central application. Significant differences in staining intensity between the central and peripheral processes of primary sensory neurons were found after all survival times used in this study. After peripheral application the number of labeled axons and the staining intensity were higher in spinal nerves than in dorsal roots; an inverse situation occurred after central application. These differences as well as the time sequences in staining of different parts of primary sensory neurons suggest that HRP applied to a peripheral nerve and to the spinal cord, respectively, enters the perikarya of spinal ganglion cells in any case before continuing its movement in a cellulifugal direction. Lysosomal degradation of the major portion of the applied HRP is supposed. However, in the post-perikaryal portion of a considerable number of neurons HRP-transport still occurs to a varying extent, thus resulting in labeling of nerve endings. In some neurons a post-perikaryal transport could not be detected light microscopically. The transport rates differ: the calculated transport rate of disto-proximal, cellulipetal movement in the fastest transporting neurons was 7.5 mm/h, that of the disto-proximal cellulifugal movement 2.5 to 3 mm/h.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 253-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Villus ; Caecum ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The villi of the caecal mucosa in postnatal rats were studied using both scanning electron and light microscopy. On the day of birth, numerous villi of various sizes and shapes were present on the caecal mucosa. After the 5th day, the villi decreased very rapidly in length and in number. A strong constriction was observed at the basal region of the caecal villi. During postnatal days 5 ∼ 9 the villi probably separated and disappeared from the caecal mucosa. No villi were observed in rats that were over 10 days of age.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 499-505 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin-immunoreactive elements ; Brain ; Lizard ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of the lizard, Ctenosauria pectinata, was studied light microscopically using an immunocytochemical staining method that is specific for neurohypophysial hormones and somatostatin. It was shown that the telencephalon and particularly the diencephalon contain somatostatin-producing perikarya, while somatostatinergic fibers occur in the entire brain. Similar to the situation in other vertebrates, somatostatin neurons in Ctenosauria pectinata form a population distinct from the neurohypophysial hormone-producing neurons. The small-sized somatostatin neurons were found in the cortex and the hypopallium of the telencephalon, and in two distinct clusters in the diencephalon: (1) ventral from, and partially overlapping with, the classical neurosecretory para ventricular nucleus; and (2) in the region of the infundibular (tuberal) nucleus. Somatostatin fibers were found among the classical neurosecretory fibers of the supraoptico-paraventricular system (tract, median eminence, neural lobe), near to and within the epiphysis, in the septum, in the vicinity of the tectum opticum and the cerebellum, and in the tegmentum.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; ACTH ; Lepidosiren
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    Notes: Summary The histological features and distribution of cell types in the distal lobe of Lepidosiren resemble those of Protopterus. Three “basophilic” cell types are described, whereas the identification of two acidophilic cell types is uncertain. In the intermediate lobe two cell types have been found. Anti-(1–24) ACTH IgG was used in the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method to identify corticotropin-containing cells in the adenohypophysis of Lepidosiren with light and electron microscopy. Corticotropin was demonstrated in cells of the distal lobe and the intermediate lobe. The staining reaction in the distal lobe is localized in the rostrally distributed lead-hematoxylin positive cells. At the ultrastructural level the immunoreaction in these distal lobe cells is localized on polymorphic granules ranging from 130 to 210 nm. Absorption experiments show that the immunoreactive cells in the distal lobe contain at least residues 1–3 and 14–17 of the naturally occurring corticotropin hormone, while the intermediate lobe cells contain α-MSH or at least residues 1–3 of ACTH. The plasma level of corticotropin was determined to be 71 ng/l by means of radioimmunoassay (RIA).
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Cell types ; Estrogen ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vivo estrogen uptake was measured in five anterior pituitary cell types of the rat by a quantitative autoradiographic-immunocytochemical technique. In male and female rats that had been castrated and adrenalectomized for one day all five cell types showed nuclear concentration of label one hour after injection of 3H-estradiol. The order of labeling intensity was lactotropes 〉 somatotropes 〉 gonadotropes 〉 corticotropes 〉 thyrotropes. No significant overall sex difference in estrogen uptake was apparent although male pituitaries tended to take up slightly more. Physiological correlates to these data are discussed.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tanycytes ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Rat ; Serum LH
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transport of hormones from the cerebrospinal fluid to the adenohypophysis by the tanycytes of the median eminence was examined in male rats. Electron microscopy revealed that all ependymal cells including the tanycytes disappear or degenerate in rats subjected to electric cauterization of the ependymal layer lining the third ventricle. However, the granular axons in the palisade layer of the median eminence remain intact. In rats subjected to electric lesion, no significant change was found in either the serum-LH level or in the weight of the adenohypophysis, testes, adrenal and thyroid glands. It is concluded that the tanycytes do not participate in the hypothalamic regulation of hypophysial function.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 365-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells ; Paracrine secretion ; Human pancreas ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pancreatic endocrine tumours
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells were studied in human endocrine pancreatic tumours and in normal human pancreata by immunohistochemical techniques and electron microscopy. The existence of long cytoplasmic processes was demonstrated both in tumours and normal tissue. These processes are in close contact with other endocrine cells or with acinar cells. This particular morphological aspect suggests that PP cells may control the function of other cells via paracrine secretion.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 499-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH perikarya ; Aging ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The LHRH-synthesizing neuron system was studied in young proestrous and old female rats, and in aged ovariectomized or reserpine-treated females. The medial preoptic area and septal region of old animals contains more LHRH positive perikarya compared to that of young proestrous rats. Reserpine treatment moderately increases the number of immunostainable LHRH cells, while ovariectomy is ineffective in this respect.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luliberin (LRF)-terminals ; Somatostatin-terminals ; Subfornical organ ; Neurohemal regions ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the aid of light- and electron- microscopic immunocytochemistry, somatostatin- and luliberin (LRF)-positive fibers can be demonstrated in the rat subfornical organ (SFO). Each of the neurohormones has a specific location: LRF in the lateral parts of the organ, and somatostatin in the center of the posterior zone. Common to both neurohormone-containing fibers is the pattern in which they reach the organ as well as the fact that their terminals are located in the perivascular spaces of fenestrated vessels, i.e., within the limited neurohemal regions of the organ. Since injection of India ink of different colors demonstrates that the capillary bed of the SFO is connected with the central capillaries of the choroid plexus, the question arises as to whether the neurohormones released in the area of the SFO influence the choroid plexus.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 283-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Deep pineal ; Pineal complex ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The results presented here reveal that in adult Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats the pineal gland represents a complex rather than a single organ. Regularly one can distinguish (i) pineal tissue in the intercommissural region as a deep pineal, (ii) a superficial pineal, which represents the major part of the pineal complex, and (iii) nearly always a parenchymal stalk of variable length. The volume of the deep pineal with the adjacent parenchymal stalk exhibits great interindividual variation. It amounts to 127±39×105 μm3 (mean ±standard deviation). The histological appearance of the deep and superficial pineal tissue is fairly similar. The intrinsic cells of the deep and superficial pineal differ in nuances only. Karyometry reveals that the nuclear volumes of the intrinsic cells of the deep pineal are very variable ranging from 90–450 μm3, with a mean value of 207 μm3. The changes over a period of 24 h reach statistical significance.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Zona glomerulosa ; Angiotensin II ; Mitochondria ; Stereology ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a chronic treatment with angiotensin II (up to 15 consecutive days) on the mitochondria of the rat zona glomerulosa cells were investigated by electron microscopic and stereological methods. Angiotensin induced a significant increase in the volume of the mitochondrial compartment. Up to the 3rd day of treatment this was due only to the hypertrophy of the organelles, and from the 3rd to the 15th day exclusively to mitochondrial proliferation. The hypothesis that angiotensin controls the growth and proliferation of rat zona glomerulosa mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 175-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parietal cell ; Stomach ; Circadian rhythm ; Morphometry ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Gastric parietal cells of rats maintained under standardized conditions and fed ad libitum were examined by electron microscopy at 6 time points of the 24-h day. Morphometric determinations were made on 4 cell characteristics. The volume density of secretory canaliculi was maximal at the mid-dark sampling point and decreased during the light phase; a secondary peak was seen 1 h before the onset of darkness. The surface density of microvesicles and RER fluctuated inversely with the pattern displayed by secretory canaliculi. The number of multivesicular bodies per cytoplasmic area exhibited a single peak, 1 h after the onset of darkness. It was further noted that parietal cells in the necks and bases of glands differed morphologically and that their organelle populations varied at individual circadian rates.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 251-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Luliberin (LRF) ; Intercellular clefts (brain) ; Immunoreactive glia-like cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the aid of electron microscopic immunocytochemistry following the application of antisera against somatostatin and luliberin (LRF), a labeling of the intercellular clefts in different areas of the brain was observed. This labeling is especially conspicuous near the basal pole of the cuboidal ependymal cells, but is also generally present in all regions containing neurohormone-producing perikarya or their processes (for example, the preoptic area, the basal ganglia and the cortex). Furthermore, in all these regions displaying labeled intercellular clefts, glialike cells and sparsely ciliated ependymal cells are found, the secondary lysosomes of which exhibit an immunoreactivity resembling that observed in the intercellular clefts. As sources of the immunoreactive material the following possibilities are discussed: (i) perikarya producing somatostatin or LRF, situated in the wall of the third ventricle and sending fibers between the cuboidal ependymal cells, (ii) hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic projections of both peptidergic systems, and (iii) in the case of somatostatin, immunoreactive perikarya in the cortex.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 493-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rat ; Tanycytes ; Transport ; Ontogeny
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    Notes: Summary Transport of ferritin and horseradish peroxidase from the 3rd ventricle to the median eminence was examined in rats during the perinatal life, the time when functional interrelations between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. Protein tracers injected into the lateral ventricle are adsorbed on the apical surface of the tanycyte, mainly on its protrusions or in indentations. On the 18th day of prenatal life a few small bleblike protrusions are observed. After birth microvilli appear. In time their concentration increases to result in an increase of adsorbed substances. They are taken up by smooth and coated pinocytotic vesicles and transported to the basal portion of the cell or to the intercellular space bypassing junctional complexes. In addition to pinocytotic vesicles protein tracers fill channels of smooth ER or Golgi complex and multivesicular bodies illustrating a process probably involved in metabolic or secretory processes.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 63-72 
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    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Brush border ; Epithelial cells ; Vitamin D ; Cell maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) was studied in relation to the age of the cell, in isolated epithelial cell populations removed from rat duodenum. Alkaline phosphatase and thymidine kinase activities were used as markers to characterize differentiated villus cells and undifferentiated (mitotically active) crypt cells, respectively. CaBP distribution along the length of the villus, as established by radioimmunoassay, appears as a gradient increasing from the crypt to the tip of the villus. CaBP concentration in cells is shown to be (i) negatively correlated with the thymidine kinase activity of cells, and (ii) positively correlated with the alkaline phosphatase activity of cells. This indicates that CaBP is absent in crypt cells and appears in differentiated cells with the development of the brush border. Thus CaBP, like alkaline phosphatase, can be considered as an indicator of enterocyte maturation. These data were also confirmed by studying the cellular localization of the protein. In addition both indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining methods reveal that antibody against CaBP decorates the terminal web, but not the microvilli of the brush border of mature absorptive cells. The results suggest that CaBP may act as a modulator of some Ca2+-mediated biochemical processes at the level of the enterocyte brush border.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Motoneurones ; Triceps surae muscle ; Retrograde labelling (Evans blue) ; Excitability ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evans blue was injected into either the medial and lateral gastrocnemius or the soleus muscle of adult albino rats to mark retrogradely the corresponding motoneurones in the spinal cord. The labelled motoneurones were identified by the red fluorescence of their perikarya in the ventral horn of segments L4–L6. In addition, a monosynaptic reflex action potential was recorded only in the ventral roots L4–L6 after stimulation of the nerves to the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and the soleus muscle. Excitability and reflex latencies of labelled and unlabelled motoneurones of segments L4–L6 as well as the conduction velocities of their axons were measured. Apart from a small but statistically nonsignificant increase in excitability, no functional differences were found between labelled and control neurones. Thus, retrograde labelling of motoneurones with Evans blue prior to performing electrophysiological experiments has the advantage that the marked motoneurones can be identified under the fluorescence microscope without the need of additional staining or fixation.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF ; Vasopressin ; Adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In female Wistar rats the influence of adrenalectomy and NaCl administration on the amount of “classical” neurosecretory material (cNSM) in the supraoptico-hypophysial system and on vasopressin-like substance-containing granules (vlG) in the outer layer of the median eminence has been studied. In conjunction with appropriate sodium replacement, adrenalectomy induces an increase in the amount of vlG but does not alter the amount of cNSM. Administration of hypertonic saline diminishes cNSM but has no or only little influence on the amount of vlG. From the findings it is concluded that cNSM and vlG, in spite of their identical histochemical and immunohistochemical properties, have different functions. The functional significance of the vlG is discussed.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 443-455 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LRF-immunoreactive perikarya ; Preoptic area ; Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary At the light microscopic level, following immunostaining with a single antiserum against luliberin (LRF), two types of hormone-producing perikarya in the preoptic area are demonstrated. The two cell types differ in their morphological features: a bipolar, smooth-contoured cell type can be differentiated from an irregularly contoured unipolar type. Intermediate forms between both cell types occurring in the same area are not observed. Electron microscopically, both cell types contain labeled granules of similar size and immunoreactivity. It is dicussed whether the uneven surface of the one cell type is due to areas of synaptic contacts, and whether both cell types are integrated in different neuronal and functional circuits. Moreover, at the ultrastructural level, from the irregularly contoured LRF-producing perikarya a further positively stained cell type, probably a glial cell, can be differentiated. The specific labeling of the latter is caused by its content of immunoreactive lysosomal bodies. Differentiation between the labeled glial cells and the irregularly contoured LRF-producing perikarya is not possible at the light microscopic level.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 457-464 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin immunoreactivity ; Cortex ; Hypothalamus ; Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using an antibody against somatostatin (antiserum “F”), two somatostatin-immunoreactive systems, (i) a hypothalamic and (ii) an extrahypothalamic cortical system, are demonstrated in the rat. Another antiserum raised against somatostatin (antiserum “BS 102”) stains only the axons but not the perikarya of the hypothalamic system; the cortical somatostatin system does not react with this antiserum. The electron microscopic findings do not allow decision whether the above-mentioned hypothalamic and cortical neurons possess a common prohormonal form of somatostatin, immunoreactive only with antiserum “F”. They show, however, that the granules in both neuronal systems differ considerably; in the cortical neurons they measure approximately 65 nm in diameter, in the hypothalamic neurons 90–120 nm in diameter. Thus, both somatostatin systems are different and independent from one another.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; FMRF-amide ; Central nervous system ; Neurohormone ; Neurotransmitter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With an antiserum to the molluscan cardio-excitatory tetrapeptide FMRF-amide neurons and/or nerve fibers were immunocytochemically identified in the central nervous systems of a snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), some insects (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Periplaneta americana, Locusta migratoria, Pieris brassicae), a fish (Poecilia latipinna) and a mammal (mouse). The fact that immunoreactive material was observed in neurohaemal organs (corpora cardiaca of the insects) as well as in axon terminals ending on other neurons, seems to indicate that this peptide can function as a neurohormone and/or as a neurotransmitter. The results sustain the hypothesis that biologically active peptides have a wide distribution in the animal kingdom.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 53-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peptidergic neuroendocrine system ; Domestic fowl ; Metenkephalin system ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the central nervous system of the male domestic fowl, met-enkephalin (ENK) immunoreactive perikarya and fiber tracts as well as extensive but sharply delimited fiber networks were visualized by means of the PAP technique. The most striking results were: (1) The demonstration of an association of ENK-containing structures with branchial nerves; (2) the spatial relationship of ENK-containing perikarya and fibers to somatostatin (SOM) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT)-immunoreactive systems; (3) the presence of dense and extensive ENK fiber networks within (a) the caudo-basal wall of the third ventricle and (b) the septal-preoptic area; in both regions mainly ENK fibers, but also SOM and AVT fibers, may cross to the contralateral side.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Pancreas ; Neural crest cells ; Avian embryo ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that the somatostatin cells are derived from the neurectoderm has been questioned in avian embryos. Isotopic and isochronic transplantations of the neural primordium from quail into chick embryos were made at the vagal level (somites 1 to 7). Quail and chick cells can be distinguished by the structure of their nucleus. The somatostatin cells were characterized immunocytochemically. In no case did quail cells showing the immunological reaction originate from the neural crest.
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