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  • Organic Chemistry  (669)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (467)
  • 1980-1984  (1,136)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1915-1919
  • 1980  (1,136)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,136)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1915-1919
Year
  • 101
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    Historical sketch: Radar geology (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A chronological assessment is given of the broad spectra of technology associated with radar geology. Particular attention is given to the most recent developments made in the areas of microwave Earth resources applications and geologic remote sensing from aircraft and satellite. The significance of space derived radar in geologic investigations is discussed and the scientific basis for exploiting the sensitivity of radar signals to various aspects of geologic terrain is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 23-38
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  • 102
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    An observed annual cycle in tropical upper stratospheric and mesospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of more than one year of backscattered ultraviolet radiances obtained from an equatorial orbit by the Atmosphere Explorer-E satellite reveals an annual cycle in tropical, high altitude ozone which shows no latitude dependence between 20 degrees south and 20 degrees north. The amplitude of the variation increases with altitude. In the 35 to 45 km altitude region statistics of the data suggest no variation whatsoever, while in the lower mesosphere the radiances indicate an ozone increase of 25 to 30 percent between January and July with a decrease thereafter provided the solar irradiance remained constant except for the variation with earth-sun distance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Sept
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  • 103
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    Identification of isolated NO lines in balloon-borne infrared solar spectra (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ballon-borne infrared solar spectra at about 0.02/cm resolution show a number of atmospheric NO lines isolated from other atmospheric and solar lines in the 1830-1930/cm region. Typical spectra are presented and NO total column values are derived.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Sept
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  • 104
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    Measurements of NO, O3, and temperature at 19.8 km during the total solar eclipse of 26 February 1979 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Local measurements of stratospheric NO and O3 mixing ratios and air temperature were made during the total solar eclipse of 26 February 1979. The instrumentation was carried aboard a U-2 aircraft flown at an altitude of 19.8 km in the region near 47 deg N, 112 deg W. Eclipse maximum occurred approximately in the middle of the 2-3/4-hr measurement period. The NO mixing ratio was reduced at least a factor of 25 at the maximum of the eclipse. The decrease and recovery of NO during the passage of the Moon's shadow over the measurement region follows approximately the predictions of two independent models. No change was observed in either the O3 mixing ratio or the air temperature that could be attributed to the eclipse.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; July 198
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  • 105
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    The effect of a nonuniform planetary albedo on the interpretation of earth radiation budget observations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The flux density measured at satellite altitude with a fixed field of view radiometer differs from the true flux density reflected by the earth-atmosphere system within the field of view of the radiometer. This difference is due to angular response characteristics of the radiometer, solid angle effects due to geometry, and angular reflectance effects of the earth-atmosphere system. All of these effects lead to uncertainties in the interpretation of instantaneous earth radiation budget measurements. The differences between the true flux density and the measured flux density are shown to be significant when the field of view of the radiometer is large and when the atmosphere has a nonuniform, or spatially dependent, reflectance (albedo). A simulation experiment is described whereby the scene within the field of view of a nadir looking sensor is divided into a large number of equal area elements, each of which reflects radiation with one of two different reflectance models (corresponding to cloud-free and cloudy areas). The conditional mean values of the measured flux density, given values of the true flux density, are shown to differ significantly from the conditional means of the inverse problem, that of finding the mean value of the true flux density given a value for the measured flux density. The differences between the true flux density and the measured flux density are examined as a function of satellite altitude, field of view of the radiometer and solar zenith angle (including the effects of a terminator within the field of view) for both Lambertian and non-Lambertian reflectance models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; June 198
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  • 106
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    Simultaneous mixing ratio profiles of stratospheric NO and NO2 as derived from balloon-borne infrared solar spectra (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; June 198
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  • 107
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    Atmospheric opacity in the Schumann-Runge bands and the aeronomic dissociation of water vapor (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Knowledge of the aeronomic production of odd hydrogen in the dissociation of water vapor is limited by uncertainties in the penetration of solar irradiance in the Schumann-Runge bands of O2 and by incomplete information concerning the products of photolysis at Lyman alpha. Consideration of all error sources involved in computing the H2O dissociation rate in the wavelength region 175-200 nm leads to an estimated uncertainty of plus or minus 35% at an altitude of 90 km for an overhead sun. The uncertainty increases with decreasing altitude such that the true dissociation rate at 60 km for an overhead sun lies between 0.45 and 1.55 times the results computed using the best input parameters currently available. Calculations of the H2O dissociation rate by Lyman alpha should include the variation in O2 opacity across the solar line width. Neglect of this can lead to errors as large as 50% at altitudes where the process is the major source of odd hydrogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; May 1980
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  • 108
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    Ionospheric wave measurements with satellite-borne cross-power spectrum analyzers (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper studies the feasibility of using the cross-power spectrum analyzer on a satellite such as the Space Shuttle to measure the spectrum of potential and charged particle density fluctuations and macroscopic parameters in the ionosphere. The integration time required to make a measurement of a cross-power spectral density to a given accuracy, or its equivalent, the spatial resolution of a measurement to a given accuracy is examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 15; May-June
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  • 109
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    An algorithm for retrieval of ocean surface and atmospheric parameters from the observations of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The scanning multichannel microwave radiometer is a five-frequency (6.6, 10.7, 18, 21, and 37 GHz), dual-polarized microwave radiometer, which was launched in two separate satellites, Nimbus 7 and Seasat, in 1978. A formalism is developed which can be used to interpret the data in terms of sea surface temperature, sea surface wind speed, and the atmospheric content of water vapor and liquid water. It is shown with reasonable instrumental performance assumptions that these parameters can be derived to useful accuracies. Although the algorithms are not derived for use in rain, it is shown that at least token rain rates can be tolerated without invalidating the retrieved geophysical parameters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 15; May-June
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  • 110
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    Propagation of trans-equatorial deuteron whistlers in the low latitude topside ionosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The high latitude limit of transequatorial deuteron whistlers is found to occur at latitudes where B(m) = B/2, in which B is the local magnetic field at the satellite and B(m) is the minimum magnetic field on the field line through the satellite. The high latitude limit of transequatorial proton whistlers, often extends to the latitude where B(m) = B/4 in the autumn and winter. Transequatorial deuteron whistlers have a constant time interval for an echo train. The damping rate of the cyclotron resonant interaction with rare deuteron is large enough to generate deuteron whistlers. Ray tracing results for nonducted propagation of transequatorial deuteron whistlers show that rays are guided by the geomagnetic field within one degree in invariant latitude for several bounces between the two hemispheres.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 42; May 1980
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  • 111
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    Dependence of the spectral surface irradiance on aerosol properties and surface reflectivity (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A reduction in global surface irradiance occurs with increasing aerosol loadings when the aerosols are absorbing. For scattering aerosols, a reduction is pronounced for isotropic scattering (characteristic of small particles) but reduction is not as significant for scattering with a high anisotropy of a large forward peak (characteristic of large particles). This distinction between isotropic and anisotropic scattering becomes small or null over highly reflecting terrain; and for reflectivities higher than 0.5 and solar elevation angles close to the zenith, the global irradiance can be slightly higher for isotropic scattering than in the case of an anisotropy of a forward peak. Under such conditions, which can be encountered in reflective infrared bands over dense vegetation or over sandy deserts (close to noon, in low latitudes) the surface irradiance becomes nearly independent of the aerosol optical thickness.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Solar Energy; 24; 3, 19; 1980
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  • 112
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    Remote infrared heterodyne radiometer measurements of atmospheric ammonia profiles (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An infrared heterodyne radiometer has been used to study the seasonal variation of the vertical distribution of atmospheric ammonia. The ammonia profiles are inferred from high-resolution atmospheric solar transmittance measurements around the ammonia absorption feature at 927.32323 kaysers. The transmittance data are obtained from six IF channels with spectral resolutions ranging from .0067 to .033 kaysers. Results from this study show a marked decrease in the tropospheric ammonia level with a decrease at ground level from approximately 10 ppb in March 1979 to 1.3 ppb in August 1979.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; May 1980
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  • 113
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    The vertical distribution of tropospheric ammonia (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A one-dimensional tropospheric photochemical model is used to simulate measured profiles of NH3 obtained with the Infrared Heterodyne Radiometer. The relative roles of homogeneous loss, heterogeneous loss, and vertical eddy transport are discussed in terms of selecting parameters which best fit the measurements. The best fit was obtained for a vertical eddy diffusion coefficient of 200,000/sq cm per sec or greater (corresponding to a characteristic vertical transport time in excess of about 35 days), and a characteristic heterogeneous loss time in excess of 10 days. The characteristic homogeneous chemical loss time was found to be about 40 days at the surface and decreased to about 180 days at 10 km, and not very sensitive to model chemical perturbations. Increased ground-level concentrations of NH3 to about 10 ppb, compared to background surface concentrations of about 1 ppb, were measured several weeks after application of ammonium nitrate fertilizer. This suggests that the volatilization of ammonium nitrate fertilizer is rapid, and an important source of NH3. Because of the characteristic times for the loss mechanisms, synoptic time-scale phenomena may play an important role in determining the tropospheric distribution of NH3 concentrations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; May 1980
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  • 114
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    Polar 5 - An electron accelerator experiment within an aurora. I - Instrumentation and geophysical conditions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A mother-daughter rocket was launched over two auroral structures, which included a 10 keV electron accelerator and a series of diagnostic instruments for monitoring optical and wave effects generated through beam-atmospheric interactions and production of secondary electrons. The instrumentation, the ground and rocket background measurements obtained, and some of the beam effects on various geophysical parameters are presented. Attention is given to the rocket geometry, capacitance probe, particle counters, photometers, and the bremsstrahlung X-ray detector. Observations on the plasma environment, auroral particle precipitation, d.c. electric field, optical emissions, and auroral background HF and VLF emissions are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Mar. 198
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  • 115
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    Ionospheric irregularities (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes in detail the recent experimental studies of the E and F region irregularities and also the extensive work on plasma instability theories developed to explain them. Both radio wave and spacecraft-borne experimental techniques are described in order to allow a common ground for the understanding of the data from ground-based and in situ experiments. To date, theoretical work has been mostly concentrated on the low-latitude irregularities and, together with computer simulations, has been able to explain many aspects of the experimental data. These theoretical efforts are also discussed in some detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 18; May 1980
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  • 116
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    Interplanetary particles and fields, November 22 to December 6, 1977 - Helios, Voyager and Imp observations between 0.6 and 1.6 AU (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents a wealth of data obtained at approximately 0.6, 1, and 1.6 AU by Helios 1 and 2, Voyager 1 and 2, and Imp 7 and 8, describing the evolution and interactions of particles, flows, and fields in the period 22 November to 6 December 1977. Three flow systems were observed in the period under consideration: (1) a corotating stream and a stream interface associated with a coronal hole; (2) a shock wave and an energetic particle event associated with a 2B flare; and (3) an isolated shock wave of uncertain origin. These phenomena are discussed in some detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 117
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    Micropulsations in the electric field near the plasmapause, observed by Isee 1 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of a survey of occurrence of micropulsations near and inside the plasmapause, made on the basis of 1 year of data from the double probe electric field instrument on Isee 1, are presented. It is reported that the observed pulsations are classified as Pc 3 and P 2, and that one single Pc 1 event is observed. It is found that Pc 3 events are common during the local day, with a maximum percentage of occurrence as high as 72 in the morning hours. Attention is given to Pi 2 events showing that they are concentrated on the local nightside. Finally, it is noted that pulsations in the Pc 1 range appear on only one inbound pass, which makes the Pc 1 a rare phenomenon at low and moderate latitudes in the plasmasphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 118
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    Scattering by nonspherical particles of size comparable to wavelength - A new semi-empirical theory and its application to tropospheric aerosols (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A semiempirical theory is developed which is based on simple physical principles and comparisons with laboratory measurements. The ultimate utility of this approach rests on its ability to successfully reproduce the observed single-scattering phase function for a wide variety of particle shapes, sizes and refractive indices. This approximate theory is developed for evaluating the interaction of randomly oriented, nonspherical particles with the total intensity component of electromagnetic radiation. Mie theory is used when the particle size parameter x (ratio of particle circumference to wavelength) is less than some upper bound x sub zero (about 5). For x greater than x sub zero, the interaction is divided into three components: diffraction, external reflection and transmission. The application of the theory is illustrated by considering the influence of the shape of tropospheric aerosols on their contribution to the earth's global albedo.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Apr. 198
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  • 119
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    Simulation study of geometric shape factor approach to estimating earth emitted flux densities from wide field-of-view radiation measurements (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study was performed on the use of geometric shape factors to estimate earth-emitted flux densities from radiation measurements with wide field-of-view flat-plate radiometers on satellites. Sets of simulated irradiance measurements were computed for unrestricted and restricted field-of-view detectors. In these simulations, the earth radiation field was modeled using data from Nimbus 2 and 3. Geometric shape factors were derived and applied to these data to estimate flux densities on global and zonal scales. For measurements at a satellite altitude of 600 km, estimates of zonal flux density were in error 1.0 to 1.2%, and global flux density errors were less than 0.2%. Estimates with unrestricted field-of-view detectors were about the same for Lambertian and non-Lambertian radiation models, but were affected by satellite altitude. The opposite was found for the restricted field-of-view detectors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; May 1980
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  • 120
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    Satellite solar occultation sounding of the middle atmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper discusses the principles, achievements, and prospects for satellite solar occultation sounding of the middle atmosphere. Advantages, disadvantages, and spatial and temporal coverage capabilities are described. Progress over the past 15 years is reviewed, and results from a recent satellite aerosol experiment are presented. Questions with regard to Doppler shift, atmospheric refraction, instrument pointing, pressure sensing, and measurement of diurnally active species are addressed. Two experiments now orbiting on the Nimbus-7 and AEM-B satellites, and approved experiments under development for future flights on Spacelab and the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, are also described. In some cases more than one experiment is scheduled to be flown on the same spacecraft, and the advantages and synergistic effects of these applications are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 118; 1-2,; 1980
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  • 121
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    The coupled effects of chemistry and diffusion on the stratospheric zone reduction (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of diffusive-mixing on O3 depletion using the 5 step chemistry model is estimated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Indian Inst. of Science The J. of the Aeron. Soc. of India, Vol. 322, No. 1-4, Feb.-Nov. 1980; p 95-99
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  • 122
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    Plasma convection in the high-latitude F-region (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-27
    Description: Plasma convection patterns in the high-latitude F region are examined, and their implications for F region plasma distributions and the magnetosphere-solar wind interaction are discussed. In-situ electric field measurements in the ionospheric plasma above invariant latitudes of 60 deg are presented which show that the dominant plasma motion is one of two-cell convection perpendicular to the magnetic field, with motion directed away from the sun at invariant latitudes above 70-75 deg and return flow at lower latitudes. AE-C data revealing the presence of eastward, rather than antisunward, convection in the polar cap region is also noted. Analysis of the F region plasma distributions that may result from the two convection patterns indicates that total ion concentrations may differ by two or three orders of magnitude in different signatures of the high-latitude F region, and may account for the mid-latitude F region trough. The F region patterns are also shown to imply that in an open magnetosphere, a region of reconnection extends across a substantial portion of the magnetotail, while in a closed magnetosphere, the viscous interaction may weaken as the plasma moves down the tail, or remain strong with the boundary layer extending down the tail. The importance of further measurements of the stability of the F region convection pattern is pointed out.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Research in Bulgaria; 3; 1980
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  • 123
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    Trace constituents in the middle atmosphere by high resolution UV spectroscopy (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An array of 5 autonomous spectrometers, the imaging spectrometric observatory covers a broad wavelength range (approximately 200 to 12,000 A), has a resolution selectable down to approximately 0.5 A, and a dynamic range of approximately 10 to the 7th power and is designed to select experiment measurement sequences by software control. Because current models of thermospheric ionic processes produce too much N2(+) ionization, the N2(+) reaction with O and the chemistry of metastable (N(+) ions and of O2(+) ions are objects of study on Spacelab 1.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Space Plasma Phys. Active expt.; p 26-56
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  • 124
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    Measurement of visible and UV emission from Energetic Neutral Atom Precipitation (ENAP), on Spacelab (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The charge exchange of plasmaspheric ions and exospheric H and O and of solar wind ions with exospheric and interplanetary H are sources of precipitating neutrals whose faint emission may be observed by the imaging spectrometric observatory during dark periods of the SL-1 orbit. Measurements of the interactions of these precipitating atoms with the thermosphere are needed to evaluate the heating and ionization effects on the atmosphere as well as the selective loss of i energetic ions from the sources (predominantly the ring current).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Plasma Phys. Active Expt.; p 57-74
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  • 125
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    Spacelab experiment: ALAE, Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A spectrophotometer associated with two absorption cells, one filled with hydrogen and the other with deuterium, is described for use in studying various sources of Lyman-alpha emission in the atmosphere, in the interplanetary medium, and possibly in the galactic medium. As the result of charge exchange, Lyman-alpha emission is possibly present in auroral zones, equatorial zones, and at the foot of the polar cusp, where the solar wind interacts directly with the neutral atmosphere. Some emission is also expected from the plasma guns on board Spacelab. The use of the absorption cell is also a test for determining if the presence of geocoronal and interplanetary emission will prevent future astronomical observations of Lyman-alpha emissions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Plasma Phys. Active Expt.; p 1-8
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  • 126
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    ORION mobile unit design (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview of the design of the ORION mobile system is presented. System capability and performance characteristics are outlined. Functional requirements and key performance parameters are stated for each of the nine subsystems. A master design and implementation schedule is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 6-32
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  • 127
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    Review of spectroscopic data for measurement of stratospheric species (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The role of various infrared techniques in measurements of trace gases in the stratosphere were surveyed. Particular emphasis was placed on the role of instruments exhibiting ultrahigh resolution (i.e., less than or equal to 0.00/cm) such as laser heterodyne spectrometers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: High Resolution Infrared Spectry. Tech. for Upper Atmospheric Meas.; p 81-112
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  • 128
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    Atmospheric Emission Photometric Imaging on Spacelab (AEPI) (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two parallel detector systems are used for atmospheric emission photometric emission. The top system is a TV system using the image intensified S.E.C. tube as the detector. The bottom system, the photon counting array (P.C.A.), uses a microchannel plate intensified anode array tube and is equivalent to a 100 channel photomultiplier. For the television, the filters are selected by means of a filter wheel set. The field of view of the is interchangeable between 20 and 6 degrees, by means of a moveable prism. The quartz window mu channel plate intensifier is fiber optically coupled to a 40-25 demagnifying tube which is in turn coupled to the S.E.C. tube. The PCA channel has a fixed field of view of 4 deg and a remote control interchangeable photometric converter optics which converts the imaging array into a multichannel photometer. The mu channel plate array tube amplifies the photons into detectable counts for the PCA electronics. The entire system is pointed by a two axis gimbal. The flight equipment to be acquired consists of a gyro package and an interactive flight control unit panel. The gyro package is necessary because of the inadequate attitude reference supplied by the current Spacelab systems.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Plasma Phys. Active Expt.; p 9-26
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  • 129
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    Assessment of Ozone Perturbations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 206
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  • 130
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    Stratospheric planetary waves (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 184
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  • 131
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    Theoretical studies of odd nitrogen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 163-164
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  • 132
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    Workshop on Geological Applications of Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Techniques (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-170091 , NAS 1.26:170091 , LPI-TR-81-06
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  • 133
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    Lidar observations of the Mount St. Helens dust layers over Urbana, Illinois (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; Sept. 15
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  • 134
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    Elevation changes near the San Gabriel Fault, Southern California (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Analysis of repeated leveling observations in the vicinity of the San Gabriel Fault in Southern California indicate subsidence immediately south of the Fault relative to points to the north, south and east. These observations were previously interpreted as reflecting tectonic motions associated with either the 'Palmdale Bulge' or with preseismic effects of the San Fernando earthquake. Relative subsidence between 1953 and 1964 reaches approximately 9 cm and extends over a distance of more than 20 km. Subsidence occurs directly above the Saugus aquifer and shows a temporal correlation with the history of water level decline within the aquifer. The degree of subsidence of individual benchmarks is roughly proportional to the product of aquifer thickness and water level decline at the location of the benchmarks. Thses observations strongly suggest that movements of the surface near the San Gabriel Fault, previously inferred to be of tectonic origin, actually result from near surface sediment compaction within the Saugus basin.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 135
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    Streaming energetic electrons in earth's magnetotail - Evidence for substorm-associated magnetic reconnection (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This letter reports the results of a systematic study of streaming greater than 200 keV electrons observed in the magnetotail with the Caltech Electron/Isotope Spectrometers aboard IMP-7 and IMP-8. A clear statistical association of streaming events with southward magnetic fields, often of steep inclination, and with substorms as evidenced by the AE index is demonstrated. These results support the interpretation that streaming energetic electrons are indicative of substorm-associated magnetic reconnection in the near-earth plasma sheet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 136
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    Simultaneous wave and particle observations in the auroral kilometric radiation source region (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Simultaneous observations from the topside sounder and the soft particle spectrometer onboard the ISIS 1 satellite reveal that very specific conditions on the local electron density and the energetic electron distributions must both occur in the auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) source region. Such regions are associated with inverted V electron precipitation and with depletions in the local electron density. The electron velocity distribution functions obtained near the inverted V peak were found to increase near several keV energy with increasing velocity as required for plasma instability. The electron density observed near the inverted V peak was too high to support AKR for three events investigated, however, and the AKR source was identified with the edge of the inverted V where the density was low (less than or equal to 30/cu cm) in each case. Whereas this density depletion can extend deep into the ionosphere (approximately 1500 km altitude), the severe depletion associated with the AKR density cavity is restricted to higher altitudes (greater than 2750 km for an event studied in detail).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 137
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    Output rate of magma from active central volcanoes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: For part of their historic records, nine of the most active volcanoes on earth have each erupted magma at a nearly constant rate. These output rates are very similar and range from 0.69 to 0.26 cu m/s. The volcanoes discussed - Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Fuego, Santiaguito, Nyamuragira, Hekla, Piton de la Fournaise, Vesuvius and Etna - represent almost the whole spectrum of plate tectonic settings of volcanism. A common mechanism of buoyantly rising magma-filled cracks in the upper crust may contribute to the observed restricted range of the rates of output.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 288; Nov. 20
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  • 138
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    Seismicity and the subduction process (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: There is considerable variation between subduction zones in the largest characteristic earthquake within each zone. Assuming that coupling between downgoing and upper plates is directly related to characteristic earthquake size, tests for correlations between variation in coupling and other physical features of subduction zones are conducted: the lateral extent and penetration depth of Benioff zones, age of subducting lithosphere, convergence rate, and back-arc spreading. Using linear multivariate regression, coupling is correlated with two variables: convergence rate and lithosphere age. Secondary correlations within the data set are penetration depth versus lithosphere age, and lateral extent versus convergence rate. Taken together, the observed correlations suggest a simple qualitative model where convergence rate and lithosphere age determine the horizontal and sinking rates, respectively, of slabs: these parameters influence the seismic coupling in the subduction zone. In the limit of a fast sinking rate and slow convergence rate, back-arc spreading occurs and thereby appears to be a passive process.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors; 23; Oct. 198
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  • 139
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    Iodine - Its possible role in tropospheric photochemistry (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A detailed study of the photochemistry of iodine and its oxides indicates that iodine species may play an important role in the tropospheric photochemical system. Methyl iodide, often observed in the marine troposphere with an average concentration of 5-10 ppt, is photolyzed and thereby produces I atoms. Chemical interactions with O3, HxOy, and NOx cause I to be converted to other inorganic compounds such as IO, HOI, IONO2, and I2. The production of these species and their subsequent recycling back to I can lead to the catalytic removal of tropospheric O3, the enhancement of the NO2/NO ratio, the destruction of HxOy free radicals, and the conversion of HO2 to OH. Ultimately, tropospheric inorganic iodine is removed by heterogeneous processes. Calculations using a numerical model to simulate tropospheric photochemistry indicate that iodine may have a strong impact upon the atmospheric O3-NOx-HxOy system. The magnitude of these effects is dependent upon the value of several uncertain rate constants and the primary source distributions of CH3I and other organic and inorganic iodine compounds.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 20
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  • 140
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    Geoid height versus age for symmetric spreading ridges (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Geoid height-age relations have been extracted from Geos 3 altimeter data for large areas in the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, southeast Indian, and southeast Pacific oceans. Except for the southeast Pacific area, geoid height decreases approximately linearly with the age of the ocean floor for ages less than about 80 m.y. in agreement with the prediction of an isostatically compensated thermal boundary layer model (Haxby and Turcotte, 1978). The geoid-age data for 0 to 80 m.y. are consistent with constant slopes of -0.094 + or - -0.131 + or - 0.041, and -0.149 + or - 0.028 m/m.y. for the South Atlantic, southeast Indian, and North Atlantic regions, respectively. For ages greater than 80 m.y. the geoid-age relation for the North Atlantic is nearly flat, indicating a reduction in the rate of boundary layer thickening with age. The uncertainties in the geoid slope-age estimates are positively correlated with spreading velocity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 10
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  • 141
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    Global gravity field to degree and order 30 from Geos 3 satellite altimetry and other data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A model of the geopotential field in spherical harmonics to degree and order 30 is obtained from Geos 3 satellite to sea surface altimetry data, terrestrial gravity measurements and satellite perturbation analysis. A general perturbation solution is employed for the calculation of the orbits of 10 satellites based on satellite laser ranging data, and 1 deg x 1 deg surface gravity data are used to compute 550 km x 550 km block anomalies by means of autocovariance analysis. Altimeter-determined sea-surface heights, which are taken as the geoid, are averaged for each 1 deg x 1 deg ocean surface area and treated by autocovariance analysis to obtain 550 x 550 km block undulations. Observation and normal equations are formed from the altimeter and surface gravity data, which together cover 1635 out of 1654 possible surface elements, and are combined with the available satellite-derived normal equations to obtain a solution for the spherical harmonics coefficients. In addition, a value of 6,378,138.23 + or - 1.3 m is obtained for the earth's semimajor axis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 10
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  • 142
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    Microcrack closure in rocks under stress - Direct observation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Direct observations of the closure of microcracks in rocks under increasing stress are reported. Uniaxial stresses up to 300 bars were applied to untreated and previously heated samples of Westerly granite and Frederick diabase by a small hydraulic press which fit entirely within a scanning electron microscope. Crack closure characteristics are found to depend on crack orientation, with cracks perpendicular to the applied stress closing and those parallel tending to open, as well as crack aspect ratio, crack intersection properties, stress concentrations and surface roughness. Uniaxial and hydrostatic stress measurements are found to be strongly dependent on fracture content as observed by SEM, and the observed hysteresis in strain measurements in the first stress cycles is also related to microscopic processes
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 10
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  • 143
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    Material properties for mantle convection consistent with observed surface fields (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An attempt is made to derive constraints on mantle convection from observed surface fields: plate velocities, gravity, topography and heat flow. The spherical harmonic spectra of the fields are expressed in terms of a spectral magnitude and slope, and requirements for the minimal representation of the equations for mantle convection are discussed. The effects of the boundary layer represented by the surface fields on convection at the mantle surface and at deeper levels are then examined, and a mean value of the effective mantle viscosity of approximately 10 to the 23rd g/cm per sec is obtained, together with values of 10 to the 8th and 10 to the 7th for the Rayleigh numbers of whole mantle and upper mantle convection, respectively. Consideration is then given to the compositional, thermal and rheological aspects of mantle convection, and it is pointed out that constraints on the depth and other properties of convection will require more detailed modeling using the relationships between the harmonic coefficients of the surface fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 10
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  • 144
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    Exploratory models of the earth's thermal regime during segregation of the core (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Some simple exploratory theoretical models of the thermal effects of core segregation have been investigated, assuming an initially homogeneous earth and including convective heat transport through a 'parameterized convection' approximation. The results indicate that either (1) mantle temperatures 30% or more above present values may have resulted from the gravitational energy released during core segregation, (2) the earth retained very little of its accretional energy, (3) core segregation lasted for one billion years or more, or (4) the earth accreted heterogeneously. Option 3 seems to be precluded by terrestrial lead isotope data, and the alternatives each raise substantial questions concerning the mechanics, chemistry, and petrology of the earth's early history. There is no recognized evidence for the early hot phase of option 1, and option 4 implies, among other things, an analogous early hot phase. Although it has not been favored, option 2 may be viable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 10
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  • 145
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    Structure of the low latitude boundary layer (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations at high temporal resolution of the frontside magnetopause and plasma boundary layer, made with the LASL/MPE fast plasma analyzer onboard the ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft, revealed a complex quasiperiodic structure of some of the observed boundary layers. A cool tailward streaming boundary layer plasma was seen intermittently, with intervening periods of hot tenuous plasma which has properties similar to the magnetospheric population. While individual encounters with the boundary layer plasma last only a few minutes, the total observation time may extend over one hour or more.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-164056
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  • 146
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    A global model of the neutral thermosphere in magnetic coordinates based on AE-C data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An empirical model of the global atomic oxygen and helium distributions in the thermosphere is developed in a magnetic coordinate system and compared to similar models which are expanded in geographic coordinates. The advantage of using magnetic coordinates is that fewer terms are needed to make predictions which are nearly identical to those which would be obtained from a geographic model with longitudinal and universal time corrections. Magnetic coordinates are more directly related to the major energy inputs in the polar regions than geographic coordinates and are more convenient to use in studies of high latitude energy deposition processes. This is important for comparison with theoretical models where the number of coordinates is limited. The effect of magnetic activity on the atomic oxygen distribution in the morning sector of the high latitude thermosphere in the auroral zone is also considered. A magnetic activity indicator (ML) based on an auroral electrojet index (AL) and the 3 hour ap index are used to relate the atomic oxygen density variations to magnetic activity in this region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163796 , SR-467 , PSU-IRL-SCI-467
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  • 147
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    Initial assessment of the effects of energetic ion injections in the magnetosphere due to the transport of satellite power system components from low earth orbit to geosynchronous earth orbit (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Potentially serious environmental effects exist when cargo orbital transfer vehicle (COTV) ion propulsion is used on the scale proposed in the preliminary definition studies of the Satellite Power System. These effects of the large scale injections of ion propulsion exhaust in the plasmasphere and in the outer magnetosphere were shown to be highly model dependent with major differences existing in the predicted effects of two models, the ion cloud model and the ion sheath model. The expected total number density deposition of the propellant Ar(+) in the plasmasphere, the energy spectra of the deposited Ar(+) and time dependent behavior of the Ar(+) injected into the plasmasphere by a fleet of COTV vehicles differ drastically between the two models. The ion sheath model was demonstrated to be applicable to the proposed Ar(+) beam physics if the beam was divergent and turbulent whereas the ion cloud model was not a realistic approximation for such a beam because the "frozen-field" assumption on which it is based is not valid.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-81982
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  • 148
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    Crustal dynamics project observing plan for highly mobile systems 1981 - 1986 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Measurement of crustal motion in the western United States and other tectonically active regions makes use of fixed, movable and highly mobile satellite laser ranging and very long baseline interferometry systems. Measurement of the rotational dynamics of the Earth as well as regional deformation and plate motion are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82029
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  • 149
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    The aeronomy of vibrationally excited ozone (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Theoretical calculations show that above 80 km in the earth's atmosphere the production of vibrationally excited ozone by chemical processes leads to number densities which are usually larger than those expected for local thermodynamic equilibrium. Quenching of highly excited molecules produced in O+O2+M, O3+M provided a significant source of the lower lying states above the mesopause while the 9.6 microns emission of O3 (0,0,1) was a major sink. Analysis of available laboratory results implied that reactions involving excited ozone play a significant role in the global ozone balance despite the relatively small abundance of the molecule. However, this effect is implicit in many of the rate coefficients currently used in stratospheric calculations. In the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere, where the excited state populations differ from those for thermal equilibrium, published reaction rate data are not necessarily applicable to aeronomic calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82025
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  • 150
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    A description of the NSSL cases used for a simulated VAS retrieval study (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A documentation of eight National Severe Storm Laboratory severe storm cases, which serve as a basis for a simulated VISSR Atmospheric Sounder retrieval study, is presented in this paper. Six of the selected cases provide a control data set to complete the statistical information needed for retrieval techniques based upon the use of regression matrices. The other two cases are to be used in the actual retrieval experiments. The selection was based upon the presence of moisture gradients in the analysis region, the availability of satellite images at the selected time periods, and the extent of cloud cover within the observing network.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82023
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  • 151
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    Effect of rawinsonde errors on rocketsonde density and pressure profiles: An error analysis of the Rawinsonde System (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An initial value of pressure is required to derive the density and pressure profiles of the rocketborne rocketsonde sensor. This tie-on pressure value is obtained from the nearest rawinsonde launch at an altitude where overlapping rawinsonde and rocketsonde measurements occur. An error analysis was performed of the error sources in these sensors that contribute to the error in the tie-on pressure. It was determined that significant tie-on pressure errors result from radiation errors in the rawinsonde rod thermistor, and temperature calibration bias errors. To minimize the effect of these errors radiation corrections should be made to the rawinsonde temperature and the tie-on altitude should be chosen at the lowest altitude of overlapping data. Under these conditions the tie-on error, and consequently the resulting error in the Datasonde pressure and density profiles is less tha 1%. The effect of rawinsonde pressure and temperature errors on the wind and temperature versus height profiles of the rawinsonde was also determined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-156873
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  • 152
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    Theoretical regime diagrams for thermally driven flows in a beta-plane channel in the presence of variable gravity (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effect of a power law gravity field on baroclinic instability is examined, with a focus on the case of inverse fifth power gravity, since this is the power law produced when terrestrial gravity is simulated in spherical geometry by a dielectric force. Growth rates are obtained of unstable normal modes as a function of parameters of the problem by solving a second order differential equation numerically. It is concluded that over the range of parameter space explored, there is no significant change in the character of theoretical regime diagrams if the vertically averaged gravity is used as parameter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78316
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  • 153
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    Accuracy of the determination of mean anomalies and mean geoid undulations from a satellite gravity field mapping mission (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Improved knowledge of the Earth's gravity field was obtained from new and improved satellite measurements such as satellite to satellite tracking and gradiometry. This improvement was examined by estimating the accuracy of the determination of mean anomalies and mean undulations in various size blocks based on an assumed mission. In this report the accuracy is considered through a commission error due to measurement noise propagation and a truncation error due to unobservable higher degree terms in the geopotential. To do this the spectrum of the measurement was related to the spectrum of the disturbing potential of the Earth's gravity field. Equations were derived for a low-low (radial or horizontal separation) mission and a gradiometer mission. For a low-low mission of six month's duration, at an altitude of 160 km, with a data noise of plus or minus 1 micrometers sec for a four second integration time, we would expect to determine 1 deg x 1 deg mean anomalies to an accuracy of plus or minus 2.3 mgals and 1 deg x 1 deg mean geoid undulations to plus or minus 4.3 cm. A very fast Fortran program is available to study various mission configurations and block sizes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: REPT-307
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  • 154
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    Fundamental studies in geodynamics (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Progress in modeling instantaneous plate kinematics is reviewed, with emphasis on recently developed models of present day plate motions derived by the systematic inversion of globally distributed data sets. Rivera plate motions, the Caribbean South American boundary, Indian plate deformation, Pacific-North America, seismicity and subduction processes, and the study of slow earthquakes and free oscillations are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163734
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  • 155
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    A VLBI variance-covariance analysis interactive computer program (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An interactive computer program (in FORTRAN) for the variance covariance analysis of VLBI experiments is presented for use in experiment planning, simulation studies and optimal design problems. The interactive mode is especially suited to these types of analyses providing ease of operation as well as savings in time and cost. The geodetic parameters include baseline vector parameters and variations in polar motion and Earth rotation. A discussion of the theroy on which the program is based provides an overview of the VLBI process emphasizing the areas of interest to geodesy. Special emphasis is placed on the problem of determining correlations between simultaneous observations from a network of stations. A model suitable for covariance analyses is presented. Suggestions towards developing optimal observation schedules are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163733 , DGS-298
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  • 156
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    Studies of auroral X-ray imaging from high altitude spacecraft (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results of a study of techniques for imaging the aurora from a high altitude satellite at X-ray wavelengths are summarized. The X-ray observations allow the straightforward derivation of the primary auroral X-ray spectrum and can be made at all local times, day and night. Five candidate imaging systems are identified: X-ray telescope, multiple pinhole camera, coded aperture, rastered collimator, and imaging collimator. Examples of each are specified, subject to common weight and size limits which allow them to be intercompared. The imaging ability of each system is tested using a wide variety of sample spectra which are based on previous satellite observations. The study shows that the pinhole camera and coded aperture are both good auroral imaging systems. The two collimated detectors are significantly less sensitive. The X-ray telescope provides better image quality than the other systems in almost all cases, but a limitation to energies below about 4 keV prevents this system from providing the spectra data essential to deriving electron spectra, energy input to the atmosphere, and atmospheric densities and conductivities. The orbit selection requires a tradeoff between spatial resolution and duty cycle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163702
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  • 157
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    Natural and artificially injected electron fluxes near discrete auroral arcs (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A sounding rocket payload instrumented in order to inject and observe energetic electron fluxes in the ionospheric plasma was flown from Ft. Churchill into a bright auroral display on 9 April 1978. Measurements of one throw-away detector in three energy channels at 1.9, 4 and 8 keV are discussed in order to relate the observed electron echoes to the prevailing geophysical conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Res.; p 407-410
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  • 158
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    A two-dimensional model of odd nitrogen in the thermosphere and mesosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Satellite measurements of the global nitric oxide distribution demonstrating the need for a two dimensional model of odd nitrogen photochemistry and transport in the thermosphere and mesosphere are reviewed. The main characteristics of a new code solving the transport equation for N(4S), N(2D), and N0 are given. This model extends from pole to pole between 75 and 275 km and reacts to the magnetic activity, the ultraviolet solar flux, and the neutral wind field. The effects of ionization and subsequent odd nitrogen production by high latitude particle precipitation are also included. Preliminary results are illustrated for a magnetically quiet solar minimum period with no neutral wind.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Res.; p 55-60
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  • 159
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    The spectrum of N2O between 800 and 5200 cm(-1) (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An atlas of N2O lines between 800 and 5200/cm obtained from low-pressure, long-path-length samples at 296K is presented. Many of the line centers were marked and their positions were tabulated. The peak absorptances of the weaker lines in the atlas are similar to those expected in an extreme path through the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163671
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  • 160
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    Seismic velocity, attenuation and rheology of the upper mantle (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Seismic and rheological properties of the upper mantle in the vicinity of the low-velocity zone are expressed in terms of relaxation by dislocation glide. Dislocation bowing in the glide plane explains seismic velocities and attenuation. Climbing at higher stresses for longer periods of time give the observed viscosity, and explain the low velocity and high temperature attenuation found at seismic frequencies. Due to differing parameters, separate terms for thermal, seismic and rheological lithospheres are proposed. All three lithospheres, however, are related and are functions of temperature, and must be specified by parameters such as period, stress, and stress duration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Cusp proton signatures and the interplanetary magnetic field (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The variation of proton average energy with latitude in the cusp has been suggested as an indicator of the means of particle entry. If magnetic merging is the principal means of particle entry, the proton average energy should fall with increasing latitude; if diffusion is the principal means, the average energy should first fall and then briefly rise as a function of latitude, showing a 'V' signature. In the present work, 60 selected cusp passes of the AE-D satellite for which IMP-J interplanetary or magnetosheath magnetic-field data were available were examined. About one-third of these passes showed clear or likely merging-type energy dispersions; a third showed clear or likely V-type energy dispersions, and a third showed unclear or no energy dispersions. The results are strongly correlated with the IMF - the merging signatures are associated with southward IMF and the V signatures with northward IMF. Unclear cases are associated with unsteady or weakly northward IMF.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 162
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    Sporadic-E layers and unstable wind shears (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Electron density profiles of sporadic-E layers have been observed with good height resolution using rocket-borne probes. These generally show a simple shape consistent with the effect of a linear wind shear acting on metallic ions. Occasionally more complex shapes have been recorded, including double peaks and, on one occasion, a nearly rectangular profile. A direct method of obtaining the wind profile from the concentration profile of metallic ions has been developed. The metallic ion concentration profile itself is obtained from the electron density profile. Both procedures derive from the steady-state continuity equation. For linear wind shears it is found that the maximum value of the shear is about 50 m/s/km which corresponds to a Richardson number of 1/4. Layers of complex shape are associated with non-linear wind shears in which the maximum shear considerably exceeds this value. It is concluded that the complex profiles of sporadic-E layers can be interpreted as an effect of unstable wind shears.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 42; Jan. 198
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  • 163
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    Determination of the total grain size distribution in a vulcanian eruption column, and its implications to stratospheric aerosol perturbation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The total grain distribution of tephra from the eruption by the Fuego volcano in Guatemala on Oct. 14, 1974 was determined by grain size analysis. The region within each isopach has a grain distribution which was weighted proportionally to its percentage volume; the total distribution had a median grain size of 0.6 mm and a sorting coefficient of 2.3. The ash composed of fine particles did not fall in the volcano area as part of the recognizable tephra blanket; the eruption column reached well into the stratosphere to the height of 10-12 km above sea level, with mass flux rate estimated altitudes of 18-23 km
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 164
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    Geomagnetic field mapping from a satellite - Spatial power spectra of the geomagnetic field at various satellite altitudes relative to natural noise sources and instrument noise (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors; 23; Oct. 198
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  • 165
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    Carbonic metamorphism, granulites and crustal growth (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Stabilization of early crust against melting by high radioactivity and against resorption into the mantle by fast convective overturn requires that water and heat producers were flushed upwards within 50 Myr of accretion. Creation of a refractory base of granulite by metamorphism associated with CO2 vapour explains CO2-rich fluid inclusions in ancient high-grade rocks, minor-element depletions and local phenomena of arrested development of charnockite in Precambrian terrains. The hot-spot and plate-tectonic models of Precambrian crustal evolution lead to different schemes for CO2 delivery to continental roots. New tectonic concepts may be needed to explain carbonic metamorphism and other features of early crustal evolution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 288; Nov. 6
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  • 166
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    Mesospheric and lower thermospheric dynamics (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Studies of the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are reviewed. Attention is given to prevailing winds, mean vertical motions, tidal winds, and stratospheric warmings. Semiempirical models, compatibility of measurement techniques, and availability of data are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan; vol. 58
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  • 167
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    The results from the X ray bremsstrahlung experiment of Project Trigger (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Analysis of the bremsstrahlung X-ray data produced the following conclusions. The counting rate observed before the explosion was an expected normal quiet background. An unexpected increase in the counting rate below 20 keV was observed after the explosion, which may have been an effect of the explosion. A significant 0.13-H2 peak in the power spectral density of the X-ray flux was observed, which is interpreted as evidence for a particle-wave-particle interaction involving a bounce resonance stimulated by the explosion. Dispersed continuation of this interaction may have been responsible for delayed long-term precipitation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 168
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    Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and the variation of geomagnetic pulsation activity (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is shown that the observed local time variation of dayside geomagnetic micropulsations is consistent with the Kelvin-Helmholtz generation mechanism operating at the magnetopause. The variation of the angle between the interplanetary magnetic field and the magnetopause around the magnetosphere causes variations in the magnetosheath magnetic field, which in turn lead to local time variations in micropulsation amplitudes. Morning sector pulsations are expected to be larger than afternoon sector pulsations. Furthermore, large-amplitude pulsations are expected to be more frequently observed when the angle between the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind velocity in front of the bow shock is small.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 169
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    A comparison of solar wind and ionospheric ion acoustic waves (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Ion acoustic waves produced during the Trigger experiment are compared to ion acoustic waves observed in the solar wind. After normalizing to the Debye length the spectra are nearly identical, although the ionospheric wave relative energy density is 100 times larger than the solar wind case.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 170
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    Generation and propagation of an electromagnetic pulse in the Trigger experiment and its possible role in electron acceleration (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Instruments onboard the Trigger payload detected a large-amplitude, low-frequency, electric field pulse which was observed with a time delay consistent only with an electromagnetic wave. A model for this perturbation is constructed, and the associated field-aligned current is calculated as a function of altitude. This experiment may simulate the acceleration mechanism which results in the formation of auroral arcs, and possibly even other events in cosmic plasmas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 171
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    An experimental test of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability within the earth's magnetosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Examples of propagating electromagnetic Alfven/ion cyclotron waves in plasma particle and magnetic field data observed by the ATS-6 geostationary satellite are discussed. These waves were viewed mainly near the afternoon and dusk regions of the earth's magnetosphere with normalized frequencies in the 0.05 to 0.5 range. Two wave events were analyzed: both appeared coincidentally with the encounter of cool plasma populations which joined the hot populations already present. An electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability was proposed as the wave generation mechanism; this theory was tested by evaluating the linear growth integrals under the measured anisotropic hot ion distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 23; Oct. 198
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  • 172
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    Coordinated study of equatorial scintillation and in situ and radar observations of nighttime F region irregularities (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A coordinated set of Atmospheric Explorer E (AE-E) satellite in situ, VHF radar backscatter, and scintillation measurements performed during 1977 over a common ionospheric volume is used to study the relationship between the plasma depletions or bubbles, the extended 3-m irregularity structures known as plumes, and bursts of scintillation activity or patches in the nighttime equatorial F region. The implications of the observed spatial structures and the level of ambient concentration on the generation of 3-m irregularities and scintillation modeling are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A093714 , AFGL-TR-80-0376 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 173
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    A laboratory study of the lambda 2145 A auroral mystery feature (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The prominent emission feature near 2145 A in the ultraviolet spectrum of an aurora has been tentatively identified by Dick (1978) as the doublet lines, 2139.68 A and 2143.55 A, emitted by metastable N+(5S) ions, and dissociative excitation of N2 by electron impact with a cross section greater than or equal to 2 x 10 to the -18th sq cm has been proposed as the source of this species. A detailed laboratory study of dissociative excitation is described that suggests two alternative viewpoints of this process: (1) If the calculated radiative lifetime for the N+(5S) state (4.4 microsec) is correct, then the N+(5S) dissociative excitation cross section is less than 3 x 10 to the -21st sq cm. Thus, a new N+(5S) source mechanism would have to be found in order to account for the auroral data. (2) If dissociative excitation does form N+(5S) ions efficiently, then the laboratory and field observations imply a radiative lifetime for this state of more than 10 msec, thus suggesting that there are major errors in the lifetime computation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 174
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    Determination of the geopotential from satellite-to-satellite tracking data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Ground-based observation of the deviation of artificial satellite trajectories from a reference path is the classical means for determining the parameters of the global geopotential. However, for the short wavelengths (less than 10 deg), tracking coverage from ground stations of sufficient density is impossible to obtain. But one or more satellites can observe another satellite and obtain the needed global data coverage. Results are presented of error analyses of possible satellite-to-satellite tracking missions to determine the geopotential at a resolution of 1 x 1 deg. To achieve an accuracy of a few milligals at this resolution requires a satellite altitude at or near 150 km and measurements of intersatellite speed to 10 to the -6th m/s.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 10
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  • 175
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    Intensity variations in plasma flow at the dawn magnetopause (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations of plasma flows in the region of the dawn magnetopause obtained by the outbound Voyager 1 spacecraft, at a velocity of 11 km/sec, are discussed. Magnetic field and ion data obtained for the period surrounding four magnetopause crossings are presented which reveal energetic anti-sunward flowing ions outside the boundary with a time variability on the order of 400 millisec. These particle intensity variations, observed to vary with frequency, are most likely associated with the particle energization process or with the leakage of magnetospheric protons. The ion flows are considered to have originated sunward of the dawn meridian and were observed to penetrate approximately an ion gyroradius inside the dawn magnetopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Dec. 198
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  • 176
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    A high-altitude barium radial injection experiment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A rocket launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, carried a new type of high-explosive barium shaped charge to 571 km, where detonation injected a thin disk of barium vapor with high velocity nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field. The TV images of the injection are spectacular, revealing three major regimes of expanding plasma which showed early instabilities in the neutral gas. The most unusual effect of the injection is a peculiar rayed barium-ion structure lying in the injection plane and centered on a 5 km 'black hole' surrounding the injection point. Preliminary electrostatic computer simulations show a similar rayed development.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Dec. 198
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  • 177
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    A new determination of the ultraviolet heating efficiency of the thermosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experimental measurements of relevant parameters over the last five years have made possible an accurate reassessment of the thermospheric heating efficiency for solar ultraviolet photons. The outcome of a steady state calculation applicable to mid-latitudes is reported here. The results are found to be significantly different from an earlier determination, both in magnitude and in variation with altitude. The heating efficiency is approximately 50% near the peak of the extreme ultraviolet energy deposition and falls to approximately 10% near 400 km. The implications for the understanding of the thermospheric energy budget are significant. The various energy channels by which solar energy is transferred to the neutral atmosphere are quantified and summer/winter and solar maximum/solar minimum conditions are compared.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 1
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  • 178
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    The morphology of metallic ions in the upper atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Analysis of metallic ion data from a day-night pair of rockets, OGO 6, and the elliptic phases of AE-C and AE-D shows the presence of Fe(+) ions at altitudes above 400 km only at low magnetic latitudes. The detection probability of this ion decreases with altitude, with a maximum over the Atlantic and a minimum over India; the rocket data indicate ions in the E region during the day and on the bottom of the F layer at night. Mg(+) and Fe(+) are the dominant ions below 250 km at all latitudes, but Al(+), Na(+), Si(+), and Ca(+) are also detectable; a correlation was found between solar activity and metallic ion detection probability at low latitudes and high altitudes at night
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 1
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  • 179
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    A seasonal change in the effect of field-aligned currents at synchronous orbit (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The expected signature of substorm field-aligned currents is described for synchronous satellites near 10 deg magnetic latitude. The main effect is a positive D perturbation premidnight and a negative D perturbation postmidnight. This behavior is illustrated for two substorms near the fall equinox. A second pair of substorms taken from winter solstice do not show the expected behavior. The absence of this effect in winter observations is verified statistically by superposed epoch analysis. A simple explanation of this behavior based on the geometry of the plane of magnetic symmetry is presented. During disturbed times at winter solstice a synchronous satellite nominally at 10 deg magnetic latitude is effectively at the magnetic equator. This distortion of the magnetic equator must be considered in future models of the disturbed magnetospheric magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 1
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  • 180
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    The dawn polar cap boundary at high altitude (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A plasma decrease event has been observed in the dawn sector during large magnetic storms. Supporting plasma data from ATS-6 and GEOS-1 satellites are used to argue that this type of decrease is similar to the midnight-sector plasma-sheet boundary crossing. Implications of such a boundary crossing near dawn for the storm time magnetic field are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 181
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    Changes in the planetary heat balance with chemical changes in air (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The concept of an 'equivalent radiative atmosphere', a simplified model of the atmospheric radiative aspects, is used to explore changes in the greenhouse effect, caused by changes in the atmospheric composition, and changes in the incident solar flux. By extending this model to the zonal energy-balance type, it is shown that global heating has the more profound effect at higher latitudes. It is also shown that the positive feedback in H2O opacity is comparable to the initial change in opacity due, for example, to a change in CO2 content.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Nov. 198
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  • 182
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    Trace elements in ocean ridge basalt glasses - Implications for fractionations during mantle evolution and petrogenesis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Seven documented and fresh glassy selvages from ocean floor basalt pillows were analyzed for trace elements including Ag, Au, Bi, Br, Ni, Pd, and Zn using radiochemical activation analysis. Glasses from DSDP leg 24, site 238 in the Indian Ocean have a trace element pattern which reflects secondary processes at a shallow depth. Chemical fractionations in petrogenesis of tholeiitic basalts indicate that (Ir, Os), Au, Pd, Ni, and Re are strongly fractionated in igneous processes; the unfractionated chondritic mantle pattern thus imposes constraints on mantle evolution models. Finally, the limited Rb/Cs fractionation in oceanic tholeiites reflects the low abundance of volatiles and hydrous silicates in normal ocean ridge basalts.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Dec. 198
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  • 183
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    Stability of sanidine + forsterite and its bearing on the genesis of potassic magmas and the distribution of potassium in the upper mantle (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 51; 1; Nov. 198
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  • 184
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    An equivalent source model of the satellite-altitude magnetic anomaly field over Australia (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The low-amplitude, long-wavelength magnetic anomaly field measured between 400 and 700 km elevation over Australia by the POGO satellites is modeled by means of the equivalent source technique. Magnetic dipole moments are computed for a latitude-longitude array of dipole sources on the earth's surface such that the dipoles collectively give rise to a field which makes a least squares best fit to that observed. The distribution of magnetic moments is converted to a model of apparent magnetization contrast in a layer of constant (40 km) thickness, which contains information equivalent to the lateral variation in the vertical integral of magnetization down to the Curie isotherm and can be transformed to a model of variable thickness magnetization. It is noted that the closest equivalent source spacing giving a stable solution is about 2.5 deg, corresponding to about half the mean data elevation, and that the magnetization distribution correlates well with some of the principle tectonic elements of Australia.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 51; 1; Nov. 198
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  • 185
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    Reversed-polarity regions (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The 58 RPRS studied have a lifespan comparable to normal active regions and have no tendency to rotate toward a more normal alignment. They seem to have stable configurations with no apparent evidence suggesting stress due to their anomalous magnetic alignment. Magnetic complexity in RPRs is the key to flare productivity just as it is in normal regions - weak field RPRs produced no flares and regions with complex spots produced more flares than regions with noncomplex spots by a factor of 5. The RPRs however, differ from normal regions in the frequency of having complex spots, particularly the long lived complex spots, in them. Less than 17 percent of normal ARs have complex spots; less than 1.8 percent have long lived complex spots. In contrast, 41 percent of RPRs have complex spots and 24 percent have long lived complex spots.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163913 , BBSO-0199
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  • 186
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    The swept angle retarding mass spectrometer: Initial results from the Michigan auroral probe sounding rocket (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from a sounding rocket flight of the swept angle retarding ion mass spectrometer (SARIMS) are presented to demonstrate the capability of the instrument to make measurements of thermal ions which are differential in angle, energy, and mass. The SARIMS was flown on the Michigan auroral probe over regions characterized first by discrete auroral arcs and later by diffuse precipitation. The instrument measured the temperature, densities, and flow velocities of the ions NO(+) and O(+). Measured NO(+) densities ranged from 10 to the 5th power up to 3 x 10 to the 5th power ions/cu cm, while the measured O(+) densities were a factor of 5-10 less. Ion temperatures ranged from 0.15 up to 0.33 eV. Eastward ion flows approximately 0.5 km/sec were measured near the arcs, and the observed flow magnitude decreased markedly inside the arcs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78317
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  • 187
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    Coordinated ionospheric and magnetospheric observations from the ISIS 2 satellite by the ISIS 2 experimenters. Volume 3: High-latitude charged particle, magnetic field and ionospheric plasma observations during northern summer (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A list of ISIS 2 experiments and a description of the satellite are presented. Instrumentation of the satellite included an auroral scanning photometer, a red line photometer, a swept frequency sounder, an ion mass spectrometer, and triaxial fluxgate magnetometer. Data format descriptions are provided. Included with the geophysical data set is a list of all passes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82279 , NSSDC/WDC-A-R/S-80-05
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  • 188
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    A test of two theories for the low-frequency cutoffs of nonthermal continuum radiation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A discussion and analysis of two theories that differently identify the low-frequency cutoffs of nonthermal continuum radiation are presented. The cold plasma theory and an alternate one proposed by Jones (1976) are compared experimentally with the use of continuum radiation data obtained in the outer magnetosphere by the Imp 6 and ISEE 1 spacecraft. It is found that the characteristics of this specific radiation are consistent with those expected of ordinary and extraordinary mode waves described by the cold plasma theory and it is shown that the cutoff frequencies occur at the local plasma frequency and R = 0 cutoff frequency as proposed by the same theory. The inconsistencies which were found between the Jones theory (1976) and observation are presented, and in addition no evidence is found for a component of continuum radiation propagating in the Z mode in the outer magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A092086 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Sept. 1
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  • 189
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    Field-aligned currents and large scale magnetospheric electric fields (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: D'Angelo's model of polar cap electric fields (1977) was used to visualize how high-latitude field-aligned currents are driven by the solar wind generator. The region 1 and region 2 currents of Iijima and Potemra (1976) and the cusp field-aligned currents of Wilhjelm et al. (1978) and McDiarmid et al. (1978) are apparently driven by different generators, although in both cases the solar wind is their ultimate source.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Annales de Geophysique; 36; Jan
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  • 190
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    Solar wind ion injections in the morning auroral oval (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energy versus time dispersion of precipitating ion bursts was observed during two rocket flights in the morning auroral oval. Individual bursts lasted about 20 seconds and repeated on a time scale of 100 seconds. The dispersion is interpreted as energy-dependent time-of-flight delay which provides identification of ion charge-to-mass ratio as well as injection source distance. The data are consistent with injections of magnetosheath ions with injection distances ranging from 7 to 19 earth radii. Individual events extended over a regin of at least several degrees of magnetic longitude and 0.3 degrees of invariant latitude. It is suggested that these events are associated with turbulent plasma entry into the magnetospheric entry layer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; June 1
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  • 191
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    Interhemispheric transport induced by neutral zonal winds in the F region (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Reliable measurements of the interhemispheric ion transport velocity have shown a large longitudinal variability at equinox. The roles of zonal and meridional F region neutral winds have been evaluated in a simple way to account for the observed longitude dependence. The magnetic declination and relative displacement of the geographic and geomagnetic equators are both important considerations. It is shown that the zonal wind makes a strong contribution to the observed interhemispheric transport velocities near equinox.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; June 1
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  • 192
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    F region airglow - Are ground-based observations consistent with recent satellite results (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Atmosphere Explorer photochemistry is used to interpret simultaneous observations made at the Arecibo Observatory of the OI (6300 A) and NI (5200 A) airglow surface brightness and electron density and temperature profiles measured by incoherent scatter radar. It was found that the theory and the experiment agree for the 5200-A emission; however, it was not possible to obtain to a complete agreement for the 6300-A nightglow. It is suggested that the source of the discrepancy results from one of the parameters used to calculate the production rate of O(lD); the data show evidence of an asymmetrical behavior of the ionosphere between times when the F layer is descending and when it is ascending, with asymmetry probably reflecting the effects of transport on molecular ion densities in the bottom side of the F region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; June 1
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  • 193
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    Observations of ULF electric field fluctuations in the dayside auroral oval (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Electric field oscillations at frequencies centered below 10 Hz were measured by a payload equipped with double-probe electric field detectors which was launched into the dayside auroral oval during the Greenland rocket campaign on January 11, 1975. These oscillations exceeded an amplitude of 3 mV/m broadband and occurred over a period of about 90 s. These oscillations occurred during a proton injection event when the quasi-static electric field was less than 20 mV/m on the average. However, during a brief 2-s interval the electric field exceeded 50 mV/m. Analysis of the amplitude as a function of the spin frequency showed that the electric field was confined to a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. The power spectrum was of the form f to the -6.5 + or - 1.5 power, where f is the frequency over the range from 8 to 18 Hz. The existence of a large electric field fluctuation in a spatially or temporally confined region of low-amplitude turbulence suggests that this may be an observation of the low-altitude projection of a turbulent region associated with electrostatic shocks which have recently been observed at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; June 1
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  • 194
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    On the convective properties of magnetospheric Bernstein waves (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent plasma wave observations made by the ISEE and GEOS satellites of the electrostatic cyclotron harmonic waves have been consistent with and organized very well within the theoretical framework of Bernstein waves excited in magnetospheric plasma. Attention is given to an examination of a number of effects that result simply from the convective properties of Bernstein waves in a magnetospheric plasma environment. The roles of wave trapping in plasma density depressions and partial trappings near the magnetic equator are discussed. Certain future wave observations are suggested that can improve the understanding of this magnetospheric wave phenomenon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 195
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    Diurnal, seasonal, and nighttime variations of atomic nitrogen in the equatorial thermosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The open source neutral mass spectrometer on board the equatorial Atmosphere Explorer E satellite (AE-E) measured atomic nitrogen densities at frequent intervals during both the elliptical and circular orbit phases of satellite operations. Elliptical orbit data presented here by means of empirical models at 225- and 300-km altitude provide diurnal and seasonal profiles at altitudes lower than previously possible. Data from individual circular orbits later in the AE-E mission confirm essential features of these models, particularly the diurnal density profile. At lower altitudes, considerable variation is evident near midnight, with density enhancements correlated with increasing levels of geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 196
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    On the global scale electrodynamic coupling of high-latitude and low-latitude regions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ionosonde data from Dourbes (Belgium) and Lindau (Germany) show a correlation of the F layer critical frequency with the interplanetary sector structure in 1974. These data provide additional circumstantial evidence in support of recent results on the low-latitude extension of magnetospheric convection.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Canadian Journal of Physics; 58; May 1980
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  • 197
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    Volcanic explosion clouds - Density, temperature, and particle content estimates from cloud motion (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Photographic records of 10 vulcanian eruption clouds produced during the 1978 eruption of Fuego Volcano in Guatemala have been analyzed to determine cloud velocity and acceleration at successive stages of expansion. Cloud motion is controlled by air drag (dominant during early, high-speed motion) and buoyancy (dominant during late motion when the cloud is convecting slowly). Cloud densities in the range 0.6 to 1.2 times that of the surrounding atmosphere were obtained by fitting equations of motion for two common cloud shapes (spheres and vertical cylinders) to the observed motions. Analysis of the heat budget of a cloud permits an estimate of cloud temperature and particle weight fraction to be made from the density. Model results suggest that clouds generally reached temperatures within 10 K of that of the surrounding air within 10 seconds of formation and that dense particle weight fractions were less than 2% by this time. The maximum sizes of dense particles supported by motion in the convecting clouds range from 140 to 1700 microns.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 10
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  • 198
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    Vertical distribution of aerosol extinction cross section and inference of aerosol imaginary index in the troposphere by lidar technique (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper reports on vertical profiles of aerosol extinction and backscatter in the troposphere which were obtained from multi zenith angle lidar measurements. It is reported that a direct slant path solution was found to be not possible due to horizontal inhomogeneity of the atmosphere. Attention is given to the use of a regression analysis with respect to zenith angle for a layer integration of the angle dependent lidar equation in order to determine the optical thickness and aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio for defined atmospheric layers and the subsequent evaluation of cross-section profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Apr. 198
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  • 199
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    Nighttime temperatures and ion chemistry from OGO 6 plasma measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented of a statical investigation of temperature and molecular ion chemistry in the nighttime thermosphere, with data from plasma measurements between 400 and 450 km from the retarding potential analyzer on the OGO 6 satellite. Temperatures and ion concentrations from the equatorial region are discussed. Emphasis is placed on statistical analyses of all data acquired within small cells of finite width in latitude and day of observation. Attention is given to a significant fraction of the nighttime hemisphere between low summer and middle winter latitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 200
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    Comparison of the N2/+/ photochemistry at different phases of the solar cycle (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Thermospheric and ionospheric data obtained on 12 orbits throughout 1978 are analyzed using the chemical scheme established during 1974 when the solar EUV intensities were less than half of those encountered in 1978. It is shown that this scheme, with some modification, applies to the more active period. Photoionization of N2 is found to be the major source of N2(+) in the F2 layer, by contrast with the charge exchange reaction of O+(2D) with N2, which was dominant for the lower solar activity. The results confirm the laboratory measurements of the dissociative recombination rate coefficient for N2 with electrons, as well as the theoretically calculated rate coefficient for the quenching of O+(2D) by electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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