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  • Drosophila melanogaster  (17)
  • Springer  (17)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Springer Nature
  • 1980-1984  (17)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1935-1939
  • 1980  (17)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (17)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Springer Nature
Years
  • 1980-1984  (17)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The isolation of functional pole cells from theDrosophila melanogaster maternal effect mutantmat(3)1 (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pole cell isolation ; Maternal effect mutants ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A procedure for pole cell isolation has been developed that takes advantage of theDrosophila melanogaster maternal effect mutantmat(3) 1. Embryos derived from homozygousmat(3)1 mothers form exclusively pole cells. By outcrossing we could substantially increase the expressivity of the original mutant stock. We further introduced theTM8 balancer chromosome, which carries the dominant temperature sensitive mutationDTS-4. This allows the accumulation of large homozygousmat(3) 1 fly populations by eliminating the heterozygous flies at the restrictive temperature. Early embryos were mechanically fragmented and the cells were isolated by means of metrizamide step gradients. The isolated cells were demonstrated to exhibit the various ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of pole cells. The isolated cells were transplanted into genetically marked host embryos. The germ line mosaics that were obtained indicate that the isolated cells represent functional pole cells. Proteins synthesized by the isolated pole cells during short term in vitro labelling with35S-methionine were compared to the proteins synthesized by blastoderm cells fromOregon-R embryos. At least one protein could be demonstrated in the pole cell samples that is not synthesized byOregon-R blastoderm cells. The method allows a fast and gentle isolation of highly enriched pole cell populations which are a prerequisite for the biochemical analysis of germ cell determination and differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848804
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous interchanges in females of Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 56 (1980), S. 161-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Chromosome ; Spontaneous interchange ; half-translocation ; Non-homologous pairing ; Mitosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Herein is described an attempts to establish chromosome pairing-interchange relationships in Drosophila melanogaster female. For this purpose, the formation of half-translocations was studied in XXY and XX females bearing compounds of the second pair of autosomes. With respect to XXY females, it was expected that the free Y chromosome would pair with these compounds and that half-translocations involving 2L would arise. In as much as compound chromosomes in XX females had no partner for pairing, the formation of half-translocations involving 2L was not expected. Half-translocations were registered in the F1 from crosses of XX and XXY females to b j pr cn/T(Y;2)C males. The cross was designed to permit the detection of very rarely occurring non-homologue interchanges. Offspring number was 335 in XX females and 550 in XXY females. The majority of offspring consisted of individuals arisen from the spontaneous restitution of compounds and the formation of 2n egg cells. Based on phenotype, the offspring of XX females contained 4 individuals with half-translocations involving 2L; there were 48 such flies among the offspring of XXY females. As confirmed by progeny analysis, 38 half-translocations occurred in XXY females and none in XX females. Of the 31 spontaneous interchanges in XXY females 28 were recorded between the Y and the left compound, one between the Y and the right compound, and one between the X and the left compound. Non-homologue interchanges were of oogonial origin judging by the fact that individuals with half-translocations arose in clusters. Unlike Y — left compound interchanges, the interchanges between autosomal compounds seem to be of meiotic origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286678
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome replacement in mixed populations of compound-2L; free-2R and standard strains of Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Compound ; free-arm strains ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Unstable genetic isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Crosses between compound-2L; free-2R (free-arm) and standard strains of Drosophila melanogaster produce two classes of inviable aneuploid hybrids in equal proportions: monosomic 2L and trisomic 2L. The lethal period for monosomics occurs during embryogenesis while the trisomics survive to late pupae. Since the hybrids are inviable, standard and free-arm strains within a mixed population remain genetically isolated. Genetic isolation in the absence of mating isolation offers an extreme example of unstable equilibrium. Relative fitness data indicate that an unstable equilibrium will be established between free-arm and standard strains at a ratio of 2.5∶1. Indeed, in three cage experiments established at initial ratios of 3∶1, free arms to standards, laboratory (Oregon R) or native (Okanagan S) standard strains were completely replaced in approximately 100 days by free-arm lines derived either from laboratory or from native genetic background. In contrast, one cage established at an initial ratio of 4∶1 failed to show replacement and for 92 days remained at approximately the initial ratio. Subsequent genetic analysis of flies removed from this cage identified the presence of an anomalous strain through which genetic information was transferred reciprocally between the free-arm and standard lines. The second chromosomes carried by this strain consisted of a free-2R and a standard second on the right arm of which was attached a duplication for all of 2L. While the origin of the 2L·2R+2L chromosome was uncertain, genetic and cytological examinations revealed that it represented the reciprocal crossover product expected from an exchange that generated a F(2R). Additional crosses disclosed that the transmission frequency of the asymmetrical pair of second chromosomes, as well as their right-arm crossover products, was disproportionately in favor of the short arm. Since unequal transmission was invariably greater from female parents, this phenomenon was viewed as further evidence in support of the drag hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264950
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term selection for a quantitative character in large replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Long-term selection ; Residual genetic variability ; Heritability ; Abdominal bristle number ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Six replicate lines of Drosophila melanogaster, which had been selected for increased abdominal bristle number for more than 85 generations, were assayed by hierarchical analysis of variance and offspring on parent regression immediately after selection ceased, and by single-generation realised heritability after more than 25 generations of subsequent relaxed selection. Half-sib estimates of heritability in 5 lines were as high as in the base population and much higher than observed genetic gains would suggest, excluding lack of sufficient additive genetic variance as a cause of ineffective selection in these lines. Also, there was considerable diversity among the six lines in composition of phenotypic variability: in addition to differences in the additive genetic component, one or more of the components due to dominance, epistasis, sex-linkage or genotype-environment interaction appeared to be important in different lines. Even after relaxed selection, single-generation realised heritabilities in four lines were as high as in the base population. As a large proportion of total genetic gain must have been made by fixation of favourable alleles, the compensatory increase of genetic variability has been sought in a genetic model involving genes at low initial frequencies, enhancement of gene effects during selection and/or new mutations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276006
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term selection for a quantitative character in large replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Long-term selection ; Relaxed selection ; Reverse selection ; Dominance of bristle number genes ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reverse and relaxed selection were carried out in sublines which were derived from six replicate lines of Drosophila during 86–89 generations of selection for increased abdominal bristle number, and the reverse selection sublines were reciprocally crossed with selection lines of their origin. The results of serial relaxed selection initiated at different generations of selection confirm that the accelerated responses observed in the selection lines were largely due to deleterious genes, particularly lethals, with large effects on the selected character. The decline in mean bristle number under relaxed selection was not much different between crowded and uncrowded relaxed sublines. Reverse selection initiated at generation 57 was very effective, though it failed to bring the mean back to the base population level, and the genetic differences between replicate sublines (two from each of the six lines) indicate that low bristle number genes were probably rare in the selection lines. The genes which were still segregating after 57 generations of selection, on the average, did not show any directional dominance. The contribution of the X-chromosome to selection response was proportional to its chromosome length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253881
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of β-alanine on ultrastructure, tanning, and melanization of Drosophila melanogaster cuticles (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 65-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; cuticle ; chitin ; β-alanine ; N-acetyldopamine ; tanning ; melanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In Drosophila melanogaster, the chitinous microfibrils arising from the tips of the epidermal villi in adult cuticles remain irregular and loose in the mutant ebony (which fails in cuticular incorporation of β-alanine) but closely knit and regular in normal flies. Addition of β-alanine to cuticles from which nonchitinous materials have been removed with alkali converts the loose arrangement of the microfibrils to a compact and sharply delineated arrangement. β-alanine also accelerates tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of N-acetyldopamine by reacting with the oxidized product of the reaction to produce an orange-red complex. Similarly, β-alanine accelerates oxidation of N-acetyldopamine when these two substances are added to fluids from the hemocoel, to lead to tanning instead of normal blackening. These findings may help explain why β-alanine induces tanning while inhibiting melanization in insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504360
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster. I. Purification and properties of the a isozyme (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; isozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 6-Phosphogluconate dehyrogenase is evident at all developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster. The activity level is highest in early third instar larvae and declines to a lower, but relatively constant, level at all later stages of development. The enzyme is localized in the cytosolic portion of the cell. The A-isozymic form of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity and has a molecular weight of 105,000. The enzyme is a dimer consisting of subunits with molecular weights of 55,000 and 53,000. For the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate the Km for substrate is 81 µm while that for NADP+ is 22.3 µm. The optimum pH for activity is 7.8 while the optimum temperature is 37 C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504362
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and functional analysis of tryptophan transport in Malpighian tubules of Drosophila (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 1109-1130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Tryptophan ; kynurenine ; white ; Drosophila melanogaster ; amino acid transport ; Malpighian tubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dissected Malpighian tubules from wild type and the eye color mutant white of Drosophila were compared with respect to their abilities to transport tryptophan and kynurenine into tubule cells. It was determined that mutation at white greatly impairs the ability of Malpighian tubule cells to take up tryptophan. Functional studies on the extracellular spaces and ultrastructural observations indicated no differences in these respects between wild type and white tubules. It is consistent with several observations that much of the tryptophan associated with white exists in the intercellular spaces. Furthermore, the uptake of tryptophan by the w + system of wild type tubules is inhibited by the analogue 5-methyl-tryptophan. However, the incorporation of radioactive tryptophan into protein in tubule cells from wild type and white occurs at the same rates and is not affected by 5-methyl-tryptophan. Therefore, it is apparent that Malpighian tubules have a transport system that enables entry of tryptophan into a cellular pool and that this cellular pool is initially independent of the tryptophan pool used for protein synthesis. The mutant white lacks this transport system. From these studies and others it appears that compartmentalization of cellular pools may be brought about via the utilization of specific membrane transport systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484342
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and biochemical studies on glutamate-pyruvate transaminase from Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; allozymes ; GPT ; genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have used electrophoretic variants of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT, E.C. 2.6.1.2) in Drosophila melanogaster to genetically map the structural gene to position 42.6 on the X chromosome. By pseudodominance tests over several deficiencies we have localized it cytogenetically to the interval 11Fl-2 to 12Al-2. The sedimentation constant (s 20,w) of the native enzyme was determined in sucrose density gradients to be 5.9 and the native molecular weight approximately 87,000. The similarity in physical properties to mammalian enzymes suggests that the enzyme may also be dimeric in D. melanogaster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484243
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphism at the G6pd and 6Pgd loci in Drosophila melanogaster. IV. Genetic factors modifying enzyme activity (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 699-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: modifying genes ; G6PD activity ; 6PGD activity ; Drosophila melanogaster ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Different homozygous lines of similar genotype with respect to G6pd and 6Pgd were shown to have different enzyme activities for G6PD and 6PGD. Crosses between high and low lines suggested that there were modifying genes present on the autosomes, while others were probably located on the X chromosome. Allelic variation within each electrophoretic class of G6pd and 6Pgd might, however, also have contributed to this variation. An experiment on adaptation to sodium octanoate demonstrated that in adapted flies selection for lower enzyme activity had occurred, which provided further evidence for the existence of genetic differences in activity. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the activities of G6PD and 6PGD was found for each genotype. Since no correlation was found between MDH and the two enzymes G6PD and 6PGD, it could be concluded that this correlation was probably rather specific for G6PD and 6PGD. Interaction between genotypes with respect to activity was also found. It was shown that the variation at 6Pgd influenced the activity of G6PD within a genotype. The data are discussed in relation to fitness differences presented in foregoing articles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484587
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintenance mechanism of polymorphism at the α-Gpdh locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 905-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; allozymes ; α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase ; frequency-dependent selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Polymorphism at the α-Gpdh locus was studied in Drosophila melanogaster. Using two different lines, one marked by the F allele (FF line) another by the S allele (SS line), four populations were initiated, two in which the initial frequency of F was 0.1 and two in which it was 0.9. They have been observed for 34 generations. From the fifth generation on, the equilibrium frequency in the four cages was about 0.60. Viability has been measured during the evolution of the populations while F frequencies changed and recombinations between the FF and SS lines occurred. It has also been evaluated in synthetic populations built with different frequencies: (1) from the original FF and SS lines and (2) from FF and SS lines extracted after 34 generations of joint evolution. In all three cases, the FF viability depended on the frequency of the F allele. The similarity of the three linear regressions implies that the α-Gpdh locus or other closely linked loci is the target of the selection in the populations analyzed here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500123
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Larval responses to environmental ethanol inDrosophila melanogaster: Variation within and among populations (1980)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: ethanol ; Drosophila melanogaster ; larvae ; strain difference ; habitat selection ; isofemale strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract There is a latitudinal cline in attraction to ethanol of newly hatchedD. melanogaster larvae; attraction decreases as one moves from the temperate regions to the Australian tropics. Tropical populations manifest high levels of heterogeneity compared with temperate regions, making tropical populations less dependent on ethanol. Since ethanol is a resource forD. melanogaster, an approach to the genetics of resource utilization in natural populations via behavior genetics of larval ethanol responses is feasible, using isofemale strains as experimental material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066268
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavior genetics of choice of oviposition sites inDrosophila melanogaster. I. Genetic variability and analysis of behavior (1980)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 105-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; choice of oviposition site ; strain difference ; site discrimination ; egg insertion ; selection ; wild type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofDrosophila melanogaster were given a choice of oviposition site either on the surface of the medium or on the surface of paper positioned vertically on the medium. A significant difference was seen in the proportion of eggs deposited on the paper among wild strains of different geographic origins. Bidirectional selection for oviposition on these two sites was effective. These selected lines were examined under various conditions to determine the factors involved in this site selection for oviposition. The lines that chose medium laid eggs only on substrates into which egges could be inserted. The lines preferring paper showed no strict requirement for burying their eggs. Tarsal sensillae were involved in site discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067322
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative male age, fertility, and competitive mating success inDrosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; mating success ; male fertility ; male age ; female choice experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Female choice experiments were used to investigate the effect of relative male age on mating success inD. melanogaster. Experiments were conducted with a Canton-S (CS) strain, in which two virgin males of different ages (2, 4, or 8 days old) were offered to virgin females. Older males were found to be more successful under competitive conditions. In another group of experiments, vermilion (v) males of different ages competed with CS males of different ages. The competitive success ofv males was found to increase with their relative age. Male fertility at 2, 4, and 8 days of age was documented for both male genotypes mated with CS females. CS males fathered more offspring per copulation thanv males, and the fertility of all males was found to increase with age. Discussion focuses on the changes in male mating success and fertility with age and genotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066266
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  • 15
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    Analysis of courtship sequences of the hybrids betweenDrosophila melanogaster andDrosophila simulans (1980)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 459-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Drosophila simulans ; hybrid behavior ; transition analysis ; courtship sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Several transitions between sequential male courtship elements were analyzed forDrosophila melanogaster its close relativeD. simulans, and two types of hybrid males. Hybrid males from special reciprocal crosses did not differ. WhileD. melanogaster andD. simulans males differed markedly for the majority of transitions studied, hybrid males showed no consistent pattern with the parent species, being indistinguishable fromD. simulans males, indistinguishable fromD. melanogaster, or intermediate between them, depending on the trait observed. This suggests independent genetic control of these transitions during male courtship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073650
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  • 16
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    Genotypic differences in mating success and the maintenance of the alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism inDrosophila melanogaster: No evidence for overdominance or rare genotype mating advantage (1980)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 43-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating success ; allozyme polymorphism ; overdominance ; mating latency ; Adh locus ; Drosophila melanogaster ; rare genotype mating advantage ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; statistical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Strains ofDrosophila melanogaster having different alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genotypes (FF, FS, or SS) were assembled in a mating chamber in varying ratios, and the mating successes were recorded. In experiments with a 25∶25 ratio, theFF males succeeded in mating more than didFS andSS males, while theFS males surpassed theSS males. As for the females,FF also surpassedSS. In experiments with a 5∶45 or 45∶5 ratio, some differences from the 25∶25 ratio occurred, but in these cases the rare genotypes were at a disadvantage. In one case, female genotypes (FF vs.SS) displayed a difference in mating latency time, but male genotypes did not. The findings did not suggest that rare genotype mating advantage and overdominance in mating success play a role in the maintenance of theAdh polymorphism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067318
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  • 17
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    Foraging strategies ofDrosophila melanogaster: A chromosomal analysis (1980)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 291-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: foraging strategies ; chromosomal analysis ; Drosophila melanogaster ; larvae ; feeding-locomotor behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two larval foraging strategies inDrosophila melanogaster were identified, “rover” and “sitter.” “Rovers” traverse a large area while feeding whereas “sitters” cover a small area. The difference between “rovers” and “sitters” was analyzed genetically by chromosomal substitutions between isogenic stocks. Differences in larval locomotor behavior (“crawling behavior”) can be attributed to the second chromosome, the “rover” strategy being dominant over the “sitter” strategy. Differences in feeding rate (“shoveling behavior”) are affected additively by both the second and third chromosomes. Natural populations ofDrosophila larvae were sampled three times over a 2-month period; “rovers” and “sitters” were at constant frequencies in these populations. The two foraging strategies are discussed in the light of resource utilization in environments where food is distributed continuously or discontinuously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067774
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