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  • Articles  (10,760)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (10,760)
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  • 1980  (10,760)
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  • Articles  (10,760)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (10,760)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 627-631 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of acrylamide in presence of some coloured monomers was investigated in order to study a spectroscopic method of titration of very diluted solution of polyacrylamide in water. Best results have been obtained with the N, 2, 4 dinitro-acryline-aerylamide monomer incorporated in low content (1/3000 mole). The presence of such low quantity of dyes does not affect the polymerization and the hydrolysis of the obtained copolymers leaves intact the dye groups. By using different dyes with different spectroscopic behaviour, this method can be very usefull to solve problems of mixture and molecular weight or hydrolysis polydispersity of polyacrylamides.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetics and mechanism of crosslinking and chain scission has been studied on several PVC samples during thermal thermooxidative, dynamic, and HCl catalyzed degradation. During pure thermal degradation crosslinking at a constant rate without scission occurs, while in the presence of oxygen and/or shear scission is not negligible. In the dynamic test, under shear both processes are fast, compared to static tests. The mechanism of benzene formation without main chain scission is discussed.
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  • 103
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A homologous series of cycloalkanes from (CH2)14 up to (CH2)96 as model systems for tight folding in CH2-chain molecules was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. In comparison with the corresponding spectra of the nalkanes we found two additional new absorption bands at 700 cm−1 and 1442 cm−1 which can be assigned to a characteristic fold vibration. The already known fold band in the wagging region at about 1344 cm−1 could also be found in all cycloalkane spectra. A numerical decomposition of the bands enables the calibration of the fold concentration. The Davydov splitting of the (CH2)-rocking and (CH2)-bending vibration in the melt crystallized form of the molecules (CH2)72 and (CH2)96 show the occurence of a orthorhombic subcell of the larger rings whereas the smaller rings and the larger ones in the solution crystallized form only crystallize in a monoclinic form.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The glow discharge electrolysis was carried out to an aqueous solution containing poly(acrylamide). The analytical results of the degradation products showed that the degradation takes place stepwise caused by the cleavages of the main and also the side chains of the polymer.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new class of benzoxazine polymers were synthesised from bis(4-amino-3-hydroxymethylphenyl)methane with substituted phthalic acids by solution poly-condensation in polyphosphoric acid. The model compound bis(4H-3,1-benzoxazine)2,2′-p-phenylene was also synthesised. The polymere were characterised by UV and IR spectra, viscosity measurements and thermal analysis.
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  • 106
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 211-217 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 107
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary (s)-(+)-Ethyl-2-phenylbutanoate was synthesized and polymerizations of propylene and racemic 3-methyl-1-pentene were conducted over TiCl3-AlEt3 combined with the compound. The addition of the compound caused a significant increase in the isotacticity of polypropylene as well as a substantial decrease in the activity. However, stereoelective polymerization of racemic 3-methyl-1-pentene didn't take place at all. Propylene polymerization was also carried out over TiCl3-AlEt3 by using poly(ethylene terephthalate) in place of the compound. The results obtained have led to the conclusion that these additives act mainly as reagents to reduce the concentration of AlEt3 by the formation of the complexes between AlEt3 and these additives.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 2-Chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane on the AIBN initiated polymerisation of acrylo — nitrile , methyl methacrylate and styrene was investigated kinetically in benzene at 60 – 80°C. With acrylonitrile normal kinetic orders with respect to monomer and AIBN could be observed with the phospholane behaving as a chain transfer agent. With methyl methacrylate and styrene it was observed that the phospholane causes enhancement of the rates due to concurrent radical and ionic polymerisation besides functioning as a chain transfer agent.
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  • 109
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 273-278 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Phase separation temperatures have been determined in the system PMMA/chlorobutane + amyl acetate. This liquid mixture is a co-nonsolvent (co-precipitant) of the polymer. The molecular origin of such co-nonsolvency is discussed in terms of the interactions pressumably present in the system.
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  • 110
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new experimental technique was developed for the production of crosslinked polystyrene (PS) particles in a suspension crosslinking reaction. The suspending medium being used was silicone oil saturated by 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE),without any suspension stabilizer. Antimony pentachloride, 1,4-dimethyl-2,5-dichloromethyl benzene and DCE were used as a catalyst, crosslinking agent, and polystyrene solvent, respectively. The products were colorless transparent spherical particles of a very high purity and they could be produced in short reaction times.
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  • 111
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 297-299 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymeric complexes of cobalt (II) with 5-chloro 2-hydroxyacetophenone oxime and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone oxime were synthesised and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic measurements and spectral studies.
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  • 112
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 319-323 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 113
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The possibility of undesirable intramolecular cycloalkylation exists in the polymerization of iso-butylene induced by the p-dicumyl chloride/BCl3 inifer system. A scheme has been proposed which shows the sequence of reactions leading to indane skeletons. The structure of the indane derivatives has been characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Systematic experiments have been carried out using low isobutylene and high p-dicumyl chloride concentrations leading to polyisobutylene oligomers needed for accurate endgroup analysis. The effect of temperature, solvent composition (polar/nonpolar) , isobutylene and BCl3 concentration on the extent of indane skeleton formation has been investigated. Indane skeleton formation can be completely suppressed by the use of relatively non-polar media, e.g., 1∶1 mixture of CH2Cl2 :n-C6H14, at or below −40°C, and conditions under which symmetrical telechelic polyisobutylenes can be obtained have been defined.
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  • 114
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 168-173 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The electrolytic coagulation behaviour of kraft lignin (Indulin AT) sols in the presence of simple (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, BaCl2) and complex ions (LaCl3, Al(NO3)3, Al2(SO4)3, Th(NO3)4 has been investigated under various pH conditions (pH 2-pH 9). The kraft lignin sols were prepared by dialysis and ion exchange procedures previously reported. The critical coagulation concentration (C.C.C.) was found to increase with increasing pH for all salts investigated. The critical coagulation concentration was independent of sol concentration 20–500 ppm) for simple ions but dependent on sol concentration for the trivalent counterions and the complex ions. It was not possible to recharge and restabilize the sols with Al(NO3)3 and Al2(SO4)3, whereas charge reversal and restabilization of the sols was obtained with Th(NO3)4. The lyophobic behaviour of the kraft lignin sols suggested that the long range van der Waal's forces play an important role in the stability behaviour provided the pH is sufficiently low (pH 〈 9) so that steric interactions can be neglected.
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  • 115
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 186-190 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The interfacial tensions of the following systems were measured using the vertical plate method ofWilhelmy atT=20°C:n-decan,n-dodecan,n-tetradecan/water, ethylenglycol, 1,4 butanediol, thiodiglycol. 2. The interfacial tensions of the systems hydrocarbon/water and hydrocarbon/polyvalent alcohol increase with the number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon component. 3. The dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding forces of the polyvalent alcohols were semiquantitatively calculated according to theFowkes formula and compared one by another. The comparison shows that for the polyvalent alcohols ethylenglycol, 1,4 butanediol, thiodiethylenglycol the hydrogen bonding is mainly determining the interfacial tensions and are about in the same range as for water.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Grenzflächenspannungen folgender Kombinationen wurden mit der Vertikalplattenmethode nachWilhelmy beiT = 20 °C gemessen:n-Dekan,n-Dodekan,n-Tetradekan/Wasser, Ethylenglykol, 1,4-Butandiol, Thiodiglykol. 2. Die Grenzflächenspannung der Kombination Kohlenwasserstoffe/Wasser und Kohlenwasserstoffe/mehrwertige Alkohole nehmen systematisch mit derC-Zahl der Kohlenwasserstoffkomponente zu. 3. Die Dispersionskräfte und H-Brückenanteile der Grenzflächenspannung der mehrwertigen Alkohole wurden nach einer semiempirischen Beziehung von Fowkes abgeschätzt und untereinander verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt, daß bei den mehrwertigen Alkoholen Ethylenglykol, 1,4-Butandiol und Thiodiethylenglykol dieH-Brückenkräfte den Hauptanteil an der Oberflächenspannung ausmachen und in der Größenordnung des Wassers liegen.
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  • 116
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 300-313 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The dielectric relaxation behaviour of Polyglycine, Polyalanine, Nylon 3 and Nylon 4 has been measured in the frequency range from 10−3 Hz to 107 Hz within temperatures between −100 °C and 220 °C. Theγ 1-process ist observed in Nylon 3 and Nylon 4 but not in Polyglycine and Polyalanine. Therefore, at least two CH2-groups in the backbone chain are necessary for this process which is ascribed to the kink motion of C2H4-groups. Theγ 2 process appears in all substances and is explained by the kink motion of peptide groups with only one hydrogen bond to neighbouring chains. The influence of water content is discussed. Kink motion involving rotation of the peptide bond is responsible for theγ 3 process. This motion is not possible in Polyalanine because of the steric hindrance by the CH3 side group. In the temperature region between 170° and 220 °C the glass transition of the amorphous phase is observed. The cristallinity can be calculated from the relaxation strength.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das dielektrische Relaxationsverhalten von Polyglycin, Polyalanin, Nylon 3 und Nylon 4 wurde im Frequenzbereich von 10−3 bis 107 Hz und im Temperaturbereich von −100 °C bis + 220 °C untersucht. Derγ 1-Prozeß, der in der Literatur der Bewegung innerhalb der CH2-Sequenzen zugeordnet wird, wird in Nylon 3 und Nylon 4 beobachtet, nicht aber in Polyglycin und Polyalanin. Dies bedeutet, daß für diesen Prozeß mindestens zwei CH2-Gruppen in der Hauptkette notwendig sind, deren Bewegung dann als Kinkumlagerung von C2H4-Gruppen interpretiert wird. Derγ 2-Prozeß, der in allen untersuchten Substanzen auftritt, wird der Kinkbewegung von Peptidgruppen zugeordnet, die nur über eine Wasserstoffbrücke mit Nachbarketten verbunden sind. Der Einfluß des Wassergehalts der Proben wird diskutiert. Imγ 3-Prozeß kommen vermutlich Kinkumlagerungen mit Drehungen um die Peptidbindung vor. Bei Polyalanin ist diese Bewegung wegen der sterischen Behinderung durch die CH3-Gruppe nicht möglich. Bei Temperaturen zwischen 170 °C und 220 °C beobachtet man den Glasübergang der amorphen Phase. Die Kristallinität der Proben läßt sich aus der RelaxationsstärkeΔɛ bestimmen.
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  • 117
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Orientation and theological fibre strength during spinning of monofilaments from the melted mass are investigated in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient. The analysis is based in free convection on six series of measurements published in the literature on PET and PA6, and forced convection in one range of measurements, kindly made available by the courtesy of Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main. In the fibre strength and spinning orientation, the molecular weight of the polymere reduces during fibre formation. In order to find the dynamic viscosity in the polymere jet the equation $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ was introduced, which is based on the measured values of the dynamic viscosity depending on the molecular weight and the temperature of the polymere melted mass. Equations are given for calculation of the exponentsa andb.The equation for ∌ p, is extended to an average temperature $$\bar t_p $$ in the polymere jet. There thus results in respect of this an average viscosity of $$\bar \eta _p $$ . This is identical with the fibre tension a during fibre formation processes. The spinning orientation results directly proportionally as $$\bar \eta _p $$ or a respectively. Fibre diameter $$\bar d$$ , heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , spinning pathx s , until the glass transformation temperature tG is reached in fibre and volume V of the polymere jet are calculated with equations published at an earlier date. A variable νω, which corresponds for each number the expression of specific weight · volume/throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the monofilament and which is equated with the quotient from the average speed in the jet and fibre removal speed, characterizes the flow reaction during fibre formation and is used in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation. PET resulted in $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ and PA6 in $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ .f corresponds with the theological fibre strength at the polymere jet,k 2 the valueq Me · In 10/g andk 3 the valueq Me · loge/g.q Me is the mechanical heat equivalent of a gram calory andg the gravitation constant. The fibre strength, which results from the measurement of the spinning orientation and calculation of the heat transmission coefficient, is given for all numbers in the measuring series 1 to 7 in the tables 5 to 11. Spinning orientation depending on the spinning normalityS corresponds with the relationk 4 ·f · S z . Numerical valuesk 4, and exponent z of each measuring series are summarized in table 12. Fibre strength and spinning orientation in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient are investigated in section 14. With PET there results the fibre strength $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ and spinning orientation $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y.} $$ The exponent y is a function of the spinning normality. For the measuring series 1 to 4, which apply to free convection and PET, the data for calculation ofy is summarized as table 13. For forced convection with PET, in which the fibre is blown transverse to the running direction,y has the value 3. Thereafter applicable to forced convection $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ with an average fluctuationɛs = ± 8.9% for the numbers 36 to 41. With PA6, measuring series 6 there resulted for the exponenty, in addition to the spinning normality, an influence exerted by the fibre removal speed. Equations are given for calculation of y for the measuring series 6 and 7. A reduction ofy signifies an increase in fibre strength with increasing fibre removal speed. With PA6 the equations $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ are applicable. The average fluctuation of they value for all measuring values in every series of measurements in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation with the equations given lies with PET between ± 5.3% and 14.7%, and with PA6 between ± 5.0% and 18.2% and the numerical value 3 +y between 5 and 6. The exponent y shows the tendency to drop with increasing molecular weight. A high spinning orientation during fibre formation results from lower molecular weight $$\bar M_n $$ , low value of the quotient νω arising from average speed $$\bar w_p $$ in the polymere jet and fibre removal speedω, high polymere temperaturet p at ejection from the nozzle, greater heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , lower diameter of the capillary boreD and smaller spinning normalityS, which exists with lower throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the elementary fibre and higher fibre removal speed ω.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Orientierung und rheologische Fadenkraft beim Erspinneu monofiter Fäden aus der Schmelze werden abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl untersucht. Die Analyse beruht bei der freien Konvektion auf sechs Meßreihen, die in der Literatur für PET und PA6 veröffentlicht sind, und bei der erzwungenen Konvektion auf einer Meßreihe,, welche die Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main dankenswerterweise zur Verfügung gestellt hat. In die Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung geht bei der Fadenbildung das Molekulargewicht des Polymers ein. Um die dynamische Viskosität im Polymerstrahl zu finden, wird die Gleichung $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ eingeführt, die auf Meßwerten der dynamischen Viskosität abhängig vom Molekulargewicht und von der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beruht. Zur Rechnung der Exponenten a und b sind Gleichungen angegeben. Die Gleichung für∌ p wird auf eine mittlere Temperatur $$\bar t_p $$ im Polymerstrahl erweitert. Daraus folgt für ihn eine mittlere dynamische Viskosität $$\bar \eta _p $$ . Diese ist mit der Fadenspannung abeim Fadenbildungsvorgang identisch. Die Spinnorientierung ergibt sich zu $$\bar \eta _p $$ bzw.σ direkt proportional. Fadendurchmesser $$\bar d$$ , Wärmeübergangszahl $$\bar \alpha $$ , Spinnwegx s bis zum Erreichen der Glasumwandlungstemperaturt G im Faden und Volumen V des Polymerstrahles sind mit früher veröffentlichten Gleichungen gerechnet. Eine veränderliche Größe νω, die für jede Nummer dem Ausdruck spezifisches Gewicht · Volumen/Durchsatzmenge $$\dot m$$ des monofilen Fadens entspricht und dem Quotienten aus mittlerer Geschwindigkeit im Strahl und Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit gleichgesetzt ist, charakterisiert den Fließvorgang bei der Fadenbildung und findet bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung Anwendung. Für PET hat sich $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ und für PA6 $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ ergeben.f entspricht der theologischen Fadenkraft am Polymerstrahl,k 2 dem Wertq Me , · In 10/g undk 3 dem Wertq Me , · loge/g.q Me , ist das mechanische Wärmeäquivalent einer Grammkalorie und g die Gravitationskonstante. Die Fadenkraft, die sich aus der Messung der Spinnorientierung und der Rechnung der Wärmeübergangszahl ergeben hat, ist für alle Nummern der Meßreihen 1 bis 7 in den Tabellen 5 bis 11 angegeben. Die Spinnorientierung abhängig vom Spinntiter S entspricht der Beziehungk 4, ·f · νω/g -S z. Zahlenwertk 4 und Exponent z jeder Meßreihe sind in der Tabelle 12 zusammengestellt. Im Abschnitt 14 wird die Fadenkraft abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl, ebenso die Spinnorientierung unter sucht. Bei PET ergibt sich die Fadenkraft $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und die Spinnorientierung $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ . Der Exponenty ist eine Funktion des Spinntiters. Für die Meßreihen 1 bis 4, die für freie Konvektion und PET gelten, sind die Angaben zur Rechnung vony als Tabelle 13 zusammengestellt. Die mittlere Schwankung für alle Meßwerte jeder Meßreihe bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung mit den vorstehenden Gleichungen liegt zwischen ± 6,8 und ± 14,7%, und der Zahlenwert 3 +y zwischen 5 und 6. Für die erzwungene Konvektion mit PET, bei der die Fäden quer zur Ablaufrichtung angeblasen sind, haty den Wert 3. Danach gilt für die erzwungene Konvektion $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 und\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ mittleren Schwankungɛ = ± 8,9% für die Nummern 36 bis 41. Bei PA6, Meßreihe 6 zeigt sich für den Exponenteny neben der Abhängigkeit vom Spinntiter ein Einfluß durch die Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Zur Rechnung vony sind für die Meßreihen 6 und 7 Gleichungen angegeben. Eine Abnahme vony bedeutet eine Zunahme der Fadenkraft bei steigender Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Bei PA6 haben die Gleichungen $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ Gültigkeit. Für die Meßreihe 6 hat sich als mittlere Schwankung der Wert ɛ = ± 5,0% und die Meßreihe 7 ɛ = ± 18,2% ergeben.
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  • 118
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 116-116 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 119
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  • 120
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1192-1193 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 121
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  • 122
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1208-1208 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 123
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1209-1209 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1210-1210 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1104-1110 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this experiment the longitudinal proton relaxation timesT 1 of hexamethyldisiloxane and decamethylcyclopen-tasiloxane were measured in the temperature range from about 20 K up to 300 K. Three motional mechanisms, the methyl group rotation about the C3-axis, the segmental rotation about the Si-O-bond and a motional process, not yet identified, which leads to a discontinuity ofT 1 have been found to be responsible for the spin-lattice relaxation of hexamethyldisiloxane in this temperature range. With the exception of segmental rotation these motional processes also determine the spin-lattice relaxation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane. A comparison of experimental data of the two systems actually investigated and a polymeric dimethylsiloxane is presented, showing the methyl group rotation being most strongly hindered in the case of hexamethyldisiloxane.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die longitudinalen Protonen-RelaxationszeitenT 1 der beiden Systeme Hexamethyldisiloxan und Dekamethylcyclopentasiloxan im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis 300 K untersucht. Das Relaxationsverhalten des Hexamethyldisiloxans wird in diesem Temperaturbereich durch drei Bewegungsmechanismen bestimmt: die Methylgruppenrotation um die C3-Achse, die Segmentrotation um die Si-O-Bindung und einen noch nicht näher identifizierten Bewegungsprozeß, der zu einer sprunghaften Änderung der Spin-Gitter-Relaxationszeit führt. Diese Bewegungsmechanismen werden mit Ausnahme der Segmentrotation auch beim Dekamethylcyclopentasiloxan gefunden. Es wird eine Gegenüberstellung der experimentellen Daten der beiden hier untersuchten Systeme und eines polymeren Dimethylsiloxans gegeben. Dabei ist als interessantes Ergebnis hervorzuheben, daß die Methylgruppenrotation im Hexamethyldisiloxan die stärkste Behinderung erfährt.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 545-555 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir beginnen mit dem Umriß einer allgemeinen Theorie der Dichteschwankungen im glasigen Bereich. Sie beruht auf der Annahme despartiellen Einfrierens eines Struktur-Parameters, wie aus vorherigen Untersuchungen der Zustandsgleichung gefolgert wird. Sodann werden Versuche mit ataktischem Polystyrol beschrieben. Die zeitliche Korrelationsfunktion der Photonenstreuung zeigt zwei Relaxationsmechanismen an. OberhalbT g herrscht ein langsamer Prozeß vor, der durch eine breite, assymetrische Verteilungsfunktion von Relaxationszeiten charakterisiert ist. Dieser Prozeß hängt offensichtlich mit dem Glasübergang zusammen. Ein zusätzlicher, viel rascherer Prozeß mit einer geringen Amplitude und einem schmalen Relaxationsspektrum ist auch beobachtbar. UnterhalbT g wird dieser Prozeß vom Streuwinkel abhängig, stellt einen Diffusionsvorgang dar, und sollte mit dem ß-Prozeß zusammenhängen. Weiter untersuchen wir die relativen totalen Intensitäten der isotropen und der depolarisierten Streuungskomponente für eine Reihe von verdichteten Gläsern. Diese wurden durch Druckanwendung in der Schmelze, nachherige isobarische Abkühlung zu 25 °C, und schließliche Druckentlastung erzeugt. Die depolarisierte Streuungskomponente im Glase, welches bei atmosphärischem Druck hergestellt wurde, ist mit einem System ohne sichtliche Ordnungszustände vereinbar. Ein schwacher Anstieg dieser Streuung wird jedoch im verdichteten System bemerkbar, welcher möglicherweise einen geringeren Ordnungsprozeß der Kettensegmente anzeigt. Die isotropische Streuung wächst systematisch mit der glasigen Verdichtung an. Offensichtlich ist dies die Folge einer inhomogenen Dichteänderung während der Druckentlastung.
    Notes: Summary We begin with an outline of a theory of density fluctuations in the glassy state based on a partial freeze-in of an ordering parameter, as derived from previous equation of state investigations. Then laser light scattering studies of glasses formed by atactic polystyrene are described. Photon correlation analysis indicates two relaxation mechanisms. A slow process dominates aboveT g , has a wide asymmetric distribution of relaxation times and is evidently related to the glass transition phenomenon. A small-amplitude fast decay with a narrow relaxation spectrum is also observed. BelowT g , this mode is shown to be dependent on scattering angle and is evidently a diffusion mechanism, which may be related to theβ-relaxation process. Relative integrated intensities are presented for isotropic and depolarized scattering from glasses densified by pressurization in the melt, followed by isobaric cooling to 25°C and depressurization. The depolarized scattering for the glass formed at atmospheric pressure has a value consistent with a completely disordered glass. However, a small increase in depolarized scattering appears to occur on densification. This result may reflect a small increase in intersegmental ordering in glassy polystyrene upon densification. The isotropic scattering shows a large systematic increase in the densified glass. This is apparently the result of an inhomogeneous density change during the depressurization step.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 191-193 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben zur Berechnung der Oberflächenspannung von Lösungen, die binäre Mischungen von Tensiden enthalten, welche ein nichtideales Oberflächenmischungsverhalten aufweisen. Die Methode, die ein Modell für reguläre Lösungen von oberflächlichen und mizellaren Mischungen benutzt, wurde verwendet zur Vorhersage der Oberflächenspannungs-Konzentrations-Kurven für eine Mischung, bestehend aus ionischen und nichtionischen Tensiden.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for calculating the surface tensions of solutions containing binary mixtures of surfactants which exhibit non-ideal surface mixing behaviour. The method, which utilizes a regular solution model for suface and micellar mixing, has been used to predict the surface tension concentration curves for a mixture of ionic and nonionic surfactants.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 199-199 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 200-201 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 204-204 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 204-204 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 205-205 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 205-205 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 136-141 
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    Notes: Summary Intrinsic viscosities of Na poly(α-L-glutamate) having different degrees of polymerization and neutralization in aqueous NaCl solution are reported. The results are discussed in terms of Stockmayer and Fixman relation. It is deduced that this polymer suffers from residual charge interaction at Φ condition and from negative excluded volume effect if the electrostatic long range interaction is eliminated.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 131-135 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Zeitabhängigkeit der Oberflächenspannung der wäßrigen Lösungen von syndiotaktischem, isotaktischem und ataktischem Poly(vinylalkohol) (PVA) wurde für verschiedene Konzentrationen untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeit der zeitlichen Zunahme der Oberflächenspannung für das syndiotaktische PVA war die höchste und diejenige für ataktischen PVA die niedrigste. Die Ergebnisse wurden als Folge der Kristallisation und der Diffusionsprozesse gedeutet. Die Geschwindigkeit wird auf Grund einer zwischenmolekularen Wasserstoffbriickensbildung der syndiotaktischen Sequenzen bei syndiotaktischem PVA an die Oberfläche und mit der leichteren Einordnung der Segmente der isotaktischen und ataktischen PVA-Moleküle erklärt. Dies-beeinflußt die Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit der PVA-Moleküle entsprechend. Man kann einen Faden dadurch spinnen, daß man die an die Oberfläche erzeugte Multischicht herauszupft. Das Filament hat die hohe Orientierung der PVA-Moleküle und ähnliche Eigenschaften wie die im Handel befindlichen PVAFasern.
    Notes: Summary The time dependency of the surface tension of the aqueous solutions of syndiotactic, isotactic and atactic poly(vinyl alcohols) (PVAs) for various concentrations were studied. The rate of the decrease in the surface tension was highest for syndiotactic PVA and lowest for atactic PVA at the same concentration. The results were analysed as crystallization and diffusion processes. The rate is controlled by an intermolecular hydrogen bond formation of syndiotactic sequences at the surface for syndiotactic PVA and the easy arrangement of segments at the surface for isotactic and syndiotactic PVAs to influence the rate of diffusion of PVA molecules. A filament could be made by picking up the multilayer formed at the surface of the syndiotactic PVA solution. The filament had the high orientation of PVA molecules and the similar properties as that from commercial PVA.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 142-147 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für den Polyäthylenkristall wird eine lokale, nichtlineare, statische Elastizitätstheorie entwickelt, welche die volle Mikrostruktur des Materials berücksichtigt. Mit differentialgeometrischen Methoden werden Versetzungen und Disklinationen eingeführt und die nichtlinearen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen werden abgeleitet. Die Theorie kann zur Berechnung der Deformationen und Spannungen von Defekten im Polyäthylenkristall herangezogen werden.
    Notes: Summary For the polyethylene crystal, a local, non-linear, static theory of elasticity is established. This theory takes into account the complete microstructure of the material. Within the framework of differential geometry, dislocations and disclinations are introduced. Non-linear, local constitutive equations are established and the equations of elastic equilibrium are derived. The theory may be applied to calculate the deformations and the stress of defects in the polyethylene crystal.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 206-207 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 207-207 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 207-207 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 208-208 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 208-208 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 148-151 
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    Notes: Summary In order to obtain a possible relationship between the “apparent” surface temperature B, the coefficient of the first grade terms of virial expansion, and the bidimensional compatibility of polymers, three bidimensional systems were studied: PMMA-PEMA which are compatible with an inflection of the free energy in the mixtures; PMMA-PVA “ideally” compatible, and PVS-PVA incompatible. The “apparent” temperature θ shows negative deviations from the additive behaviour in the same manner as the coefficient of first grade terms of the expansion into a series in powers of the bidimensional state equations in the case of PMMA-PEMA; a continuous behavior of the same type as collapse pressures in the case of PMMA-PVA whilst the coefficients are additive; lastly in the case of PVS-PVA, it was not possible to determine the temperature θ and the coefficients show an inflection.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 792-792 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 989-989 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 990-990 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 990-990 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 991-991 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 993-993 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 992-992 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 917-922 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Struktur und Vorzugsorientierung einer Reihe von Kohlefasern mit verschiedenen Graphitierungsgraden wurden röntgenographisch untersucht. Die Beziehung zwischen Vorzugsorientierung und Elastizitätsmodul ist verschieden von der für nichtgraphitische Kohlefasern beobachteten. Der Unterschied wird durch eine Zunahme der Schernachgiebigkeit der Strukturbausteine mit zunehmender Graphitierung erklärt, die bei konstanter Vorzugsorientierung eine Verminderung des Elastizitätsmoduls der Fasern mit steigender Graphitierung zur Folge hat.
    Notes: Summary Structure and preferred orientation of a series of carbon fibers with various degrees of graphitization have been studied by X-ray diffraction. The relationship between preferred orientation and Young's modulus differs from that reported for non-graphitic carbon fibers. The difference is explained by an increase of the shear compliance of the structural unit with increasing graphitization which results, for constant preferred orientation, in a decrease of the Young's modulus of the fiber with increasing graphitization.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1094-1095 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 640-640 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 641-641 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 641-641 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 477-482 
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    Notes: Summary A theoretically reasonable relation between intermolecular energy, volume and temperature, previously shown to be in quantitative agreement with accurate experimental data for liquid benzene, is now applied to liquid cyclohexane. Again, quantitative agreement is obtained. A real (simple) liquid is simulated by a hypothetical liquid in which the number of contacts made by a molecule with its close neighbours, the distance between the centers of contacting molecules, and the energy of each contact are each uniform at any given temperature. Intermolecular energies between noncontacting (more distant) pairs of molecules are neglected. The dependence of volume on pressure and temperature is given by a simple equation deduced from compressibility data. The theoretical ideas equations, and some of the parameters are expected to be applicable to many other liquids and their mixtures.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 791-792 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 719-732 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Previous studies on the flow behaviour of polyacrylamide dissolved in water, formamide and ethylenglycol have been extended into the lower molecular weight region (M w ≈ 40 000 and up). In dilute solution [η]-values, which are practically solvent independent have been observed for all polymers withM * w 〈 170000. The interpretation of this effect is based on the assumption that a more rigid chain conformation of considerable chain length may exist, where the conformational stabilisation is caused by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Only samples of rather high molecular weight provide flexibility enough to obtain solution structure, which reflects the thermodynamic quality of solvent. Concentrated solutions with a polymer content up to 60% have been prepared and their viscoelastic properties were measured using a Weißenberg-Rheogoniometer. Also the lowest molecular weight samples (M w = 44000) showed non-Newtonian flow and pronounced normal stress values. Again the thermodynamic quality of the solvent plays an important role in controlling the flow behaviour, however less pronounced compared to moderately concentrated systems (c ≈5%). The data presented here altogether give additional evidence to the important contribution of intra- and intermolecular interactions of PAAm.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vorangehende Arbeiten zum Fließverhalten von Polyacrylamiden in den Lösungsmitteln Wasser, Formamid (FA) und Äthylenglycol (EG) wurden auf den Bereich niedrigerer Molekulargewichte ( $$\overline M _w \approx 40000$$ und aufwärts) ausgedehnt. In verdünnter Lösung wird unterhalb eines bestimmten Molekulargewichtes M* ≈ 170 000 ein lösungsmittelunabhängiger [η]-Wert festgestellt. Dies wird im Sinne einer „starren” Konformation von relativ großen Kettenbereichen (Stabilisierung durch intramolekulare Wasserstoff-Brücken) interpretiert. Erst wesentlich längere Ketten besitzen dann eine genügende Flexibilität, welche eine von der thermodynamischen Güte des Lösungsmittels abhängige Struktur ergibt. Im konzentrierten Bereich konnten Lösungen mit einem Polymergehalt bis zu 60% hergestellt und rheologisch vermessen werden. Auch die Lösungen mit den kleinsten Molekulargewichten (M w,η = 44000) zeigen strukturviskoses und deutliches elastisches Verhalten. Die theologischen Eigenschaften werden auch durch die Lösungsmittelgüte bestimmt, doch sind diese Effekte nicht mehr so stark ausgeprägt wie in Lösungen mittlerer Konzentration (c≈5%). Insgesamt liefern die vorliegenden Messungen weitere Hinweise auf die Bedeutung der intra- und intermolekularen energetischen Wechselwirkungen in Lösungen des PAAm.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 753-759 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Messungen des Abfalls der transversalen Magnetisierung von geschmolzenem Polyethylenoxid sowohl unter gewöhnlichen Bedingungen als auch bei Rotation der Probe um die magische Achse durchgeführt. Bei Molekulargewichten unterhalb von etwa 6.000 findet man bei den nicht-rotierenden Proben einen exponentiellen Abfall, der auch bei einer Rotation der Probe unverändert bleibt. Bei höherliegenden Molekulargewichten erhält man dagegen für die nicht-rotierenden Proben einen nichtexponentiellen Abfall, der bei einer Rotation mit zwei kHz in einen exponentiellen Abfall übergeht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Hilfe der Annahme erklärt, daß bei Molekulargewichten über 6.000 Kettenverschlaufungen auftreten, die zu einer anisotropen Bewegung der Moleküle führen. Diese Annahme wird durch Viskositätsmessungen erhärtet. Ähnliche Ergebnisse werden auch für in Chloroform gelöstem Polyethylenoxid erhalten. Oberhalb einer kritischen Konzentration, die um so geringer ist, je höher das Molekulargewicht wird, wird die Bewegung der Moleküle vermutlich als Folge von Kettenverschlaufungen anisotrop. Aus der Rotationsfrequenz, die erforderlich ist, um den Einfluß der anisotropen Bewegung zu beseitigen, werden Rückschlüsse auf die Lebensdauer der Kettenverschlaufungen gezogen.
    Notes: Summary The decay of the transversal magnetization of molten polyethylene oxide is measured not only under usual conditions but also while the sample is rotating around the magic axis. For molecular weights below about 6,000, the decay of the samples not rotating is exponential and the same as that obtained for the rotating samples. For molecular weights above that value, for the samples not rotating, a non exponential decay is obtained which goes over in a decay which is almost exponential if the sample rotates with 2 kHz. The results are explained by the assumption that, for molecular weights above 6,000, chain entanglements 'occur due to which the molecular motion becomes anisotropic. This assumption is in agreement with viscosity measurements. Similar results are obtained for polyethylene oxide solved in chloroform. Above a critical concentration, which decreases with increasing molecular weight, probably due to entanglements, the motion of the molecules becomes anisotropic. From the revolution frequency which is necessary to ommit the influence of anisotropic motion, conclusions concerning the lifetime of an entanglement are drawn.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 792-792 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 993-993 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1062-1069 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oberflächenspannung von wäßrigen Lösungen von Eilysolecithin wurde mittels einer modifizierten Wilhelmymethode bei kontinuierlicher Temperaturänderung untersucht. Die Benutzung dieser Methode gestattet eine sorgfältige Analyse sowohl der Konformationsänderungen an der Oberfläche als auch der Temperaturabhängigkeit der kritischen Mizellkonzentration des Lipids von 20°–80 °C. Die EnthalpieänderungΔH mic der Mizellbildung wurde aus den Werten der kritischen Mizellkonzentration (CMC) berechnet. Der Verlauf von log10 CMC mit der Temperatur erwics sich als komplex, so daß eine Analyse kleinster Fehlerquadrate über drei sich teilweise überschneidende Temperaturintervalle durchgeführt werden mußte.ΔH mic zeigte infolgedessen ebenfalls einen komplizierten Verlauf der Temperaturabhängigkeit. Im Bereich der kritischen Mizellkonzentration verursachte eine temperaturabhängige Zunahme der Löslichkeit der Mizellarphase eine Desorption von der Oberfläche und infolgedessen eine Erhöhung der Oberflächenspannung.
    Notes: Summary The surface tension of egg lysolecithin-water solutions has been investigated using a modified Wilhelmy technique in a temperature scanning mode. Use of this method has allowed a thorough analysis of both the surface conformational properties of the monomer, and the temperature dependence of the critical micelle concentration of the lipid, from 20− to 80 °C. Assuming that the lysolecithin is a non-ionic (zwitterionic) surfactantΔH mic. has been calculated from the CMC values. The variation of log10 CMC with temperature was complex and a least squares analysis had to be done over three overlapping temperature ranges.ΔH mic calculated from log10 CMC versus 1/T plots, also showed a complex dependence on temperature. In the CMC concentration region experimental results were complicated by an apparent temperature dependent increase in the solubility of the micellar phase. This resulted in desorption from the surface, with a resultant increase in surface tension.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1077-1085 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the investigation of the chemical composition of dispersed particles, e. g. in polymer latices, a rapid method of density gradient centrifugation is developed. The method yields in a few minutes the density distribution and by this the distribution of the chemical composition of the particles. The standard density gradient centrifugation needs for the same results more than 15 hours. The rapid method is based on adding a layer of a dispersion medium of low density to a chemically similar medium of high density (e. g. H2O to D2O or 3-butene-2-ol to ethylene glycol) and forming the density gradient by diffusion. The main field of application is the investigation of the chemical composition and heterogeneity of copolymer latices and latex mixtures and of the particle cross linking.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung der chemischen Zusammensetzung dispergierter Teilchen, z. B. in Polymerlatices, wird eine schnelle Methode der Dichtegradienten-Zentrifugation entwickelt. Mit ihr kann die Verteilung der Dichte und damit der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Teilchen in wenigen Minuten bestimmt werden. Die bisher dafür verwendete konventionelle Dichtegradienten-Zentrifugation erfordert Versuchszeiten von 15 bis 30 Stunden. Das Prinzip der schnellen Methode beruht auf der Überschichtung von chemisch weitgehend gleichen oder ähnlichen Dispersionsmitteln unterschiedlicher Dichte (z. B. H2O und D2O oder Buten-(3)-ol-(2) und Ethylenglykol) und der Einstellung des Dichtegradienten durch Diffusion. Hauptanwendungsgebiete sind die Ermittlung der chemischen Zusammensetzung und Uneinheitlichkeit von Co-, Pfropf- und Mischpolymerlatices und die Bestimmung von Teilchenvernetzungsgraden.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1094-1094 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1095-1095 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 112-113 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 570-577 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einfacher theoretischer Betrachtungen läßt sich zeigen, daß die integrale Intensität der „longtudinal-akustischen” (LA-) Schwingungen bein-Alkanen unabhängig von der Kettenlänge sein sollte, was durch Messungen tatsächlich als richtig bestätigt wird. Ausgehend von diesem Ergebnis ist es möglich, für teilkristallines Polyäthylen allein aus der Intensität der LA-Schwingung den Anteil der zugehörigen kristallinen all-turns Sequenzen zu bestimmen. Bei lösungskristallisierten Proben entspricht dieser Anteil genau der Kristallinität, bei schmelzkristallisierten Proben liegt er hingegen deutlich darunter. Ursache für diese Abweichung sind wahrscheinlich lokale Konformationsstörungen von Kinken und Torsionsfehlern, welche die all-turns Sequenzen im Kristall unterbrechen. Temperaturabhängige Experimente weisen deutlich auf ein Bestehen derartiger Defekte bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 70°C hin.
    Notes: Summary Simple theoretical considerations indicate, that the integral intensity of the „longitudinal acoustic modes” (LAM) in the Raman spectrum ofn-alkanes should be independent of the chain length. The experiment in fact confirms this expectation. Using this property it becomes possible for polyethylene samples, to derive from the measured LAM-intensity the mass fraction of all-turns sequences contributing to this band. For solution crystallized samples this fraction coincides with the crystallinity, whereas in melt crystallized samples it generally turns out as smaller. The observed difference is likely to be due to the occurrence of local conformational defects (kinks, chain torsions) which interrupt the all-turns sequences within the crystallites. Temperature dependent experiments speak in favour of a defect creation for temperatures above 70°C.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 600-604 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Grundlagen der Interpretation von Viskosität-Daten verdünnter Lösungen von Polymer Mischungen wurden analysiert. Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß die Abnahme der Grenzviskositätszahl vom Polymer A, gemessen in Lösungen eines anderen Polymeren B, nicht direkt mit der Kontraktion von A-Molekülen verbunden werden kann. Es wurde eine Ermittlungsmethode desk AB Parameters, welcher die A-B Wechselwirkung aus Viskosität-Daten charakterisiert, vorgeschlagen. Diek AB Werte einiger Systeme wurden bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary Assumptions underlying the interpretation of viscosity data of dilute solutions of polymer mixtures are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the decrease in the intrinsic viscosity of a polymer A measured in solutions of another polymerB cannot be directly connected with the contraction of moleculesA. A procedure for evaluation of a parameter,k AB , characterizing theA-B interaction from viscosity data is proposed, and the values ofk AB for several systems are estimated.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 626-630 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die negative Thixotropie der Lösungen von Polymethylmethacrylat in niedrigviskosem Lösungsmittel (Gemischen von Cyclohexanon und Isopropanol) studiert. Zeitänderungen der Schub- und Normalspannung wurden mit dem Weissenbergschen Rheogoniometer verfolgt und Kriterien zur komplexen quantitativen Beschreibung dieses Effektes wurden entworfen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit und Empfindlichkeit auf die Änderungen des Geschwindigkeitsgefälles wurden ermittelt.
    Notes: Summary The time dependences of shear and normal stress measured with a Weissenberg rheogoniometer were used in an investigation of the negative thixotropy of poly(methyl methacrylate) solutions in a low-viscosity solvent (mixture of cyclohexanone and isopropanol). A set of criteria was suggested for a complex quantitative evaluation of this phenomenon. The reproducibility of these criteria and their sensitivity towards a change in the velocity gradient were determined.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 631-637 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The segmental density in swollen labeled polystyrene networks and their intermediate products is investigated by the fluorescence polarization method and interpreted in terms of a two-phase model. Within this model it is assumed that the network consists of regions of network chains and regions of higher segmental density at cross-links. It is shown that the degree of swelling and the „shortrange” dependent degree of polarization vary with polymerization time in a different way. These results prove a currently used model for the radical network formation process for styrene-divinyl-benzene copolymerization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenzpolarisationsmethode wird die „short-range”-Relaxationseigenschaft indizierter Polymersegmente in gequollenen Polystyrolnetzwerken, in Netzwerkvorstufen und während der radikalischen Netzwerkbildung untersucht und im Hinblick auf die Segmentdichteverteilung diskutiert. Ein „Zwei-Phasen”-Modell, das eine „Netzkettenphase” und eine „Netzstellenphase” aufgrund unterschiedlicher Segmentdichte unterscheidet, wird verwendet, um zu erläutern, daß während der radikalischen Netzwerkbildung weit nach dem Gelpunkt überwiegend elastisch nicht effektive Netzketten gebildet werden. Diese Aussage wird gewonnen durch den Vergleich von Volumenquellungsgrad, als Eigenschaft der „Netzkettenphase”, und Polarisationsgrad, als „short-range”-Eigenschaft der „Netzstellenphase”. Die untersuchten Polymeren wurden durch Abbruch des Netzwerkbildungsprozesses und durch radikalische Polymerisation erhalten.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 639-639 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 792-792 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 793-793 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 793-794 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 794-794 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 817-824 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This manuscript reports on preparing of long chain branched polyacrylamides (PAAm) by graft polymerisation in water. Investigations were done by changing temperature and initiator concentration to find best polymerisation conditions. Above 78 °C saponification and degradation were observed. The maximum number of branches at best conditions —T = 70 °C and relatively high amount of initiator — are 20. The molecular weight of the backbone molecule isM η = 794 000 g/mol and of the branchesM η = 48 000 g/mol and thereforeM c = 39 700 g/mol. In comparison with the mild polymerisation conditions of preparing linear high molecular weight PAAm —T = 40 °C and relatively small amount of initiator, conversion 〈 20% — one can conclude, that no long chain branches will be formed by unintentional reactions. Investigations about the solution structure by light scattering and viscosity measurements showed that the branched polymer having a smaller hydrodynamic volume and a smaller Huggins constantk H than the linear one with the same total molecular weight. The branched polymer shows in water a strongly curved, in ethyleneglycole a linear Zimm-plot was obtained. The flocculation activity of linear PAAm are better than of branched ones.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Bedingungen zur Darstellung langkettenverzweigter Polyacrylamide durch radikalische Pfropfung beschrieben. Um die besten Polymerisationsbedingungen zu finden, wurden Untersuchungen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Initiatorkonzentrationen durchgeführt. Bei Temperaturen oberhalb 78°C tritt Verseifung und Kettenbruch auf. Die höchst erreichbare Anzahl von aufgepfropften Zweigmolekülen betrug nur 20. Diese wurde erreicht beiT = 70°C und relativ hohen Initiatorkonzentrationen. Das Molekulargewicht des unter diesen Bedingungen gepfropften „backbone”-Moleküls betrugM η = 794 000 g/mol, das der ZweigmoleküleM η = 48 000 g/mol, somit beträgt die mittlere Kettenlänge zwischen zwei gepfropften ZweigenM c = 39 700 g/mol. Die Herstellungsbedingungen linearer Polyacrylamide sind vergleichsweise mild —T = 40°C und relativ geringe Initiatorkonzentrationen — so daß man daraus schließen darf, daß keine Langkettenverzweigungen durch unbeabsichtigte Nebenreaktionen auftreten. Untersuchungen zur Lösungsstruktur mittels Lichtstreuung und Viskosimetrie zeigen, daß die langkettenverzweigten PAAm ein kleineres hydrodynamisches Volumen und eine kleinere Huggins-Konstantek H aufweisen als die linearen PAAm bei gleichem Gesamtmolekulargewicht. Die langkettenverzweigten PAAm zeigen in H2O ein gekrümmtes, in Äthylenglykol ein lineares Zimm-Diagramm. Die Flockungsaktivität der linearen ist besser als die der verzweigten PAAm.
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