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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (295)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) group of transcription factors is retained in the cytoplasm of quiescent cells. NFAT activation is mediated in part by induced nuclear import. This process requires calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of NFAT caused by the phosphatase calcineurin. The c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylates NFAT4 on two sites. Mutational removal of the JNK phosphorylation sites caused constitutive nuclear localization of NFAT4. In contrast, JNK activation in calcineurin-stimulated cells caused nuclear exclusion of NFAT4. These findings show that the nuclear accumulation of NFAT4 promoted by calcineurin is opposed by the JNK signal transduction pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chow, C W -- Rincon, M -- Cavanagh, J -- Dickens, M -- Davis, R J -- CA58396/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA65831/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1638-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; Calcineurin/metabolism ; Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Jurkat Cells ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mutation ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: The DED1 gene, which encodes a putative RNA helicase, has been implicated in nuclear pre-messenger RNA splicing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is shown here by genetic and biochemical analysis that translation, rather than splicing, is severely impaired in two newly isolated ded1 conditional mutants. Preliminary evidence suggests that the protein Ded1p may be required for the initiation step of translation, as is the distinct DEAD-box protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A). The DED1 gene could be functionally replaced by a mouse homolog, PL10, which suggests that the function of Ded1p in translation is evolutionarily conserved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chuang, R Y -- Weaver, P L -- Liu, Z -- Chang, T H -- GM48752/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9045610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4A ; Genes, Fungal ; Mice ; Mutation ; Peptide Initiation Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Phenotype ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA Helicases ; RNA Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Fungal/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/*genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: Cell divisions that produce progeny differing in their patterns of gene expression are key to the development of multicellular organisms. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mother cells but not daughter cells can switch mating type because they selectively express the HO endonuclease gene. This asymmetry is due to the preferential accumulation of an unstable transcriptional repressor protein, Ash1p, in daughter cell nuclei. Here it is shown that ASH1 messenger RNA (mRNA) preferentially accumulates in daughter cells by a process that is dependent on actin and myosin. A cis-acting element in the 3'-untranslated region of ASH1 mRNA is sufficient to localize a chimeric RNA to daughter cells. These results suggest that localization of mRNA may have been an early property of the eukaryotic lineage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Long, R M -- Singer, R H -- Meng, X -- Gonzalez, I -- Nasmyth, K -- Jansen, R P -- 7 F32 HD08088-02/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- GM54887/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):383-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Genes, Fungal ; Genes, Mating Type, Fungal ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Microtubules/physiology ; Mutation ; *Myosin Heavy Chains ; *Myosin Type V ; Myosins/genetics ; RNA, Fungal/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Transformation, Genetic ; Tropomyosin/genetics/physiology ; Zinc Fingers
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility is already part of the clinical management of families with some of the well-defined (but uncommon) inherited cancer syndromes. In cases where the risks associated with a predisposing mutation are less certain, or where there is no clearly effective intervention to offer those with a positive result, its use is more controversial. Careful evaluation of costs and benefits, and of the efficacy of interventions in those found to be at risk, is essential and is only just beginning. An immediate challenge is to ensure that both health professionals and the public understand clearly the issues involved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ponder, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1050-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 238, Level 3 Lab Block, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. bajp@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353178" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Confidentiality ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Female ; Genetic Counseling ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Services ; *Genetic Testing ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Insurance, Life ; Male ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*genetics ; Resource Allocation ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Uncertainty
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: The discovery of anticancer drugs is now driven by the numerous molecular alterations identified in tumor cells over the past decade. To exploit these alterations, it is necessary to understand how they define a molecular context that allows increased sensitivity to particular compounds. Traditional genetic approaches together with the new wealth of genomic information for both human and model organisms open up strategies by which drugs can be profiled for their ability to selectively kill cells in a molecular context that matches those found in tumors. Similarly, it may be possible to identify and validate new targets for drugs that would selectively kill tumor cells with a particular molecular context. This article outlines some of the ways that yeast genetics can be used to streamline anticancer drug discovery.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartwell, L H -- Szankasi, P -- Roberts, C J -- Murray, A W -- Friend, S H -- N01-BC65017/BC/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1064-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Seattle Project, Molecular Pharmacology Department, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Drug Design ; *Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Humans ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Yeasts/genetics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: Exposure of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to high extracellular osmolarity induces the Sln1p-Ypd1p-Ssk1p two-component osmosensor to activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade composed of the Ssk2p and Ssk22p MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), the Pbs2p MAPKK, and the Hog1p MAPK. A second osmosensor, Sho1p, also activated Pbs2p and Hog1p, but did so through the Ste11p MAPKKK. Although Ste11p also participates in the mating pheromone-responsive MAPK cascade, there was no detectable cross talk between these two pathways. The MAPKK Pbs2p bound to the Sho1p osmosensor, the MAPKKK Ste11p, and the MAPK Hog1p. Thus, Pbs2p may serve as a scaffold protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Posas, F -- Saito, H -- GM50909/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM53415/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1702-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Complementation Test ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mutation ; Osmolar Concentration ; Osmotic Pressure ; Peptides/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Signal Transduction
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) tumor suppressor protein is thought to restrict cell proliferation by functioning as a Ras-specific guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein. However, Drosophila homozygous for null mutations of an NF1 homolog showed no obvious signs of perturbed Ras1-mediated signaling. Loss of NF1 resulted in a reduction in size of larvae, pupae, and adults. This size defect was not modified by manipulating Ras1 signaling but was restored by expression of activated adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Thus, NF1 and PKA appear to interact in a pathway that controls the overall growth of Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉The, I -- Hannigan, G E -- Cowley, G S -- Reginald, S -- Zhong, Y -- Gusella, J F -- Hariharan, I K -- Bernards, A -- NS22229/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS34779/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS36084/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):791-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Count ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila/cytology/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism ; Genes, Insect ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurofibromin 1 ; Phenotype ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; *ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, K R -- Capecchi, M R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1404-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Anemia, Sickle Cell/*genetics ; B-Lymphocytes ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA, Recombinant ; *Gene Conversion ; Hemoglobin, Sickle/*genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotides/*genetics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: The small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rho is implicated in the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions in fibroblasts stimulated by extracellular signals such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Rho-kinase is activated by Rho and may mediate some biological effects of Rho. Microinjection of the catalytic domain of Rho-kinase into serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells induced the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions, whereas microinjection of the inactive catalytic domain, the Rho-binding domain, or the pleckstrin-homology domain inhibited the LPA-induced formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. Thus, Rho-kinase appears to mediate signals from Rho and to induce the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amano, M -- Chihara, K -- Kimura, K -- Fukata, Y -- Nakamura, N -- Matsuura, Y -- Kaibuchi, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1308-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-01, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Actins/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Line ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lysophospholipids/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Staurosporine/pharmacology ; rho-Associated Kinases
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: Mutations in the SUPERMAN gene affect flower development in Arabidopsis. Seven heritable but unstable sup epi-alleles (the clark kent alleles) are associated with nearly identical patterns of excess cytosine methylation within the SUP gene and a decreased level of SUP RNA. Revertants of these alleles are largely demethylated at the SUP locus and have restored levels of SUP RNA. A transgenic Arabidopsis line carrying an antisense methyltransferase gene, which shows an overall decrease in genomic cytosine methylation, also contains a hypermethylated sup allele. Thus, disruption of methylation systems may yield more complex outcomes than expected and can result in methylation defects at known genes. The clark kent alleles differ from the antisense line because they do not show a general decrease in genomic methylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobsen, S E -- Meyerowitz, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1100-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262479" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Base Sequence ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cytosine/metabolism ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/genetics ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA, Antisense ; DNA, Plant/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
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