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  • Cambridge University Press  (3,874)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (8,459)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1984  (4,310)
  • 1980  (4,149)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (8,459)
  • 1975-1979
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOA volume 18 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00014725
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  • 2
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    Nnoli, OkwudibaAchike, OkayNwosu, Humphrey N.: Ethnic Politics in NigeriaGroundwork of Military Law and Military Rule in NigeriaPolitical Authority and the Nigerian Civil Service : Enugu, Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1978Enugu, Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1978Enugu, Fourth Dimension Publishers (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 707-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00014865
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  • 3
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    Margo; Russell, Martin: Afrikaners of the Kalahari: white minority in a black state : Cambridge University Press, 1979 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 711-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00014889
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  • 4
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    Le Vine, Victor T.; Luke, Timothy W.Chibwe, E. C.: The Arab–African Connection: political and economic realitiesAfro-Arab Relations in the New World Order : Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1979New York, St. Martin's Press, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 709-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00014877
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  • 5
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    The Informal Sector and Zambia's Employment Crisis (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 411-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Late in 1979 the Zambian Government unveiled its Third National Development Plan which will guide policies until the year 1984, and this implies that problems of unemployment, particularly in urban areas, will be partly overcome by an expansion of self-employment possibilities.Such was the enthusiasm for the new initiative that the absence of reliable information surrounding it was largely ignored. This article attempts to provide relevant data concerning a number of issues which will be vital in implementing any measures to encourage self-employment in the so-called ‘informal sector’ of the Zambian economy. In particular we shall endeavour to quantify the likely flows into the labour force, particularly from the educational system, the possible growth of formal wage employment in urban areas, and the current size and composition of the informal sector. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the possible rôle of this sector in absorbing the unemployed in the plan period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011587
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  • 6
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    Agriculture and Industry: a Case-Study of Capitalist Failure in Northern Nigeria (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 427-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Discussion of industrial activity in capitalist Third-World countries has usually centred on a series of dualistic frameworks, most recently the opposition between the so-called ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ sectors of an economy. Such dichotomies attempt to divide the activities of labour as cleanly as possible into two groups sharing common characteristics. The categories that emerge – modern/traditional, large/small-scale, formal/informal – overlap to a considerable degree because, in effect, they all attempt, with varying crudity, to compare the socio-economic characteristics of those dominant capitalist enterprises which are based on intensive capital, high-level technology, and a large scale of production, with those activities in the economy which are not based on such features. As such, the second category tends to have both negative and residual components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011599
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  • 7
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    Traditional Participation in a Modern Political System — the Case of Western Nigeria (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 443-468 
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    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The constitutional development of Nigeria which started under the British occupation has been marked by two fundamental principles: the decision to set the political evolution of the country on a federal basis, and the effort, far less successful, to integrate the traditional institutions into a modern political system. This second principle will be the subject of this article, which I hope will also shed some light on the complex relationships between tradition and modernity, and thus show the importance of ‘primordial loyalties’ in political life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011605
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  • 8
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    The Somali Coup of 1969: the Case for Soviet Complicity (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 493-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The potential for superpower confrontation on the Horn of Africa in 1977 and 1978 focused world attention on Somalia. For a few brief months, the popular press published regular accounts of President Siad Barre's military campaign in the Ogaden desert against neighbouring Ethiopia. The U.S. Department of State heralded the rôle of Soviet and Cuban advisers in the conflict. When Somalia ousted the Russian forces and abrogated the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with the U.S.S.R., the move was interpreted as a major diplomatic setback for Moscow. Now, as quickly as it erupted, the news flow about the Horn has halted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011629
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  • 9
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    Retreat into the Future: the United States, South Africa, and Human Rights, 1976–1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 509-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: When Henry Kissinger became Secretary of State in September 1973 he instructed all American embassy personnel to monitor human rights in the countries in which they were serving. President Jimmy Carter was not responsible for America's interest in human rights, only for the policy of affirmative action. When his Assistant Secretary for Human Rights commenced work she found only two members of the State Department permanently assigned to the task, and her sole guideline was the manual for setting up her office.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011630
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  • 10
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    The Inscriptions on the Vehicles of Ghanaian Commercial Drivers: a Sociological Analysis (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 525-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Throughout Ghana many commercial passenger vehicles bear mottos and names, boldly written on their bodies, usually at the front. The widespread nature of these inscriptions would seem to suggest that they are a part of the occupational sub-culture, namely the distinctive pattern of behaviour, norms, and customs which serves to identify commercial transportation. A general theme running throughout the present study is that this sub-culture reflects not only the unique needs of the drivers, but also the socio-economic and cultural environment within which they operate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011642
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  • 11
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    Decentralisation and Devolution: a Review of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Nairobi, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 533-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The Lesotho Minister for Agriculture, Co-operatives, and Marketing was reported recently to have shaken the delegates at the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Development in Rome by his observation on the value of such intergovernmental gatherings on the subject of development:
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011654
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  • 12
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    MOA volume 18 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011289
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  • 13
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    MOA volume 18 issue 2 Cover and Back matter (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011290
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  • 14
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    Life Imitates Art: the Student Expulsion in Dar es Salaam, October 1966, as Dramatic Ritual (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 541-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: On 22 October 1966, 393 students, all but 70 of them from the University College, demonstrated in Dar es Salaam against the Tanzania Government's proposals for National Service to be compulsory for students completing their education at Form VI level and above.1 Marching through the streets of the capital to show their disapproval, and carrying banners some of which read ‘Colonialism was Better’2 they were diverted to State House, where they had to deliver their ultimatum to the President, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, in person. Flanked by his Ministers, he listened to their demand that unless the terms of the National Service were changed they would not accept the scheme in spirit: ‘Let our bodies go, but our souls will remain outside the scheme’. In his reply, the President made it clear that he had no intention of forcing anyone into National Service against his will. But since these students were unwilling to serve the nation, they should be returned immediately to their parental homes. Whereupon the demonstrators were rounded up by waiting (and obviously prepared) police, finger-printed, and despatched under armed guards to their homes throughout the country.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011666
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  • 15
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    The Use of Sports in Policy Implementation: the Case of Tanzania (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 237-256 
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    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: There is general agreement that sports are used for political purposes. The controversy over whether this should or should not be the case is really a struggle about how they should be used. Those who argue for the separation of sports and politics tend to be satisfied with the existing use, while those against the separation tend to be dissatisfied with the present situation. The positions are rational: each group seeks to use this arena to achieve its own political objectives. Although some involvement of politics in sports appears universal, the degree varies considerably from country to country.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011320
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  • 16
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    The Jamahiriya Experiment in Libya: Qadhafi and Rousseau (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 181-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Only a few social scientists outside the field of Middle East studies are aware that in the sovereign state of Libya today there is no government. Indeed, it is not likely to have one so long as the country's strongman, Colonel Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi,1 continues to be the leader of the Libyan revolution. This has been the case ever since 2 March 1977, when the institution of government in its traditional legal-bureaucratic sense was dismantled, and the people's authority, exercised through people's congresses and committees, was proclaimed. By this action, Libya initiated in practice the so-called era of jamahiriya—the era of the masses and the practice of direct democracy – and has taken a number of steps in that direction. A recent example was the renaming of some of its embassies overseas as ‘people's bureaux’, with Libyan students and citizens taking charge of their functions and management.2 This action, instigated personally by Qadhafi, was intended to illustrate to the world that since Libya has no government, ordinary Libyan citizens overseas represent themselves directly to foreign peoples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011307
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  • 17
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    Legitimising State Capitalism: Malian Militarism in Third-World Perspective (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 281-295 
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    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Although the analysis which follows centres upon the West African state of Mali, much of what is said applies in varying measure to other examples of military state capitalism in Africa and elsewhere. Its importance is underscored by the fact that this is an increasingly common régime variant in the Third World. Similarly, domestic militarism has been transformed from an unusual occurrence to a phenomenon which evokes little more than a déjà vu response. Today nearly half of the governments of the ‘South’ are directly or indirectly dominated by the military, whereas three decades ago little more than 15 per cent could be so classified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011344
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  • 18
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    Wayas, Joseph: Nigeria's Leadership Role in Africa : London, Macmillan, 1979 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 330-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011381
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  • 19
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    Odetola, Theophilus Olatunde: Military Politics in Nigeria: economic development and political stability : New Brunswick, Transaction Books, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 332-334 
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    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011393
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  • 20
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    Panter-Brick, Keith: Soldiers and Oil: the political transformation of Nigeria : London, Frank Cass, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 334-337 
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    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X0001140X
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  • 21
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    MOA volume 18 issue 1 Cover and Back matter (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00009411
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  • 22
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    Nigeria's New Political Institutions, 1975–9 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In October 1970, after the civil war had ended, General Yakubu Gowon reiterated his earlier pledge that military rule would be terminated on 1 October 1976, but two years before that date he postponed the return to civilian rule indefinitely on the grounds that Nigerians had not yet demonstrated ‘moderation and self-control in pursuing sectional ends’.1 In July 1975, nine years after his own elevation to Head of the Federal Military Government (F.M.G.), Gowon was removed by a coup d'état led by Brigadier Murtala Mohammed, who cited mismanagement as the immediate reason. However, after the coup, ‘well-placed spokesmen for the new administration...reaffirmed that the goals of the coup were to restore the good image of the military and to create conditions which will make reactive military intervention unnecessary in the future’.2
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00009423
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  • 23
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    The Fiscal Costs of a Basic Human Needs Strategy (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 18 (1980), S. 143-150 
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    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Disappointed with the development performance of most Third-World countries during the past two decades, many scholars and public officials have looked for a more effective strategy. They are concerned not merely with the extent of growth, but where it has occurred, with evidence that relatively little of the benefits of increased productivity has ‘trickled down’ to the poorer half of the populations of these lands. Capital-intensive methods have raised expectations in both the urban and the rural areas without generating adequate employment opportunities or distributing the benefits of growth equitably. As a consequence, the many poor remain as desperately disadvantaged as they ever were, making a re-evaluation of development priorities, within as well as outside of Africa, of the utmost importance at this juncture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00009496
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  • 24
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    Crystal data and structural relation between Pb6GeO8.Pb11Ge3O17 and PbO (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 307-310 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Transparent yellow-greenish single crystals of Pb6GeO8 were obtained by spontaneous crystallization from a melt with a molar ratio of PbO:GeO2 = 4.7:1. The compound is monoclinic, probable space group P21/a, a = 52.665 (12), b = 15.063 (4), c = 23.949 (6) Å and β = 111.03 (5)°; Dm(293 K) = 8.65 (3), Dx = 8.653 Mg m−3 for Z = 64 formula units. Pb11Ge3O17 was synthesized by sintering high-purity oxides PbO and GeO2 of molar ratio 3.69:1 at 990 K. The compound is also monoclinic, probable space groups C2/c or Cc, a = 25.117 (5), b = 15.440 (2), c = 45.529 (13) Å and β = 103.20 (4)°; Dm(293 K) = 8.55 (2), Dx = 8.560 Mg m−3 for Z = 32.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889880012125
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  • 25
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    Crystal data for AgGaxIn1−xSe2 and CuGaxIn1−xSe2 (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 311-315 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Series of chalcopyrite-type solid solutions AgGaxIn1−xSe2 and CuGaxIn1−xSe2, 0≤x≤1, have been prepared by direct synthesis from the melt. The space group is I\bar 42d (No. 122), Z = 4. The unit-cell parameters a and c and the ratio c/a change linearly with x. Powder data at 298 K are given for AgGaSe2, AgGa0.80In0.20Se2, AgGa0.70In0.30Se2, AgGa0.40In0.60Se2, AgGa0.20In0.80Se2 and AgInSe2, and for CuGaSe2, CuGa0.60In0.40Se2, CuGa0.30In0.70Se2 and CuInSe2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889880012149
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  • 26
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    Commission on Crystallographic Apparatus. Microdensitometer Project report I. Inter-Experimental Agreement (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 318-337 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889880012174
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  • 27
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    Longer filament lifetimes for rotating-anode X-ray machines using a beam-deflecting magnet (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 338-339 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: If the length of the focal spot is increased while the width remains constant, X-ray output can be increased without changing the specific loading on the anode.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889880012198
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  • 28
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    An impurity-doped crystal plate as an X-ray monochromator (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 391-394 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: To increase the integrated reflexion intensity of a monochromating crystal, the strain distributed due to impurity introduction can be utilized and, compared with conventional mechanical processing, can be a more controllable method. From this viewpoint, numerical computations on the dynamical diffraction theory for distorted crystals have been performed for the 220 reflexion of Cu Kα X-rays by Si crystals with several different strain distributions; the one changing linearly with depth from −10−3 at the surface to zero at 28 μm depth gives the maximum integrated intensity within the restriction that the full width of the intensity profile is 100′′. The integrated intensity in this case is 5.3 and 4.5 times as strong as that of a perfect crystal plate for σ and π polarizations respectively. It is more enhanced for shorter wavelengths, e.g. nine times for Mo Kα. In addition, that intensity profiles for distributed strains are cut sharply at both ends is certainly favourable for the purpose of monochromating white X-rays. A preliminary experiment with an intentionally processed sample showed a fourfold intensity increase for a σ-polarized Cu Kα line with a full width of 80′′.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889880012368
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  • 29
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    Notes and News (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 401-401 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889880012423
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  • 30
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    Appareil de microdéformation à chaud pour topographie aux rayons X. Application à des bicristaux de germanium (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 88-92 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The device described here has been designed to perform microcreep experiments and, simultaneously, to get X-ray topographic images of the sample. Such dynamic experiments are now possible with white synchrotron radiation (LURE-DCI Orsay). The sample material, germanium, is hard to machine; so a simple shape was chosen (rectangular platelet 20 × 5 × 0–2 mm). The grip system is quite simple and the whole assembly is compact enough to be adapted to fit a standard goniometer head. Temperatures as high as 923 K in air and forces up to few tens of Newtons can be reached. The first experiments on Ge bicrystals have shown the device to perform as expected.
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    Assessment of synchrotron electron-beam damage in diamond by optical, cathodoluminescence and X-ray topographic methods (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 78-87 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A polished plate of type Ia natural diamond, containing regions which had been bombarded by electrons of energy between 2.0 and 4.5 GeV to total doses of 1̃024 electrons m−2 in polarized-photon production experiments, was examined, both before and after annealing at 1133 K for 8 h, using birefringence, cathodoluminescence photography and spectroscopy, X-ray topography and a novel method for mapping differences of interplanar spacing; `dilatation topography'. The annealing effected some reduction of overall strain, but it also generated an enhancement of diffraction contrast and cathodoluminescence at certain grown-in defects that the specimen contained. By means of dilatation topographs, interplanar spacings in a region of maximum electron-beam damage were compared with those in least-damaged regions some millimetres away. In the case of (110) planes that had been grazed by the electron beam, the maximum relative expansion, Δd/d, in damaged regions so found was reduced from 1.2 × 10−3 to 0.9 × 10−3 by the annealing. Evidence was obtained that the magnitude of expansion in the region of maximum damage was dependent upon crystallographic direction. Criteria are suggested for selection of diamonds to be used in polarized-photon production experiments.
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    Crystal data for two kinds of molecular alloys between sebacic and dodecanedioic acids (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 93-95 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Cell data for monoclinic sebacic acid COOH(CH2)8COOH, C10H18O4, and dodecanedioic acid COOH(CH2)10COOH, C12 H22O4, are accurately given: (C10) a = 15.064 (6), b = 4.987 (4), c = 10.142 (6) Å, β = 133.14 (5)°; (C12) a = 17.594 (8), b = 4.933 (3), c = 10.174 (5) Å, β = 132.35 (3)°. It is shown that crystallographic data for molecular alloys [C10]x[C12]1 −x are significantly different for those prepared by fusion (m.a.f.) and those by sublimation (m.a.s.). X-ray powder data are given for the two series of solid solutions.
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    Crystal data for hexamethylenetetraselenafulvalene-perfluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 95-96 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The cell constants for the title compound, HMTSFT–CNQ4, (C12F4N4).(C12H12Se4), M.W. 748.21, were determined from a single crystal exposed on a Syntex P{\bar 1} automated diffractometer and then refined from precision powder data with Cr Kα1 (2.28962 Å): a = 21.906 (5), b = 12.918 (3), c = 4.0184 (10) Å and β = 91.658 (10)°; U = 1136.7 Å3, Z = 2, space group C2/m; Dc = 2.186 Mg m−3.
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    A goniometer for the measurement of stresses in single crystals and coarse-grained specimens (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 128-131 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A &psgr;-φ goniometer with two axes of rotation, driven by stepping motors, was designed as an attachment for a horizontal &thgr;/2&thgr; goniometer. By means of this arrangement it is possible to measure strains and compute stresses in single crystals and in separate crystals of a bicrystal or a coarse-grained polycrystalline specimen. The available rotations also make it possible to investigate residual macrostresses and textures in polycrystalline specimens. Results of the test measurements on a tensile specimen of a molybdenum single-crystal are given.
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    The correlation function, intersect distribution and scattering from a cube (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 132-134 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A calculation of γ(r), the correlation function which gives the X-ray scattering of a cubic object of uniform density, is given for the full range of r. A new method, which can be applied to other systems, is used. The function γ(r) and its first derivative are everywhere continuous, but γ′′(r) is discontinuous at r = L and r = L□2 (L = cube edge length). This leads to an intersect distribution of unexpected shape. The scattering intensity as a function of angle is calculated by Fourier inversion of γ(r).
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    Experimental separation of the coherent component of X-ray scattering prior to RDF analysis of non-crystalline polymers (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 135-140 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An experimental method is described which enables the inelastically scattered X-ray component to be removed from diffractometer data prior to radial density function analysis. At each scattering angle an energy spectrum is generated from a Si(Li) detector combined with a multi-channel analyser from which the coherently scattered component is separated. The data obtained from organic polymers has an improved signal/noise ratio at high values of scattering angle, and a commensurate enhancement of resolution of the RDF at low r is demonstrated for the case of PMMA (ICI `Perspex'). The method obviates the need for the complicated correction for multiple scattering.
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    Calcul du Profil des bandes de diffraction produites par des empilements de feuillets de nature différente (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 148-153 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Until now, the calculation of intensities diffracted by layer structures has only been treated in the two extreme cases, namely (i) the layers interfere completely and (ii) the layers do not interfere (turbostratic structures). The present paper develops the mathematical treatment which allows the calculation in the intermediate case, namely when layers are only partially interfering.
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    Circular diffuse scattering from a niobium tungsten bronze, 3Nb2O5.8WO3, studied by 1 MV higher-resolution electron microscopy (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A niobium tungsten bronze crystal with a nominal composition 3 Nb2O5.8WO3 gives circular diffuse scattering in the electron diffraction pattern. The diffuse rings change shape and size when the crystal is reduced at high temperature. The observations are explained by improving the cluster model proposed by De Ridder, Van Tendeloo, Van Dyck & Amelinckx [Phys. Status Solidi A (1977), 41, 555–560]; the present clusters are composed of nine pentagonal-tunnel sites. The 1 MV high-resolution electron microscope images reveal that the clusters have several different atomic arrangements and compositions. The relation between the clusters and the micro-domains, formed in the initial stage of long-range ordering, is clarified.
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    An assessment of the performance of a diffracted-beam monochromator in single-crystal diffractometry (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 163-167 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Analysis of Bragg X-ray intensities collected on a single-crystal diffractometer with a pyrolitic graphite monochromator in the diffracted beam has revealed small systematic errors which are a consequence of the necessarily large illuminated area of monochromator crystal.
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    Small-angle X-ray scattering from solutions of flow-oriented colloidal particles (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 154-162 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The amount of information which can be obtained from a small-angle X-ray experiment can be considerably increased by orienting the solute particles with external forces during the scattering experiment. In this paper it is shown that orientation by flow, for instance through a capillary tube, gives additional information about size, shape, flexibility and rotational diffusion of the particles. The only requirement, in order to obtain flow-oriented samples, is that the solute particles must be relatively large and asymmetric. On the other hand, if the scattering curve is dependent on the flow rate through the capillary, it can immediately be concluded that the solute particles are asymmetric (or they are deformed in the hydrodynamic field). Equations describing the relationship between flow rate, molecular shape and scattered intensity are given, and theoretical intensity patterns for some representative cases are presented. It follows that there is a fundamental difference in scattering patterns for oblate and prolate ellipsoids of revolution. This difference can be used to differentiate between these two cases. Some experimental results obtained using inorganic model colloids are presented.
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    Small-angle scattering. Information content and error analysis (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 168-175 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An analysis of the small-angle scattering problem based on Shannon sampling is presented. It is shown that this approach leads to an accurate assessment of the information contained in a given data set and rigorous estimates of the errors inherent in the parameters derived therefrom.
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    Fundamentals of crystal growth 1 by F. Rosenberger (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 401-402 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    An X-ray film powder profile refinement of the crystal structure of Ta5P3 (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 605-607 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The crystal structure of Ta5P3 has been refined from Guinier–Hägg X-ray powder film data [Malmros & Thomas (1977). J. Appl. Cryst. 10, 7–11] using positional parameters from its structural isomorph Nb5P3 as starting values. The space group is orthorhombic Pnma (No. 62), with refined cell parameters a = 25.3210 (4), b = 3.4013 (1), c = 11.4614 (2) Å, V = 987.12 (5) Å3 and Z = 4. Final R = 4.9% [comparable with the R(F) of single-crystal work]. The structure exhibits the triangular prismatic Ta coordination about the P atoms and the dense packing of the Ta atoms, both familiar in many metal-rich phases formed between transition metals and non-metals of type P, As, S and Se.
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    The space group of γ-In2Se3 and γ1-(GaxIn1−x)2Se3: erratum (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 611-611 
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    Notes: In the paper Revised and new crystal data for indium selenides by Popovic, Tonejc, Grzeta-Plenkovic, Celustka & Trojko [J. Appl. Cryst. (1979), 12, 416–420] it was concluded that P6122 or P6522 was the probable space group of the second high-temperature, γ, phase of In2Se3. Also, in the paper Phases, lattice parameters and thermal expansion of (GaxIn1−x)2Se3, 1 ≥ x ≥ 0, between room temperature and melting point by Tonejc, Popovic & Grzeta-Plenkovic [J. Appl. Cryst. (1980), 13, 24– 30] the same space groups were suggested for the phase γ1, existing in the In-rich region. However, the space group in both cases should be P61 or P65. This is in agreement with the work of Likforman, Carré & Hillel [Acta Cryst. (1978), B34, 1 5] who solved the crystal structure of one of the forms of In2Se3, and with the work of Schulte-Kellinghaus & Krämer [Acta Cryst. (1979), B35, 3016 3017] who solved the crystal structure of AlInS3. Likforman, Carré & Hillel [Acta Cryst. (1978), B34, 1 5] call their phase the low-temperature form of In2Se3.
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    Eigenvalue filtering in the refinement of crystal and orientation parameters for oscillation photography (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 238-243 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Selective application of only parameter shifts with large eigenvalues permits singular or near-singular least-squares problems to be solved. This `eigenvalue filtering' process has been applied to the refinement of the unit-cell, crystal-orientation and reflecting-range parameters needed to process oscillation films. Eigenvalue filtering permits automatic identification and determination of just those combinations of parameters that are most relevant for processing films from a particular crystal in a particular setting. The procedure may be carried out with alignment information from an individual data film or from multiple alignment films taken at different spindle angles. Eigenvalue filtering has been incorporated in a refinement program that minimizes discrepancies between observed and calculated fractions recorded for partially recorded reflections. This permits the reflecting range (combined mosaic spread, beam cross-fire, and wavelength spread) to be refined along with the unit-cell and orientation parameters. Observed fractions recorded may be obtained by visual estimation prior to film scanning, or the program may be used in a `post-refinement' mode with data obtained from actual intensity measurements. The relatively unreliable information represented by the positions of spots on the film is not used except for indexing. The program handles crystals of any symmetry in any setting and the oscillation spindle may be inclined from normal beam geometry. The mis-setting angles are defined in a crystal-fixed coordinate system, making it easy to compare refinement results for data taken at different spindle angles.
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    Optimization of the experimental resolution for small-angle scattering (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 249-256 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The instrumental optimization conditions for most small-angle scattering experiments in which the data are azimuthally symmetric require that the scattered flight path be equal to the incident flight path. This is in contrast to a recent analysis which shows that under some conditions the incident and scattered flight paths are in a ratio of two to one. The equal flight-path condition is also valid for experiments measuring sharp (Bragg-like) peaks, or where the intensity is required at specific scattering vectors, as in low-angle diffraction of ordered or semiordered systems. The implications of the optimization conditions on the resolution and count rates at the detector are discussed for both types of experiment, and the dependence of the resolution on the spectrometer geometry is considered.
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    High-resolution measurements of angle-resolved X-ray scattering from optically flat mirrors (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 257-264 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: With a compact arrangement using single-crystal collimator and analyzer (silicon 220 reflection) of channel-cut type, angle-resolved scattering (ARS) curves of X-rays (Cu Kα1) for optically flat mirrors have been measured at various glancing angles, ω, of X-rays to the mirror surface with an angular resolution of 4′′. Weak scattered intensity (10−3–10−5 of the specularly reflected beam) is observed over an angular range of a few hundred arc s below and above the direction of specular reflection. When ω is close to the critical angle for total reflection, the scattered intensity at the low-angle tail of ARS curves is higher than that at the high-angle tail. This asymmetric tail profile of ARS curves is explained by simply superposing intensities of specularly reflected beams from surface elements inclined to each other.
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    Comments on Small-angle scattering at a pulsed neutron source: comparison with a steady-state reactor (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 293-294 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A recent comparison of data for a specific experiment taken on a time-of-flight small-angle scattering spectrometer on a pulsed neutron source and data for the same kind of experiment taken at a steady-state reactor suggests that the instruments have similar performances, and in particular comparable count rates at the detector. This similarity disappears when resolution is taken into account. The criterion for a valid comparison should be the detector count rate for instruments measuring over similar ranges of scattering vector and with similar resolutions, as required by the particular experiment.
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    Accuracy and resolution in protein crystallography: a probabilistic approach (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 273-285 
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    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to establish an explicit correlation between the values and probable deviations of the observed intensities and the potential accuracy of the structure eventually determined using those intensities. This problem involves several steps: the choice in real space of a reference stochastic model defining the ideal state of ignorance; the determination in reciprocal space of the probability density corresponding to that model and of the probability law corresponding to the experiment; the determination of the information; the transfer of the information from reciprocal to real space; the interpretation of the information in terms of structural resolution. A rigorous treatment of this problem is hindered by the inadequate knowledge of the statistical correlations between different reflections; more realistically, it is convenient to address a simpler problem, corresponding to an ideal experiment in which the intensities relevant to each reflection are measured independently of all the other reflections. In this case the mathematical problems can easily be solved and a parameter introduced – called projection information – whose value can be determined. This information is the sum of two terms, one associated with the modulus, the other with the phase of each reflection. By resorting to a mathematical model it is possible to make use of the projection information to determine the value of a parameter akin to structure resolution. The final result of this work is an operational definition of resolution, based upon the stochastic properties of the experimental observations. This resolution can be used to assess and compare the intrinsic quality of different structure analyses and of different stages of one structure determination, before the structure is solved.
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    The effect of profile-step counting time on the determination of crystal structure parameters by X-ray Rietveld analysis (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 297-306 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Crystal structure parameters have been obtained for α-Al2O3, β-PbO2 and (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 by Rietveld analysis of Cu Kα X-ray powder diffraction data collected on a conventional diffractometer using counting times ranging from 0.01 to 5 s per step. For all but the 0.01 s data collected on (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 the structural parameters obtained at different counting times are statistically identical at the 3 σ level, and the spread in the values is essentially the same as that obtained by sample repacking at a fixed counting time of 1 s per step. The parameter e.s.d.'s and conventional agreement indices Rwp and RB decrease to values limited by residual model errors as the counting time increases, but the goodness-of-fit parameter becomes unacceptably larger than its ideal value of unity. When more than a few thousand counts are accumulated for the maximum step intensity in the diffraction profile a weighting scheme based solely on counting variance is inappropriate and the parameter e.s.d.'s are no longer a reflection of their accuracy.
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    The many-beam moiré effect in electron micrographs of epitaxic Sn/SnTe layers (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 307-314 
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    Notes: The many-beam dynamical theory of moiré fringes of Gevers [Phys. Status Solidi (1963). 3, 2289–2297] has been applied to the parallel moiré case and the results have been verified on epitaxically grown Sn/SnTe specimens showing the sensitivity of moiré patterns to the presence of systematic reflections. The Fourier analysis of the calculated intensity profiles showed that each additional diffracted beam gives rise to a new term in the Fourier series so that the profile can be sinusoidal only in the two-beam approximation. The same result has been obtained recently by Pardo, Pariset & Renard [Phys. Status Solidi A. (1981). 64, 283–295], who applied a slightly different theoretical approach to Sb/Bi specimens. It is shown that the corrections to scattering factors for temperature effects are not important since they do not affect the general character of the moiré profiles. Some experiments were performed showing the dependence of the moiré pattern on the number of beams that are transmitted through the objective aperture. The effect of the gradual thinning of one layer on the moiré pattern could be reproduced by computer simulation.
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    The true unit cell of ammonium hydrogen sulfate, (NH4)3H(SO4)2 (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 331-333 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A combination of X-ray powder diffraction and single-crystal Laue photography was used to determine the unit-cell parameters for letovicite. μr = 247.25. The unit cell is triclinic, P1 or P{\bar 1}, and has dimensions a0 = 5.87(1), b0 = 10.17(3), c0 = 8.27(1) Å, α = 101.1(4), β = 111.1(1), γ = 89.9(2)°, V = 450.7 Å3, Z = 2, Dx = 1.82 Mg m−3. The M(20) cell reliability is 23.8. Many weak powder spectra were observed, which preclude the possibility of monoclinic cell symmetry previously reported. Projection of the letovicite Laue data along [001] reveals the striking pseudo-hexagonal symmetry observed optically. The JCPDS Diffraction File No. for ammonium hydrogen sulfate is 35-1500.
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    On the automatic extension of incomplete models by iterative Fourier calculation (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 364-366 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A program is presented that solves crystal structures completely using advanced Fourier methods starting from a small known fraction (about 8%) of the structure. The program uses a statistical test based on the R2 factor to check the correctness of the model obtained so far. The results obtained with four test structures are given.
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    A sample holder for cutting single crystals along any desired X-ray oriented plane (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 369-370 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Use of a one-dimensional position-sensitive detector with a Kratky camera (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 370-370 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    A technique for the preparation of low-temperature powder samples of noxious materials (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 372-372 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Crystallographers (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 373-373 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Symposium on Crystallographic Studies Using Energy-Dispersive Diffraction, American Crystallographic Association, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 12–17 August 1979 (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 340-341 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Nondestructive evaluation of semiconductor materials and devices by J. N. Zemel (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 342-342 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    New methods of X-ray diffraction spectrometry. I. Image formation in curved crystals (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 354-358 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Image formation in a dispersive system, consisting essentially of a perfect cylindrically bent crystal in association with a point source, has been studied both for transmission and reflection. The Laue and Bragg conditions have been calculated together with the dispersive power. The treatment has been extended to include two crystals. In the single-crystal case and also for most versions of two-crystal combinations a point or line focus is required to obtain highly resolved spectra. A few versions of the two-crystal arrangement can be made to be focusing, thereby enabling the use of an extended radiation source.
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    Zone-axis pattern maps for graphite (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 364-367 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Zone-axis pattern maps for graphite have been obtained using multiple-micrograph montages. Maps have been constructed with bend-contour micrographs and with Kossel–Möllenstedt patterns, both obtained at 100 kV. The two kinds of map are compared.
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    Multiple-scattering treatment for small-angle scattering problems (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 385-390 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Analytical explicit expressions have been derived for multiple-scattering effects under assumptions which are usually fulfilled in small-angle scattering. The expressions are used to evaluate quantitatively distortions of scattering patterns caused by multiple scattering. The distortions are discussed in terms of changes of the forward-scattering cross section, the radius of the gyration, the integrated intensity, the Porod region and Porod constant. In addition, the analytical expressions have been used to calculate the scattering cross section of the sample from scattering patterns which are strongly affected by multiple scattering.
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    Crystallographers (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 401-401 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Phase transitions in ammonium nitrate (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 403-409 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The phases of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, doped with small amounts of NiO or CuO have been studied by X-ray and neutron diffraction at various temperatures from 80 to 423 K. NH4NO3 with metal-oxide additives, which are believed to form complexes, exists as a solid solution. Phase IV is stable down to 140 K in the NiO-doped samples and 210 K in the CuO-doped sample. The thermal expansion of this phase is extremely anisotropic, with the b axis expanding rapidly with increasing temperature while the a axis contracts slightly. At higher temperatures the doped samples transform directly from phase IV to phase II, bypassing phase III, starting at about 328 K. The structure of phase II, which is disordered, was refined in the space group P4/mbm. The structure of phase III contains hydrogen-bonded chains parallel to the b axis.
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    A white-X-ray four-circle diffractometer (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 433-437 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A white-X-ray (Bremsstrahlung) four-circle diffractometer with a solid-state detector [Si(Li)] has been constructed. The system is operated by a small computer with magnetic disk memories, and enables energy-dispersive intensity measurements to be carried out with the X-rays selected from white X-rays. The present paper describes (1) how the present system can be used for energy-dispersive diffractometry even with the white radiation from a standard X-ray tube, and (2) how this system allows the measurement of the integrated intensities with almost the same accuracy as in angle-dispersive diffractometry with characteristic X-rays.
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    A novel low-temperature X-ray goniometer with closed-cycle cooling to about 18 K (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 425-432 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A unique low-temperature, full-circle goniometer for single-crystal X-ray diffraction has been constructed with the novel adaptation of a closed-cycle refrigerator in such a manner that the cold finger remains stationary during the φ and χ rotations. This has been made possible through the development of a flexible heat-transfer link between the top of the φ shaft and the cold station. The new design concept incorporates several important features: (1) the vacuum shroud and radiation shields also remain stationary so as to reduce the X-ray windows to narrow slots; (2) the sample crystal is enclosed in a black, nearly isothermal cavity (Hohlraum); and (3) the φ shaft is mechanically decoupled from the thermal contraction of the cold finger and other parts. The new system has considerable advantages over presently existing low-temperature adaptations for X-ray diffraction: (1) the goniometer operates between 300 and 18 K without expenditure of liquid cryogen and with minimal attendance; (2) the system is capable of operating for long periods of time with minimal risk of interruption of the cooling cycle; (3) absorption of X-rays by the windows is minimal and independent of the Bragg angle; and (4) data collection at any temperature down to its present lowest limit of 18 K is virtually as easy as with any conventional room-temperature diffractometer. At the time of writing the instrument has been in use for over 10000 h and has measured over 100000 X-ray reflections from single crystals.
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    Computer program for radial distribution calculation from known bonding topologies (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 459-461 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A RAdial Distribution MOdeling Routine (RADMOR) is available which calculates directly the radial distribution function that would be obtained from electron, X-ray and neutron diffraction for spherical regions of known bonding topology. Crystalline as well as model fragment topologies can be evaluated in modeling the atomic arrangement in amorphous materials.
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    A technique for controlling preferred orientation in powder diffraction samples (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 462-462 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    A systematic method of estimating the performance of X-ray optical systems for synchrotron radiation. I. Description of various optical elements in position–angle space for ideally monochromatic X-rays (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 465-471 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The performances of various optical elements are presented for ideally monochromatic X-rays in terms of position–angle space, which is used in the phase-space method. The optical elements discussed are a synchrotron radiation source, flat perfect crystals (reflection and transmission geometries), mosaic crystals, curved crystals of reflection (Johansson, Johann and logarithmic spiral types) and transmission geometries, and an elliptic total reflection mirror. The angular widths of acceptance and emergence for diffraction are properly taken into account in both the flat and curved crystals. It is shown that focusing optical elements such as a curved crystal and an elliptical mirror should not be treated simply as lenses.
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    An X-ray crystallographic study of V2D (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 486-493 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Both superlattice and fundamental reflections have been used in an X-ray determination of the vanadium-atom displacements induced by selected ordering of interstitial deuterium in a multi-domain crystal of V2D. The magnitudes of these displacements along X and Z directions of the pseudo-tetragonal (b.c.t.) unit cell are designated DAX and DAZ respectively, where Z is along the tetragonal c axis. Measurements of the lattice parameters yield DAX ∼0.03 and DAZ ∼0.17 Å. From intensity measurements, the best values for the displacements are DAX = 0.03±0.01 and DAZ = 0.15±0.02 Å, and the purely thermal Debye–Waller factor was found to be 2B = 0.025 Å2. The temperature dependences of both the long-range-order parameter, S, and the lattice parameters of the b.c.t. unit cell were also investigated. Both verify that the phase transition from β (monoclinic) to α (b.c.c.) is first order in character with no intervening ε (tetragonal) phase as in V2H. There is additional evidence that the disordering process includes random occupancy of both Z octahedral and random tetrahedral sites.
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    The structure of a lipid–water lamellar phase containing two types of lipid monolayers. An X-ray and neutron scattering study (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 505-512 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: One lamellar phase, observed in the mitochondrial lipids–water system at low temperature (ca 253 K) and at low water content (ca 15%), contains four lipid monolayers in its unit cell, two of type α and two of type β. Previous X-ray scattering studies of this phase led to an ambiguity: the phase could contain either two homogeneous bilayers, one α and one β, or two mixed bilayers, each formed by an α and a β monolayer. A solution to this problem was sought in a neutron scattering study as a function of the D2O/H2O ratio. Because of limited resolution, straightforward analysis of the neutron scattering data leads also to ambiguous results. Using a more sophisticated analysis based upon the zeroth- and second-order moments of the Patterson peaks relevant to the exchangeable components, it is shown that the weight of the evidence is in favour of a structure containing mixed bilayers.
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    A search for internal distortion in CeBi (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 529-532 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: At the IA magnetic transition (12.5 K) in CeBi a theoretical study has suggested that either the Ce or Bi sublattices should move with respect to the other. Such a distortion would give rise to extra reflections of the form 0′0′l+½. A search for such a reflection using a Bond X-ray diffraction technique was conducted. The 007½ line was not found and an upper limit of 2̃ × 10−4 was set for the magnitude of the expected internal distortion. This limit is valid for a surface layer whose thickness equals the penetration depth of the X-radiation which is about 0.4 × 10−2 mm.
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    Single-peak methods for Fourier analysis of peak shapes (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 22-26 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Several procedures for Fourier analysis of single diffraction peaks for microstrains and mosaic sizes are compared. A simple new method works well, especially when the size distribution is broad, and/or when the strains vary in an unusual manner.
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    A computer program for unique indexing of electron diffraction patterns (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 39-42 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A computer program for unambiguous and consistent indexing of a series of single-crystal diffraction patterns is discussed which allows determination of the unit triangle and therefore tilting of the specimen into any special orientation even if no Kikuchi patterns can be observed.
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    The peak in neutron powder diffraction (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 47-54 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: For the application of Rietveld profile analysis to neutron powder diffraction data a precise knowledge of the peak profile, in both shape and position, is required. The method now in use employs a Gaussian-shaped profile with a semi-empirical asymmetry correction for low-angle peaks. The integrated intensity is taken to be proportional to the classical Lorentz factor calculated for the X-ray case. In this paper an exact expression is given for the peak profile based upon the geometrical dimensions of the diffractometer. It is shown that the asymmetry of observed peaks is well reproduced by this expression. The angular displacement of the experimental profile with respect to the nominal Bragg angle value is larger than expected. Values for the correction to the classical Lorentz factor for the integrated intensity are given. The exact peak profile expression has been incorporated into a Rietveld profile analysis refinement program.
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    Scaling and phase-difference determination in solvent contrast variation experiments (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 77-84 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: In the solvent contrast variation technique, the structure factor is a linear function of contrast, and the intensity is therefore a parabolic function of contrast. A method has been developed which scales together data measured at different contrasts on different samples. Once the data are scaled, structure-factor amplitudes or intensities for any other contrast can be obtained by inter- (or extra-)polation. The magnitude of the relative phase change between contrast, an important piece of phasing information in single-crystal studies, can be determined.
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    X-ray study on the successive phase transition in cholesteryl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropionate (CTFP) (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 100-102 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: These studies on phase transition and crystal structure in a single-crystal of CTFP by X-ray diffraction in the temperature range 88 to 293 K show that CTFP undergoes successive phase transitions at about 123, 143 and 178 K and that the existence of another phase transition at about 168 K is possible. In the lowest-temperature phase, various commensurate and incommensurate structures were found. The appearance of the structure depends on storage duration at 293 K after undergoing the successive phase transitions. The original crystal, just crystallized from acetone solution, showed commensurate structure of which the modulation wave number, δ, is 0.20. The samples stored for a week and a month were both incommensurate. However, the crystals stored for two months were commensurate (δ = 0.20). Therefore, the storage duration of two months is a relaxation time long enough to recover the genuine structure. In the other temperature phases below 178 K, the crystals were all incommensurate. Consequently, the complicated structural change of CTFP crystals during storage is now well understood as a thermal relaxation phenomenon.
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    A device for the easy centering of a Gandolfi X-ray diffraction camera (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 120-121 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Appreciation of Co-editor's Service (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 122-122 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Comparaison de precédures d'evaluation des distortions et de la taille des cristallites par analyse des raies de diffraction des rayons X (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 131-133 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A procedure based on successive convolution operations is developed and associated with the Warren–Averbach method. Applications to cold-worked lithium fluoride samples are presented. The microstrain results are compared with those obtained in the classical way including the use of the direct deconvolution method. It is shown experimentally that the difficulties involved in the deconvolution operation have no significant effect on the evaluation of microstrains by the classical X-ray line-profile analysis.
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    Intensity of secondary scattering of X-rays by non-crystalline materials. Transmission gemoetry with an incident-beam monochromator (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 134-139 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Equations are derived for the intensity ratio R of secondary to primary scattering in the fixed-sample transmission case with an incident-beam monochromator crystal that results in a polarization ratio Km for unpolarized incident radiation. A table allows R to be calculated for Km = 0. This table, along with the one for Km = 1 published previously for the case without a monochromator, allows R to be estimated before an experiment is done and thus an optimum experiment can be designed. A simple computer program allows direct calculation of R once experimental data are obtained if it is desired to avoid interpolation. Determination of R involves some approximation, but the values obtained are sufficiently accurate for most purposes. However, R can be improved using exact equations, if desired. If synchrotron radiation polarized normal to the plane of scattering of the monochromator is used, R does not depend on Km, and the value of R for Km = 0 applies despite the true value of Km. As is expected from symmetry considerations, R is independent of Km in the small-angle scattering limit.
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    A new linear position-sensitive scintillation detector for neutron powder diffractometry (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new linear position-sensitive scintillation detector has been developed and installed on a neutron powder diffractometer. The physical properties of this detector are described; test powder diffractograms are presented. The special advantages of this detector for neutron powder diffractometry are discussed: high detection efficiency also in the region of short wavelengths (75% for λ = 1.3 Å), good spatial resolution (FWHM = 2.5 mm), and high data-point density (Δ2θ = 0.02°). Special emphasis is placed on peak-profile analysis for the powder diffraction patterns. Examples for position and intensity separation of overlapping reflections are presented.
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  • 83
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    The formation of double-polytype regions in ZnS crystals (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 167-171 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A 3 mm long double-polytype region was found in a ZnS needle. The region consists of a fine mixture of 47% of each of the polytypes 20L(5753) and 60R(5537)3 and about 6% of the polytype 60R(511553)3. The latter polytype is assumed to be the parent polytype transforming into the two others. It is the first time that traces of the parent polytype have been found in a double-polytype region. The formation mechanism of double-polytype regions is explained as a two-stage transformation process: expansion of grown-in stacking faults taking place at temperatures just below the hexagonal-to-cubic transition temperature, followed by a sudden formation and expansion of stacking faults at a lower temperature. It is suggested that a similar mechanism operates in the formation of single polytype regions and disordered ones.
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  • 84
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    A proposal for a highly efficient double-crystal monochromator for thermal neutrons (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The optimum parameters and properties of a new type of neutron monochromator based on elastically bent silicon single crystals are theoretically evaluated. The use of a fully asymmetrical geometry permits the achievement of rocking-curve widths exceeding 20' in the incident beam. The associated effect of the reflected-beam widening is compensated for by the second crystal in the parallel (1,−1) setting in opposite geometry. Reflectivity calculations indicate that this double-crystal system might be compared with the best single-crystal mosaic monochromators. Besides the easy control of the effective mosaicity and the corresponding integrated reflectivity by variation of the bending radius, a further advantage of this system is its simultaneous action as a neutron filter improving the ratio of the thermal neutron signal to the background.
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  • 85
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    The reduction of radiation damage in protein crystals by polyethylene glycol (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 209-210 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A simple technique has been developed to lessen radiation damage of protein crystals grown from low-ionic strength solution. The technique consists of replacing the mother liquor with solutions containing 10–20% of polyethylene glycol 4000 or 20000.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889884011316
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  • 86
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    Crystal data for p-dichlorobenzene, p-dibromobenzene and their mixed crystals at 293 K (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 210-211 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The powder data at 293 K of p-dichlorobenzene (pDCB), C6H4Cl2, p-dibromobenzene (pDBB), C6H4Br2, and of their mixed crystals [pDCB]x [pDBB](1−x) are reported. Their thermal stability at 293 K is given. They are all isomorphous, monoclinic, P21/a with Z = 2. a = 14.792 (6), b = 5.839 (2), c = 4.036 (2) Å, β = 112.52 (4)°, V = 322.0 (5) Å3, Dx = 1.516 Mg m−3 for pDCB; a = 15.487 (2), b = 5.836 (2), c = 4.108 (1) Å, β = 112.74 (1), V = 342.5 (3) Å3, Dx = 2.289 Mg m−3 for pDBB; a = 14.893 (10), b = 5.837 (7), c = 4.046 (3) Å, β = 112.48 (5)°, V = 325.1 (9) Å3, Dx = 1.592 Mg m−3 for [pDCB]0.90[pDBB]0.10; a = 14.942 (5), b = 5.840 (2), c = 4.048 (1) Å, β = 112.53 (3)°, V = 326.3 (4) Å3, Dx = 1.677 Mg m−3 for [pDCB]0.80 [pDBB]0.20; a = 15.018 (4), b = 5.846 (1), c = 4.061 (1) Å, β = 112.50 (2)°, V = 329.4 (3) Å3, Dx = 1.751 Mg m−3 for [pDCB]0.70 [pDBB]0.30; a = 15.138 (11), b = 5.843 (3), c = 4.067 (3) Å3, β = 112.57 (8)°, V = 332.2 (8) Å3, Dx = 1.825 Mg m−3 for [pDCB]0.60 [pDBB]0.40; a = 15.247 (6), b = 5.842 (2), c = 4.081 (2) Å, β = 112.66 (5)°, V = 335.4 (5) Å3, Dx = 1.896 Mg m−3 for [pDCB]0.50 [pDBB]0.50; a = 15.300 (5), b = 5.838 (1), c = 4.081 (1) Å, β = 112.54 (4)°, V = 336.7 (3) Å3, Dx = 1.976 Mg m−3 for [pDCB]0.40 [pDBB]0.60; a = 15.373 (4), b = 5.842 (1), c = 4.094 (1) Å, β = 112.64 (3), V = 339.3 (3) Å3, Dx = 2.048 Mg m−3 for [pDCB]0.30 [pDBB]0.70; a = 15.410 (7), b = 5.838 (4), c = 4.098 (2) Å, β = 112.65 (3)°, V = 340.2 (6) Å3, Dx = 2.129 Mg m−3 for [pDCB]0.20 [pDBB]0.80; and a = 15.450 (3), b = 5.838 (1), c = 4.103 (1) Å, β = 112.69 (1)°, V = 341.4 (2) Å3, Dx = 2.208 Mg m−3 for [pDCB]0.10 [pDBB]0.90. The JCPDS Diffraction File Nos. are: 34-1987 for pDCB; 34-1985 for pDBB; 34-1986 for [pDCB]0.50 [pDBB]0.50.
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    A procedure for search/match analysis of X-ray powder diffraction patterns using compact data bases (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 212-214 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A microcomputer-based method has been developed for rapid search/match analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns from compound mixtures with user-assembled data bases for specific sample types, e.g. air pollutants, asbestiform minerals, mineral sands and coal ash. Accidental coincidences between stored and measured patterns are largely eliminated using status parameters which are assigned to each data base and measured line. Scaling factors determined for each of the identified compounds afford calculation of relative concentration values. The list of unassigned lines is presented for subsequent analysis with other compact data bases or using more complex search/match methods.
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    Crystallographers (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 217-218 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 89
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    Use of synchrotron radiation sources for X-ray diffraction topography of polytypic structures (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 231-237 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The potential of synchrotron radiation sources (SRS) for the topography of polytypic structures has been assessed. Thus it has been found that the white radiation and low divergence characteristics of the SRS are uniquely suitable for accommodating the complications of mixed polytypes, heavily distorted crystals and edge-reflection topography. Computer aids are particularly important for separating contributions from mixed polytype crystals. All these techniques are illustrated in this paper using silicon carbide as a prototype polytypic crystal.
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  • 90
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    OMITMAP: An electron density map suitable for the examination of errors in a macromolecular model (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 244-248 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A single-stage computer procedure to calculate an electron density map suitable to detect errors in a tentative macromolecular model has been developed. In this procedure, an atom of the tentative model does not contribute to the phases used to calculate electron density values at or near its current position, that is within the region containing it and a neighborhood surrounding that region. In this way, the phases used to calculate electron density values within a region are not biased by the model atoms contained within that region or its neighborhood. The number of atoms which are omitted for a given region is maintained at a small fraction of the total structure so that the phases used to calculate electron density values may still be a good approximation to the phases of the complete structure. The procedure was used to improve the model of the Fab portion of the mouse galactan-binding immunoglobulin J539 (IgA2, κ), which contains 431 residues.
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  • 91
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    A Voigtian as profile shape function in Rietveld refinement (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 352-357 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A modification of the Rietveld refinement program is introduced by replacing the Gaussian profile function with a Voigtian. The performance of the program is tested by an application to simulated and measured diffraction patterns of NaTaO3, and excellent results are obtained when the tails of the reflections are included at distances 10 to 20 times the half-width of the reflections. Comparison between Gaussian and Voigtian refinements show large differences in the thermal parameters. This is due to the high level of background that is assumed in the Gaussian refinement to compensate for the lack of tail overlap. Application of the Voigtian refinement to the measured pattern of Ni yields a thermal parameter that is close to the literature values, while the Gaussian analysis gives a value which is 35% too large. The isotropic temperature factors of the room-temperature structure of NaTaO3, respectively, drop down to the values B(Ta) = 0.09(2), B(Na) = 1.21(3), B(O1) = 0.59(3) and B(O2) = 0.61(3) Å2, when the Voigtian analysis with a proper background is carried out. The role of background in powder pattern refinement is discussed, and it is suggested that a calculation of the average TDS should be included in the refinement.
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  • 92
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    A segment description for the unique set of reflections in non-centrosymmetric crystal classes (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 361-362 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The segment description of the unique set of reflections of Gabe [In Crystallographic Computing, edited by F.R. Ahmed. Copenhagen: Munksgaard (1969)] and Le Page & Gabe [J. Appl. Cryst. (1979). 12, 464–466] has been extended to the non-centrosymmetric crystal classes. To the reflections generated by the unique set of the Laue group are added the anti-reflections generated by a set of anti-segments. These anti-segments are defined by the same lattice rows as those of the corresponding Laue group but their origins are shifted to avoid generating anti-reflections in any centrosymmetric section of reciprocal space.
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  • 93
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    Some aspects of the X-ray structural characterization of (Ga1−xAlxAs)n1(GaAs)n2/GaAs(001) superlattices: erratum (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 362-362 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In the paper by Kervarec, Baudet, Caulet, Auvrey, Emery & Regreny [J. Appl. Cryst. (1984). 17, 196–205], an error has been introduced. On page 202, right-hand column, the second paragraph should read: The uneven surfaces of the interfaces can be taken into account by assuming that the SL is made of a juxtaposition of perfect crystallites of the same composition x whose period varies between the extreme values of 2n1d1 + 2n2d2. In this hypothesis, the experimental diagram is the sum of the X-ray diagrams given by each crystallite; the value of n1 + n2 deduced from such a diagram is an average value in the sample zone analyzed, therefore most of the time not integer.
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  • 94
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    An enhanced interactive PLUTO78 for molecular display (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 366-368 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The well known molecular drawing program, PLUTO78, has been made more widely available in the UK by mounting it on the minicomputers of the Joint Academic Network (JANET) wide-area network. Enhancements include interaction, faster plotting, use of colour and simulated half tone, easy access to centrally maintained high-quality-output devices, and the provision of comprehensive documentation in the form of on-line help and a user manual.
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    Recommendations of the Ad hoc committee on criteria for publication of charge density studies (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 369-369 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 96
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    The use of silicones in protein crystallizations involving single or multiple growth cycles (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 371-371 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 97
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    The 50th anniversary of the pepsin X-ray photograph (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 372-373 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Notes and News (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 373-374 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 99
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    A theoretical treatment of the Ge [440, \overline{2}20] monolithic monochromator (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 375-384 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The calculated intensities of the X-ray beam behind the exit surface of the Ge [440, {\bar 2}20] dispersive monolithic monochromator for Co Kα1 radiation are presented. The reflections 440 and {\bar 2}20 resulting from Ge {000, 440, 260, {\bar 2}20} coplanar four-beam diffraction were taken into account and the influence of the π/2 reflection 260 is discussed. The four-surface arrangement of Ge [440, {\bar 2}20] providing the resultant beam parallel to the incident beam is considered. For comparison Ge [440, {\bar 2}20] in the two-beam approximation is solved. The obtained results demonstrate that the four-beam basis of diffraction affects the resultant beam. The quality of the X-ray beam evaluated behind the examined monochromators also provided the conditions for the use of such monochromators as wavelength standards.
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  • 100
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    Dilatation thermique des phases stables et métastable du naphtalènethiol-2 (1984)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 17 (1984), S. 13-17 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It is shown by a diffraction technique that 2-naphthalenethiol (C10H8S) undergoes a first-order phase transition which occurs at 313 ± 0.5 K. The low-temperature form III is ordered whereas the high-temperature one I is disordered and may be kept as metastable far below 313 K. Thermal expansion studies, performed on the stable form III and on both metastable and stable forms I, indicate that: form III exhibits a pronounced `pretransitional' effect; discontinuities of the lattice constants occur at the III →I transition; the lattice-constant thermal-expansion curves of form I do not show any inflexion at the metastable to stable transition; in every case a large thermal expansion anisotropy is observed. Curiously, the compacity of the ordered low-temperature form is lower than that of the disordered high-temperature form. The JCPDS Diffraction File No. of the low-temperature form III is 34–1990.
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