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  • seaweed  (69)
  • Springer  (69)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2020-2024
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (69)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979
  • 1990  (69)
  • 1983
  • 1980
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (69)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Years
  • 2020-2024
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (69)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbohydrate constituents of Lessonia trabeculata (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 183-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: seaweed ; Lessonia trabeculata ; Phaeophyta ; mannitol ; polysaccharides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract D-mannitol was the only low-molecular weight carbohydrate isolated from ethanolic extracts of Lessonia trabeculata blades. After sequential extraction with water, acid and alkali, laminaran, fucose-containing polysaccharides and alginic acid were also isolated. Fucose-containing polysaccharide from the acidic extract was separated into three fractions by ion exchange chromatography. Alginic acid was the major polysaccharide obtained in the sequential extraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023381
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on carrageenans and effects of seawater phosphorus concentration on carrageenan content and growth ofAgardhiella subulata (C. Agardh) Kraft and Wynne (Rhodophyceae, Solieriaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 3-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: seaweed ; Agardhiella ; carrageenan ; phosphorus ; cultivation ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gas liquid chromatography, chemical analyses, and infrared and13C-NMR spectroscopies indicated that phycocolloids extracted fromAgardhiella subulata had a dominant ι-carrageenan feature with less deviant ι-carrageenan and υ-carrageenan. The presence of methylated galactose and a small contamination by xylose were registered. Unattached plants were cultivated for 4 weeks in tanks receiving seawater enriched with 53.5 µM nitrate and 0 to 20 µM phosphate (Pi) week−1. The growth was phosphorus (P)-limited up to a tissue P content of 0.14 ± 0.03% dry weight. Maximal specific growth rate and carrageenan content were observed with enrichments of 6 µM Pi and 3 µM Pi, respectively. Hence carrageenan production was promoted in the range of 3–6 µM Pi. Further Pi enrichment was useless. This phenomenon, observed with P nutrition, is comparable to the ‘Neish effect’ in nitrogen nutrition studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02179764
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The harvesting of macroalgae in New Zealand (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Durvillaea ; Ecklonia ; harvesting ; New Zealand ; Pterocladia ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several species of algae have been commercially harvested in New Zealand, mainly for extraction of agar and alginates. In the past, the harvest was comprised mostly of shore-cast plants. There has been more recent interest, however, in harvesting attached plants of Pterocladia spp., Porphyra spp., Gracilaria sordida, Durvillaea spp., Macrocystis pyrifera, and Ecklonia radiata. The ecological effects of harvesting attached algae depend largely on the sizes of plants, the season of removal, the patch size of clearances, and the proximity and identity of mature plants. These have not been well-studied for seaweeds in New Zealand, but population and life history studies indicate that harvesting methods affect the continuity of algal resources, at least on a local scale, and are crucial factors in their management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040211
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and size distribution of some large brown algae in Ohori, east coast of Korea (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: brown algae ; growth ; Korea ; seaweed ; size distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract About fifty individuals of four dominant large brown algae were collected by random sampling at monthly intervals using SCUBA. Size frequencies of Sargassum confusum and S. horneri were concentrated mainly in the small size classes during the initial growth phase, but were more or less evenly distributed in most size classes during the fast growing phase. Undaria pinnatifida and Costaria costata showed the same tendency as Sargassum spp., that frequency distribution became even when the plants reached their maximum growth. The kelp species recorded their maximum lengths in March, whereas Sargassum spp. showed their peaks in early summer. The relationships between the length and weight in different growth phases appeared to be dependent on the phenology of each species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040238
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abundance changes in Laminaria setchellii and Pterygophora californica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) near the Diablo Canyon Power Plant (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heated effluent ; Laminaria ; nuclear power plant ; Pterygophora ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Abundances of Laminaria setchellii and Pterygophora californica were determined three times per year for two years before startup of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant (DCPP) and thereafter for three years during which time the plant was in operation. The test site was situated at 3 m depth and was exposed almost continuously to heated effluent during plant operation. A control population was established about 60 m away from the test site and at an 8 m depth (i.e. lying below the heated plume). Abundances at both sites were relatively stable during the preoperational period. Abundances of Laminaria and Pterygophora declined, mortality increased, and recruitment ceased at the test site following plant operation and the discharge of heated effluent. In contrast, Laminaria abundance remained stable at the control site and a strong recruitment episode markedly increased Pterygophora densities during 1987, the final year of our study. Complete losses of Laminaria and Pterygophora were also observed in nearby shallow portions of Diablo Cove exposed to the thermal plume. Laminaria was more sensitive to heated effluent than Pterygophora. Adults of both species were more sensitive than juveniles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040239
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settlement of seaweeds on coastal structures (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: breakwaters ; Ecklonia ; Eisenia ; Sargassum ; seaweed ; substrata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coastal structures are constructed principally to protect the coast line. However, these structures also can act as artificial substrata for seaweeds. In particular, armor blocks, such as tetrapods, prove to be good algal substrata. Our field observations on the vegetation and standing crop of seaweed communities on armor blocks led us to the following conclusions: 1) Ecklonia cavacommunities grew on tetrapods that had been placed to coincide with the maturation period of E. cava. The communities have been maintained for more than four years. 2) The standing crop of seaweeds on an offshore breakwater composed of tetrapods placed seven years before was almost the same as that found under natural conditions. 3) Variations in roughened surfaces (pebbles or scores and grooves 3 or 46 mm wide) did not affect the growth of Sargassum spp. However, a greater number of Ecklonia stolonifera plants were observed attached to roughened surfaces compared to smooth surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040245
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of species relationships in the Porphyra perforata complex (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) using starch gel electrophoresis (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 179-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; Porphyra ; seaweed ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Traditional morphological features have formed the basis for distinguishing species of Porphyra. Among these features are number of cell layers, number of chloroplasts per cell, arrangement of reproductive structures on the thallus, and overall morphology. Chromosome number and chromosome morphology have helped corroborate some species identities. A survey of northeast Pacific species of Porphyra using starch gel electrophoresis of 15 soluble proteins has shown that electrophoretic banding patterns provide a reliable diagnostic tool for species identification. Data from starch gel electrophoresis are presented to confirm the identities of species formerly associated with the Porphyra perforata species-complex in British Columbia and northern Washington. Porphyra abbottae, P. fallax, P. kanakaensis, and P. torta are recognized as distinct species, and Porphyra sanjuanensis is synonymized with P. perforata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040231
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simulation model for an Iridaea splendens (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) population in Vancouver, Canada (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Iridaea ; harvesting strategies ; matrix model ; population growth ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of Iridaea splendens at Brockton Point, Stanley Park, Vancouver, Canada were observed to alternate in dominance between the gametophytic phase in summer and tetrasporophytic phase in winter. The mechanism regulating this alternation is not clear. Using a matrix projection model to simulate population growth, we show that this alternation is possible if there are differential survival and recruitment rates of the two phases in summer and winter. Sensitivity and elasticity analyses indicate the relative importance of perennation vs. recruitment. Recruitment from tetrasporophytes and from gametophytes both contribute about 25% to the population growth. Perennation among gametophytes is more important than among tetrasporophytes. The implication of this is that if this population is to be harvested, more tetrasporophytes can be harvested than gametophytes without resulting in the depletion of the resource. This is simulated in the matrix model by comparing the relative effects on population growth of increasing the mortality rate of the perennation phase of tetrasporophyte and gametophyte by 50 to 75%, and increasing recruitment rate in either phase, from summer to winter or from winter to summer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040233
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between cover of Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) and Phymatolithon (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on friable rock substrata (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 247-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chondrus ; disturbance ; encrusting corallines ; Irish moss ; Phymatolithon ; seaweed ; substratum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field observations in sublittoral Prince Edward Island, Canada, indicated that on a friable sandstone substratum Chondrus crispus was more commonly associated with Phymatolithon sp. than with bare rock. Thus, a substantial proportion of the population of Irish moss along the coast of Prince Edward Island occurs on this encrusting coralline. These observation may be explained on the basis of the relative stability of the substratum in contrast to other studies in which sloughing of epithallial cells by species of both Phymatolithon and Lithothamnium has been reported to limit epiphytism by fleshy macrophytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040241
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planktonic bloom of an introduced species of Polysiphonia (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) along the coast of North Carolina, USA (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biogeography ; bloom ; Dominica ; North Carolina ; Polysiphonia breviarticulata ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polysiphonia breviarticulata, a species previously known only from the Adriatic, the Mediterranean, and the Canary Islands, is reported for the first time from the Western Atlantic in Dominica and North Carolina. In the latter region it has grown in bloom quantities as drifting, planktonic plants that are a nuisance on beaches and a serious impediment to fishermen whose nets become fouled with the plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040244
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    European bioconversion projects and realizations for macroalgal biomass : Saint-Cast-Le-Guildo (France) experiment (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: digester ; composting ; Europe ; methanization ; phycocolloid extraction ; residues ; seaweed ; stranded macroalgae ; Ulva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Proliferation of macroalgae is a world-wide problem with 50,000 m3 of drift Ulva harvested per year in Brittany and about 1.0 to 1.2 million tons growing in the Venice lagoon. This biomass may be treated by bioconversion (aerobic or anaerobic fermentation) to give useful products (gas, fertilizers or others) and to remove a source of environmental pollution. Such a treatment also may be applied to cultivated or harvested seaweds and to seaweed industry residues. Studies of seaweed methanization showed Laminaria an especially good substrate and Ulva a possible substrate. Research led to a defined way of treating drift algae, encompassing natural hydrolysis and pressing with methanization of the juices. The most advanced full-scale realization for algal biomass utilization is the C.A.T.-Quatre-Vaulx composting plant in Saint-Cast-Le-Guildo (Brittany, France). It produced from seaweed, wood and animal dung a biological quality compost that is competitive with the traditional market products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040249
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model of seaweed growth in an outdoor culture in Israel (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: culture ; Gracilaria ; model ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The agarophyte red seaweed Gracilaria conferta was used as a model plant to study the relationship between growth and environmental factors. This species was cultured in small outdoor tanks with continuous seawater supply during three years. Seaweeds were kept under constant density by weekly thinning and were also pulse-fed weekly with nitrogen and phosphate. Water temperature and underwater irradiance increase had opposite effects on the weekly growth rate in two seasons: negative in summer and positive in non-summer. Therefore, a dichotomic separation between summer (June–August) and non-summer (September–May) seasons was utilized in the proposed linear model. The linear model, of the analysis of covariance type, accounted for an explained percentage of total variation (R2) of 0.567, with significant coefficients of all variables included. A standardized model showed that season was the dominant variable, with its coefficient being twice that of temperature in summer, and zero in the non-summer season. Water temperature affected the growth rate twice as much as irradiance, and epiphytes showed a significant negative effect on growth only in the summer. This model aids in the prediction of growth on a seasonal basis under local conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040258
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Diagnoses and key to the genera of the Gracilariaceae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gracilariaceae ; Rhodophyta ; seaweed ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A key to the genera of the Gracilariaceae is provided along with a short diagnosis for each genus. Features of the mature cystocarp and spermatangial configurations that separate genera are illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040230
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of acid wastes from titanium dioxide production on biomass and species richness of benthic algae (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acid waste ; biomass ; pollution ; recolonization ; recovery ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Titanium dioxide wastes are suspected to be toxic to rocky shore communities in an estuary in southeast Norway. An experimental project lasting two years examined whether titanium dioxide wastes affected recolonization by rocky shore organisms. The experiments were performed in situ in six tanks (each with 9 m3 brackish water) at two different levels of salinity. Three different concentrations of industrial waste water were used. The growth season in 1986 was dry and sunny compared to 1987, causing reduction of growth on exposed granite chips compared to controls. At the two highest waste concentrations in the tanks, Fucus serratus was observed with necrotic tissue both years, and in 1986 benthic diatoms were scarce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040234
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viability and dissemination of spermatia of Gracilaria verrucosa (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dissemination ; Gracilaria verrucosa ; Rhodophyta ; seaweed ; sexual reproduction ; spermatia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dissemination and viability of Gracilaria verrucosa spermatia were tested. Crosses were performed among three males and three females from Cape Gris Nez, northern France. Laboratory experiments show that spermatia have a mean fertile life of about five hours. Field studies show that spermatia are dispersed by stream and tidal currents and that fertilization can occur at least 80 m from a population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040237
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Relation between size and age of holdfasts of Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in northern Honshu, Japan (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: age ; Ecklonia stolonifera ; holdfast size ; Laminariales ; Phaeophyta ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ecklonia stolonifera is distributed along the coast facing the Sea of Japan. The size of various parts of the shoot (blade length and width and stipe length and diameter) and the age were determined at Ooma, Aomori Prefecture. The smaller the holdfast, the higher the percentage of one-year-old shoots. Holdfasts 10 cm in diameter seemed to be three years old, whereas holdfasts 40 cm in diameter seemed to be five or more years old. Zoosporangial sori were observed on blades three or more years old. Ecklonia stolonifera holdfast diameter expands only vegetatively by stoloniferous rhizoids. Zoospores, formed on shoots three or more years old, serve for the formation of new populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040240
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  • 17
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    Annual growth rate of the calcareous red alga Lithothamnion corallioides (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in the Bay of Brest, France (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: buoyant weight ; Corallinaceae ; growth rate ; Lithothamnion corallioides ; maerl ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lithothamnion corallioides Crouan et Crouan (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) is the main constituent of the maerl beds of the Bay of Brest (Atlantic coast of western Brittany). Its growth rate was measured monthly in situ during one year. Growth rates were obtained by an adaptation of the buoyant weight technique. The highest daily growth rate was observed in July and reached 0.26 % d−1 (S.D. = 0.06), when expressed as the increase of calcium carbonate weight. The average daily growth rate was 0.12% d−1 (S.D. = 0.04) for a period of 275 days (summer and autumn 1988, winter 1989). Using this preliminary data, the calcium carbonate accretion rate can be estimated provisionally: 876 g m−2 year−1, a rate much lower than that of tropical reef coralline algae, but higher than that of Lithophyllum incrustans, the well known temperate European reef-builder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040243
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  • 18
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    Comparative photosynthetic studies of Ecklonia cava (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) bladelets with and without zoosporangial sori (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 473-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ecklonia cava ; Phaeophyta ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; seaweed ; zoosporangial sori
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic rates were compared between Ecklonia cava bladelets with and without zoosporangial sori sampled from the subtidal zone (about 5 m deep) in Nabeta Bay, Shimoda, Japan. Photosynthetic rates of bladelets were lower in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion on the basis of area, dry weight and chlorophyll a. Respiration rates were higher in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion on the basis of area and chlorophyll a, whereas they were almost the same on a dry weight basis. The differences were mainly due to a large difference in dry weight per unit bladelet area between the sorus and the non-sorus portion. Light compensation points were higher in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040273
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  • 19
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    Effect of ammonium on growth and carrageenan content in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 499-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonium effect ; carrageenan ; fertilizer application ; gel strength ; growth rate ; Kappaphycus alvarezii ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Kappaphycus alvarezii, cultured in a region deficient in nitrogen with intermittent application of 10 mM ammonium at three-day intervals for 1 hour, attained a daily growth rate of 4.6%, which was considered to be the optimum growth rate. Under such conditions, the C/N ratio was 29 with a carrageenan content of 58% and gel strength of 45–70 g cm−2. Gel strength of carrageenan was high when nitrogen content was high and vice versa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040277
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  • 20
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    Studies on the yield and gel strength of agar from Gracilaria domingensis Sonder ex Kuetzing (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) following the addition of calcium (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 551-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agar yield ; calcium ; gel strength ; Gracilaria ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out on the seasonal variation in yield and gel strength of agar from Gacilaria domingensis with and without the addition of calcium chloride. Extraction was done with and without treatment with 1% hydrochloric acid. The results showed an increase in yield and gel strength when an alkaline solution of calcium was used, but the gel strength was low. For commercial use, Gracilaria domingensis should be mixed with better quality Gracilaria species because of its low gel strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040285
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  • 21
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    Preliminary approach to the characterization and seasonal variation of carrageenans from four Rhodophyceae on the Normandy coast (France) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 539-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cystocloniaceae ; iota-carrageenan ; IR spectra ; Phyllophoraceae ; Rhodophyceae ; seaweed ; tank culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carrageenans extracted under alkaline conditions were studied in some Rhodophyceae from the Normandy coast. Among these, four species yielding iota-carrageenan were studied throughout a whole year: Calliblepharis ciliata, Calliblepharis jubata, Cystoclonium purpureum and Gymnogongrus crenulatus. Carrageenan content varied with season, being maximal at the end of spring and minimal in autumn, and was positively correlated with the growth of these algae. A culture of Cystoclonium purpureum was initiated and, without trying to optimize growth conditions, yielded a mean production of 50 g fresh wt m−2 d−1 in 36 weeks of continuous tank culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040283
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  • 22
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    Contribution on the content and nature of the phycocolloid from Kallymenia reniformis (Cryptonemiales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 603-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: 13C NMR spectroscopy ; Cryptonemiales ; IR ; Kallymeniaceae ; phycocolloid ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The red alga Kallymenia reniformis (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales), collected on the west coast of Brittany, contained 13% ash, 5.6% crude protein and 38.7% soluble carbohydrate (on percent dry wt). The phycocolloid extract (38 % dried wt) was investigated using chemical and spectroscopic (IR and 13C NMR) methods. Preliminary results show that this polysaccharide belongs to the lambda-carrageenan family.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040294
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    Use of solid and gel state 13C NMR spectroscopy for differentiation between agarophytes and carrageenophytes (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 629-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: gel state ; NMR spectroscopy ; phycocolloids ; seaweed ; solid state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both solid state (CP-MAS) and gel state (using standard solution state conditions) 13C NMR spectroscopy have been used to characterize a range of red algae that produce either agar or carrageenan. These techniques allow rapid determination of phycocolloid type within the algal tissue before extensive and time-consuming extractions and fractionations are carried out. The gel state technique can be used on living or dried material. Gel state spectra give high resolution and, because of the expectation that they will be correlated with the extractable phycocolloid, provide promise of a powerful technique for screening potentially useful red algae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040298
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    Infrared analysis of eleven carrageenophytes from Baja California, Mexico (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 609-614 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carrageenan ; Gigartinaceae ; Hypneaceae ; infrared analysis ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Infrared analyses of the carrageenan in ten species (representing four genera) of Gigartinaceae and one species of Hypneaceae in different reproductive phases from the northwestern coast of Baja California were studied. Cystocarpic samples of the Gigartinaceae presented varying degrees of a к/ι ‘hybrid’. The degree of hybridization was determined based on the ratio between the peak absorbances at 805/845 cm−1. A high correlation was observed between the 805/845 cm−1 and 805/970 cm−1 ratios. Tetrasporic samples of Gigartina leptorhynchos, Iridaea splendens, Rhodoglossum affine and R. roseum, presented a λ-carrageenan profile, whereas Gigartina tepida, G. exasperata, G. harveyana, G. canaliculata and G. spinosa presented a ε-carrageenan. The tetrasporic sample of Hypnea valentiae showed a κ-carrageenan with a very low degree of hybridization.
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    Sulfated galactans from the red seaweed Nothogenia fastigiata (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 637-643 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Nothogenia fastigiata ; seaweed ; sulfated galactans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fractionation of the cetrimide salts of the sulfated polysaccharides of Nothogenia fastigiata led to the isolation of a complex galactan sulfate. This product showed compositional and molecular weight heterodispersion together with composition-, temperature-, time-, and conformation-dependent molecular associations. In this sense, the behavior of the galactan sulfate is similar to that of the mannan sulfate previously isolated from the same seaweed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040299
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    Agaroids from New Zealand members of the Gracilariaceae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) — a novel dimethylated agar (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 645-654 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agar composition ; Curdiea coriacea ; Curdiea flabellata ; Gracilaria truncata ; Gracilariaceae ; Melanthalia abscissa ; polysaccharide ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polysaccharide extracts from four New Zealand members of the Gracilariaceae have been characterized by 13C-NMR spectroscopy and GLC analysis of alditol acetate derivatives prepared using a new double hydrolysis-reduction procedure. All were based on variously substituted repeating disaccharide units of agarobiose and ≤ 20% of its ‘precursor’ containing l-galactose-6-sulfate. Gracilaria truncata yielded a firm gelling agar with 67% methylation on the 6-position of the d-galactose residues. The other extracts belong to a new class of agar molecules having methylation on both the 6-position of the d-galactose units and the 2-position of the l-sugar units. The Curdiea coriacea polysaccharide displayed this double methylation almost completely (≥ 96 %); the alkali-modified polymer thus had only two free hydroxy-groups per disaccharide repeat unit, yet still gave a firm gel. The Curdiea flabellata and Melanthalia abscissa extracts had this double methylation pattern but to a lesser extent, and additional xylosyl branch units on up to 18% of the repeating disaccharide units.
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    Ecological effects of seaweed harvesting in the Gulf of California and Pacific Ocean off Baja California and California (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 35-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Eucheuma uncinatum ; harvesting ; Macrocystis pyrifera ; recruitment ; seaweed ; survivorship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ecological effects of harvesting were investigated for two species, the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and Eucheuma uncinatum, by using harvest records and aerial surveys that show yield changes and by using studies of recruitment, survivorship and community interactions. There were no ecological effects found for M. pyrifera harvested with contemporary methods, and there are no recommendations for changing current management practices for this species. It is recommended that E. uncinatum, which on occasion produces commercially significant standing crops, not be harvested unless special precautions are taken to leave some plants for regeneration of the harvested populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040212
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    Ecological impact of marine plant harvesting in the northwest Atlantic: a review (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 17-24 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ascophyllum ; Chondrus ; dragrakes ; ecological impact ; harvesting ; Laminaria ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ecological impact of marine plant harvesting is related to the intensity of exploitation, the harvesting technique, and the vulnerability of the species or habitat to perturbation. In eastern Canada information was available on four levels of impact: long-term changes in the target species and direct loss or damage to non-target species, direct or indirect impact on the habitat or community, indirect effects of changes in habitat or community structure, and trophic level impact. Near monoculture stands of Chondrus crispus have associated with them up to 36 animals species and 19 major species of algae that are vulnerable to removal as by-catch. Indirect effects of changes in macrophyte cover were not observed in fish species utilization of Ascophyllum nodosum beds on rising tides. Subtidal areas devoid of all macrophyte cover had lower levels of the preferred foods for Homarus americanus than kelp-covered areas; however, barren grounds are not created by macrophyte exploitation rates of 20% to 80% in eastern Canada. Long-term harvesting has altered the population structure and population ecology of C. crispus and A. nodosum in some areas. In general both target species and associated communities are resistant to perturbation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040210
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    Form variation and productivity of an intertidal foliose Gigartina species (Rhodophyta) in relation to wave exposure (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 57-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gigartina ; polymorphy ; Rhodophyta ; seaweed ; South Africa ; wave exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gametophytes from lower intertidal populations of the South African rhodophyte Gigartina radula, collected from sites subjected to different conditions of wave exposure, were compared with respect to various morphological, physiological and population attributes. A multivariate analysis of 13 variables revealed that variation in most parameters does not correlate directly with the wave exposure gradient. A clear pattern of response is revealed that suggests that environmental stresses occur at both the exposed and the sheltered sites although they are more extreme at the exposed sites. A number of important variables, notably photosynthetic production, showed maximum values in plants from semi-exposed sites.
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    A form-function analysis of photon capture for seaweeds (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 65-71 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: absorption cross section ; light ; photon growth yield ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ecological significance of photoadaptation and photoacclimation is at best inferential. This is attributed to two factors: 1) The dimensions of light absorption by multicellular tissues are inadequately described by theory, which is confounded by the interaction of polychromatic light fields with different light harvesting pigment-protein systems, the package effect, heterogeneous absorption and multiple scatter. 2) The practice of extrapolating light utilization for growth from physiological scale measurements, i.e. photosynthesis-incident light curves. Needed are parameters designed to yield the relation of light absorption properties (a function of LHPPs and tissue anatomy) to light utilization efficiency. The parameters, absorption cross section normalized to carbon (aC) and photon growth yield (PGY), the growth analog of quantum yield, are demonstrated here.
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    Nori cultivation in North America: growth of the industry (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 89-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; cultivation ; nori ; Porphyra ; Washington ; British Columbia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cultivation of the red alga Porphyra in North America to produce the edible product ‘nori’ is now in its tenth year of development. Cultivation technology has been transferred and modified from Japan and Korea. Early efforts by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources indicated that cultivation is biologically feasible and could be economically viable. Commercial production has begun in Washington, U.S.A. and in British Columbia, Canada. Early products are of high quality. Constraints to more rapid development are institutional — obtaining necessary permits for use of water areas and financing is difficult.
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    Restriction enzyme analysis of variation and taxonomy in the kelp genus Laminaria (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 105-110 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Laminaria ; molecular biology ; seaweed ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High levels of phenotypic variation in kelp species necessitate the use of taxonomic markers that are independent of morphology. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of nuclear DNA can provide such markers. In this paper we present the results of an RFLP analysis of cytoplasmic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in three Laminaria species (L. agardhii, L. digitata, L. groenlandica). Comparison of the restriction maps of the nontranscribed spacer (NTS) in the rDNAs suggests that this method should be useful for the differentiation of these taxa. These results are discussed, as are the applications of RFLP mapping to the identification of field-collected, morphologically variable plants.
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    Taxonomy of phyllophoroid algae: the implications of life history (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 119-124 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ahnfeltia ; Gymnogongrus ; life history ; Phyllophora ; Phyllophoraceae ; Rhodophyta ; seaweed ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Phyllophoraceae Rabenhorst (Gigartinales) is a family that shows a great diversity of life history patterns. The three largest phyllophoroid genera, Ahnfeltia, Gymnogongrus and Phyllophora, all commercial sources of phycocolloids, show the greatest range of life history. Information from life history studies has been of significance to classification of the Phyllophoraceae at the family, generic and specific levels. In the tetrasporophyte of Ahnfeltia plicata, previously known as Porphyrodiscus simulans, tetrasporangia are zonate and borne terminally in small superficial sori in contrast to the chains of cruciate tetrasporangia characteristic of the Phyllophoraceae. A study of reproduction and life history in the type species, A. plicata, from the Atlantic concluded that the unique carposporophyte development, in conjunction with the most primitive pit-plug structure known in the Florideophycidae, justified the proposal of a new family Ahnfeltiaceae Maggs et Pueschel in the Ahnfeltiales Maggs et Pueschel. Most Pacific species of Ahnfeltia are instead phyllophoracean and closely related to Gymnogongrus. Gymnogongrus griffithsiae, the type species, forms tetrasporoblasts whereas the majority form internal cystocarps and have heteromorphic life histories. Proposals to divide the genus by life history type require further detailed morphological and ontogenetic studies of G. griffithsiae. Phyllophora species exhibit at least three different types of life history, tetrasporoblastic, isomorphic and heteromorphic, and this genus could likewise be split along these lines. At the specific level, intraspecific life history variability appears to be related to morphological variation in some species of Gymnogongrus.
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    Utilized and potentially utilizable seaweeds on the Namibian coast: biogeography and accessibility (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 293-299 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biogeography ; Ecklonia ; Gigartina ; Gracilaria ; Laminaria ; Namibia ; Porphyra ; seaweed ; Suhria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Of the 1500 km coast of Namibia, only 80 km is predominantly rocky, the remaining 1420 km being sandy with only minor rocky outcrops. At present two species are utilized, Gracilaria verrucosa for agar and Laminaria schinzii for human consumption. Other potentially utilizable seaweeds occurring on the coast are Ecklonia maxima for alginates, Suhria vittata for agar, Gigartina radula, G. stiriata and Aeodes orbitosa for carrageenans and Porphyra capensis for human consumption. Laminaria schinzii also can be used for alginate production. Due to the diamond-mining areas around the 80 km rocky area at Luderitz (26° 39′ S), only 20 km are accessible; hence, at present the seaweeds are being exploited almost to their full potential. The species currently not being utilized could be used, however, to support the industry that already exists at Luderitz. To increase production, access to the diamond areas would have to be gained or a cultivation program initiated.
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    Annual net primary production calculated from eastern Canadian Irish moss fishery data (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 317-323 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; harvest method ; Irish moss ; net primary productivity ; outplants ; seaweed ; wild harvest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Western Prince Edward Island Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) has been intensively dragraked since 1966. As well, most unattached fronds removed by wave surge, ice, etc. are brought to shore by waves and currents, where they are harvested eagerly. Accurate annual fishing yields were recorded between 1966 and 1981 inclusive. Given that herbivore densities are reduced, likely due to the intensive raking, and that mean annual bycatch (non-Irish moss seaweeds) (23.4 %) and commercial bed sizes (873 ha) were known, the fishing yields thus were considered a unique database from which to calculate net primary production (NPP). Factors used to convert from wet to dry wt (DW), and from dry wt to carbon were 0.22 an 0.31, respectively. Calculated mean annual NPP values were as follows: 2.101 ± 0.654 t (DW) ha−1 y−1; 210.1 g DW m−2 yr−1 and 63.0 g C m−2 yr−1. These values are much lower than those calculated for northwest Atlantic kelp and rockweed but similar to that determined for northeast Atlantic Gracilaria verrucosa. The interannual variability pattern for NPP was similar for both the wild Irish moss harvest and that of experimental Chondrus crispus outplants placed in one of the 14 commercial beds.
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    An approach to determining the ecological effects of seaweed harvesting: a summary (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 15-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: community ; disturbance ; harvesting ; population ; recruitment ; seaweed ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040209
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    Productivity and nutrient relationships in psammophytic versus epilithic forms of Bryopsidales (Chlorophyta): comparisons based on a short-term physiological assay (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 49-55 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassay ; Chlorophyta ; functional-form ; Halimeda ; nutrients ; productivity ; seaweed ; Udotea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Members of the green algal order Bryopsidales (= Caulerpales) are important calcifying agents of tropical reefs and comprise two fundamentally different life-form groups: (1) epilithic species with limited attachment structures and (2) psammophytic forms that have extensive subterranean rhizoidal systems. Because the shallow-water habitats of the former have relatively low nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (Pi) ratios compared to the pore waters of the sedimentary carbonate-rich substrata in which the latter are anchored, we hypothesized that epilithic forms should tend to be relatively more limited by N, while psammophytic species should tend to show Pi limitation. In partial support of the hypothesis, light-saturated net photosynthesis (Pmax) in the epilithic forms, Halimeda opuntia, H. lacrimosa and H. copiosa, tended to be enhanced by N, while Pi was inhibitory or had no effect. In contrast, the psammophytic forms, Udotea sp., U. conglutinata, H. monde, H. tuna and H. simulans, tended to be stimulated more by Pi, whereas N had little effect. The utility of a bioassay to assess macroalgal nutrient limitation, based on a physiological response (net Pmax) to short-term nutrient pulses, is demonstrated.
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    Antiviral carbohydrates from marine red algae (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 99-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: AIDS ; antiviral ; herpes ; red algae ; seaweed ; sulfated polysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is possible that heparin-like sulfated polysaccharides from red algae, or fractions thereof, might be found to be low-cost, broad-spectrum antiviral agents. The prevailing view among virologists has been that sulfated polysaccharides inhibit viral action by acting only at the surfaces of cells. This perception now is changing with the finding that both the herpes virus (containing DNA) and human immunodeficiency virus (containing RNA) are inhibited by sulfated polysaccharides that act within the cell as well as external to it. Aqueous extracts of many red algae are active against retroviruses. Carrageenan, a common cell wall polysaccharide from red algae, is co-internalized into infected cells with the Herpes simplex virus (HSV), inhibiting the virus. Carrageenan also interferes with fusion (syncytium formation) between cells infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and inhibits the specific retroviral enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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    Seasonality of standing crop of a Sargassum (Fucales, Phaeophyta) bed in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 331-338 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biology ; phenology ; Philippines ; Sargassum ; seaweed ; standing crop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seasonality of standing crop of a Sargassum bed was investigated by conducting monthly sampling from February 1988 to July 1989. Environmental parameters of water movement, salinity, number of daytime minus tides, and water temperature were also measured. An intra-annual pattern of variation in standing crop of Sargassum crassifolium, S. cristaefolium, S. oligocystum, and S. polycystum was observed. Standing crop was generally lowest in February, March, April, or May, and highest in November through January. Sargassum accounted for about 35 to 85% of the monthly algal standing crop of the bed, and the observed variation in overall standing crop of the bed generally reflected the standing crop of Sargassum. The seasonality of the standing crops of the associated algal divisions also followed an annual cycle, but their maximum and minimum standing crops did not coincide with those of Sargassum. Individually, as well as collectively, the standing crops of the Sargassum spp. were poorly correlated with the environmental factors observed.
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    Culture and growth of Lessonia trabeculata (Phaeophyta, Laminariales) juvenile sporophytes in La Herradura de Guayacan Bay, northern Chile (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 361-366 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chile ; culture ; growth ; Laminariales ; Lessonia ; seaweed ; sporophytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lessonia trabeculata is one of the major kelps found along the northern coast of Chile. In addition to its ecological and economic importance, L. trabeculata may be severely affected by environmental disturbances such as El Níño, which during 1982–1983 cleared wide areas along the coast of Peru and Chile. The main goal of this work was to mass culture L. trabeculata and to observe the growth of sporophytes obtained in the laboratory and cultured in the sea. Juvenile sporophytes obtained in the laboratory were attached between 1 and 6 m in depth. The linear growth rate, as blade elongation, was recorded weekly for seven months. No significant differences (p 〈 0.05) were found in sporophyte blade linear growth at different depths. The best elongation growth rate was 7.5 ± 1.6 mm d−1 at 3 m during March. This preliminary work suggests that L. trabeculata follows an annual growth cycle similar to that of other Laminariales with a high rate of blade elongation during the summer and decreasing towards autumn. This species can be considered a potential candidate for aquaculture to increase the availability of raw material and aid in repopulation of overexploited areas.
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    Field and culture studies of species of Gelidium (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from their northern limit of distribution in Europe (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 419-424 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: distribution ; Gelidium ; red algae ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species of Gelidium, provisionally referred to as G. pusillum and G. latifolium, are included in the Scandinavian flora and reach their northern limit of distribution on the Norwegian west coast. Small frond sizes due to adverse growth conditions, extreme phenotypic variability and lack of sexual reproduction make identification of specimens very difficult. Both species were isolated into unialgal culture and were compared with cultured strains referable to G. pusillum from Ireland and France. Temperature and salinity requirements and tolerance ranges were determined and discussed in view of distribution along the Norwegian coast. Little or no growth occurs below 9 °C, corresponding to a northern summer growth limit. On the Norwegian Skagerrak coast, low winter temperature rather than reduced salinity is the limiting factor.
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    Isolation and genetic characterization of self-sterile mutants in a monoecious red alga Gelidium vagum (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 389-395 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquaculture ; genetics ; hybrid ; monoecious ; mutants ; seaweed ; selection ; sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sporelings of the monoecious red alga Gelidium vagum were placed into 4500 individual cultures after treatment with the chemical mutagen nitrosoguanidine and raised to sexual maturity to search for reproductive mutants. Isolates undergoing normal self-fertilization were discarded, leaving approximately 250 self-sterile plants and mutants with abnormal reproduction or reproductive structures. Self-sterile mutants were tested further in crosses to a fertile green marker stock. From the results, many mutants appeared to be either male-sterile, female-sterile or unable to form carposporophytes. Although sufficient data on the inheritance pattern of the self-sterile mutants are available for only a few of the isolates, some apparently stable sterility mutations with simple Mendelian transmission were identified. Preliminary testing of one of the male-sterile mutations confirmed that it effectively eliminated self-fertilization and facilitated the formation of hybrid plants in crosses.
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    Notes on the life histories of Boergesenia and Valonia (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 425-434 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: autodiploidization ; Boergesenia forbesii ; diplohaplont ; life cycle ; seaweed ; Siphonocladales ; Valonia fastigiata ; Valonia utricularis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Life history studies were carried out with isolates of Boergesenia forbesii (from Western Australia), Valonia fastigiata (Hawaii) and V. utricularis (Canary Islands, Mediterranean Sea) cultivated under laboratory conditions. Ploidy levels of nuclei were identified by micro spectrophotometric DNA content measurements after Feulgen staining. Fundamentally, the life history in both genera is diplohaplontic. Autodiploidization phenomena have been observed favoring the diploid generation. In contrast to other genera of the Siphonocladales s. str. producing biflagellate diploid zoospores (e.g. Ernodesmis, Boodlea), Valonia develops haploid and diploid zoospores with four flagella. No diploid zoospores were observed in Boergesenia.
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    Conchospore production and seasonal occurrence of some Porphyra species (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) in Washington State (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 453-459 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: conchocelis ; conchospores ; photoperiod ; Porphyra ; reproduction ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The leafy thalli of species of the marine red algal genus Porphyra grow rapidly but persist for a relatively short time on rocky intertidal or subtidal substrata or as epiphytes on other marine plants. In most species, the large, short-lived leafy thalli alternate with small, presumably perennial, filamentous ‘conchocelis’ plants. Depending on the species of northeastern Pacific Porphyra, photoperiod and temperature are important regulators of conchospore formation and release. Data from laboratory studies of conchospore formation and release in five Washington species of Porphyra (P. abottae, P. nereocystis, P. perforata, P. pseudolanceolata and P. torta) indicate that conchospores are most likely to be released at a time that precedes the appearance of the leafy thalli in the field.
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    Current state of seaweed resources in Spain (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 287-292 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dry biomass ; Fucus ; Gelidium ; harvest ; Irish moss ; Laminaria ; seaweed ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Commercial seaweeds in Spain are harvested on the north and northwest coasts. They are mainly agarophytes and carrageenophytes (Gelidium spp. and some ‘Irish moss’-like species, respectively), although some Phaeophyceae species (Fucus spp. and Laminaria spp.) are also exploited for alginates. No industrial seaweed cultivation is carried out in Spain at present. Spain's total commercial seaweed harvest can be estimated at 6,528 ± 2,076 t dry wt year−1. Gelidium spp. are by far the most harvested, attaining 5,135 ± 1,761 t dry wt y−1. To date, Spain's commercial seaweed harvest is low compared with that of other countries, but data on field standing crops and productivities of commercial taxa suggest that harvesting could be increased greatly.
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    Saldanha Bay, South Africa: recovery of Gracilaria verrucosa (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 325-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: decline and recovery of a resource ; Gracilaria harvesting and processing ; product utilization ; seaweed ; socio-economic impact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since World War II the greater Saldanha Bay lagoon system, South Africa, has been an important Gracilaria producer. Two agar factories, built in the 1960's, used Gracilaria from Saldanha Bay as their raw material. In the early 1970's the industry was destroyed as a result of dredging and marine construction operations to establish a harbor in the bay for loading ore. These environmental changes destroyed stocks and prevented the previously significant beachings of the seaweed from occurring. After a few years of no or very low commercial production, the resource slowly started to recover. The size of Gracilaria drifts increased over the following eight years to approximately one-third of the original output. This trend seems to continue. Although the stocks and resultant drifts are unlikely to recover fully to their original quantity, current production is already sufficient to ensure re-establishment of a seaweed industry in Saldanha Bay. This could have considerable socio-economic impact on the area.
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    Some effects of plant growth regulators on tissue cultures of the marine red alga Agardhiella subulata (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 353-360 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Agardhiella subulata ; plant growth regulator ; seaweed ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined whether auxins and cytokinins, either singly or in combination, stimulate cell division in tissue cultures of a red seaweed. Our experimental model consisted of filamentous and callus-like growths that developed from cross-sectional discs cut from young branches of Agardhiella subulata. Plant growth regulators were added to the medium to give combinations of an auxin with a cytokinin over a range of concentrations (1 µg L−1 −10 mg L−1). Several mixtures of auxins and cytokinins, as well as some single auxins, cytokinins and phenolics, stimulated cell division and growth in the tissue cultures beyond that of controls. The treatments that were effective included: phenylacetic acid/zeatin; phenylacetic acid/6-benzylaminopurine; α-naphthaleneacetic acid/zeatin; 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid/6-benzylaminopurine; and indoleacetic acid/kinetin. High concentrations of cytokinins (i.e. 10 mg L−1) inhibited the regeneration of plants in some of the cell cultures. These results provide further evidence that growth regulators can be used for the tissue culture of seaweeds and for the study of developmental phenomena in these plants.
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    Estimation of the degree of self-fertilization in Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 397-400 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carpospores ; degree of self-fertilization ; F1 conchocelis ; genetic marker ; pigmentation mutant ; Porphyra yezoensis ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crosses between genotypically distinct thalli of the monoecious species Porphyra yezoensis were carried out using immature thallus fragments from green- and red-type color mutants and also wild-type thalli. As the genes governing the mutants are monogenic, recessive to the wild-type, and belong to the same linkage group, the degree of self-fertilization could be estimated based on the pigmentation of the resultant diploid conchocelis. The degree of self-fertilization in the cross between the green-type and the wild-type was 48.5–55.0%, and in the cross between the red-type and the wild-type was 45.1–56.5%. In the cross between the green- and red-type mutants, the degree of self-fertilization was 46.0–54.5% when the green-type was the female parent, and was 44.8–55.6% when the red-type was the female parent.
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    The life cycle of Laminaria abyssalis (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in culture (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 461-466 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Brazil ; culture ; Laminaria ; photon flux density ; seaweed ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laminaria abyssalis occurs in deep water in tropical latitudes of the Brazilian coast (19° 23′ S, 38° 28′ W to 22° 54′ S, 42° 13′ 09″ W). Its life cycle has been completed in the laboratory in seven months using different conditions of light and temperature. The gametophytic stage required for growth the low photon flux density of 1.2 ± 0.3 µmol m−2 s−1 and 18 °C, while the juvenile and adult sporophytes needed 15 µmol m−2 s−1 and 18 °C. The sporophytes became fertile at 23 °C. Our results showed that light and temperature are the main factors regulating the growth and life history of this species under the culture conditions tested.
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    Determination of the composition of the fibrillar part of Gracilaria verrucosa (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) cell wall in order to prepare protoplasts (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 527-531 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cell wall ; fibrillar component ; Gracilaria verrucosa ; protoplast ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell wall of Gracilaria verrucosa is composed of two fractions: a matrix made of agar and a skeleton whose composition is unknown. This fibrillar part was isolated using both physical and chemical techniques. Total hydrolysis followed by gas-liquid chromatography allowed us to establish the sugar composition. Enzymatic degradations were carried out with cellulases, xylanases, agarases and pectinases. Efficiencies of the enzymatic digestions were monitored by both chemical analysis and electron microscopy. Pectinases had no effect. The fibrillar part was composed mainly of a cellulosic network that was unmasked by the xylanase action and degraded after cellulase digestion. The results suggest that a cocktail composed of agarases and cellulases can be used successfully to prepare protoplasts from Gracilaria verrucosa.
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    Agars from Gelidium rex (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 545-549 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agar ; cystocarpic ; Gelidium rex ; seaweed ; tetrasporic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gelidium rex grows in the rocky intertidal of central Chile. Extraction of vegetative G. rex with water at 95 °C yielded 17.9% of agar with a gel strength value of 590 g cm−2. The gel strength increased up to 1272 g cm−2 when the alga was treated with alkali prior to extraction. Cystocarpic and tetrasporic thalli of G. rex were extracted with distilled water at 95 °C, affording soluble polysaccharides in 36.0% and 15.7% yield respectively. Polysaccharides of both life history phases were fractionated by chromatography on DEAE Sephadex. Elution with distilled water gave fractions devoid of sulfate; the fraction from cystocarpic plants contained 45.5% of 3,6-anhydrogalactose whereas the neutral fraction from tetrasporic plants contained 40.0% of 3,6-anhydrogalactose. Further elution with 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.5 molar aqueous solutions of KCl afforded four fractions for each polysaccharide. Chemical analysis of these fractions showed that the agars from cystocarpic and tetrasporic Gelidium rex are mixtures of related polysaccharides that range from neutral polymers to highly sulfated galactans.
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    Antitumor activity of marine algae (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 577-584 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: antitumor ; Ehrlich carcinoma ; lipids ; Meth-A fibrosarcoma ; polysaccharides ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Powdered tissue from 46 species of air-dried marine algae (four green, 21 brown and 21 red algae) were screened for antitumor activity. Significant activity against Ehrlich carcinoma was found in the brown algae Scytosiphon lomentaria (69.8% inhibition), Lessonia nigrescens (60.0%), Laminaria japonica (57.6%), Sargassum ringgoldianum (46.5%), the red algae Porphyra yezoensis (53.2%) and Eucheuma gelatinae (52.1%) and the green alga Enteromorpha prolifera (51.7%). Five brown and four red algae showed appreciable antitumor activity against Meth-A fibrosarcoma. To identify specific molecules with antitumor activity, 15 kinds of polysaccharide preparations of seaweed origin and 24 kinds of lipid fractions extracted from various seaweeds were tested. Appreciable inhibition of Ehrlich carcinoma was found for fucoidan preparations from Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum ringgoldianum, for carrageenans and for porphyran. Several glycolipid and phospholipid fractions from brown and red algae were effective against Meth-A fibrosarcoma.
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    Ultrastructure of the cell wall of Gracilaria cf. verrucosa (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): effects of steam explosion (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 597-601 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agar ; cell wall ; electron microscopy ; Gracilaria ; seaweed ; steam explosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural (SEM, TEM) and cytochemical organization of the skeletal and matrix polysaccharides of fresh and steam exploded Gracilaria verrucosa thalli were compared to chemical analyses of the agar extracted after this treatment. Upon steam explosion, surface microfractures appeared in limited areas of the cortex. SEM preparations indicated that apical and medullary regions were the most affected, resulting in detachment of adjacent cells. In TEM sections, the cuticle of the surface layer exhibited deeply altered zones with a spongy appearance. In the cytoplasm starch grains were disrupted. The skeletal component of the immediate cell wall was maintained with a different organization of the microfibrils and was positive to periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate. The intercellular matrix contained granules and fibrils and lacked a ruthenium red reaction. These results are consistent with lower sulfate-ester and higher glucose contents detected in agars extracted using steam explosion.
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    The xylogalactan sulfate from Chondria macrocarpa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 615-620 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agaroid ; Chondria macrocarpa ; polysaccharide ; Rhodophyta ; seaweed ; xylogalactan sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A structure is proposed for the complex xylogalactan sulfate from Chondria macrocarpa. The hot-water extract of C. macrocarpa was desulfated or alkali-treated and Smith degraded. Constituent sugars and their substitution patterns were identified using a modified Hakamori methylation procedure suited to sulfated polysaccharides and a double hydrolysis-reduction protocol that yielded derivatives from all of the sugar residues, including the labile 3,6-anhydrogalactosyl residues. The polymer has an agar-type backbone of alternating 3-linked \-d- and 4-linked α-L-galactopyranosyl units. The d-residues are partially sulfated on O-2 (50%) and O-6 (20–30%). About 40% of the l-residues are present as the 3,6-anhydride and 25% as its ‘precursor’ l-galactose 6-sulfate. A significant proportion of the remaining l-galactosyl residues have both a d-xylopyranosyl substituent on O-3 and a sulfate ester on O-6 and are stable to alkali.
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    Eicosanoids from the Rhodophyta: new metabolism in the algae (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 621-628 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: arachidonic acid derivatives ; caribbean ; eicosanoids ; eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives ; Oregon ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Red marine algae are shown in this work to be a rich source of eicosanoid-type natural products. This is the first isolation of several of these mammalian arachidonic acid metabolites from any marine or terrestrial plant source (12-HETE, 12-HEPE, 6(E)-LTB4, hepoxilin B3). A few of these represent truly novel substances never previously isolated from nature [12(R), 13(S)-diHETE]. Inherent in these seaweed natural product structures is evidence for a highly evolved lipoxygenase-type metabolism that matches or exceeds the complexity of comparable metabolic routes in mammalian systems. As these compounds are produced by algae in relatively large quantities (0.1–5.0% of crude lipid extracts), these plants could be important commercial resources for these expensive and rare biochemicals. Further, we suggest that this metabolism is important to physiological processes in red algae that are completely unknown at present. For example, it is possible that they act in an exocrine sense to coordinate reproductive events, a hypothesis under current investigation through culture studies.
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    A study of the phycocolloids from Gelidium madagascariense and Eucheuma denticulatum (Rhodophyta) collected on the south coasts of Madagascar (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 655-659 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agar ; carrageenan ; Eucheuma denticulatum ; Gelidium madagascariense ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several species of red algae known to contain agar or carrageenan are abundant on the southeast and southwest coasts of Madagascar. The agarophyte Gelidium madagascariense, collected in the Fort Dauphin area, has been exported on a small scale to Japan for several years. FT-IR and GLC analysis show that it contains an agar polymer, of which the methylated fraction contains predominantly 6-O-methyl galactose and traces of 4-O-methyl galactose. Eucheuma denticulatum grows profusely on the coral reefs in the Tulear area. FT-IR and GLC analysis show that it contains iota-carrageenan, with no methyl-derivative contaminants. The 3,6-anhydro-galactose content was found to be rather low, suggesting a possible contamination with deviant iota. The economic potential of other sources of phycocolloids, as well as the possibility of farming different species of Eucheuma in the Tulear area, is discussed.
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    Application of the functional-form model to the culture of seaweeds (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 73-77 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: alga ; culture ; functional-form ; polymorphism ; seaweed ; strain selection ; surface area : volume ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Selecting the most appropriate species or strains is an important first step in the development of most algal cultivation systems and is usually a tedious, time-consuming, and expensive step. The functional-form model, first developed to synthesize the adaptive significance of easily assessed thallus-form attributes relative to the productivity and survival of benthic macroalgae, is applicable to the culture of seaweeds and can expedite species or strain selection. The production ecology aspects of the model are useful particularly for applications where the desired product is not species-specific, e.g., systems in which the emphasis is on algal production, such as algal biomass farms and wastewater treatment. A thallus-form with a high surface area: volume ratio is more suited for rapid production and nutrient uptake. The utility of this model to strain selection is demonstrated with the red alga Gracilaria tikvahiae, a species that has been considered a maricultural candidate for a number of utilizations. A continuum of surface area: volume ratios for eight clones of G. tikvahiae showed that this ratio decreased as morphological complexity increased and was a good predictor of both short-term photosynthesis and long-term growth rate. Clones near opposite ends of the surface area: volume ratio spectrum had significant differences for both photosynthesis and growth. Each clone of G. tikvahiae possesses concomitant combinations of benefits as well as costs, which should be carefully evaluated for the cultivation application of interest. Knowledge of functional-form relationships in seaweeds can significantly expedite their successful cultivation.
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    The use of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) as a model system to understand the nitrogen nutrition of cultured seaweeds (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 79-87 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: culture ; macroalga ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seaweeds have physiological mechanisms to acquire, utilize, and store various forms of nitrogen in environments where nitrogen levels vary tremendously in space and time. Knowledge of the nitrogen relationships of seaweeds is required for the development of successful seaweed mariculture. For example, it would seem at first that continuous nitrogen enrichment would be desirable in such systems because maximal seaweed yields are possible only when growth is not nitrogen-limited. Yet such fertilization is wasteful and can result in yield reductions due to the enhancement of epiphyte growth. Because most seaweeds can rapidly taken up high concentrations of nitrogen, far in excess of what is required for current growth demands, enrichments are needed only when internal nitrogen concentrations fall to near the critical level (i.e., the minimal tissue concentration of nitrogen required for maximal growth). Nutrients are best applied at brief pulses of high nitrogen concentrations.
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    New and old problems in the taxonomy of the Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 125-135 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acanthopeltis ; Gelidiales ; Gelidiella ; Gelidium ; Onikusa ; Pterocladia ; Pterocladiastrum ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The order Gelidiales includes over 140 agar-producing taxa. Many species are taxonomically confused; the boundaries of one family and all but four genera recently have been contested, and the controversy over ordinal status has lasted for over 25 years. This study reviews recent developments in the taxonomy of the group and suggests future areas for studies. The order cannot be defined by a few exclusive characters, as intended in the past, but it shows a unique combination of characters. Additional studies on Gelidiella and Acanthopeltis seem advisable to clarify family limits. The segregation of Onikusa and Pterocladiastrum is doubtful. Only three of six characters discriminate Gelidium from Pterocladia. None allows complete generic segregation and all need variability studies. Analysis of nomenclatural types in the light of morphological variation would permit an understanding of species limits in Gelidium and Pterocladia. Similar studies are needed in Gelidiella and Ptilophora.
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    Production of bioflavor by regeneration from protoplasts of Ulva pertusa (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 143-149 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioflavor ; cultured cell ; immobilized cell ; long chain aldehydes ; polymer matrix ; protoplast ; regeneration ; seaweed ; Ulva pertusa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts were isolated from thalli of Ulva pertusa using a mixed enzyme solution of 2.0% Cellulase Onozuka R-10, 2.0% Macerozyme R-10, and 2.0% Driselase. Isolated protoplasts regenerated cell walls, developed into thalli, and propagated in large numbers under aeration in the preparative scale-culture system. Typical bioflavor compounds produced from the regenerated plants, as well as from field-collected plants, were found to be long chain aldehydes, which gave a typical seaweed odor. The long chain aldehydes were formed enzymatically from unsaturated fatty acids and released into the culture fluid. A Percoll/mannitol discontinuous density gradient separation of the heterogeneous protoplasts led to a selection of cell lines with high production of bioflavor. The cells that regenerated from protoplasts were immobilized by polymer matrices such as alginate, κ-carrageenan, agarose, and agar. Living cells entrapped in alginate beads in aerated cultures survived best. However, the beads started to breakdown after two months. The immobilized cells demonstrated a higher bioflavor production than did the cultured cells.
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    Ecological aspects of Sargassum muticum (Fucales, Phaeophyta) in Baja California, Mexico: reproductive phenology and epiphytes (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 185-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: epiphytes ; Fucales ; phenology ; Sargassum muticum ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive phenology and epiphytic macroalgae of Sargassum muticum were studied through an annual cycle (September 1987 to November 1988) at two sites on the northwestern coast of Baja California, Mexico, which were subjected to different degrees of wave exposure. Sargassum muticum is a brown alga of Japanese origin, now considered a permanent member of the marine flora of Baja California. A similar reproductive development was observed at both sites, with a maximum percentage of reproductive plants from May to July (spring–summer) and minimum from December to March (winter). Reproductive plants were found throughout the year. A total of 48 species of epiphytes were identified and seasonal variation in their diversity was observed. The greatest diversity was found at the more protected site.
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    Recent approaches to the taxonomy of the Gracilariaceae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) and the Gracilaria verrucosa problem (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 111-118 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilariaceae ; taxonomy ; plastid DNA restriction ; chromosomes ; hybridization ; anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recognition of species in the Gracilariaceae, often notoriously difficult, is being aided by a combination of classical and modern techniques. We review some recent findings and present new results that may lead to redefinition of Gracilaria verrucosa, the type species of its genus. Plastid DNA restriction profiles (patterns of banding obtained by electrophoresis of DNA after restriction endonuclease digestion) from eleven strains ascribed to G. verrucosa indicated that the concept of this species in northern Europe includes possibly three taxa, one of which is known now to be a species of Gracilariopsis. In contrast, restriction profiles from Argentinian and Japanese strains were closely similar to the predominant pattern for European G. verrucosa. Profiles of several other strains, from the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific, were dissimilar to the European group and to each other. A chromosome number of n = 24 was determined for a representative of the predominant European group, and preliminary results of hybridization trials suggest that these strains, and others with approximately the same plastid DNA restriction pattern, are interfertile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040222
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    Ammonium uptake by Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in culture (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 467-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; culture ; N-NH4 uptake ; Rhodophyta ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cultivated Chondrus crispus was used in N-NH4 uptake experiments in the laboratory. An elevation of temperature increased the apparent rate of uptake, especially up to 11 °C. Uptake in the dark was found to be 83 % of that in the light. The apparent uptake decreased with increasing internal N pool; rates were 26.5, 22.2 and 20.2 µg N g dry wt−1 min−1 for internal N pools of 2.7, 3.5 and 4.6%, respectively. Apparent uptake increased with the substrate N concentration. The resulting curve has two components: an active uptake and a diffusion component at high (〉 5000 µg N L−1) external N levels. Ks and V max were calculated by deducting the diffusion component from the uptake curve: these were of 497 µg N L −1 and 14.4 µg N g dry wt−1 min−1. respectively, and reflect a low substrate affinity. This could be the result of 10 years of continuous culture of C. crispus. Uptake was similarly followed in the culture tanks and showed comparable results; nighttime would be the most appropriate time to supply nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040272
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  • 64
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    Content of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in polar lipids from Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 513-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fatty acids ; Gracilaria ; red algae ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fatty acid composition, especially the distribution of eicosapolyenoic acids in several species of Gracilaria, was analyzed in relation to their taxonomy. The species have been grouped into two types based on distribution of these polyenoic acids: Type 1, which contains palmitic, oleic and arachidonic acids as the major components, and Type II, which contains eicosapentaenoic acid in addition to Type I fatty acids. Octadecapolyenoic acids were detected only in trace amounts in each Type. A similar remarkable difference also was observed in the fatty acid composition of lipid classes. The major component of eicosapolyenoic acids in Type I was arachidonic acid in all lipid classes. In Type II, eicosapentaenoic acid was the major component in monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids were contained in large amounts in Type II phosphatidylcholine. Grouping of Gracilaria species into Type I and Type II is not entirely consistent with morphological and taxonomic features, but the difference in fatty acid composition is likely due to genetic rather than to environmental factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040279
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  • 65
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    Influence of tissue source and growth rates on dry weight and carrageenan composition of Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 533-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carrageenans ; Chondrus ; growth rates ; Irish moss ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carrageenan analyses were conducted on vegetative female clones of Chondrus crispus that were cultured to provide tissues with differing growth rates. Tissue dry weights increased from apex to base of fronds. Total carrageenan contents were lower in apical 1 to 2 cm segments than elsewhere in the frond, except when the alga was grown at high photon irradiances. Clone 373A contained more carrageenan than clone G8. The proportion of 0.3 M KCl-soluble polymers in the total native carrageenans varied from 44 to 92%, being highest in older tissues of fronds cultured at high photon irradiances. The apical 1 cm segments contained less KCl-soluble carrageenans than other tissues from the corresponding fronds. The KCl-soluble carrageenans, when alkali-modified and refractionated, afforded the expected kappa-iota carrageenan in 〉 79% yields. The remainder consisted of a polymer containing 23.1% SO3Na and 8.4% 3,6-anhydrogalactose. Lambda carrageenan was not detected. Variations in carrageenan distribution between the apical region and other parts of the frond may reflect the increasing influence of medullary tissue developed as the immature cells differentiate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040282
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  • 66
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    The farmed Eucheuma species (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in Danajon Reef, Philippines: carrageenan properties (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 521-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carrageenan ; Eucheuma ; mariculture ; seaweed ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six cultured ‘strains’ of Eucheuma denticulatum and E. alvarezii, from which stocks can be selected for the development of a Eucheuma ‘seedling bank’, were tested for their carrageenan quality from June to November 1988. Percent yield of all the varieties taken together was apparently higher in June, becoming lower in November (regression, r −0.785, probability, p ⩽ 0.001). Stepwise regression analysis was done to determine the existence of any relationship between any of the following parameters: gel strength, viscosity, sulfate content, month of sampling, and yield, whether taken individually or in combination. Results show variations of the yield with the month of sampling. ANOVA was performed to test whether there are differences in sulfate levels, gel strength, and viscosity between the Eucheuma alvarezii morphotypes. There was no significant difference between the green and the brown types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040280
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  • 67
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    Characterization of an agar fraction extracted from Gracilaria dura (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 567-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agar ; chemical characterization ; Gracilaria ; molecular weight distribution ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evaluation of biopolymers of biotechnological interest has stressed the importance of renewable sources from the northern Adriatic Sea. In the frame of this research program, the red alga Gracilaria cf. dura, has been studied. Agar was obtained from Gracilaria cf. dura by means of alkali treatment and hot water extraction. In order to purify the extracts, amylase and isopropyl alcohol were used. Analysis of sugars was carried out by means of gas chromatography on alditol acetate derivatives; sulfate content was evaluated by means of infrared spectroscopy. An analysis of molecular weight distribution was carried out by means of high performance gel permeation chromatography coupled with a low angle laser light scattering device as detector. Analytical data were examined in terms of specificity of the algal source utilized, and the agar fractions extracted by means of this procedure were compared with a commercial sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040288
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  • 68
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    Sugar constituents of fucose-containing polysaccharides from various Japanese brown algae (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 573-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: brown algae ; fucose-containing polysaccharide ; neutral sugar ; seaweed ; uronic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sugar constituents of the fucose-containing polysaccharides (FCPs) from 21 species of brown algae were analyzed. FCPs were extracted with hot water (100 °C, 4 h), separated by precipitation with 20% (v:v) ethanol in the presence of 0.05 M MgCl2 to remove contaminating soluble alginate, and purified by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The samples were hydrolyzed with HCI, and neutral sugar and uronic acid were separated by anion exchange chromatography. Their amounts were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The neutral sugars in the FCPs from Ishige okamurae, Laminaria ochotensis, Myelophycus simplex, Padina arborescens and Sargassum thunbergii all contained arabinose, fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose and xylose residues. The FCPs from Ishige okamurae, Padina arborescens, Sargassum hemiphyllum, S. patents and S. sagamianum contained the four uronic acids, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, guluronic acid and mannuronic acid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040289
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  • 69
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    Seasonal growth, density, reproductive phenology and agar quality of Gracilaria sordida (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) at Mokomoko Inlet, New Zealand (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 253-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agar quality ; density ; Gracilaria ; growth ; reproductive phenology ; seasonality ; seaweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of mesh-enclosed Gracilaria sordida plants was determined monthly for one year at the Mokomoko mudflat, South Island, New Zealand. Growth of plants with permanent water cover was correlated with water temperature and was most rapid during summer months. Plants exposed at low tide grew only during early spring and late autumn. Bimonthly quadrat sampling of a mudflat population showed that all stages of the life cycle were present throughout the year. Spermatangial plant length and biomass were greatest in early spring; cystocarpic and tetrasporic plants were greatest in midsummer. Sterile plants were most numerous in the late summer. Agar yield showed little variation either seasonally or between different stages of the life cycle. Agar gel strengths for all life cycle stages were greatest at the time of peak plant size and abundance. Gels from spermatangial plants generally were weaker than those from other stages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040242
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