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  • Chemical Engineering  (1,002)
  • Sediment
  • 2020-2024
  • 1980-1984  (1,004)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1982  (525)
  • 1980  (479)
  • 1
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    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-21
    Description: research
    Keywords: Tropischer Regenwald ; Sediment ; Pleistozän-Holozän-Grenze ; Pleistozän ; Kordilleren ; Amazonastiefland ; Peru
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 2
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    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Unter der Bezeichnung "Scaglia" wird im Südalpin und im Nordapennin eine Folge überwiegend pelagischer, kreide- und tertiärzeitlicher Sedimente zusammengefaßt, die aus bunten Tonschiefern, Mergeln und Kalken besteht. Zusätzlich können detritische Kalke, Breccien und Konglomerate auf treten. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit behandelten Scaglia-Sedimente der Toskanischen Decke ("Scaglia Toscana“) konnten nach ihrer Lithofazies sechs Formationen zugeordnet werden. Mit Hilfe mikropaläontologischer Untersuchungen an pelagischen Foraminiferen wurden die Ablagerungen biostrati graphisch datiert; sie repräsentieren den Zeitraum Alb – Oligozän. Zahlreiche im Gelände auf genommene Schichtfolgen wurden lithofaziell und biostrati graphisch bearbeitet. Die Profile wurden korreliert und in einem standardisierten Normal profil zusammengefaßt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Verbreitung der Fazies typen sowie ihre Mächtigkeit von einer Beckenkonfi guration abhängt, die bereits seit dem Lias erkennbar ist. Eine generelle Umgestaltung des Ablagerungsraumes an der Wende Unter-/Oberkreide, wie sie als Folge der paläoapenninen Phase von verschiedenen Autoren angenommen wurde, konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Aus der Abfolge der mesozoischen bis alttertiären Ablagerungen läßt sich vielmehr im Zentrum des Sedimentationsraumes ein Hochgebiet mit lückenhafter und geringmächtiger Sedimentation rekonstruieren, welches vom älteren Jura bis in das Eozän hinein Bestand hatte und beiderseits von Becken mit mächtigeren und vollständigeren Schichtfolgen gesäumt wurde. Diese Schwellenregion wird als "Zentral toskanisches Hochgebiet" bezeichnet und entspricht teilweise der von BOCCALETTI & BORTOLOTTI (1965) rekonstruierten "Dorsale costiera". Im Oligozän - ?Miozän wurden diese morphologischen Strukturen entland der Linie Livorno-Sillaro in zwei gegeneinander versetzte Blöcke zerlegt. Die paläoapennine Phase (Wende Unter-/Oberkreide) sowie auch die ligurische Phase (Eozän), die in den internen Bereichen des Nordapennins (Ligurikum) zu einer bedeutenden Umgestaltung der Sedimentationsraume führten, dokumentieren sich in der Schichtfolge der Toskanischen Decke lediglich im vermehrten Auftreten von Breccien, Konglomeraten und ersten ganz lokal vorkommenden Grauwackenschüttungen. Im Neokom und verstärkt mit Beginn der Scaglia-Sedimentation im Alb und damit auch zeitgleich mit der palaoapenninen Phase, setzt im toskanischen Abi agerungs raum außerdem von NE her die Schüttung detritischer Kalke ein. Diese füllen zunächst das Becken östlich des Zentral toskanischen Hochgebietes ; vom Eozän ab greifen sie auch auf die westlichen Gebiete über. Diese detritischen Kalke der Scaglia Toscana zeigen Sedimentstrukturen wie sie für Turbiditablagerungen typisch sind. Sie müssen als Kalkflysch angesprechen werden, der sich mit normal sedimentierten Ablagerungen verzahnt. Die Scaglia Toscana kann deshalb nicht mehr als rein pelagische Schichtfolge der Präflyschphase angesehen werden, sondern repräsentiert, wenigstens in Teilen, schon das volle Flyschstadium des Drögens.
    Description: In the Southern Alps and in the Northern Apennines the name "Scaglia" is used for a mainly pelagic, cretaceous to tertiary sedimentary sequence which is composed of variegated clayey shales, marls and limestones. In this succession detrital limestones, breccias and conglomerates may occur as well. The Scaglia Sediments of the Tuscan Nappe ("Scaglia Toscana") examinated in the present study were subordinated to six forma tions according to their lithofacies. The Sediments were dated biostratigraphically by means of micropaleontological studies on pelagic foraminiers; they represent the period between Albian and Oligocene. Detailed field investigations and biostratigraphical datings of numerous strati graphical sequences allowed a correlation of serial sec tions and a summari za tion to a Standard! zed columnar section. It was evident that the distribution of the different facies types as well as their thickness depends on a bas in topography which is recognizable since Liassic times. A general transformation of the deposition area at the boundary of Lower and Upper Cretaceous as a consequence of the "Paleoapenninic Phase", postulated by several authors, could not be proved. From the sequence of the Mesozoic to Paleogene sediments one could rather reconstruct a ridge characterized by thin Sedimentation and Stratigraphie gaps in the centre of the deposition area. This rise existed from the Juras sic up to the Eocene and was accompanied on both sides by bas ins with thicker and more complete strati graphical sequences. This ridge is called "Central Tuscan Ridge" ("Zentral toskanisches Hochgebiet") and corresponds partly to the "Dorsale costiera" reconstructed by BOCCALETTI & BORTOLOTTI (1965). In the Oligocene - (?)Miocene these morphological structures were divided into two blocks which were displaced versus each other along the Livorno-Sillaro-Structure. The "Paleoapenninic Phase" (Lower/Upper Cretaceous) as well as the "Ligurian Phase" (Eocene) which initiated significant translocations in the inner areas of the Northern Apennines (Ligurids), are documented within the sequence of the Tuscan Nappe only by an increasing occurrence of breccias, conglomerates and a first local accumulation of graywackes. In the Neocomian and even more intensive with the beginn! ng of Scaglia-sedimentation and therefore contemporaneous with the "Paleoapenninic Phase", in the Tuscan area the accretion of detrital limestones begins from NE. At first these limestones fill up the bas in east of the Central Tuscan Ridge and from the Eocene on they also start spreading out towards Western areas. These detrital Times tones of the Scaglia Toscana show sedimentary fabrics typical of turbidites. They represent a carbonate facies which interfingers with normal sedimentated depositions. Thus the Scaglia Toscana can no longer considered a pure pelagic sequence of the pre-flysch period but represents, at least in parts, the flysch stage of the orogene.
    Description: Nel Sudalpino e nel Appennino settentrionale con il nome di "Scaglia" viene intesa una sequenza di sedimenti per lo piü pelagici, di etä Cretaceo-Terziaria, ehe e costituita da scisti argillosi policromi, marne e calcari; possono essere presenti anche calcari detritici, brecce e conglomerati. I sedimenti della Scaglia della Falda Toscana (Scaglia Toscana) trattati nel presente lavoro, potrebbero venire attribuiti, in base al la loro litofacies, a sei formazioni. Con l'aiuto di ricerche micropaleontologiche su foraminiferi pelagici le fasi di sedimentazione sono state datate in un periodo tra l'Albiano e l’Oligocene. Numerose sequenze di strati osservate in campagna sono state esaminate sia dal punto di vista della litofacies ehe da quello biostratigrafico. Le sezioni strati graf i ehe sono state correlate e vengono rappresentate da una sezione Standard. Si e notato ehe la diffusione dei tipi di facies come pure il loro spessore sia dipeso dal la presenza di un bacino esistente giä dal Lias. Contrariamente a quanto e stato affermato da vari autori , non si e potuto di mostrare un cambiamento dei bacini di sedimentazione nel periodo tra il Cretaceo inferiore e quello superiore, come conseguenza della fase paleoappeninica. Dalle sequenze sedimentarie dal Mesozoico al Paleogene si lascia ricostruire nel centro del bacino di sedimentazione una regione elevata con sedimentazione incompleta e scarsa, ehe e esistita dal Giurassico inferiore fino all'Eocene ed era circondata dall'una e dall’altra parte da bacini con sequenze sedimentarie complete e di grande spessore. Questa regione montuosa e ondulata e indicata con il nome di "Dorsale Toscana centrale” ( "Zentral toskanisches Hochgebiet") e corrisponde in parte al la "Dorsale costiera" ricostruita da BOCCALETTI & BORTOLOTTI (1965). Nell ‘Oligocene - (?)Miocene queste strutture morfologiche sono state divise in due blocchi rivolti l’uno contro l'altro. La fase paleoappeninica (tra Cretaceo inf. e sup.) e la fase ligure (Eocene), ehe nelle zone interne del Nord Appenino (Ligurico) hanno portato ad un notevole cambiamento dei bacini di sedimentazione, sono documentate nel la sequenza sedimentaria della Falda Toscana tramite la presenza di brecce, conglomerati e le prime deposizioni di grovacke. Nel Neocomiano e ancor piü con 1‘inizio della sedimentazione della Scaglia nell ’Albiano, contemporaneamente alla fase paleoappeninica, comincia nel bacino toscano la sedimentazione di calcari detritici da NE. Questi riempiono dapprima il bacino posto al lato orientale della "Dorsale Toscana centrale"; dall'Eocene in poi si diffondono anche nella zona occidentale. Questi calcari detritici della Scaglia Toscana mostrano strutture sedimentarie tipiche delle turbiditi. Essi devono venire considerati flysch cal carei i quali si intercalano alla sedimentazione normale. Per questo motivo la Scaglia Toscana non puo piü essere considerata una pura sequenza pelagica della fase preorogenica ma rappresenta, almeno in parte, giä il pieno stadio del flysch, durante l'orogenesi.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Sediment ; Geologie ; Oligozän
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 134
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  • 3
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 1038-1041 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 1044-1046 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 1048-1049 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model based on extension and secondary motions of striations in a deforming flow is used to predict details of the mixing and dispersion of viscous liquids. Generally, extension of intermaterial area and interfacial surface occurs in stagnation regions, and breakup ensues when the striated flow has left such a region or has time to form unmixing regions of smaller scale in the stretching flow. Complex criteria for the types of mixing anticipated are based on differences in viscosity, differences in density, striation scale, rate of stretch, and, for various degrees of immiscibility, interfacial tension.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new process for purification of phenolic wastewaters by parametric pumping is presented.An equilibrium (linear) model for nonmixed dead volumes thermal direct mode parametric pumping is developed and the influence of bottom and top dead volume magnitudes on transient separation is analyzed.Analytical solutions for batch, continuous and semicontinuous operations are presented.Experimental data on the system phenol/water-Duolite ES861 include equilibrium isotherms at 20°C and 60°C and parapump runs for the cases mentioned above.
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  • 8
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 134-138 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The volumetric and phase behavior of propane-perfluorocyclobutane mixtures has been determined in the critical region. This system exhibits a minimum temperature point in its critical locus curve and forms a positive critical azeotrope. The measured critical points in this system and their correlation using an extended corresponding states principle are reported in this paper.
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Both equilibrium and rate studies were made for the adsorption and desorption of Bovine Serum Albumin (B.S.A.), Fraction V, from dilute solutions using a new cellulose based ion exchange resin. Using the equilibrium data and a simple two-film theory to describe the rate data it was shown that during the initial perioid of adsorption the rate was controlled by film diffusion, after which it was controlled by intraparticle diffusion. The desorption was largely intraparticle diffusion controlled except for a very short surface desorption step. It is suggested that the model could be used to describe other protein adsorption/ion exchange processes.
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 266-273 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new reactor configuration, the annular bed reactor, is mathematically modeled to assess its capabilities as a CO methanation reactor. The results show that the reactor offers excellent temperature control characteristics and negligible pressure drop, and that it is a promising configuration for this as well as other reaction systems.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 294-301 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Approximate analytical solutions of the local temperature variations, due to viscous heating, in channel flows of non-Newtonian fluids with small Nahme-Griffith numbers were obtained by the WKB-J method. The results are general and easy to use so that extensive numerical computations are not required. Comparisons between the approximate analytical solution and complete numerical solution showed that the relative differences were very small.
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  • 12
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 338-341 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 492-500 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of a batch, dispersed-emulsion (liquid membrane), separation system results in simple models that describe the concentrations and masses of each phase as functions of time. Comparisons with a limited set of experimental data are offered. One of these models allows a set of pilot studies to be extended to performance predictions and comparative studies of different feed-membrane-solvent combinations, which could lead to an optimally designed separation process.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 15
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tracer gas dispersion was measured for laminar flow through three different tube constrictions, at orifice Reynolds numbers between 10 and 5000 and Schmidt numbers of 0.213 and 0.769. Each constriction generates a confined jet which significantly enhances axial dispersion at intermediate Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 1000.
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  • 16
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 514-515 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 515-517 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 16-23 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model is developed to describe non-isothermal sorption kinetics and used to interpret experimental uptake curves for CO2 in 4A zeolite and for CO2 and in C5H12 in 5A zeolite. The model assumes that the dominant mass transfer resistance is intracrystalline diffusion while the major resistance to heat transfer is the external heat transfer between the adsorbent sample and the surroundings. It gives a good representation of the kinetic behavior over a wide range of conditions. Both the extreme cases of isothermal diffusion and complete heat transfer control are demonstrated experimentally. Intermediate situations, in which the uptake rate is controlled by the combined effects of diffusion and heat transfer, are demonstrated as well. The parameters derived from the model are consistent, reproducible, and agree well with a priori estimates. The model provides a useful theoretical basis for the analysis of rapid sorption processes for which the non-isothermal approximation is invalid.
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 166-168 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 173-173 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 610-616 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The governing equations for the laminar fully developed flow and heat transfer in curved tubes are solved numerically for a power-law fluid. Results for the velocity and temperature fields, the friction factor, and the Nusselt number are presented for different values of the Dean number, the Prandtl number, and the power-law index. The friction factor results are compared with available experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 626-637 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multiparameter corresponding-states correlation is applied to describe fossil-fluid vapor/liquid-equilibrium behavior needed to design separation and other process units in coal-liquefaction plants. Data for both defined and undefined fluids pertinent to coal liquefaction are utilized in correlation development. The procurement of these data requires a thorough evaluation and study of the needs for additional data to improve correlations. These needs are systematically outlined in the context of the level of predication capability that can be achieved using the currently available data base.A conformal-solution model is applied to describe the behavior of many defined binary and ternary coal-solvent systems. The correlation is then extended to undefined systems such as those encountered in the Exxon Donor Solvent process. Correlation results are reported and correlation limits are assessed.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 671-676 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Tait equation has been extended and generalized to permit the calculation of densities of compressed liquids and their mixtures to a pressure of 68,950 kPa (10,000 psia) using only critical temperature, critical pressure, Soave-Redlich-Kwong acentric factor, saturation pressure, and saturated volume for a pure liquid or the corresponding mixture parameters for a liquid mixture. This correlation, together with the correlation developed by Hankinson and Thomson (1979) for saturated liquid densities, comprise COSTALD (COrresponding STAtes Liquid Density), an integrated method for estimating densities of nonpolar and slightly polar liquids and mixtures. The new correlation gave 0.446 average absolute percent error for 6,338 data points for nonpolar liquids, 2.57% error for 1352 data points for polar and quantum liquids, 0.369% error for 319 data points for LNG/LPG mixtures, and 1.61% error for all mixtures tested.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 702-702 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crystallization kinetics of sodium chloride have been studied in a Continuous Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal evaporative crystallizer at 50°C. A marine propeller was found to give a substantially lower nucleation rate than a pitched blade impeller under identical conditions. The crystal turnover time did not affect the effective nucleation rate.
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 765-772 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized mathematical model is developed to describe the process of multicomponent adsorption on activated carbon in fixed beds. Numerical, finite difference, solutions for the adsorption of binary, and ternary organic mixtures are shown to satisfactorily match previously published experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 786-792 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a small drop or bubble approaches a fluid-fluid interface, a thin liquid film forms between them, drains, until an instability forms and coalescence occurs. A hydrodynamic theory is developed for the first portion of this coalescence process: the drainage of the thin liquid film while it is still sufficiently thick that the effects of London-van der Waals forces and electrostatic forces can be ignored. The time rate of change of the film profile is predicted, given only the drop radius and the required physical properties. Comparisons are offered with the limited experimental data available.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 830-833 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 840-841 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 325-333 
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    Notes: Chemical solution theory has been shown to be particularly well-suited for certain classes of liquid metal mixtures. A generalized formulation of this approach is presented and it eliminates the need for mechanistic information. The results are in good agreement with many data, and could lead to a variety of industrial applications of liquid metal solvents.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 341-343 
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 349-349 
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 869-869 
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 870-870 
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 907-914 
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    Notes: The local contact characteristics between the bed emulsion and the tube surface for horizontal tubes immersed in fluidized beds were investigated experimentally. The measurements indicated that the contact dynamics change significantly with circumferential position, gas flow rate, particle size and system pressure. From the experimental data, quantitative information on the local fluidization behavior were generated for use in heat transfer models.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 914-922 
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    Notes: The mathematical basis was derived for the experimental measurement of the “Slope Condition” and of the “Dynamic Condition” of the thermal stability criteria in a laboratory-scale internal recycle reactor. This work also resulted in clearer interpretations and simpler expressions for the two stability criteria. The method was experimentally demonstrated on the example of the low pressure methanol synthesis. Only seven experiments were needed to evaluate the stability criteria of this reaction for which the kinetics is unknown.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 973-980 
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    Notes: Two models describing the laminar flow of a polymerizing liquid through a tube have been developed and tested experimentally. One model is a full finite difference solution of the balance equations. The other is an approximate analytical solution which assumes that flow ceases after viscosity increases about tenfold. The models are compared to two experimental cases: (1) the pressure rise needed to keep the flow rate through the tube constant and (2) the flow rate decrease when pressure at the tube entrance is held constant. The finite difference model is more accurate in the early stages of polymerization while the approximate analytical model is more accurate at long times. The models have application to runner flow in reaction injection molding, to nozzles in thermoset molding, to thermoset dispensing equipment and to continuous reactive polymer processes in general.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 1002-1009 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: A theoretical study was carried out to achieve a better understanding of the oscillatory behavior of a gas bubble growing (or collapsing) in a viscoelastic liquid, by taking into account both the hydrodynamic and diffusion effects. The Zaremba-DeWitt model was chosen to represent the rheological properties of the suspending medium. The finite difference method was employed to solve the governing system equations.The computational results show that, in the case of very fast diffusion (i.e., constant bubble pressure), the oscillatory behavior of a bubble takes place only when the ratio of the initial pressure difference between the gas bubble and the liquid phase to the elastic modulus of the suspending medium is below a certain critical value. On the other hand, in the case of very slow diffusion, the oscillatory behavior of a bubble persists, regardless of the magnitude of the rheological properties of the suspending medium. Our study indicates further that the diffusivity of a gas has a profound influence on the occurrence of oscillatory behavior, that the elastic property of the suspending medium enhances oscillatory behavior while its viscosity plays the opposite role, and that even a Newtonian medium can give rise to an oscillatory pattern of bubble growth (or collapse), although it dampens out very quickly.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 1030-1032 
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 1041-1041 
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 1043-1043 
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 1042-1043 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 162-165 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 165-168 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 168-170 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 170-172 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 174-174 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 174-174 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 175-176 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 176-176 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980) 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 177-201 
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    Notes: This article reviews the major developments in the engineering and design of three-phase slurry catalytic reactors. A general theoretical analysis for predicting the overall rate of reaction in a slurry reactor for various kinetics is presented, incorporating all the transport effects. Modeling of semi-batch reactors is discussed and design procedures are indicated. Some major correlations and methods for determining gas-liquid and liquid-solid mass transfer coefficients and effective diffusivity in liquid filled pores are reviewed. Slurry reactors are compared with other three-phase reactors, such as trickle bed or packed bed reactors, and relative merits are pointed out.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 201-212 
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    Notes: Intraparticle mass transfer in coal pyrolysis is described by ternary diffusion and viscous flow, in conjunction with a simple pore model to predict concentration profiles for gases and tar. At low pressures, product yields depend on particle size only, while at high pressures they depend on pressure and particle size. Limited experimental data from a subbituminous coal confirm these trends. Data from a bituminous coal show different trends, as expected from the drastic changes the pore structure undergoes during pyrolysis.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 212-220 
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    Notes: A theory of dilute microemulsions is presented which includes for the first time both the entropy of dispersion of the drops and energy effects associated with bending the surfactant films at the drop interfaces. It yields expressions for drop size for (a) a dilute microemulsion in equilibrium with an excess bulk phase, e.g., an oil-in-water microemulsion in equilibrium with excess oil and (b) dilute oil-continuous and water-continuous microemulsions in equilibrium and containing equal amounts of surfactant. In the latter case, our theory indicates that existence of the two microemulsion phases sometimes is favored over a layered or lamellar phase, even though the “natural curvature” of the surfactant films is zero, corresponding to a perfectly flat film.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982) 
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 980-987 
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    Notes: Conditions are identified which insure optimum pipeline mixing at a T-junction. Analytical expressions, that result from detailed measurements of both near and far-field momentum-dominated jet trajectories in a crossflow, are renormalized in terms of pipe coordinates. It is demonstrated that a simple scaling law exists for the limiting geometry of either large or small jet-to-pipe diameter ratios. The scaling laws are shown to accurately correlate existing data for each limiting geometry.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 994-1002 
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    Notes: Infeasible path optimization algorithms have been effective with equation-solving or simultaneous modular process simulators. Using these simulators, successive quadratic programming is applied to large nonlinear programs. However, the algorithms are not directly applicable to commercial simulators of the sequential modular type.Here an infeasible path algorithm is presented which can easily be integrated with most commercial process simulators. The optimization problem remains small (10 or 20 variables) and the user merely replaces the convergence block with an “optimization” block.A simple process example demonstrates the operation, effectiveness, and potential of this algorithm.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 1016-1019 
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    Notes: The steady diffusion across a constant thickness corrugated barrier is analyzed through the intrinsic coordinate system. Perturbation solutions are found when the thickness is small compared to the minimum radius of curvature. For a given perimeter length, diffusive transfer is decreased, while for given maximum geometric dimensions, diffusive transfer may be increased by corrugations.
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    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 1033-1036 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 289-292 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 294-295 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 295-297 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 297-299 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 299-301 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 317-319 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 325-327 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 332-332 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 419-429 
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    Notes: The problem of immiscible displacement of oil ganglia arises in connection with oil bank formation and attrition during enhanced oil recovery with flooding. A stochastic simulation method is developed here, which enables prediction of the fate of solitary ganglia during immiscible displacement in water-wet unconsolidated granular porous media. This method takes into account the local topology of the porous medium; the initial size, shape and orientation of the oil ganglion and the capillary number. For each ganglion size, hundreds of realizations are performed with random ganglion shapes for a 100 × 200 sandpack. These results are averaged to obtain probabilities of mobilization, breakup and stranding as functions of capillary number and ganglion size. Axial and lateral dispersion coefficients are obtained as functions of the average ganglion velocity. The results from the solitary ganglion analysis can be used with the ganglion population balance equations developed in a companion publication (Payatakes, Ng and Flumerfelt, 1980) to study the dynamics of oil bank formation.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 675-678 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 678-680 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 683-686 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 680-683 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 711-717 
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    Notes: Experimental breakthrough curves were determined for a liquid full and a trickle bed reactor in which benzene was adsorbed from water on small activated carbon particles at 298°K and 1 atm. The step function of benzene was introduced into the water feed and the response measured in the liquid effluent. Benzene transfer also occurred from the liquid feed to the gaseous feed of pure helium.Moment analysis of data for liquid full conditions indicated that the first moment of the response curve could be used to obtain the adsorption equilibrium constant K for benzene on activated carbon. Comparison of results obtained by this new method with the K value determined from static equilibrium runs demonstrated the validity of the moment theory.Analysis of the response curves for trickle bed operation showed that the liquid-to-gas mass transfer coefficient (ka)L could be evaluated from either the zero or first moment. Results were obtained in both the trickling flow and pulse flow regimes. Values of (ka)L in the pulse flow regime, which were not heretofore available were sharply higher than those for trickle flow.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 734-743 
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    Notes: The chlorination kinetics of zirconia were studied in a single stationary particle reactor system. A plasma of pure chlorine generated by an induction torch provided both the high enthalpy field and the reacting gas. The influence on the rate of conversion of such parameters as temperature, chlorine concentration (in the presence of argon) and particle diameter and porosity were investigated. Based on experimental and theoretical studies, rate equations were developed under different rate controlling mechanisms.The chlorination of zirconia in the particle temperature range of 1 540° to 2 480°K obeyed a shrinking core reaction model. The reaction was chemically controlled below 1 950°K, and above this temperature both chemical and mass transfer resistances were important. The experimental results confirmed the theoretical analysis.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 751-762 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The onset of significant departure from isothermality caused by viscous energy dissipation in flow through a slit is determined for isothermal and adiabatic walls. A series solution of the energy equation enables calculation of dimensionless profiles for any power law fluid. Such solutions provide useful standards for judging performances of numerical schemes for solving complex nonisothermal flows.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation of an impinging water jet freezing on a melting solid surface has been carried out. Attention was focused on the stagnation region of an axisymmetric jet. In the experiment, a water jet was directed upward against the lower end of a meltable rod, having a diameter about twice that of the jet orifice. Solid octane (m.p. - 56.5°C) and solid mercury (m.p. - 38.9°C) served as the meltable materials. A laminar-axisymmetric flow model was developed to describe melting heat transfer in the presence of jet solidification within the impingement region. Measurements of the melting rate and conditions for the onset of jet solidification were found to agree quite well with the values predicted with this model.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 762-769 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of drop trajectories on boundary layer structure and heat transfer coefficient is determined for a binary spray flow over the upstream surface of an isothermal cylinder. Governing equations are solved for drop trajectories upstream of the cylinder, the laminar liquid boundary layer adjacent to the cylinder surface, and the outer laminar vapor boundary layer. Velocity, temperature, and mass concentration profiles throughout the double boundary layers are shown to depend on flow parameters involving drop size and velocity. The critical conditions for which the liquid film dries out are identified for a range of drop size and velocity, defining the transition from the liquid film to the dry wall flow regime. Theoretical results for heat transfer are shown to correlate existing experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 779-787 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytical solution is obtained to the extended Graetz problem with prescribed wall flux, based on a selfadjoint formalism resulting from a decomposition of the convective diffusion equation into a pair of first-order partial differential equations. The solution obtained is simple, computationally efficient and in striking contrast with incomplete numerical efforts in the past.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 769-779 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gibb's classical theory of critical points leads to two simultaneous, nonlinear equations in the intensive variables of the critical phase. In this paper is presented a new procedure for evaluating the functions which appear in these nonlinear equations. The new procedure simplifies and permits the speeding up of the computation of critical points in multicomponent mixtures.Computations have been performed for critical points in binary and multicomponent mixtures described by the SRK equation. The methods developed will be equally applicable to other two-constant equations of state. The equations to be solved are organized as two equations in the unknown critical temperature and specific volume for a mixture of known composition. One of the two equations, the determinant which establishes the stability limit for the mixture, is shown to be satisfied by more than one volume at a given temperature and by several temperatures at a given volume. A technique is proposed to assure that the correct temperature, volume solution can be found for this equation. For critical points in ordinary gas-liquid systems, an overall computational procedure is suggested in which it proves to be unnecessary to provide initial guesses for either the temperature or the volume.Application has also been made to several systems with high density (liquid-liquid) critical points.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 787-794 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Existing analyses for transport phenomena in bidisperse porous media assume that the microparticles act as uniformly distributed point sinks. This article provides an analysis which determines under what conditions the point sink approximation is valid. For random packing, the concentration field inside a pellet is described by its ensemble average, i.e., the average over all possible ways in which the microparticles can be packed into the pellet. For these averaged quantities, we formulate the transport equations for a solid with bidisperse pores which provide the criteria of validity of the point sink approximation.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A thorough search for electrocatalysts for anodic oxygen evolution from caustic potash solution together with an investigation for the main reasons of ohmic potential drops in the interelectrode gap has lead to a new concept for an advanced medium temperature (150° to 200°C), medium pressure (30 to 100 bars) alkaline water electrolysis. The new concept will allow electrolytic water decomposition at temperatures between 160° and 200°C with current densities of 1 to 1.5 A/cm2 and cell voltages between 1.55 and 1.65 V.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 802-816 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Structural relationships between the numbers of the various types of steady states exhibited by a mixed culture of microorganisms growing in a chemostat have been obtained. The analysis is based on the degree theory and utilizes Hopf's index theorem. Useful information concerning the culture growth and general conclusions pertaining to the nature of the possible steady states are obtained from these relationships. An alternate method of stability analysis, based on the above results, has also been developed and applications to several cases of growth of indirectly interacting populations which demonstrate the efficiency of the method are presented.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 816-827 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the settling velocity of a dispersion of spherical particles (that is, drops of arbitrary viscosity) depends on concentration. The procedure used entirely avoids the divergent integrals which previous workers in this field have been forced to deal with and yields explicit formulas for the sedimentation velocity. These formulas, accurate to first order in the particle volume fraction, depend on both the physical characteristics of the particles (size, buoyant density, viscosity ratio) as well as on any long range forces (for example, electrical double layer repulsions or van der Waals attraction) which may exist between particles. Sample calculations are given for globular proteins subject to double layer repulsions and for micron size colloids which experience van der Waals attractions in addition to the electrostatics. In the latter case, it is shown how the Hamaker constant can be extracted from sedimentation data. The analysis is extended to more concentrated suspensions by assuming that the hydrodynamic interactions among particles are pairwise additive; comparison with published data shows this analysis to be reasonably accurate, even for dense suspensions, without any adjustable parameters.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 832-839 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For gas absorption accompanied by two consecutive second-order reactions, the reaction factors of the film and penetration theories were solved by the orthogonal collocation method. For equivalent definition of the other physico-chemical parameters, the reaction factors from the two theories differ only slightly. In film theory, it is shown that the film-bulk boundary condition is of importance only for small values of M. It is also shown that the difference between the point yields of the film and penetration theories is generally small, although it is larger than the difference in reaction factors for the two theories.
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 828-832 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new numerical method is proposed for the one-dimensional melting problem. Unlike many of the existing numerical techniques which either immobilize the moving interface by a suitable coordinate transformation or search for the moving interface under a fixed grid, fixed-time-step finite-difference formulation, the present method was a fixed grid, variable time-step approach. Each time step in the computation is determined iteratively by requiring that the interface be located at a mesh point, one grid space from the previous interface location.Results of two sample calculations show that the present method is superior to the conventional finite-difference method both in its accuracy and computational efficiency. The formulation is mathematically simple and can be applied with no difficulty to problems with nonplanar geometry and initial subcooling. The present method is applied to the analysis of the melting of a finite slab subjected to a constant heat flux boundary condition. Some interesting effects of initial subcooling on the physics of melting are illustrated and discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 839-849 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fractionation of protein mixtures by multicolumn pH parametric pumping is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The parapumps considered consist of a series of columns packed alternately with cation and anion exchangers. Various methods of operation of the parapumps are discussed. Two separation problems are examined: enrichment and splitting. Experimental data were obtained for two-column systems and compared with the calculated results based on an equilibrium theory.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 850-852 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 855-858 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 852-855 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A modification of a viscometer originally proposed by Zimm and Crothers in 1962 is presented, which may be used to measure ultra low shear viscosity for highly dilute polymer solutions. This may provide useful information on polymer coil dimensions and relaxation time. Use of the low shear viscosity data leads to very large values of relaxation time induced by polymer addition to a concentration of only 2 to 3 wppm. This finding is consistent with the marked viscoelastic effects exhibited by these solutions.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 858-862 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 92
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 865-868 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diametrically different influences of small moisture contents upon strength are often measured in beds of different kinds of particles. Here we explain such opposing trends in terms of capillary forces exerted by condensed liquid rings at the points of particle contact. The effects of such rings are opposite for different particle shapes at the point of contact, namely, at spherical or at sharp angular contact points. In addition to the theoretical development, data are given for two different illustrative types of particles.
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 869-872 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Goodman's integral heat and mass balance method is applied to the problem of a moving boundary in a spherical particle. The moving boundary was fixed by a suitable transformation for ease in solution. The mean value theorem was used to treat the nonlinearities when they occurred. Relations for the heat and mass boundary positions are obtained for the most general conditions. These expressions reduce in their limiting cases to known results.
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  • 94
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 862-865 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of a single compound as the agent in modifying the apparent relative volatility in extractive distillation is well known. In the separation of ethylbenzene from para- and meta-xylenes by extractive distillation, it was found that mixtures containing from two to four components were more effective than any known single compound. Hundreds of combinations of extractive agents were investigated in vapor-liquid equilibrium stills, and from these, twenty-seven different combinations of chlorinated organic compounds showed merit. The relative volatility of ethylbenzene to p-xylene is 1.06 and to m-xylene 1.08. The promising combinations were investigated in three glass perforated plate extractive distillation columns containing twelve, fifteen and nineteen theoretical plates, respectively. Of the twenty-seven different extractive agents tested in the columns, sixteen yielded a relative volatility greater than 1.20. The best one, a mixture of pentachlorophenol, benzene hexachloride and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, gave a relative volatility of 1.27. Other combinations approaching this relative volatility are pentachlorophenol, benzene hexachloride and 2,4-dichlorotoluene giving 1.25 and polychlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol, benzene hexachloride and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene giving 1.26, when used in the ratio of two parts of extractive agent to one part of ethylbenzene-xylene mixture. All the extractive agents boil sufficiently above xylene to make their recovery by distillation easy and complete. Life studies showed no excessive decomposition of any of them while in use.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 872-875 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 876-876 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 876-876 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 876-879 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 876-876 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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