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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A differential equation approach to nonlinear programming (1980)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 155-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Constrained Optimization ; Differential Equation ; Global Solution ; Nonlinear Programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new method is presented for finding a local optimum of the equality constrained nonlinear programming problem. A nonlinear autonomous system is introduced as the base of the theory instead of usual approaches. The relation between critical points and local optima of the original optimization problem is proved. Asymptotic stability of the critical points is also proved. A numerical algorithm which is capable of finding local optima systematically at the quadratic rate of convergence is developed from a detailed analysis of the nature of trajectories and critical points. Some numerical results are given to show the efficiency of the method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588311
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  • 2
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    Electronic Resource
    On the computational utility of posynomial geometric programming solution methods (1982)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 22 (1982), S. 163-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Geometric Programming ; Code Comparisons ; Numerical Testing ; Nonlinear Programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Ten codes or code variants were used to solve the five equivalent posynomial GP problem formulations. Four of these codes were general NLP codes; six were specialized GP codes. A total of forty-two test problems was solved with up to twenty randomly generated starting points per problem. The convex primal formulation is shown to be intrinsically easiest to solve. The general purpose GRG code called OPT appears to be the most efficient code for GP problem solution. The reputed superiority of the specialized GP codes GGP and GPKTC appears to be largely due to the fact that these codes solve the convex primal formulation. The dual approaches are only likely to be competitive for small degree of difficulty, tightly constrained problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581036
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  • 3
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    Electronic Resource
    A globally convergent constrained quasi-Newton method with an augmented lagrangian type penalty function (1982)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 23 (1982), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Constrained Optimization ; Global Convergence ; Nonlinear Programming ; Penalty Function ; Quasi-Newton Method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The recently proposed quasi-Newton method for constrained optimization has very attractive local convergence properties. To force global convergnce of the method, a descent method which uses Zangwill's penalty function and an exact line search has been proposed by Han. In this paper a new method which adopts a differentiable penalty function and an approximate line is presented. The proposed penalty function has the form of the augmented Lagrangian function. An algorithm for updating parameters which appear in the penalty function is described. Global convergence of the given method is proved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01583780
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A smoothing-out technique for min—max optimization (1980)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 61-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Optimization ; Nonlinear Programming ; Unconstrained Optimization ; Nondifferentiable Optimization ; Min—Max Problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we suggest approximations for smoothing out the kinks caused by the presence of “max” or “min” operators in many non-smooth optimization problems. We concentrate on the continuous-discrete min—max optimization problem. The new approximations replace the original problem in some neighborhoods of the kink points. These neighborhoods can be made arbitrarily small, thus leaving the original objective function unchanged at almost every point ofR n . Furthermore, the maximal possible difference between the optimal values of the approximate problem and the original one, is determined a priori by fixing the value of a single parameter. The approximations introduced preserve properties such as convexity and continuous differentiability provided that each function composing the original problem has the same properties. This enables the use of efficient gradient techniques in the solution process. Some numerical examples are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581628
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accelerated convergence for the Powell/Hestenes multiplier method (1980)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 197-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Constrained Optimization ; Augmented Lagrangian Methods ; Multiplier Methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is known that augmented Lagrangian or multiplier methods for solving constrained optimization problems can be interpreted as techniques for maximizing an augmented dual functionD c(λ). For a constantc sufficiently large, by considering maximizing the augmented dual functionD c(λ) with respect toλ, it is shown that the Newton iteration forλ based on maximizingD c(λ) can be decomposed into taking a Powell/Hestenes iteration followed by a Newton-like correction. Superimposed on the original Powell/Hestenes method, a simple acceleration technique is devised to make use of information from the previous iteration. For problems with only one constraint, the acceleration technique is equivalent to replacing the second (Newton-like) part of the decomposition by a finite difference approximation. Numerical results are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588314
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  • 6
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    On optimality conditions for structured families of nonlinear programming problems (1982)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 22 (1982), S. 82-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Generic Programming ; Optimality Conditions ; Nonlinear Programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Optimality conditions for families of nonlinear programming problems inR n are studied from a generic point of view. The objective function and some of the constraints are assumed to depend on a parameter, while others are held fixed. Techniques of differential topology are used to show that under suitable conditions, certain strong second-order conditions are necessary for optimality except possibly for parameter values lying in a negligible set.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581027
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  • 7
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    Comparative computer results of a new complementary pivot algorithm for solving equality and inequality constrained optimization problems (1980)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 169-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Equality Constraints ; Fixed Points ; Complementary Pivoting Algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the development of a new algorithm for solving the general constrained optimization problem (that of optimizing an objective function subject to both equality and inequality constraints). The approach is based on the complementary pivoting algorithms which have been developed to solve certain classes of fixed point problems. The specific approach is to use the equality constraints to solve for some variables in terms of the remaining ones thus enabling one to eliminate the equality constraints altogether. The result, under certain circumstances, is an optimization problem which may be transformed into a fixed point problem in such a way that a complementary pivoting code may be used to search for a solution. Seventeen test problems have been solved by this method and the results are compared against those obtained from GRG (Generalized Reduced Gradient method). The results of the tests indicate that the fixed point approach is robust (all 17 problems were solved by this method where as GRG solved 16). As to the computer times, the fixed point code proved to be as fast or faster than GRG on the lower dimensional problems; however, as the dimension increased, the trend reversed and on a 40 dimensional problem GRG was approximately 11 times faster. The conclusion from these tests is that when the dimension of the original problem can be reduced sufficiently by the equality constraints, the fixed point approach appears to be more effective than GRG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588312
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear programming via an exact penalty function: Global analysis (1982)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 24 (1982), S. 137-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Exact Penalty Methods ; Successive Quadratic Programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we motivate and describe an algorithm to solve the nonlinear programming problem. The method is based on an exact penalty function and possesses both global and superlinear convergence properties. We establish the global qualities here (the superlinear nature is proven in [7]). The numerical implementation techniques are briefly discussed and preliminary numerical results are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01585101
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approximation of time-dependent free boundaries (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 40 (1982), S. 179-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS) ; Primary 65N30 ; Secondary 35R35 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Two problems are considered in the paper: the first of them is connected with elliptic variational inequalities and consists in developing a moving obstacle algorithm for approximating the unknown free boundary; the other problem is linked with numerical solution of the Stefan problem, which is formulated in the similar way as in the elliptic case. Some computational aspects are also discussed in the paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01400538
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Finite elements for parabolic equations backwards in time (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 40 (1982), S. 207-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65M30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Several regularization methods for parabolic equations backwards in time together with the usual additional constraints for their solution are considered. The error of the regularization is estimated from above and below. For a “boundary value problem in time”-method, finite elements as well as a time discretization are introduced and the error with respect to the regularized solution is estimated, thus giving an overall error of the discrete regularized problem. The algorithm is tested in simple numerical examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01400540
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  • 11
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    Adams methods for neutral functional differential equations (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 39 (1982), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In this paper Adams type methods for the special case of neutral functional differential equations are examined. It is shown thatk-step methods maintain orderk+1 for sufficiently small step size in a sufficiently smooth situation. However, when these methods are applied to an equation with a “non-smooth” solution the order of convergence is only one. Some computational considerations are given and numerical experiments are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01408695
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  • 12
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    Improvement of numerical solution of boundary layer problems by incorporation of asymptotic approximations (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 39 (1982), S. 309-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 65L10 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A method for improvement of the numerical solution of differential equations by incorporation of asymptotic approximations is investigated for a class of singular perturbation problems. Uniform error estimates are derived for this method when implemented in known difference schemes and applied to linear second order O.D.E.'s. An improvement by a factor ofε n+1 can be obtained (where ɛ is the “small” parameter andn is the order of the asymptotic approximation) for a small amount of extra work. Numerical experiments are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01407865
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  • 13
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    Finite difference methods and their convergence for a class of singular two point boundary value problems (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 39 (1982), S. 341-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L10 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We discuss the construction of three-point finite difference approximations and their convergence for the class of singular two-point boundary value problems: (x α y′)′=f(x,y), y(0)=A, y(1)=B, 0〈α〈1. We first establish a certain identity, based on general (non-uniform) mesh, from which various methods can be derived. To obtain a method having order two for all α∈(0,1), we investigate three possibilities. By employing an appropriate non-uniform mesh over [0,1], we obtain a methodM 1 based on just one evaluation off. For uniform mesh we obtain two methodsM 2 andM 3 each based on three evaluations off. For α=0,M 1 andM 2 both reduce to the classical second-order method based on one evaluation off. These three methods are investigated, theirO(h 2)-convergence established and illustrated by numerical examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01407867
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  • 14
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    On the numerical analysis of the Von Karman equations: Mixed finite element approximation and continuation techniques (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 39 (1982), S. 371-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 65 N 30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this paper is to study the approximation of the Von Karman equations by the mixed finite element scheme of Miyoshi and to follow the solutions arcs at a neighbourhood of the first eigenvalue of the linearized problem. This last problem is solved by a continuation method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01407870
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  • 15
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    Maximale Konvergenzordnung bei der numerischen Lösung von Anfangswertproblemen mit Splines (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 39 (1982), S. 449-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 65L65 ; CR: 5.17 ; AMS (MOS): 65L65 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In [10] a general procedureV is presented to obtain spline approximations by collocation for the solutions of initial value problems for first order ordinary differential equations. In this paper the attainable order of convergence with respect to the maximum norm is characterized in dependence of the parameters involved inV; in particular the appropriate choice of the collocation points is considered.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In [10] ist ein allgemeines VerfahrenV beschrieben, das die Lösungen von Anfangswertproblemen bei gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung durch Splines approximiert. Die Konstruktion der Splines erfolgt hierbei mittels Kollokation. In dieser Arbeit wird die maximal erreichbare Konvergenzordnung vonV bezüglich der Maximumnorm in Abhängigkeit aller Parameter vonV charakterisiert, insbesondere wird auf die geeignete Wahl der Kollokationsknoten eingegangen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01407875
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  • 16
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    Über die Effektivität einiger nichtlinearer Verfahren bei der numerischen Behandlung steifer Differentialgleichungssysteme (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 40 (1982), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The stability and accuracy of some explicit nonlinear methods for the numerical integration of stiff systems of ordinary differential equations are investigated. It is shown, that in the general case they can produce the essential error. The special class of stiff systems is singled out, for which these methods are highly efficient. Some numerical results are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01400537
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  • 17
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    Discretization of multiparameter eigenvalue problems (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 40 (1982), S. 319-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 65J05, 65L15 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Although multiparameter eigenvalue problems, as for example Mathieu's differential equation, have been known for a long time, so far no work has been done on the numerical treatment of these problems. So in this paper we extend the spectral theory for one parameter (cf. [7, II, VII]) to multiparameter eigenvalue problmes, formulate in the framework of discrete approximation a convergent numerical treatment, establish algebraic bifurcation equations for the intersection points of the eigenvalue curves and illustrate this with some numerical examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01396449
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  • 18
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    The finite element method for parabolic equations (1982)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 40 (1982), S. 373-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30, 65M20 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We extend in this paper the analysis of a posteriori estimates of the space discretization error presented in a previous paper [3] for time-independent space meshes. In the context of the model problem studied there, results are given relating the effectiveness of the error estimator to properties of the solution, space meshes, and manner in which the meshes change. A procedure based upon this theory is presented for the adaptive construction of time-dependent meshes. The results of some computational experiments show that this procedure is practically very effective and suggest that it can be used to control the space discretization error in more general problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01396452
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Second-order conditions for an exact penalty function (1980)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 19 (1980), S. 178-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Exact Penalty Function ; Constrained Optimization ; Piecewise Differentiable
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we give first- and second-order conditions to characterize a local minimizer of an exact penalty function. The form of this characterization gives support to the claim that the exact penalty function and the nonlinear programming problem are closely related. In addition, we demonstrate that there exist arguments for the penalty function from which there are no descent directions even though these points are not minimizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581639
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  • 20
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    A polynomially bounded algorithm for a singly constrained quadratic program (1980)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 18 (1980), S. 338-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Convex Programming ; Quadratic Programming ; Singly Constrained Quadratic Program
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a characterization of the solutions of a singly constrained quadratic program. This characterization is then used in the development of a polynomially bounded algorithm for this class of problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588328
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  • 21
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    Nonlinear programming via an exact penalty function: Asymptotic analysis (1982)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 24 (1982), S. 123-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Programming ; Exact Penalty Methods ; Successive Quadratic Programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the final stage of a ‘global’ method to solve the nonlinear programming problem. We prove 2-step superlinear convergence. In the process of analyzing this asymptotic behavior, we compare our method (theoretically) to the popular successive quadratic programming approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01585100
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  • 22
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    On the integration of stiff systems of O.D.E.s using extended backward differentiation formulae (1980)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 235-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A class of extended backward differentiation formulae suitable for the approximate numerical integration of stiff systems of first order ordinary differential equations is derived. An algorithm is described whereby the required solution is predicted using a conventional backward differentiation scheme and then corrected using an extended backward differentiation scheme of higher order. This approach allows us to developL-stable schemes of order up to 4 andL(α)-stable schemes of order up to 9. An algorithm based on the integration formulae derived in this paper is illustrated by some numerical examples and it is shown that it is often superior to certain existing algorithms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01396701
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  • 23
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    An approximation theorem for second-order evolution equations (1980)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 127-142 
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    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 34G05, 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A class of approximation schemes of arbitrary accuracy, generated by a two-step recurrence relation, is devised for evolution equations of the second order. The schemes are effected via a specially constructed family of rational approximations to cos τ for τ≧0 and yield computationally efficient methods for systems of second-order ordinary differential equations and semidiscrete approximations for initial-boundary value problems for second-order hyperbolic equations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01396311
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  • 24
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    Méthodes multipas pour des équations paraboliques non linéaires (1980)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 143-162 
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    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65M15, 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We study the error due to the discretization in time of a nonlinear parabolic problem by a multistep method. Error estimates are obtained if the method is of the orderp (p〉1) and stronglyA(Θ)-stable $$\left( {0〈 \Theta〈 \frac{\pi }{2}} \right)$$ . The method is also applied to the Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01396312
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  • 25
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    Enlarging the domain of convergence for multiple shooting by the homotopy method (1980)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 231-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L10 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The homotopy method is a frequently used technique in overcoming the local convergence nature of multiple shooting. In this paper sufficient conditions are given that guarantee the homotopy process to be feasible. The results are applicable to a class of two-point boundary value problems. Finally, the numerical solution of two practical problems arising in physiology is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01396319
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  • 26
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    Une méthode multipas implicite-explicite pour l'approximation des équations d'évolution paraboliques (1980)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 257-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS) ; 65M10 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Considérons une équation d'évolution parabolique linéaire associée à un opérateur linéaireA(t) dépendant du tempst. Nous développons dans cet article une méthode de discrétisation, basée sur les méthodes linéaires à pas multiples, traitant de manière implicite une partie de l'opérateurA(t) indépendante du temps, l'autre partie est traitée de manière explicite. Nous étudions la stabilité et la convergence de cette méthode.
    Notes: Summary Let us consider a linear parabolic equation which is associated with a time dependent operatorA(t). In this paper, we present a method, which is founded on linear multistep methods, which discretize a time-independent part of the operatorA(t) in an implicit way, and the other part in an explicit way. We study stability and convergence for this method.
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    Mixed finite elements in ℝ3 (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 315-341 
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    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS) ; 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We present here some new families of non conforming finite elements in ℝ3. These two families of finite elements, built on tetrahedrons or on cubes are respectively conforming in the spacesH(curl) andH(div). We give some applications of these elements for the approximation of Maxwell's equations and equations of elasticity.
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    A mixed finite element approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 381-404 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We study in this paper the convergence of a new mixed finite element approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations. This approximation uses low order Lagrange elements, leads to optimal order of convergence for the velocity and the pressure, and induces an efficient numerical algorithm for the solution of this problem.
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    An approximation technique for the numerical solution of a Stefan problem (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 38 (1982), S. 141-154 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 35 A 40 ; 35 K 05 ; 65 N 15 ; 65 K 05 ; 80 A 20 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A nonlinear approximation technique for the numerical solution of certain free boundary problems is proposed. The method is shown for a degenerate one-dimensional Stefan problem. For this problem, an error estimate, which is independent of the used algorithm, is derived. Numerical examples are discussed.
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    On improving the absolute stability of local extrapolation (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 40 (1982), S. 329-337 
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    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A widely used technique for improving the accuracy of solutions of initial value problems in ordinary differential equations is local extrapolation. It is well known, however, that when using methods appropriate for solving stiff systems of ODES, the stability of the method can be seriously degraded if local extrapolation is employed. This is due to the fact that performing local extrapolation on a low order method is equivalent to using a higher order formula and this high order formula may not be suitable for solving stiff systems. In the present paper a general approach is proposed whereby the correction term added on in the process of local extrapolation is in a sense a rational, rather than a polynomial, function. This approach allows high order formulae with bounded growth functions to be developed. As an example we derive anA-stable rational correction algorithm based on the trapezoidal rule. This new algorithm is found to be efficient when low accuracy is requested (say a relative accuracy of about 1%) and its performance is compared with that of the more familiar Richardson extrapolation method on a large set of stiff test problems.
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    The finite element method for parabolic equations (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 40 (1982), S. 339-371 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; 65M20 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In this first of two papers, computable a posteriori estimates of the space discretization error in the finite element method of lines solution of parabolic equations are analyzed for time-independent space meshes. The effectiveness of the error estimator is related to conditions on the solution regularity, mesh family type, and asymptotic range for the mesh size. For clarity the results are limited to a model problem in which piecewise linear elements in one space dimension are used. The results extend straight-forwardly to systems of equations and higher order elements in one space dimension, while the higher dimensional case requires additional considerations. The theory presented here provides the basis for the analysis and adaptive construction of time-dependent space meshes, which is the subject of the second paper. Computational results show that the approach is practically very effective and suggest that it can be used for solving more general problems.
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    Die mehrstellenformeln für den Laplaceoperator (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 171-187 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N05 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Difference methods for the numerical solution of linear partial differential equations may often be improved by using a weighted right hand side instead of the original right hand side of the differential equation. Difference formulas, for which that is possible, are called “Mehrstellenformeln’ or Hermitian formulas. In this paper the Hermitian formulas for the approximation of Laplace's operator are characterized by a very simple condition. We prove, that in two-dimensional case for a Hermitian formula of ordern at leastn+3 discretization points are necessary. We give examples of such optimal formulas of arbitrary high-order.
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    Effective computation of periodic orbits and bifurcation diagrams in delay equations (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 457-467 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L05, 65Q05 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary By employing a numerical method which uses only rather classical tools of Numerical Analysis such as Newton's method and routines for ordinary differential equations, unstable periodic solutions of differential-difference equations can be computed. The method is applied to determine bifurcation diagrams with backward bifurcation.
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    A finite element method for the Tricomi problem (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 13-20 
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    Keywords: AMS (MOS): primary 65M05 ; 65M10 ; 65M15 ; secondary: 35M05 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We consider the numerical solution of the Tricomi problem. Using a weak formulation based on different spaces of test and trial functions, we construct a new Galerkin procedure for the Tricomi problem. Existence, uniqueness, and uniform stability of the approximate solution is proven, and a priori error bounds are given.
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    Deferred corrections using uncentered end formulas (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 21-33 
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    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65B05 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The trapezoidal rule with deferred corrections using uncentered end formulas is shown to converge. While the proof technique is more specialized than the standard asymptotic expansion approach, it has some advantages. In addition to providing a more complete theoretical justification for current implementations of deferred corrections with the trapezoidal rule, the approach given here will hopefully apply for several other discretization methods.
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    Unconditionally stable explicit methods for parabolic equations (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 57-68 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L05 ; 65M20 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary This paper discussesrational Runge-Kutta methods for stiff differential equations of high dimensions. These methods are explicit and in addition do not require the computation or storage of the Jacobian. A stability analysis (based onn-dimensional linear equations) is given. A second orderA 0-stable method with embedded error control is constructed and numerical results of stiff problems originating from linear and nonlinear parabolic equations are presented.
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    On the design of high order exponentially fitted formulae for the numerical integration of stiff systems (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 253-266 
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    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65LO5 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Single step exponentially fitted integration formulae of orders 4 and 6 are derived. The final approximation to the required solution is obtained via a linear combination of asymptotically less accurate solutions obtained using conventional implicit integration formulae. This linear combination is performed in such a way that the final integration formula, as well as having an increased order of accuracy, integrates a certain pre-determined ordinary differential equation exactly. The algorithms developed are illustrated by means of some numerical examples.
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    The indicatrix method in free boundary problems (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 38 (1982), S. 39-52 
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    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): Primary 65L10 ; Secondary 35R35 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary An approximate method for nonlinear problems with functional constraints is considered, in which the constraint in the whole domain is replaced by the constraint on a manifold of lower dimension. The stability criterion is introduced, and convergence theorems are proved for the onedimensional problem. Numerical results for the elastic-plastic torsion problem are given.
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    Existence and approximation results for nonlinear mixed problems: Application to incompressible finite elasticity (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 38 (1982), S. 365-382 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary This paper considers the problems of minimizing Gateaux-differentiable functionals over subsets of real Banach spaces defined by a non-linear equality constraint. The existence of a Lagrange multiplier is proved, together with approximation results on the constrained subset, provided a nonlinear compatibility condition, generalizing the classical inf-sup condition, is satisfied. These ideas are applied to equilibrium problems in incompressible finite elasticity and lead to convergence results for these problems.
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    A note onC o Galerkin methods for two-point boundary problems (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 38 (1982), S. 447-453 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS) 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary As is known [4]. theC o Galerkin solution of a two-point boundary problem using piecewise polynomial functions, hasO(h 2k ) convergence at the knots, wherek is the degree of the finite element space. Also, it can be proved [5] that at specific interior points, the Gauss-Legendre points the gradient hasO(h k+1) convergence, instead ofO(h k ). In this note, it is proved that on any segment there arek−1 interior points where the Galerkin solution is ofO(h k+2), one order better than the global order of convergence. These points are the Lobatto points.
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    On the stability of backward differentiation methods (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 38 (1982), S. 467-471 
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    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS) 65L20 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The approximation of linear systemsy′=−A(t)y+b(t) by backward differentiation methods up to order 5 is considered. It is proved that the error does not increase if the real symmetric matrixA(t) is positive definite andA′(t) is negative semi-definite.
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    Approximation of Hopf bifurcation (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 39 (1982), S. 15-37 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65 N 30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We make several assumptions on a nonlinear evolution problem, ensuring the existence of a Hopf bifurcation. Under a fairly general approximation condition, we define a discrete problem which retains the bifurcation property and we prove an error estimate between the branches of exact and approximate periodic solutions.
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    The numerical solutions of interface problems by infinite element method (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 39 (1982), S. 39-50 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In this paper we derive error estimates for infinite element method used in the approximation of solutions of interface problems. Furthermore, approximations of stress intensity factors are given. The infinite element method may be considered as a certain scheme of mesh refinement, but it has the advantages that the refinement is easy to be constructed that the stiffness matrix can be calculated efficiently, and that an approximate solution which has a singularity at the singular point can be also obtained.
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    Exact bounds for the solution branches of nonlinear eigenvalue problems (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 29-40 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N25 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A method is constructed which yields a strip containing the full solution sets of nonlinear eigenvalue problems of the formu=λTu. The strip can be narrowed iteratively, and the method applies for both stable and unstable branches. Its high degree of accuracy is demonstrated by numerical examples. In particular, a lower bound is given for the critical value at which criticality is lost in the thermal ignition problem for the unit ball.
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    Analysis of finite element methods for second order boundary value problems using mesh dependent norms (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 41-62 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new approach to the analysis of finite element methods based onC 0-finite elements for the approximate solution of 2nd order boundary value problems in which error estimates are derived directly in terms of two mesh dependent norms that are closely ralated to theL 2 norm and to the 2nd order Sobolev norm, respectively, and in which there is no assumption of quasi-uniformity on the mesh family. This is in contrast to the usual analysis in which error estimates are first derived in the 1st order Sobolev norm and subsequently are derived in theL 2 norm and in the 2nd order Sobolev norm — the 2nd order Sobolev norm estimates being obtained under the assumption that the functions in the underlying approximating subspaces lie in the 2nd order Sobolev space and that the mesh family is quasi-uniform.
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    Splineapproximationen von beliebigem Defekt zur numerischen Lösung gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen. Teil III (1980)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 143-154 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L65 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In the first part [1] a general procedure is presented to obtain polynomial spline approximations for the solutions of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations; furthermore a divergence theorem is proved there. Sufficient conditions for convergence of the method are given in the second part [2]. The remaining case which has not been considered in [1] and [2] is treated in the present paper. In this special case the procedure is equivalent to an unstable two-step method with special initial values; nevertheless, convergence can be proved. Finally,A 0-stability of the method as well as the influence of rounding errors are investigated.
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    Iterative solutions of nonlinear initial value differential equations in Chebyshev series using Lie series (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 1-13 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 34A45, 34A50, 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In this paper Lie series are presented in Chebyshev form and applied to the iterative solution of initial value problems in differential equations. The resulting method, though algebraically complicated, is of theoretical interest as a generalisation of Taylor series methods and iterative Chebyshev methods. The theory of the method is discussed and the solutions of some simple scalar equations are analysed to illustrate the behaviour of the process.
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    A method of characteristics solving the initial-boundary value problem of a hyperbolic differential equation of second order (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 217-234 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65M25, 35L20 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The ALGOL-procedure1 char2 presented in this paper can be applied to the initial or initial-boundary value problem of a quasilinear hyperbolic differential equation of second order. A method of characteristics is combined with extrapolation to the limit. Thus, the results are very accurate. The same accuracy can also be obtained if the initial values are only piecewise smooth.
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    Finite dimensional approximation of nonlinear problems (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 1-25 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65 N 30 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We begin in this paper the study of a general method of approximation of solutions of nonlinear equations in a Banach space. We prove here an abstract result concerning the approximation of branches of nonsingular solutions. The general theory is then applied to the study of the convergence of two mixed finite element methods for the Navier-Stokes and the von Kármán equations.
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    Convergence of the nonconforming Wilson element for arbitrary quadrilateral meshes (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 33-52 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A modified variational formulation, recently introduced by Taylor, Beresford and Wilson for solving second order problems, using the nonconforming Wilson element is here analysed. It is shown that the Patch Test is satisfied and that stresses and displacements are respectively first and second order accurate for arbitrary quadrilateral meshes.
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    Numerical solution of steady-state porous flow free boundary problems (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 73-98 
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    Keywords: AMS: 35R35, 65P05, 76S05 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A new numerical method is used to solve stationary free boundary problems for fluid flow through porous media. The method also applies to inhomogeneous media, and to cases with a partial unsaturated flow.
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    A finite element lumped mass scheme for solving eigenvalue problems of circular arches (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 267-290 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we present a finite element lumped mass scheme for eigenvalue problems of circular arch structures, and give error estimates for the approximation. They assert that approximate eigenvalues and eigenfuctions converge to the exact ones. Some numerical examples are also given to illustrate our results.
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    A note onB-stability of Runge-Kutta methods (1980)
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 319-331 
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    Keywords: AMS (MOS) ; 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Burrage and Butcher [1, 2] and Crouzeix [4] introduced for Runge-Kutta methods the concepts ofB-stability,BN-stability and algebraic stability. In this paper we prove that for any irreducible Runge-Kutta method these three stability concepts are equivalent.
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    Finite dimensional approximation of nonlinear problems (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 38 (1982), S. 1-30 
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    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In the first two papers of this series [4, 5], we have studied a general method of approximation of nonsingular solutions and simple limit points of nonlinear equations in a Banach space. We derive here general approximation results of the branches of solutions in the neighborhood of a simple bifurcation point. The abstract theory is applied to the Galerkin approximation of nonlinear variational problems and to a mixed finite element approximation of the von Kármán equations.
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    Éléments finis mixtes incompressibles pour l'équation de Stokes dans ℝ3 (1982)
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    Numerische Mathematik 39 (1982), S. 97-112 
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    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We introduce some new families of finite element approximation for the stationary Stokes and Navier Stokes equations in a bounded domain in ℝ3. These elements can used tetahedrons or cubes. The approximation satisfie exactly the incompressibility condition.
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    Large-scale preparation of a lectin from sunn hemp seeds (Crotalaria juncea) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for large-scale preparation of a lectin from Crotalaria juncea seeds is described. The method involve fractionation by pH- and ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by biospecific affinity chromatography. The adsorbent used for the affinity chromatography was prepared by coupling galactose to Sepharose 6B activated with divinylsulfone. A comparison of different apparatus and techniques involved in the preparation is discussed. The yield and quality of the lectin prepared at a large scale were comparable with laboratory-scale preparation. From 50 kg Crotalaria juncea beans, 14.4 g Crotalaria lectin were obtained.
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    Model of growth and ergot alkaloid production by Claviceps purpurea (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 255-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A growth model for Claviceps purpurea in submerged batch culture is presented. In developing the model, the basic principles of the growth and the morphological properties of C. purpurea are considered. The growth of C. purpurea is assumed to occur in a three-step manner; the first step involves the assimilation and the growth of cells; the second one involves cell division, and the third one involves transformation of the mature cells to a state where they have no ability to divide but do have the ability to produce ergot alkaloids and then they gradually die. Inorganic phosphate is assumed to be the limiting substrate for the first and the second steps in conditions of carbon source being in excess. The model constants are determined by model simulation and graphical searching techniques to find the minimum value of the absolute difference between the experimental and the simulated curves for biomass, alkaloids, and sucrose.
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    Immobilization of β-galactosidase and other enzymes onto p-amino-carbanilated cellulose derivatives (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Galactosidase and other enzymes were immobilized on p-amino-carbanilated derivatives of cellulose and methylol cellulose using the diazo method and through glutaraldehyde. The optimum conditions for coupling cellulose tri-(p-amino-carbanilate) (CTAC) to β-galactosidase were established. The diazo coupling method with CTAC gave greater activity than with glutaraldehyde when coupled to β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). The stability of the CTAC-β-galactosidase system was examined. The disubstituted p-amino-carbanilate derivative (CDAC) gave a lower activity, whereas the methylol analog (MCTAC) gave slightly greater activity. The CTAC was also used to immobilize glucose oxidase, trypsin, pepsin, and papain.
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    Hydrophobic chromatography of β-galactosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 377-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrophobic interaction of β-galactosidase with Sepharose 4B substituted with 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine was studied in both batch and column experiments. The equilibrium and the binding rate constants were determined for different phosphate buffer concentrations. The equilibrium constants exhibit a hysteresis effect, i.e., desorption constants are less than adsorption constants, and the higher the ionic strength to start the desorption, the larger the effect. The rate data are not satisfactorily described by a simple reversible first-order model. The column chromatographic data are semiquantitatively described by a local equilibrium theory without axial dispersion or intraparticle diffusion.
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    Enzyme formation during solid-substrate fermentation in rotating vessels (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 411-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 was cultured on the solid substrate, wheat bran, in a modified Rollacell apparatus to produce α-galactosidase and invertase. The swivel cap on the elongated bottle permits the introduction of air while the bottle rotates. Parameters of air flow rate (0.05-0.2 liter/kg/min), rpm (0.15-15 rpm), and weight of solids (150 and 300 g) were varied. At low air flow rates (0.05 liter/kg solid/min), α-galactosidase production was minimal independent of the rotation rate. At 0.15 rpm and 0.2 liter/kg solids/min air flow rate, invertase production ceased after five days; whereas α-galactosidase production continued. The modified Rollacell can be a useful apparatus for studying solid-substrate cultures.
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    Temperature and pH dependence of mold α-galactosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 505-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of temperature and pH on kinetic behavior of α-galactosidase of Mortierella vinacea was investigated on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG). A very unusual kinetic behavior was observed for the soluble α-galactosidase i.e., substrate inhibition diminished gradually with increasing temperature or near the neutral pH range, and the kinetics approached the ordinary Michaelis-Menten (MM) type. On the other hand, with decreasing temperature or in acidic pH range, substrate inhibition was accelerated. Therefore, Arrhenius plots based on the initial reaction rate did not give straight lines. Furthermore, the slope in the Arrhenius plot changed with substrate concentration, which would make the determination of a characteristic value using conventional methods meaningless. However, the Arrhenius plots of individual kinetic parameters in the rate equation resulted in straight lines in the temperature range 15 to 50°C. From this, the drastic change in kinetic behavior could be explained in connection with the temperature and pH dependence of kinetic parameters in the model. For mold pellets (whole-cell enzyme), however, the influence of temperature and pH was less apparent than that of soluble enzyme because of the limitation in intraparticle diffusion. By using the rate equation that was determined for soluble enzyme and the theoretically derived effectiveness factor, the overall reaction rate for mold pellets at various temperature and pH could be predicted to some extent.
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    Optimization of the production of progesterone 11α-hydroxylase by Rhizopus nigricans (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 555-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The progesterone 11α-hydroxylase of Rhizopus nigricans ATCC 6227b is an inducible enzyme system that is primarily induced by its substrate progesterone. Maximum induction was found at a progesterone concentration of 0.5 g/liter or above. Oxygen is the other substrate for the hydroxylation and this was found to have a major effect on the amounts of hydroxylase synthesized. Optimum induction of the hydroxylase in a fermentation with a 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed was found to occur at a dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) of 10% of air saturation. The agitation rate also effects the amount of hydroxylase synthesized with an apparent maximum at 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed. The DOT for a maximum hydroxylation rate was much higher than for enzyme synthesis so that it was preferable to increase the DOT after induction was completed.
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    Growth of yeast on n-alkanes. II. Batch experiments (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 615-637 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper the results of the Monte Carlo simulations as described in an earlier paper are compared with those of batch experiments. A number of batch experiments were carried out at a low inoculation rate so that only a fraction of the oil drops were inoculated. Under these conditions the effect of the segregation of the oil phase is more clearly demonstrated. Special attention is paid to the preparation of actively growing yeast cells with which the cultures is inoculated. Also a method is developed to estimate the amount of actively growing cells with which the culture is inoculated. The other parameters necessary for the Monte Carlo simulation are measured in separate experiments: the maximum growth rate of the cells, oil drop size, and the drop parameters. Finally the growth curves (measured in the batch experiments) are compared with those calculated with the Monte Carlo procedure. A good agreement is found.
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    Mechanism of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Effects of major structural features of cellulose on enzymatic hydrolysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 177-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis is affected by the structural features of cellulosic materials. It has been suggested that the crystallinity and surface area of cellulose fibers are the most important structural features in this regard. This study investigated in depth the relative effects of these two structural features upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and the change of the structural parameters of cellulose during the course of hydrolysis. It was found that the hydrolysis rate is mainly dependent upon the fine structural order of cellulose which can best be represented by the crystallinity rather than the simple surface area. Monitoring the changes in the structural parameters during the course of reaction showed that surface area is not a major limiting factor that slows hydrolysis in its late stages as has been suggested. This information concerning structural features is used to elucidate the mode of action of cellulase.
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    Simple device for the spectrophotometric assay of immobilized enzymesThis work was presented at the September 30, 1977 meeting of the New Mexico Academy of Science at Silver City, New Mexico. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 227-229 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Reactivation of “irreversibly” denaturated enzymes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Growth energetics in the production of bacterial single cell protein from Methanol (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 353-362 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacteria grown on methanol exhibit a poor efficiency of energy conservation, which is mainly due to the low P/O ratio of 1 associated with methanol oxidation. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that a P/O ratio of at least 2 is possible for this step in substrate oxidation. This low efficiency of energy conservation is reflected in the yield values on methanol, which are very important in the consideration of biomass production from methanol. Unfortunately in continuous culture there is no obvious way to select for organisms with a greater efficiency of energy conservation.
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    Growth and anthocyanin production by carrot suspension cultures grown under chemostat conditions with phosphate as the limiting nutrient (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 337-352 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemostat cultures of carrot suspension cultures, where growth was limited by the concentration of phosphate in the input medium, were achieved by replacing a fixed proportion of the culture with fresh medium at daily intervals. In the range 0.05-0.30mM phosphate in the input medium and at a specific growth rate of 0.357 days-1, steady-state culture density but not anthocyanin in the cells was strictly proportional to the input phosphate concentration with no intercept. At a phosphate concentration of 0.10mM and growth rates from 0.105 to 0.430 days-1, the steady-state culture density could not be described by Monod's model of chemostat cultures, but could be described by Nyholm's model. The steady-state levels of anthocyanin were not strictly proportional to the steady-state biomass under all conditions, showing that anthocyanin production is not completely growth associated.
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    Growth kinetics under adenine-limiting conditions of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth kinetics of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain, was investigated under adenine-limiting conditions. The concentration of adenine (the limiting substrate for cell growth) in the culture filtrate remained constant during the stationary phase. In this phase, DNA turnover was active and the DNA content per cell was constant throughout the cultivation period. When cells were transferred to medium without adenine, the cell concentration began to decrease immediately and then reached a constant level due to the supply of adenine from lysing to growing cells. The rates of degradation of cells and DNA were both found to be 0.2 hr-1. An equation for cell growth in this pseudostationary phase was obtained by combining Contois' equation, in which the apparent saturation constant was a function of the cell concentration, with a term for cell degradation. This equation satisfactorily expressed the feature of cell growth and adenine consumption by B. subtilis KYA 741 under adenine-limiting conditions.
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    Enzymatic biosynthesis of cephalexin (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1237-1247 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction kinetics of the enzymatic of cephalexin from 7-aminodea-cetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester was studied using the synthesizing enzyme obtained from Xanthomonas citri. The activation energy, Km value for 7-aminodeacetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester, and Ki value for phenylglycine methylester were determined as 8.63 kcal/mol, 3.7mM, 14.5mM, and 70mM, respectively. The enzyme was found to be constitutive and susceptible to deactivation.
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    Introduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1295-1296 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Estimation of diffusion coefficients of proteins (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 947-955 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation for estimating the diffusion coefficients of protein molecules is presented. The correlation is based upon literature values of the protein diffusion coefficients and molal volumes for 143 proteins. The correlation can be used for the estimation of diffusion coefficients using only molecular weight. Accuracy is such that a linear regression on 301 proteins showed 75% of the diffusion coefficients estimated fell within 20% of the experimental values. The relationship between this correlation, the Stokes-Einstein equation, and the Wilke-Chang correlation is discussed.
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    Surface aeration in a small, agitated, and sparged vessel (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 981-993 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a recent publication, a technique was outlined for measuring surface aeration rates in an agitated vessels while sparging, and it was shown that surface aeration rates fall rapidly with increasing sparge rates. That work was conducted in a 0.61 m diam vessels. The work reported here was done in a small vessel (0.22 m diam) where surface aeration has been reported to be of particular significance. In general, the results obtained in the small vessel confirmed those in the large one and in addition were generally in good agreement with those recently published elsewhere for an almost identical geometry. For typical practical power inputs and sparge rates, the rate of surface aeration was never more than 20% of the sparge rate and generally less than 5%. These results indicate that surface aeration is of considerably less importance than has generally been believed following the findings of workers who estimated its effect by comparing KLa values under unsparged conditions with those when sparging.
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    Enhancement of cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis by simultaneous wet milling (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1025-1036 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown that the rate of enzymatic saccharification of cellulosic materials including “pure” cellulose (Whatman CF-11 cellulose), newsprint, lignocellulose (prehydrolyzed to remove hemicelluloses), and wood can be substantially increased by simultaneous wet milling. An enhanced hydrolysis rate was sustained above that observed for ball milling: providing a more extensive saccharification. The cellulosic substrates were wet milled with a variety of grinding elements, such as sand, glass beads, and stainless-steel beads, agitated in a shaker bath. Simultaneous hydrolysis was achieved with a 2% substrate slurry in a 0.1M acetate buffer at 45°C and pH 5. The effectiveness of this process was dependent upon the lignified matrix of the cellulose microfibrils, the grinding elements, and the oscillation frequency of the shaker bath. Wet milling “pure” cellulose for 48 hr, with 3.5 mm glass beads and 200 oscillations/min (opm), yielded 1031 mg reducing sugar/g substrates (93% saccharification) as compared to 483 mg (44%) for the ball-milled sample and 253 mg (23%) for the unmilled material. With the lignified substrates stainless-steel beads (3.5 mm) were more effective than glass. For lignocellulose 529 mg sugar/g substrate (93% saccharification) could be obtained by wet milling with cellulase for 24 hr. This was about three times greater than that of the ball milled (169 mg, 30%) and 10 times greater than that of the unmilled (52 mg, 9%) substrates. The method was also effective for wood particles (60 mesh) giving 143 mg sugar/g wood (approximately 38% saccharification) in 48 hr, whereas the ball-milled sample gave only 79 mg (21%) and the unmlilled substrate 38 mg (10%). These observations can be explained on the basis of the current crystalline theory for the morphology of the cellulosic microfibrils. The advantage of wet milling and simultaneous hydrolysis apparently depends on a continuous generation of accessible sites and sustained rapid hydrolysis rate as the saccharification proceeds, where in the pretreated substrates the hydrolysis rate slow down as the active sites are reduced.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220601
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    Purification and immobilization of Aspergillus niger β-xylosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1127-1142 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Xylosidase from a commercial Aspergillus niger preparation was purified by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation and either gel permeation or cation exchange chromatography, giving 16-fold purification in 32% yield for the first technique or 27-fold purification in 19% yield for the second. The second method in addition almost completely removed interfering β-glucosidase activity. Enzymes prepared by this method was immobilized to 10 different carriers, but only when it was bound to alumina with TiCl4 and to alkylamine porous silica with glutaraldehyde were substantial efficiencies and stabilities achieved. With alumina, the variation of activation procedure, amount of β-xylosidase offered, and activation solution composition yielded maximum activities of over 40 U/g with approximately 70% immobilization efficiency. Variation of binding pH and incubation time led to a maximum immobilized activity of 1.3 U/g with 78% immobilization efficiency on silica.
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    Immobilized yeast cells with methanol oxidase activity: Preparation and enzymatic properties (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1155-1173 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cells form the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (ATCC 26012) were successfully immobilized by entrapment in a polyacrylamide gel. The resulting gel showed high methanol oxidase activity especially after treatment with a detergent (CTAB). The enzymatic properties of the gel-entrapped cell were not very different from that of the soluble enzyme except that no inhibition was observed at high methanol concentration. In continuous reactors, the gel-entrapped cells showed a much higher stability than other enzyme preparations. The inactivation mechanism was investigated and proved to be the oxidation of essential SH group(s) of the methanol oxidase molecule by hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with β-mercaptoethanol prevented inactivation or regenerated activity.
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    Polymethylglutamate as a new matrix for covalently immobilized enzymes: Preparation and properties of urease and uricase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1225-1235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polymethylglutamate (PMG), a synthetic polypeptide, was used as a new carrier to immobilize urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) by the azide method. The enzymes could be immobilized onto PMG in various forms, such as film, fiber, coating on various beads, and a silicon tube. The retained activities of the immobilized enzymes were excellent (more than 95%), therefore it was possible to immobilized almost all activities of the enzymes added in the coupling mixtures. Heat stabilities of the resulting immobilized enzymes were markedly improved, while the optimal pH and Km values remained almost unchanged. The urease immobilized on the PMG-coated glass beads packed in a column, was found to retain its activity more than 80% of the initial value, even after the occasional use for a year. In view of the improved retained activities and stabilities of the immobilized enzymes, PMG may therefore be a very versatile matrix for the immobilized enzymes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220609
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    Microcalorimetry of microorganism metabolism of monosaccharides and simple aromatic compounds (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1249-1269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat conduction solution enable rapid determination of the heats of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of substrate by microorganisms. Aliquots of 1.0 ml cell suspension, 5 × 109 cell/ml, were mixed with a few dozen nmol substrate contained in 0.5 ml, under a controlled atmosphere of air, O2, or N2. At these substrate concentration, with adapted microorganisms, metabolism and its heat generation are usually complete within 300 to 600 sec. The raw data yield ΔHapp values. The ΔHapp were determined in the range 0.001 to 0.010% substrate, and extrapolated (limit substrate concentration →0), to yield Δ0H̄, the limiting differential molar heat of metabolism. The Δ0H̄ values express the heat generated when there is rapid metabolism but little new growth, minimal contribution by H+ transfer from metabolites, and maintenance of aerobicity or anaerobicity as specified. Escherichiacoli B/5 was used for aerobic and anaerobic combustion of eight sugars. Pseudomonas multivorans, and an Acinetobacter, strain B-1, were used for aerobic metabolism of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and a methylnaphthalene. The larger heats of combustion of the hydrocarbons enable the use of aqueous solutions of hydrocarbons well below their solubility limits. The quotient Δ0H̄/n (n = atoms carbon/molecule substrate) varies from (-)36 to (-)67 kcal/mol carbon for the sugars. The most reduced sugar yields the largest exothermic heats. The quotient varies from (-)27 to (-)81 kcal/mol carbon for the aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparison of the calorimetric heats of metabolism of those from total aerobic combustion in aquo (where available) give measure of the efficiencies with which the heat contents of the aqueous substrate are used by the bacteria.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220611
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  • 80
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    Bacillus sphaericus for the control of mosquitoes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1335-1355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From 1972 to 1977 a large laboratory effort was devoted to determining data on efficacy, safety, environmental impact (on nontarget organisms), and some preliminary field work using several isolates of Bacillus sphaericus. The B. sphaericus strains were found to be specific in their mosquito larvicidal activity, not causing mammalian toxicity nor apparent perturbation of the environment. During this period several fermentation and industrialization problems were investigated so that by 1978, using new strains and cultures, it was possible to have prepared kilogram amounts of an active dry stable powder, of strain 1593, for field evaluation. These field evolution. These field evaluations are presently still in progress. Control has been seen particularly against Culex, Anopheles, and Psorophora species, with some what less control aganst Aedes species. Unlike the agriculturally oriented Bacillus thuringiensis candidates, B. sphaericus bacterial cell, which is digested in the larval midgut (within a peritrophic membrane), releasing a toxin as early as 15 min after ingestion. Subsequent death of the larva ensues. Recent evidence suggests that applied B. sphaericus powder will survive in aquatic situations (ditches, ponds, and tree holes) for at least nine month. Comparisons of the B. sphaeicus strains with recently isolated strains of B. thuringiensis (var. israelensis), the latter being particularly active against Aedes species, indicates that they may be useful complements of each other in overall mosquito control strategies. The recent isolation of several new strains of B. thuringiensis, from WHO-CCBC accessions from Roumania, indicate that although the B. thuringiensis isolate is a rare event when compared to the occurrence of B. sphaericus isolates (they usually occur together in accessions from which B. thuringiensis is isolated), several new useful strains of B. thuringiensis should be anticipated. The longevity of the B. thuringiensis strains in the wild has not yet been investigated.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220705
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  • 81
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    Partial acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials as a pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1449-1463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partial acid hydrolysis was studied as a per treatment to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis, such a pretreatment was carried out in a continuous flow reactor on oak corn Stover, newsprint, and Solka Floc at temperatures ranging from 160 to 220°C, acid concentration ranging from 0 to 1.2%, and a fixed treatment time of 0.22 min. The resulting slurries and solids were than hydrolyzed with Trichoderma ressei QM 9414 cellulase at 50°C for 48 hr. For all substrates except Solka Floc, increased glucose yields were achieved during enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated materials as compared to hydrolysis of the original substrate. In several cases, after pretreatment, 100° of the potential glucose content of the substrate was converted to glucose after 24hr of enzymatic hydrolysis. It is felt that the increased glucose yields achieved after this pretreatment are due to acid's removal of hemicellulose, reduced degree of polymerization, and possibly due to a change in the crystal structure of the cellulose.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220711
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  • 82
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    Enzymatic modification of vegetable protein: Mechanism, kinetics, and production of soluble and partially soluble protein in a batch reactor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1543-1565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble soybean protein by a protease enzyme produced by Penicillium duponti K 1104, was investigated in a batch reactor. The reaction conditions were 30-55°C and pH 3.4-3.7. The mechanism of solubilization of the insoluble protein by the Penicillium duponti enzyme was deduced from a series of experiments. Kinetic models were developed that involved adsorption followed by peptic digestion of protein, inhibition of low-molecular-weight peptides, and enzyme deactivation. The uncoupled kinetic parameters were estimated using the Marquardt nonlinear parameter estimation algorithm. A bang-bang production of soluble and partially soluble protein is suggested for higher productivity. The essential amino acids pattern of the enzyme-Hydrolyzed soy protein was comparable with the unhydrolyzed protein isolate. Aggregation of the soluble protein for an extended time was observable. The low-molecular-weight soluble protein was incorporated into noncarbonated beverages. The amount of protein that could be incorporated into a can of 355 ml noncarbonated beverage, without observable changes in the optical density and also aggregation of the protein, was 2.5 g soluble protein. Beverages with caramel color showed excessive decrease in optical density and precipitation. The kinetics and diffusion in a multipore immobilized-enzyme recycle reactor will be considered in part II of this series.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220804
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  • 83
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    Energy requirements for the vacuferm processPrepared for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1749-1751 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220815
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    Criteria for multiple steady states in immobilized-enzyme systemsNCL communication No. 2512. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1759-1765 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220817
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  • 85
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    Simple model for the energetics of growth on substrates with different degrees of reduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 33-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple model is developed for the energy transformation in growing microbial systems. The model is based on a linear equation for ATP consumption in the processes of growth and maintenance. A combination of this equation with macroscopic balances for the various components, the systems exchanges with the environment, and application of the concepts of the elementary balance allow the derivation of linear equations for the exchange of substrate, oxygen, and carbon dioxide with the environment. For growth on one sole carbon and energy source the model allows the definition of a critical substrate yield are expected and below which is decreasing substrate yield and energy supply growth limitation are expected. This restriction can be interpreted in a variety of other ways. It supplies a rationale for non-energy-production-coupled transfer of hydrogen to oxygen or wasteful expenditure of ATP in growth on highly reduced substrates. It also allows the formulation of a limit to the maximum yield on oxygen that can never be exceeded in growth on highly reduced substrates.
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  • 86
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    Dynamic aspects of radiorespirometry during the cell cycle of Candida utilis: Some observations in phased culture under carbon-, nitrogen-, and phosphorus-limited growthNRCC NO. 17791. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 137-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many changes that occur in a cell during the cell cycle can be demonstrated in synchronous cultures and can reveal dimensions of cell metabolism not attainable by the study of balanced growth of asynchronous populations in batch cultures or the steady state in chemostat cultures. The release of 14CO2 from specifically labeled glucose by phased (continuously synchronized) cultures follows a characteristic pattern (profile) that depends upon the stage in the cell cycle and the period of labeling used. Successive profiles throughout a cycle showed differences that were altered under different nutrient-limiting growth conditions. Profiles obtained with glucose-1-14C, glucose-2-14C, glucose-3,4-14C, and glucose-6-14C and phased cells of Candida utilis under N-, P-, and C-limited growth demonstrated the variable character of the metabolic activity that occurred in the cells while contour changes within the profiles across the cycle indicated possible correlations with activities of the hexose monophosphate, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways during the cell cycle. The basis of these changes and their use as elementary parameters for study of problems of physiological changes in vivo are considered.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Experimental technique for multilayer enzyme immobilization (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 215-219 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220115
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  • 88
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    Response of a continuous culture of saccharomyces cerevisiae to variation of temperature (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220118
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  • 89
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220201
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  • 90
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    Enzyme electrode for phenol (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 299-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzyme electrode is described for quantitative determination of phenol at micromolar concentrations. Immobilized phenol hydroxylase is attached to the surface of a Clark oxygen electrode. The Maximum rate of oxygen consumption is linearly dependent on phenol concentration over the 0.5-50μM range. The electrode can be used for at least 150 assays without an activity loss. Readout is very rapid - within 30 sec of sample addition. The electrode response is independent of pH between pH 6.5 and 9.5. The response increases linearly with temperature in the interval 10-40°C. It is necessary to incubate the enzyme electrode in a buffer containing NADPH for a few minutes before the addition of sample. This is to make the electrode response independent of the diffusion rate of this cosubstrate. This and other diffusional effects on the performance of the phenol electrode are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220205
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  • 91
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    Stability of the Cellulase of Trichoderma reesei under use conditions (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 323-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzyme stability studies have been reinvestigated under the conditions used for cellulose hydrolysis (pH 4.8, 50°C, 24 hr). The cellobiohydrolase (CBH) component as measured on Avicel is less stable than other enzymes of the cellulase complex, and is 60% inactivated by merthiolate (and other Hg compounds) under the above conditions. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase is much more stable, and more resistant to merthiolate and other compounds. Under unshaken conditions the Avicelase of the Rutgers strain C 30 shows greater stability to heat than that of other available strains. Biocides must be selected not only for their ability to prevent contamination, but also for their compatibility with cellulases. Tetracycline and chlortetracycline are inexpensive, effective in very low concentrations, have no harmful effect on the enzymes, and are compatible with the yeasts that subsequently grow on the sugar solutions to produce alcohol. Attempts have been made to stabilize the enzymes by chemical modification in such a way as to maintain their solubility. Glutaraldehyde treatment greatly increased the enzyme size, lowered the pI values, and gave a slight shift in the pH activity curve. There was, unfortunately, no increase in enzyme stability, and the activity of enzymes on solid celluloses was adversely affected. Shaking greatly reduced the hydrolysis of Avicel by Trichoderma reesei C 30 enzyme. The adverse effect was accompanied by a decrease in recoverable enzyme and protein.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220207
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  • 92
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    Studies of growth conditions in wood for three white-rot fungi and their cellulaseless mutants (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 363-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: White-rot fungi, which have the ability to degrade all the wood components including lignin, are of great interest in biotechnological processes based on wood and other lignocellulosic materials. It was demonstrated earlier that enough lignin can be degraded to cause a decrease in the energy demand for production of thermomechanical pulp if wood chips are pretreated by cellulaseless mutants of white-rot fungi. This paper concerns the growth conditions in wood for three white-rot fungi and their cellulaseless mutants in order to determine optimal conditions for such pretreatment processes. The pH and temperature optima have been determined as well as the growth rate in wood. The results show that the growth rate in wood. at least for Cel 44 (a cellulaseless mutant of Sporotrichum pulverulentum), is not the rate-limiting step in delignification. From different mixtures of urea and NH4H2PO4 the optimal nitrogen source was determined for the mutants. The optimal C/N ratio was found to vary between 160/1 and 400/1. It is suggested that the lower the C/N ratio, the faster the growth. It was also demonstrated that both water- and acetone-extractable substances in wood supported the growth of cellulaseless mutants. When some glucose was added to the wood, the weight loss caused by Cel 44 increased. All these observations support earlier findings that lignin in wood cannot be degraded by white-rot fungi unless a more easily metabolizable carbon source is used simultaneously.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220210
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  • 93
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    Energetic efficiency of a microbial process with an external power input: Thermodynamic approach (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NO Abstract.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220217
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    Characteristics of hexadecane partition by the growth medium of Acinetobacter sp. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 495-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The partition of n-hexadecane in the spent growth medium of Acinetobacter sp. HOI-N was determined by measuring the increase in the relative aqueous solubility of 3H-hexadecane as compared to controls. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was proportional to the protein concentration. The specific solubility of hexadecane (nmol/mg protein) was analyzed by least-squares fitting yielding an average slope of 0.6 with a standard deviation of 0.3, indicating either nonequilibrium of hexadecane or physical aggregation of protein. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was concentration dependent yielding optically clear microemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of less than 1.4mM and macroemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of 1.4mM or greater. Preliminary results indicated that hexadecane and partitioned by a lipoprotein complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220303
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  • 95
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    New device for continuously monitoring the optical density of concentrated microbial cultures (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 639-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220312
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  • 96
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    Selective isolation of depressed mutants of an α-amylase yeast by the use of 2-deoxyglucose (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 651-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220314
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  • 97
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    Biomass ethanol as a chemical feedstock in the United States (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 677-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220318
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220401
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  • 99
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    Lactic acid fermentation of crude sorghum extract (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 757-777 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crude extract from sweet sorghum supplemented with vetch juice was utilized as the carbohydrate source for fermentative production of lactic acid. Fermentation of media containing 7%(w/v) total sugar was complex completed in 60-80 hr by Lactobacillus plantarum, product yield averaging 85%. Maximum acid production rates were dependent on pH, initial substrate distribution, and concentration, the rates varying from 2 to 5 g(liter·hr.) The lactic acid yield was lowered to 67% under limited medium supplementation. The fermented ammoniated product contained over eight times as much equivalent crude protein (N × 6.25) as the original medium. Unstructured kinetic models were developed for cell growth, lactic acid formation, and substrate consumption in batch fermentation. With the provision of experimentally determined kinetic parameters, the proposed models accurately the fermentation process.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220404
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  • 100
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    Use of the upflow sludge blanket (USB) reactor concept for biological wastewater treatment, especially for anaerobic treatment (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 699-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In recent years considerable effort has been made in the Netherlands toward the development of a more sophisticated anaerobic treatment process, suitable for treating low a strength wastes and for applications at liquid detention times of 3-4 hr. The efforts have resulted in new type of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process, which in recent 6 m3 pilot-plant experiments has shown to be capable of handling organic space loads of 15-40 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)·m-3/day at 3-8 hr liquid detention times. In the first 200 m3 full-scale plant of the UASB concept, organic space loadings of up to 16 kg COD·m-3/day could be treated satisfactorily at a detention times of 4 hr, using sugar beet waste as feed. The main results obtained with the process in the laboratory as well as in 6 m3 pilot plant and 200 m3 full-scale experiments are presented and evaluated in this paper. Special attention is given to the main operating characteristics of the UASB reactor concept. Moreover, some preliminary results are presented of laboratory experiments concerning the use of the USB reactor concept for denitrification as well as for the acid formation step in anaerobic treatment. For both purposes the process looks feasible because very satisfactory results with respect to denitrification and acid formation can be achieved at very high hydraulic loads (12 day-1) and high organic loading rates, i.e., 20 kg COD·m-3/day in the denitrification and 60-80 kg COD·m-3/day in the acid formation experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220402
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