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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,350)
  • 1990-1994
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  • 1980-1984  (871)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure and distribution of external sense organs in newly hatched and mature earthworms (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fully mature adult Eisenia foetida sensory buds are abundant on the prostomium and the first segment. In subsequent segments they are restricted to the anterior half where they form a single row aligned with the setae and encircling the worm. In the more posterior regions of the worm the buds are widely separated and fewer. The surface of each bud is a raised circular or oval area from which 15 to 100 so-called sensory hairs arise, being cylindrical and apparently flexible. The number of these projections decreases toward the posterior end of the worm.In worms newly emerged from egg cocoons, the general pattern of distribution and external form of sensory buds resembles that of adults, but the buds are much fewer and smaller than in adults. Although these worms emerge with their definitive adult number of segments, new buds and additional sensory projections are formed during post hatching development.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Morphology and distribution of Type II supraependymal cells in the third ventricle of the guinea pigSupported in part by NIH Grant RR-05387-13. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 67-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and morphology of phagocytic (Type II) supraependymal cells residing within the third ventricle of the guinea pig were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Type II supraependymal cells were restricted to nonciliated regions of the ventricle. They were most numerous on the choroid plexus, abundant within the infundibular recess and were present on the ventricular floor in the region of the median eminence. Morphologically, they were characterized by a soma from which pseudopodia-like processes extended to the subjacent ependyma. Type II cells varied in configuration according to their location. Those residing on the choroid plexus typically had irregular somas and possessed processes that generally terminated in finger-like extensions. In contrast, cells on the ventricular floor and within the infundibular recess were stellate and possessed processes that terminated in fan-like cytoplasmic expansions. There were no differences noted in the frequency, distribution or morphology of Type II supraependymal cells in male and female animals. Furthermore, cell frequency did not appear to vary in relation to the estrous cycle. The data suggest that the pleomorphism exhibited by Type II supraependymal cells may reflect adaptations to diverse environmental conditions present within different regions of the third ventricle.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590106
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    The intranuclear helices of Euplotes: Their substructure, localization, and apparent migration to the cytoplasm (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the fine structure of the macronucleus in Euplotes eurystomus, a ciliate protozoon, during various stages of the cell division cycle has yielded new information about intranuclear helices. They are frequently observed at the periphery of chromatin bodies or next to the nuclear envelope, and they appear to be a constituent of nucleoli. The fibril that forms a helix is about 11-15 nm thick, and torus profiles of helices cut in cross section are about 35 nm in diameter. In substructure the helix is composed of a thin strand 3-5 nm thick which is coiled to form the 11-15 nm fibril; so the helix is a super-coiled structure. The intranuclear helices are present in the macronucleus throughout the cell cycle. They do not show obvious changes of relative abundance nor changes of relative localization in the nucleus, with one exception: they were never observed in the diffuse zone of replication bands. Evidence is presented indicating that nuclear helices migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. Although the chemical composition of the Euplotes intranuclear helices is unknown, information in the literature on similar helices in Amoeba indicates that they contain RNA and not DNA. The observations on Euplotes helices are consistent with a concept of “packaged” RNA for transport to the cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590107
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  • 5
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    Structure of the shell and tertiary membranes of eggs of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 131-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of the turtle Trionyx spiniferus are rigid, calcareous spheres averaging 2.5 cm in diameter. The eggshell is morphologically very similar to avian eggshells. The outer crystalline layer is composed of roughly columnar aggregates, or shell units, of calcium carbonate in the aragonite form. Each shell unit tapers to a somewhat conical tip at its base. Interior to the crystalline layer are two tertiary egg membranes: the outer shell membrane and the inner shell membrane. The outer shell membrane is firmly attached to the inner surface of the shell, and the two membranes are in contact except at the air cell, where the inner shell membrane separates from the outer shell membrane. Both membranes are multi-layered, with the inner shell membrane exhibiting a more fibrous structure than the outer shell membrane. Numerous pores are found in the eggshell, and these generally occur at the intersection of four or more shell units.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590110
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  • 6
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    Afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)This work was supported by grants from the National Aeronautics and Sapace Administration: NAS 9-15213 and NSG 7441. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve were traced within the brain stem of Rana catesbeiana, using three different neuroanatomical techniques. Primary afferent fibers could be traced to the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve and to fasciculus solitarius as far caudally as the first or second spinal segment, using silver degeneration methods. Cobalt filling of the entire nerve showed the same distribution of afferent fibers, as well as the filling of the cells within the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal, indicating the origin of a proprioceptive component of the facial nerve. Cobalt iontophoresis and horseradish peroxidase experiments showed that the motor nucleus of the facial nerve was located just ventral to the fourth ventricle, and caudal to the motor nucleus of trigeminal. The distribution of afferent fibers to fasciculus solitarius and the spinal tract of trigeminal is similar in some respects to the distribution of afferent fibers from the trigeminal and vagal nerves in the bullfrog. The afferent fibers from the three cranial nerves are found as far caudally in the brain stem as the second spinal segment.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590207
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  • 7
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    Tooth crown morphology in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 331-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of tooth crowns is variable inter-specifically among caecilians. Cusp number and shape, crown dimensions, and crown curvature characterize various species and have both functional and phylogenetic implications. Ichthyophis, Uraeotyphlus, Hypogeophis, and Geotrypetes have bicuspid teeth; Dermophis, Gymnopis, Caecilia, and Typhlonectes monocuspid. Crown morphology as revealed by scanning electron microscopy is associated with prey grasping and, in one case, possible specialization of prey type.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051590304
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051600101
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  • 9
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    Chemoreceptors in the cibario-pharyngeal pump of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of contact chemoreceptors in the cibariopharyngeal pump of the moth Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is described. Two types of receptors designated A and B are located on the floor of the pump. Two groups of 9-12 A receptors are located in the anterior part of the pump, and two groups of two B receptors are in the posterior part of the pump. Five sensory dendrites extend to the tip of each A receptor and four to each B receptors. Available evidence indicates that these receptors are contact chemoreceptors and do not serve as mechanoreceptors. The receptors are compared to those of other insects.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051600103
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  • 10
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    Leucophores and iridophores of Fundulus heteroclitus: Biophysical and ultrastructural properties (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 103-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Classical light microscopic studies on pigmentation of Fundulus heteroclitus (killifish) indicated that there are three groups of light reflecting cells; one group on the surface of scales reflects white light, while two other deeper groups (the melaniridophores and the stratum argenteum) are iridescent. The results presented here show that: (1) The scale leucophores reflect white light by a Tyndall light-scattering mechanism, by virtue of the presence of randomly oriented organelles of “novel” morphology. (2) The iridophores of the melaniridophores contain stacks of irregularly-spaced, large reflecting platelets which function as an imperfect multiple thin layer interference system. (3) The stratum argenteum consists of a continuous layer(s) of iridophores with reflecting platelets which are so regularly packed as to approach an ideal multiple thin layer interference system. (4) In all three types of light reflecting cells, the dimensions and packing (orientation) of the reflecting organelles satisfactorily account for the chromogenic properties of the cells, including colors as viewed under transmitted, reflected, or polarized light. (5) The spacial relationships between these light reflecting cells and adjoining melanophores are different for each type of light reflecting cell. Furthermore, we propose to replace the term reflecting platelet with refractosome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051600107
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  • 11
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    Ultrastructure of chloride cells in young adults of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., in fresh water and during adaptation to sea water (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 143-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chloride cells in the interlamellar areas of the gills of young adult, anadromous sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L., captured in fresh water undergo structural modification during the adaptation of these animals to sea water. In fresh water the chloride cells are partially overlapped by mucus-secreting superficial cells and contain an extensive reticulum of cytoplasmic tubules, which are confluent with both lateral and basal plasma membranes, numerous mitochondria, a Golgi complex of moderate size, and numerous apical vesicles. Adaptation to sea water results in a retraction of the superficial cells, exposing the entire apical surface of the chloride cells, and a proliferation of both cytoplasmic tubules and mitochondria. Extensive enlargement of the Golgi complex in the chloride cells of these animals suggests the involvement of this organelle in the proliferation of cytoplasmic tubules. The extracellular tracer, ruthenium red, enters the tubules from the lateral or basal intercellular spaces in both freshwater- and seawater-adapted animals but never enters either tubules or vesicles from the apical surfaces, indicating that these are not confluent. The presence of dividing basal cells and newly-forming chloride cells, combined with evidence of degeneration of chloride cells, suggests that there is a turnover of this cell type. Both superficial and basal cells are phagocytic and involved in heterophagy of degenerating chloride cells. This phenomenon occurs in both fresh water and sea water indicating that the chloride cells may be functional in both environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051600203
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  • 12
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    Organization of nucleus rotundus, a tectofugal thalamic nucleus in turtles. I. Nissl and Golgi analyses (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 121-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study consists of a detailed cytoarchitectonic and Golgi analysis of a major tectofugal thalamic nucleus in the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Neurons in nucleus rotundus have a unimodal soma size distribution and a common dendritic branching pattern. They have long dendrites which undergo sparse, dichotomous branchings and contribute to dendritic fields that cover a third to half the dimensions of the nucleus. Spicules, 1-2 μ long, and complex appendages, 5-20 μ long, are found with low density on many dendrites in Golgi-Kopsch material. A few cells have beaded dendritic processes. Three cytoarchitectural regions can be differentiated in nucleus rotundus: a shell, a cell-poor region and a core. The shell is a monolayer of somata forming the peripheral boundary of most of the nucleus. The cell-poor region forms a thin zone concentric with and internal to the shell. Shell cells send some of their dendrites concentrically within this zone and others radially into the core region. Core neurons are dispersed within the neuropil of the nucleus and usually have spherical dendritic fields. However, peripheral core neurons have asymmetrical fields, so their dendrites do not extend beyond the shell. Caudomedial and central subregions of the core can be defined on the basis of neuronal density and cytology. Somata in the caudomedial area of the core are densely packed and have slightly darker staining cytoplasm than those in the central subregion. However, their dendrites are similar to those of the central core neurons. There is extensive dendritic overlap between the two subregions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051600202
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  • 13
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    Histochemical and ultrastructural features of the aorta of the slug (Limax maximus) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As a part of a continuing study of unusual molluscan tissues, the “chondroid” tissue (Hyman, '67) associated with the anterior and posterior aortae of the slug (Limax maximus) was examined by light and electron microscopy. Unlike the odontophoral tissue of this species (Curtis and Cowden, '77), the “chondroid” tissue comprising the adventitial layer of the aorta consists of large, glycogen-filled cells with characteristic arrays of pores in their plasma membranes resembling those of the “globular” cells (Rogers, '69; Fernandez, '71); “fibrocytes” (Nicaise et al., '66; Baleydier et al., '69; Nicaise, '73); “Blasenzellen” or “Leydig” cells (Wondrak, '69; Stang-Voss, '70; Buchholz et al., '71; Stang-Voss and Staubesand, '71; Wolburg-Buchholz, '72); or “pore” cells (Sminia, '72; Beltz, '77) of other mollusks. The anterior and posterior aortae are very similar in organization, except that the anterior aorta is larger in diameter; its wall is thinner; and it lacks calcification. Both the anterior and posterior aortae possess a loosely organized (incomplete) endothelial layer surrounded by two layers of innervated smooth muscle. The smooth muscle cells possess fibrous surface specializations resembling hemidesmosomes as well as large numbers of tubular or rounded vesicles in association with their plasma membranes. Blood cells (amoebocytes) containing large glycogen deposits and distinctive membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic inclusions can be found occasionally in the walls of the vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610102
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  • 14
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    Avian scale development. VI. Ultrastructure of the keratinizing cells of reticulate scales (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 111-121 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reticulate scales develop as radial symmetrical anlagen, in contrast to scuttate scales which appear initially as “epidermal placodes.” Unlike scuttate scales whose outer and inner epidermal surfaces elaborate β-and α-type keratins, respectively, reticulate scales elaborate only one type of epidermal surface which has been reported to give an α-type, X-ray diffraction pattern. We find that, histologically and ultrastructurally, this surface differs from either epidermal surface of scuttate scales. The keratinizing cells become filled with long interweaving bundles of α-filaments which aggregate into rather homogeneous α-fibrils. Keratohyalin granules, which have been shown to be associated with other keratinizing regions in the bird, do not form during the keratinization of reticulate scale epidermis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610107
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  • 15
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    Ultrastructure of the parathyroid gland of the japanese lizard in the spring and summer season (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 145-155 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands of adult Japanese lizards (Takydromus tachydromoides) in the spring and summer season was examined. The parenchyma of the gland consists of chief cells arranged in cords or solid masses. Many chief cells contain numerous free ribosomes and mitochondria, well-developed Golgi complexes, a few lysosome-like bodies, some multivesicular bodies and relatively numerous lipid droplets. The endoplasmic reticulum is mainly smooth-surfaced. Cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are distributed randomly in the cytoplasm. Small coated vesicles of 700-800 Å in diameter are found occasionally in the cytoplasm, especially in the Golgi region. The chief cells contain occasional secretory granules of 150-300 nm in diameter that are distributed randomly in the cytoplasm and lie close to the plasma membrane. Electron dense material similar to the contents of the secretory granules is observed in the enlarged intercellular space. These findings suggest that the secretory granules may be discharged into the intercellular space by an eruptocrine type of secretion. Coated vesicles (invaginations) connected to the plasma membrane and smooth vesicles arranged in a row near the plasma membrane are observed. It is suggested that such coated vesicles may take up extracellular proteins. The accumulation of microfilaments is sometimes recognized. Morphological evidence of synthetic and secretory activities in the chief cells suggests active parathyroid function in the Japanese lizard during the spring and summer season.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610203
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  • 16
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    Microanatomy of the lung parenchyma of a tegu lizard Tupinambis nigropunctatusContribution No. 79-21-j, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 257-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The combined techniques of light microscopy, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy were used for the first time to study the structure of unicameral lungs of a Tegu lizard (Tupinambis nigropunctatus). The lungs are prolate spheroid bags with blood supplied by superficial branches of a dorsal pulmonary artery and returned by diffuse, more deeply located veins. The primary bronchus enters the medial aspect near the apex of the lung. The lung wall is composed of trabeculae: (1) arranged in a faviform pattern, (2) forming individual faveoli (gas exchange chambers) which appear deepest in the cranial one-half of the lung, (3) all of which have a smooth muscle core overlain by either a ciliated or nonciliated epithelium. A ciliated epithelium lines the luminal surfaces of the large primary trabeculae and parts of smaller secondary trabeculae; it is composed of cone-shaped cells with ciliated-microvillous surfaces, and of columnar serous secreting cells. Nonciliated epithelium covers the luminal surface of portions of some secondary trabeculae, abluminal surfaces of primary and secondary trabeculae and all surfaces of the small tertiary trabeculae forming the faveoli. The nonciliated epithelium overlies an extensive superficial capillary network. The blood-gas barrier (0.7-1.0 μm thick) is composed of a thin cytoplasmic flange of Type I pneumonocytes, a thick homogeneous basal lamina and an attenuated endothelial cytoplasm. Numerous surfactant-producing Type II pneumonocytes are closely associated with the Type I pneumonocytes. The nonrespiratory ciliated epithelium may function in humidification of air and clearing of the lungs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051610303
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  • 17
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    A comparative light and electron microscopic study of the pineal complex in the deep-sea fishes, Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pineal complexes of the two closely related deep-sea fishes Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. Photoreceptor and supportive cells were identified in both species. The deeper-dwelling species, C. acclinidens, had a significantly greater number of photoreceptor-cell outer segment saccules and a higher ratio of receptor cells to nerve fibers in the pineal stalk. It was suggested that these indicate increased photosensitivity of the pineal. Supportive cells were sometimes seen to contain arrays of undulating tubules. The functional significance of these tubules is not understood. A prominent dorsal sac is closely associated with the pineal end-vesicle. Both structures appear to have a common vascular supply suggesting that they are functionally related. Dorsal sac cells contained abundant mitochondria, glycogen, and large filament-like inclusions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620102
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  • 18
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    Ontogeny of melanophore patterns in haploid and diploid embryos of the frog, Bombina orientalis (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 77-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Diploid tadpoles of the discoglossid frog, Bombina orientalis, possess a distinctive rectangular network of epidermal melanophores. The ontogeny of this network was examined and utilized as a model for the comparison of tissue integrity and cellular interactions in diploid and haploid embryos.During the process of network formation in diploids, a variety of melano-phore-melanophore interactions was observed. These included temporary contacts between neighboring melanophore processes, deviations of processes toward neighboring melanophores, and lateral extensions between closely situated, parallel processes originating from different cell bodies. None of these intercellular interactions were seen in haploid embryos. Haploid melanophores displayed fewer cytoplasmic extensions, appeared to be randomly oriented, and failed to establish the ordered network seen in diploid embryos. It was also discovered that, in comparison with diploid tissues, relative densities of melanophores and epithelial cells were not uniformly regulated in haploid embryos.These findings are interpreted as indicating that haploid embryos possess fundamental cell and tissue defects, and that the “haploid syndrome” is likely based on more than one or a few defective physiological functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620106
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  • 19
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    Keratin formation and barrier mechanisms in the epidermis of Natrix natrix (Reptilia: Serpentes): An ultrastructural studyDedicated to my teacher Prof. Dr. A. Portmann on the occasion of his eightieth birthday. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 93-125 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A β-keratin pattern, consisting of 30 Å filaments embedded in an amorphous matrix, is formed by fusion of membrane-bound packets with the 70 Å filaments of immature cells. This pattern occurs in the Oberhäutchen and the β-layer. When completely mature, these two components show no cell boundaries. It is suggested that this feature is associated with the process that leads to the separation of outer and inner epidermal generation. Filaments of 100-150 Å embedded in an amorphous matrix form the α-keratin pattern, which occurs in the α-layer only. The lacunar tissue is regarded as consisting of cells resembling immature α-cells, whereas mesos and clear layer show a keratin-like material consisting of 100-150 Å filaments without matrix. This is regarded as a modification of α-keratin. The cells of all components synthesizing α-keratin (α, mesos and clear layer) have the following features in common: (1) the plasma membrane is modified in that its inner leaflet is obscured by the deposition of a marginal layer, and (2) the cells have 0.06-0.1 μm mucous granules containing mucopolysaccharides, which release their content into the intercellular space.Protective and barrier functions of the epidermis are provided by the following features: (1) Oberhäutchen and β-layer merge during final maturation to a homogenous stratum of β-keratin without intercellular spaces. Their function seems to be mechanical protection. (2) The marginal layer of α-keratin containing cells, which decreases in thickness from without inwards, is highly resistant to physical and chemical influences. (3) Mesos granules contain phos-pholipid-lamellae, which are partly discharged into the intercellular space and partly remain within the mesos cells. These lipid lamellae are believed to contribute to the establishment of the permeability barrier. (4) The content of mucous granules may play a role in immunological processes. (5) Tight junctions seal off the intercellular space between the uppermost living cells of the epidermis and contribute to the permeability barrier.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710301
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    Temperature levels and periods of sex determination during incubation of eggs of Chelydra serpentina (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 17-27 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of Chelydra serpentina were shifted during incubation between the female producing temperatures of 20°C or 30°C and the male producing temperature of 26°C. In the 20°C and 26°C combination, the stages during which incubation temperature determined sex were stage 14 through stage 16 (stages of normal series, Yntema, '68). In the 30°C and 26°C combination, the temperature sensitive stages for sex determination were stage 14 through stage 19. Incubation at 26°C throughout this period was needed to produce all males. Incubation at 30°C during either the first or second half of the period produced nearly all females; shorter periods of incubation at 30°C were more effective in producing females during the second half of the sensitive period. In the 20°C and 26°C combination, incubation at 20°C or 26°C for parts of the sensitive period produced both males and females. In three of the 57 clutches of eggs used in the experiments, incidence of females was atypically high.
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    Functional significance of the mandibular symphysis (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 117-130 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to relate the morphology of connective tissues in the mandibular symphysis to the behavioral and experimental evidence for mobility and mechanical stress at the symphysis. The anatomy of the symphysis was examined histologically in 6 mammalian orders encompassing 22 species. Behavioral and experimental evidence of stress during the power stroke of the chewing cycle correspond with stresses at the symphysis implied by the location and orientation of symphyseal connective tissues. These stresses are: (1) dorsoventral shear of the symphysis due to the transfer of force from balancing to chewing sides, (2) bending of the symphysis causing tension along the inferior and compression along superior borders due to torsion on the dentaries from the jaw closing muscles, and (3) antero-posterior shear of the symphysis due to an anteriorly directed stress on the chewing side. Interspecific comparisons suggest that leaf eaters can resist greater dorsoventral shear than fruit or insect eaters, but no correlations exist between diet and bending or antero-posterior shear. This suggests that chewing leaves requires larger biting forces.
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    Ultrastructure of the bone marrow of the salamander Plethodon glutinosus (Caudata: Plethodontidae) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 151-183 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The unusual lymphogranulopoietic bone marrow of the large lungless salamander Plethodon glutinosus was examined by light and electron microscopy. Developing neutrophils, eosinophils, and fat cells were found in large numbers, while lymphocytes of various sizes, plasma cells, plasmablasts, macrophages, pigment cells, and fibroblasts were present in more moderate numbers. Basophils were observed only rarely. Macrophages were found in extravascular locations and did not appear to be associated directly with the walls of the blood vessels supplying the marrow. Both neutrophils and eosinophils seemed to arise from small precursor cells whose ultrastructural features bore a resemblance in some ways to those of mammalian myeloblasts described by Bainton and Farquhar ('66). Developing neutrophils and eosinophils seemed to produce only single populations of specific cytoplasmic granules, rather than both primary (azurophilic) and secondary (specific) inclusions, as are produced typically by mammalian granulocytes. Both eosinophilic and neutrophilic granules were formed in association with Golgi complexes; and eosinophilic granules were much larger, more densely stained, and more regularly rounded in shape than the inclusions of developing neutrophils. Peroxidase activity was associated with the specific granules of neutrophils but seemed to be lacking in the granules of eosinophils. The specific granules of eosinophils were especially unusual because they contained irregularly shaped, lightly stained cores which occasionally displayed a distinctly crystalline substructural organization. The specific granules of basophils also possessed a prominent crystalline organization. The overall appearance of the marrow of Plethodon suggests that it functions not only as a valuable source of neutrophils, eosinophils, and cells of the lymphoid series, but also as a part of the phagocytic system of the animals and as an important repository for fat.
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    The morphology of the central nervous system of the barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus (Pallas)Supported by Grant NS08610 from The National Institutes of Health-NINCDS, and by Biomedical Research Support Grant 1 207 RR07168. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 297-310 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The central nervous system of the sessile barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus (Pallas), has been studied with the particular aim of determining the locations of neuron somata in relation to peripheral nerves. This was accomplished by tracing peripheral nerves using dissection and methylene blue staining techniques, histological methods, and by permitting cobaltous chloride to diffuse via axons into ganglia (“backfilling”).The neuron maps resulting from the study reveal some well-defined sub-systems, a considerable degree of functional clumping of neuron somata, and some unexpected projections of neurons in the CNS. Neurophysiological studies based on these findings are in progress.
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    Effects of germanium on the morphology of silica deposition in a freshwater sponge (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 343-353 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of germanium on the secretion of siliceous spicules by the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris was investigated by exposing germinating and hatching gemmules to varying concentrations of germanium (Ge) in the presence of silicon (Si). Results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively and demonstrate that a [Ge]/[Si] (= molar ratio) of 1.0 completely inhibits silicon deposition. Intermediate ratios (0.5, 0.1, 0.01) which are permissive to spicule appearance result in fewer, shorter, and thinner spicules, in proportionately fewer microscleres, and in short bulbous megascleres. The size of the bulb increases with increasing [Ge]/[Si], while the length of the bulbous megascleres decreases with increasing [Ge]/[Si]. Microscleres do not demonstrate these graded responses suggesting that they are secreted in an all or none manner. Swellings produced in pond water and bulbs produced in germanium appear to decrease in size with time indicating a spreading of the accumulated silica. The effect of germanium on spicule secretion can be partially explained by its ability to uncouple the growth in length of the axial filament from the growth of the surrounding silicalemma. Under these conditions excess silicalemma is produced in which silica accumulates as bulbs in short spicules. Continuous exposure to Ge is necessary to produce this altered morphology. It is conjectured that the bulbs may be retained due to an inhibition of spreading. which in turn may be caused by the incorporation of germanium into the silica.
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    Electron microscopy of the leucocytes of the typhlosole in ammocoetes, with special attention to the antibody- producing cells (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 87-100 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In an attempt to determine the role in the immune responses of the typhlosole, a hematopoietic tissue along the ventral wall of the larval lamprey Lampetra reissneri, scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on ammocoetes hyperimmunized with sheep red blood cells. Besides including the cells of the erythrocyte series, this tissue also contained the following leucocytes forming an amorphous parenchyma: the cells of the granulocyte series, the most predominant cell type, possessing a markedly lobed nucleus and membrane-bounded granules of various sizes; the macrophages possessing primary and secondary lysosomes and long lamellipodia on the cell surface; the lymphocytes of a large nucleocytoplasmic ratio with a number of long, spiky microvilli, constituting a major type of rosette-forming (antigen-binding) cells; and the plasma cells possessing highly extended cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticula that are characteristic of the higher vertebrates. The immunoperoxidase technique, which employs rabbit antibodies against lamprey immunoglobulin, proved that these plasma cells do contain immunoglobulin. These results strongly indicate that the typhlosole of the larval lamprey, besides functioning as a hematopoietic tissue, is actively involved in the antibody responses. It is also stressed that the plasma cell occurs in the most primitive vertebrates as an immunologically competent cell.
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    Limb regenerative capacity of four species of Japanese frogs of the families hylidae and ranidae (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The regenerative capacity of limbs was investigated by amputation of limbs at the zeugopodium in postmetamorphic froglets and adults of various sizes in four species of Japanese frogs, all of which showed some regeneration at these ages. In Hyla arborea japonica and Rana brevipoda porosa most young froglets regenerated their limbs well; however, the rate of regeneration decreased with the age of amputation, and the limb became nonregenerative in adults. Limbs of adults in Rana rugosa and R. japonica, on the other hand, exhibited good regeneration. All of the regenerates in the four species were heteromorphic, consisting histologically of well-developed cartilaginous rods surronded by connective tissue and skin. Limited development of muscle was appartment in regenerates of the three ranid species. The relations between body size, innervation of limbs, and regenerative capacity are discussed.
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    Functional morphology of the head of the inertial suction feeding butterflyfish, Chaetodon miliaris (perciformes, chaetodontidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 283-312 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and mechanism involved in jaw movements are described for an inertial high-speed suction feeding fish, Chaetodon miliaris. Jaw biomechanics were studied by (1) manipulation of live and fresh-killed specimens, (2) electrical muscle stimulation of anesthetized live specimens, (3) connective tissue severance experiments of fresh-killed and live anesthetized specimens, and (4) cine photography of live unimpaired and surgically impaired specimens.Three couplings appear to be involved in jaw opening: a levator operculi-opercular-interopercular-mandible coupling; and epaxial complex and/or hypaxial/sternohyoideus complex-hyoid apparatus-uncontracted protractor hyoideus-mandible coupling. Jaw opening, protrusion, closing of the protruded mouth, and jaw retraction occur in 60-110 msec. Jaw protrusion coincides with mandible depression during opening of the mouth. Closure of the protruded mouth is apparently the result of contractions of pars A1 and A2 of the adductor mandibulae muscle. Pars A3 and Aw may induce retraction of the jaws in the closed-protruded state. Jaw closure in the retracted, nonprotruded state may involve all branches of the adductor mandibulae.The importance of these findings is discussed in light of previous studies as are some proposed functions of jaw protrusion in this species.
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    Arterial retia related to supply of the central nervous system in two small toothed whales- narwhal (Monodon monoceros) an beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 41-56 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have studied the comparative anatomy of arterial plexuses (retia mirabilia) related to supply of the central nervous system in two closely related species of toothed whales - narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and beluga Delphinaterus leucas). In both species, retia originate from major vessels in the neck, thorax, and lumbar regions, then extend into the neural canal and cranium to supply the spinal cord and brain. The system generally consists of arteries embedded in á matrix of fatty connective tissue. Constituent vessels are only occasionally reated to veins or venous sinuses. Though retial anatomy is similar in the two species, there are two related features that appear species specific: (1) amount of retia originating from the supreme intercostal arteries and (2) thoracic retial size. Both are larger in the narwhal, as are values for hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration, which, in this study, we use as indices of diving ability. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the retia are in some way linked to diving ability. The nature of this link is not known; however, we discuss our results in the context of the most popular hyotheses of retial function.
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    Transformations of osteoclast phenotype in ia rats cured of congenital osteopetrosis (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reduced bone resorption characteristic of osteopetrosis is accompanied in the incisors-absent (ia) rat mutation by a significant increase in osteoclasts of inactive (mutant) phenotype. Restoration of bone resorption in ia rats by transfer of spleen cells from normal littermates is preceded by a transformation of osteoclasts from mutant to normal phenotype.In this investigation the proportions of osteoclasts of normal phenotype have been determined by light microscopy in untreated ia and normal rats and in ia rats treated with various cell populations from normal rats. Significant increases in numbers of osteoclasts of normal phenotype were seen in the mutant skeleton soon after cell treatments that eventually restored bone resorption and cured the disease. No changes in osteoclast phenotype were seen after cell transfers that did not cure the disease.These data establish transformation of osteoclast phenotype as an early event in the recovery from osteopetrosis and suggest that determination of osteoclast phenotype is a reliable predictor of the success of normal cell populations to restore bone resorption in this mutation.
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    Cytological characterization of the germinal line during testicular differentiation in the lizard Liolaemus gravenhorsti (gray) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 169-184 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of Liolaemus gravenhorsti gonads prior to and after differntiation are described. Special emphasis has been given to characterization and changes of the germ cell line throughout intrauterine development and 3 days postpartum.During the pregonadal stage, the primordial germ cell migrates toward gonadal rudiments by way of the mesenchyme. These cells can easily be identified by their great size, voluminous and lobulated nucleus, great quantities of yolk platelets, microtubules, and numerous lipid inclusions. In the undifferentiated gonad, the germ cells (type 1 gonocytes) have an ovoid or spherical shape and autodigestion of yolk platelets, great development of Golgi complex, and mitochondrial aggregation, though fewer liposomes, pseudopodes, and microtubules were noted. Concomitantly with the beginning of mitosis, a third type of germ cell appears, the type 2 gonocytes, which are smaller, with poorly defined membranous systems in various degrees of involution. The seminiferous cords are organized when somatic cells of the medullar portion of the gonad surround type 1 gonocytes. Germinal cells are centrally localized in the cords. Near birth many gonocytes migrate toward the basal lamina of cords and differentiate into spherical prespermatogonia, with few organoids. Sertoli cells eparate them from the basal lamina. In advanced pregnancy, Leyding cells become numerous with morphology typical of androgen-producing cells.
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    A forebrain atlas and stereotaxic technique for the lizard, Anolis carolinensis (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 217-236 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A forebrain atlas and stereotaxic neurosurgical techniques were developed for use in anatomical and behavioral experiments on the green anolis lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Green anoles are convenient and robust experimental subjects with a rich behavioral repertoire, the social components of which are partly under hormonal control.The technique and atlas were devised to conduct neuroethological investigations of the effect of lesions on species-typical display behavior. The atlas consists of 12 transverse sections from an average size adult male. The figures (4-15) are based on Nissl material and supplemented with fiber-stained material from adjacent sections. They appear at the end of the article. Limitations on the accuracy of stereotaxic coordinates are discussed and tables of correlative nomenclature for principal telencephalic and diencephalic nuclei are provided.
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    Structure and cytochemistry of the silk glands of the mygalomorph spider Antrodiaetus unicolor (araneae, antrodiaetidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 269-274 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dissection and a variety of absorption and fluorescent cytochemical methods have demonstrated that Antrodiaetus unicolor females have only one type of silk gland and spigot and, consequently, the simplest silk production system of any spider yet investigated histochemically. The small spherical to pear-shaped glands are grouped into four clusters, each cluster serving one of the four spinnerets. The spigots are long, slender, and slightly bent distally. Although all gland cells are structurally similar, each gland simultaneously produces two different secretory products, the secretion of the distal hemisphere being rich in basic protein and sulfhydryl groups, and the proximal hemisphere secretion being an acidic protein containing a high concentration of histochemically demonstrable C-terminal carboxyl groups. The two products remain segregated as they pass through the duct, where the acidic protein forms a thin outer layer around a core of basic protein. It is suggested that this segregation may persist in the silk strand after it exits from the spigot and that the outer acidic protein may be an adhesive agent.
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    Evolution of the vestibulolateral lobe of the cerebellum in electroreceptive and nonelectroreceptive teleosts (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 335-348 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The organization of the vestibulolateral lobe of the cerebellum is described in electroreceptive and closely related nonelectroreceptive teleost fishes. The vestibulolateral lobe includes an eminentia granularis and a lobus caudalis. The eminentia granularis is a lateral line-recipient, granule cell zone which in weakly electric fish (i.e., electroreceptive fish with an electric organ) has anterior and posterior divisions associated respectively with a mechanoreceptive medial medullary nucles and an electroreceptive lateral line lobe. A lobus caudalis includes a separate granule cell zone - the pars medialis, a molecular layer, and large Purkinje-like cells. Compared with weakly electric mormyrids, the pars medialis is hypertrophied in weakly electric gymnotoids and electroreceptive silurids. However, the pars medialis is also hypertrophied in nonelectroreceptive teleosts, suggesting it is a granule cell zone not associated with electroreception and perhaps the lateral line system.
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    Growth and differentiation of secondary malpighian tubules in the cockroach, Periplaneta americanaThis work was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology at Northwestern University and was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health under Research Grants AM 14993, AM 14993, AM 19189, and FR 7028 to James L. Oschman and Betty J. Wall.An abstract of this work was published in J. Cell. Biol., 75: 32a, 1977. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 389-411 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four differentiated Malpighian tubules (primary tubules) extend from the junction of the midgut and hindgut in newly hatched Periplaneta americana. Secondary tubules begin to develop near the base of the primary tubules before hatching and successive nymphal molts. The newly initiated tubules undergo cell division and extensive elongation through the middle of the following intermolt period. During this time, the cells of the distal, middle, and lower middle tubule regions are surrounded by a cellular sheath, have few cytoplasmic processes extending along their basal surfaces, have a small or nonexistent lumen, and contain extremely dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The cellular sheath differentiates into the muscle which coils around the mature tubule. Tubules which begin development toward the end of one intermolt period begin to undergo cytodifferentiation toward the end of the next intermolt period. By the middle of an additional intermolt period, the basal infoldings and microvilli of cells in the distal, middle, and lower middle regions have the conformations typical for those regions in differentiated tubules; granular concretions and stellate cells are present within the middle region of the tubule.
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    Ultrastrucuture of the fat body of the reproductive pair in higher termites (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 313-322 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the fat body of the higher termite king and queen has been studied both in species with (Macrotermes bellicosus, M. subhyalinus) and without (Cubitermes fungifaber) tracheal rosettes. There is a very pronounced sexual dimorphism. The adipocytes of the queen are highly specialized for protein synthesis and secretion; they store only a small quantity of reserves. The adipocytes of the king are not specialized in protein synthesis, but accumulate large amounts of reserve substances. The previously proposed different functions of the termite queen's fat body are discussed; it appears to be mainly concerned with vitellogenesis.
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    The ovary of Fundulus heteroclitus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, together with dissection and light microscopy, have produced heretofore unavailable structural detail of the ovary of Fundulus heteroclitus. Structural and functional interrelationships among developing follicles and other histological elements, particularly as they might relate to vascularization of follicles, oocyte development, and ovulation, are described and discussed. Mature eggs, ovulated into the ovarian lumen, accumulate in the posterior “ovisac” region of the ovary prior to oviposition. This “ovisac” region is thin-walled and apparently nongerminal. The temporary retention of ovulated eggs permits cyclical oviposition even though oogenesis and ovulation are asynchronous. The histological differences between the ovisac and the anterior ovigerous of the ovary are described. The lumenal epithelium of the ovisac displays a localized population of unusual cells with long cytoplasmic extensions. The ultrastructure of these cells suggests that they might function in the transport of ovulated eggs into the oviduct and/or in secreting the substance (“jelly”) which forms the surface coat of extruded eggs.
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    Setiferous structures of male coleoptera (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 43-72 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A scanning electron microscopy study was made of the male setiferous sex patches and analogous structures in 11 families of Coleoptera (Anthribidae, Bruchidae, Ciidae, Cleridae, Coccinellidae, Dermestidae, Leiodidae, Ptinidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae, and Ostomatidae). These secondary sexual characters appear to have several features in common including relatively long, often ridged, setae, cuticular ducts (frequently cribriform pore plates), and the production of a secretion. It is suggested that these structures may all be concerned with the production, release, and dissemination of pheromones.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730201
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    Synganglial and neurosecretory morphology of female Ornithodoros parkeri (cooley) (acari: Argasidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 159-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Single esophageal and paired cheliceral, palpal, pedal (I-IV), and opisthosomal nerves enter the synganglion and form specific neuropilar ganglia. The ganglia are integrated by a complex series of commissures and connectives. Eighteen paraldehyde-fuchsin-positive neurosecretory regions, which vary greatly in size and amount of granular neurosecretory material, are each associated (one or more) with neuropilar ganglia. Presumably transport of neurosecretory materials to target tissues occurs through axonal pathways, perineurial-neural lamella associations, and the neurohemal retrocerebral organ complex.
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    Partial regeneration of the above-elbow amputated rat forelimb. II. Electrical and mechanical facilitationSupported by the Veterans Administration Medical Research Program Project Number 7004-04 and a Medical Investigatorship Award to P.P. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 439-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to examine the observations of Becker ('72) pertaining to the electrical facilitation of partial limb regenerative responses by means of Ag-Pt wire couples applied to the limb stumps of young, forelimb-amputated white rats. Additionally, in order to examine the possible role of mechanical effects of such device implantations, we have employed uncoupled devices delivering no current or potential difference. In the present experiments, in response to coupled device implantation, cartilage and bone were actively formed in the vicinity of the Pt electrode tip. These tissues contributed to the lengthwise extension of the limb and to the partial restoration of the distal humeral extremity. In limbs bearing the uncoupled electrical devices, qualitatively similar responses were noted, but osteogenesis was diminished in extent compared to that seen in limbs bearing the active or coupled devices. It is therefore necessary to consider the role of mechanical factors in the elicitation of the observed regenerative responses. Myogenesis was enhanced in electrically stimulated limbs, but not in those rats bearing uncoupled devices.
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    The hind limb musculature of the brown kiwi, Apteryx australis mantelli (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 33-73 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The most complete account of the hind leg muscles of the kiwi was published a century ago by Sir Richard Owen, in his seventy-fifth year. This extensively-cited work has several omissions and errors, and while certain of these were corrected by subsequent authors, sufficient uncertainty remains to warrant a reinvestigation. In the present study a detailed description of the hind leg musculature is given, based upon dissections of two frozen specimens. An indication of the possible function of each muscle is given by assessing its size, action, and fiber-arrangement, together with tentative data on the relative abundance of twitch and tonus fibers.The correlation between surface features of bones and muscle attachments is investigated with a view to interpreting palaeontological material. Although the limb and pelvic bones are marked by numerous features which suggest muscle attachments, relatively few can be positively identified with specific muscles. Only 23% of the muscle origins and insertions can be identified, and, with three possible exceptions, no indication of relative size is given by the scars. The possibility of being able to reconstruct the musculature of the kiwi from its skeletal anatomy, much less that of its extinct relatives, is remote.
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    Surface anatomy of branchial food traps of tadpoles: A comparative study (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 393-425 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Branchial food traps are regions of specialized secretory tissue in the tadpole pharynx, where suspended food particles are trapped in mucus.Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to study branchial food traps from larvae of ten anuran families (36 species). Most anuran larvae from “advanced” (suborder Neobatrachia) families (e.g., Hylidae, Ranidae, Bufonidae) have distinct secretory pits at the posterior margins of the branchial food traps and secretory ridges elsewhere on these surfaces. The apices of columnar PAS-positive, secretory cells are exposed on the floors of the secretory pits or in rows at the tops of the secretory ridges (secretory zone).Tadpoles from most “archaic” (suborder Archaeobatrachia) families (Ascaphidae, Discoglossidae and Pelobatidae) either lack secretory pits, or have them poorly defined. They also lack secretory ridges but have columnar, mucus-secreting cells whose apices are exposed in a seemingly random fashion in the branchial food traps. Rhinophrynus (Archaeobatrachia: Rhinophrynidae) has secretory ridges, but the apices of secretory cells are not arranged in rows at the tops of the ridges; instead they erupt singly or in small clusters on the epithelial surface, in a pattern similar to that in Ascaphus, the discoglossids and the pelobatids. It is proposed that the generalized condition for the branchial food trap mucosa is one where the apices of secretory cells are exposed haphazardly on a flat epithelium and the derived condition is one where the surface is organized into ridges. The morphology of the branchial food traps in Rhinophrynus suggests that, phylogenetically, ridges preceded the coalescing of secretory cell apices into distinct rows.Pipidae and Microhylidae have unique patterns in the gross and microanatomy of their branchial food traps specific to their families.Branchial food trap morphology relates to diets of tadpoles as well as to taxonomy. Obligate macrophagous (e.g., carnivorous) tadpoles, irrespective of family, tend to have reduced branchial food traps, regularly lack secretory ridges and, in extreme cases, lack columnar mucus-secreting cells. Obligate microphagous forms (midwater suspension feeding of Xenopus, microhylids and Agalychnis), have straight parallel secretory ridges with narrow secretory zones and shallow troughs between the ridges.Secretory ridges may help to form mucus strands in which food particles are trapped, but they are not essential for planktonic entrapment. The hydrodynamic implications of the various topographic patterns remain unclear.
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    Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of a stonefly (Plecoptera, insecta) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tactile hairs, small chemoreceptor pegs, thick-walled chemoreceptors, thin-walled chemoreceptors of several types, coeloconic sense organs and campaniform sense organs are present on the flagellum of a stonefly, Allocapnia recta (Claassen).
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Glycogen metabolism in the prelaid chick embryo (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 23-38 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glycogen metabolism has been studied during the development of the early chick embryo, at the cytochemical and ultrastructural levels. Two waves of glycogen synthesis and breakdown have been found. In the first, free clusters of glycogen particles are synthesized at late oogenesis. These clusters are found later in invaginations of the membrane of vesicles containing a floc-cular material (FLOV). The glycogen clusters are degraded there during ovulation and the first hours in the oviduct. The second wave of glycogen synthesis begins before cleavage, reaching a maximum at mid-uterine age. This second wave occurs in another type of vesicle (GLYV), which eventually disintegrates releasing free clusters of glycogen granules. This glycogen is degraded in membranous structures containing a floccular material, as in the first wave of degradation. The degradation ends at the late uterine stages, and at the same time numerous ribosomes are formed. This period corresponds to area pellucida formation, which probably depends on the energy liberated during the second wave of glycogen degradation.
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    Studies on the tardigrades. IV. Fine structure of the hindgut of Milnesium tardigradum doyère (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 79-109 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hindgut of the semi-terrestrial tardigrade, Milnesium tardigradum was examined with light and electron microscopy. The hindgut consists of a cloaca and an anterior hindgut. It is delineated anteriorly by the pylorus into which four Malpighian tubules empty and posteriorly, by a broad cloacal slit. A single oviduct enters the hindgut at the junction between the cloaca and the anterior hindgut. Two pairs of muscles insert on the cloaca and anterior hindgut respectively. Electron microscopic observations demonstrate that the anterior hindgut is a specialized transporting epithelium. The luminal surface is covered by a thin layer of cuticle which penetrates into channel-like invaginations. Numerous mitochondria are concentrated apically. The basal and lateral surfaces are also folded. The cells are joined apically by deep tight junctions and a simple basal lamina lines the entire hindgut. The cloaca which receives the contents of the gut and Malpighian tubules as well as gametes of the reproductive tract is a transitional organ that exhibits several characteristics of the hypodermis and anterior hindgut. The cuticle of the cloaca changes sequentially from the complex structure of the integument to a simple layer of the anterior hindgut. The function of the hindgut is discussed with emphasis on the possible response of the anterior hindgut to a hypoosmotic habitat, evaporative water loss during the induction of anhydrobiosis and low oxygen tension.
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    The fine structure of blood follicles in the earthworm genera Amynthas and Lumbricus (Annelida: Oligochaeta) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 123-143 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blood follicles of the earthworm Amynthas are hemoglobin-containing, sac-like dilatations of blood vessels which connect to the general circulation. Grape-like clusters of follicles are found posterior to the pharynx, among tufts of micronephridia, and single follicles are located among cells of the pharyngeal gland. In Lumbricus, follicles take the form of simple swellings and irregular-shaped diverticula of nephridial capillaries.The fundamental structure of the wall of follicles and of vessels in both genera is the same and consists of two layers: an extracellular vascular lamina and an outer (coelomic) covering of smooth muscle-like myoperithelial cells. Hemocytes may be free and circulating or they may facultatively attach to the vascular lamina as littoral cells, constituting an incomplete endothelium-like surface. Hemocytes that appear to be in the process of attaching or detaching are rounded, while adherent cells are flattened and elongate. Free and littoral hemocytes actively endocytose packets of circulating extracellular hemoglobin.Hemocytes within follicles possess radiating cell processes which also endocytose hemoglobin. Although these cells were presumed to secrete hemoglobin, staining with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine confirms the presence of hemoglobin only within pinosomes and not within protein-synthesizing or packaging organelles. The presence of hemosiderin-like bodies suggests that follicular hemocytes catabolize hemoglobin.Blood follicles apparently provide a means of significantly increasing cell-surface area for hemoglobin processing, without substantially increasing the volume and pumping load of the circulatory system.
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    Nucleolar reorganization in liver cells of the aging rat (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 211-219 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nucleoli of rat liver cells duplicate in great detail the lifelong series of reorganizational changes encountered in kidney and intestinal epithelial cells. The ultrastructural components of the large, loosely organized polymorphous nucleoli, which are dominant in the rapidly multiplying stem cells of embryos, are readily accessible for chemical activities. Smaller, more compact amphinucleoli are dominant in more mature cells, which were characterized by Smetana ('70) as “idling” cells, showing slowly continuing ribosome formation and RNP synthesis. In older cells bipartite nucleoli become dominant and are reorganized in increasing numbers from the younger amphinucleoli. These, however, are not replaced in equal numbers from the shrinking pool of polymorphs of young cells which have greatly reduced mitotic potential. Paralleling the shifts in dominant nucleolar types, the high level of protein synthesis declines in older cells not only in the quantity of proteins synthesized but also in kinds of enzymes produced. These fail to meet the structural and functional requirements of aging cells leading ultimately to the onset of age-related degenerative changes. Again it is noted that separation of the karyosomal DNA from the plasmosomal RNA-protein complex of the nucleolus may lead to possible breakdown of the DNA-dependent RNA-protein transcription system ultimately bringing protein synthesis to a very low level in the senescent animal.
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    Comparative cardiac anatomy of the reptilia. III. The heart of crocodilians and an hypothesis on the completion of the interventricular septum of crocodilians and birds (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 221-240 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The heart of Crocodylus porosus is described, and deemed to be typical of living crocodilians after examination of the hearts of Alligator mississippiensis, Caiman crocodilus ssp., Crocodylus johnstoni and Crocodylus n. novaeguineae. Some inconsistencies between the anatomy and supposed patterns of blood flow are discussed. The crocodilian heart is compared with, and seen as an advancement of, the heart of non-crocodilian reptiles. The varanid ventricle is re-examined, as it appeared to contain many crocodilian features, along with the ophidian characteristics described previously. The broad similarities within the three groups are interpreted as adaptations towards a high pressure systemic circulation. Consequently varanids and snakes show the same left and right ventricles, as do crocodilians and birds. The evolution of the complete interventricular septum of crocodilians and birds appears to have involved three major trends: firstly, the development of a high pressure left ventricle and the fusion of most of the combined atrio-ventricular valve to the ostium of the right systemic artery; secondly, a line in which right to left shunting became gradually redundant and the vertical septum was completed to the aortico-pulmonary septum (giving rise to the avian ventricle); and thirdly, a line in which right to left shunting became increasingly important, and the vertical septum completed to the interaortic septum (giving rise to the crocodilian ventricle). Perhaps the crocodilian ancestry included a crocodile that was far more aquatic than any extant species.
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    The extensor assembly in two species of opossum, Philander opossum and Didelphis marsupialis (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 337-345 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In considering primate and hominoid phylogeny, the fundamental position assigned to opossums is explained partially by the characteristic morphology of their hands and feet. One of the main functional features of the human hand is the ability to make a stabilized arch of the finger. Because the extensor assembly plays a key role in establishing an arched finger, the extensor systems of the digits of both the hands and feet were studied in two species of opossum, Philander opossum and Didelphis marsupialis.In the foot, two extensor tendons join in each toe to form one tendinous plate, which inserts onto the base of the second phalanx. Lumbricals join this plate along the tibial side, and interosseus insertions are found, although a true interosseus wing is lacking. At the proximal interphalangeal level, a terminal tendon takes its origin from this tendinous plate. This terminal tendon is oval in cross-section and contains elastic structures. Oblique bands arise from this terminal tendon and run proximally along the proximal interphalangeal joint inserting onto the base of the first phalanx. There are elastic structures in the flexor tendon on the dorsal side near its site of insertion.In the hand, the main extensor tendons are arranged differently and the interossei contribute substantially to the extensor assembly. Otherwise, the extensor assembly of the hands and feet are quite similar. The function of the so-called paratendinous intravaginal flexors is discussed as are evolutionary aspects of the extensor assembly.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Comprehensive schemata on the histology of the liver with consequences in terminology (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 211-219 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: New schemata of the liver are presented to discuss the combination of the three kinds of liver lobules known until today in a chalk-talk-manner. Terminology is also discussed. Further investigations are needed involving the construction and the vascular pattern of compound lobules of the three individial lobules of the liver in different species.
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    The blood supply of muscle spindles in some mammals and the pigeon (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 323-335 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood supply of muscle spindles was studied in serial cross sections in macaque, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse and pigeon muscles which had been incubated in a medium containing 3,3′ diaminobenzidine. Lumina of blood vessels were recognized by the reaction product that was localized within erythrocytes. The outer capsule was well vascularized, but few or no capillaries were seen in the periaxial space. The inner spindle capsule, which closely invests the axial bundle, was rarely contacted by periaxial capillaries at the equator and juxtequator. Capillaries occurred more frequently adjacent to intrafusal fibers at the polar region and beyond the end of the outer capsule. Shorter diffusion distances and, usually, higher capillary densities were found at the polar region than at the spindle midsection. This suggests that transcapillary exchange at the polar segment is nearer to conditions prevalent in extrafusal muscle than elsewhere in the spindle, provided the inner and outer capsules are not less permeable at the poles than at the midsection. Differences in blood supply among mammalian species appear to be related to receptor size.
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    Cell death and optic fiber penetration in the optic stalk of the chick (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 67-75 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of dying cells in the optic stalk in relation to retinal fiber migration was investigated in the chick embryo. Cell death was analysed at various stages of development by counting pycnotic nuclei and also by the Gomori acid phosphatase reaction, while nerve fibers were visualised by the Bodian method. A wave of cell death, beginning in the neural retina at stage 18 and advancing with time through the stalk towards the diencephalon, occurred simultaneously or slightly prior to differentiation and migration of ganglion cell axons. Cell death stopped and gliogenesis occurred in the stalk after penetration by retinal fibers. Cell death occurred in the stalk even when fiber penetration was prevented by optic cup ablation. In this case, necrosis ensued until almost complete degeneration of the stalk, usually within three days after the operation, and gliogenesis did not occur. As the stalk degenerated, its cells became heavily pigmented. These observations suggest that the onset of cell death in the optic stalk is determined prior to and independently of retinal fiber penetration. On the other hand, cessation of cell death and subsequent gliogenesis occur only in the presence of ingrowing optic fibers.
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    Ultrastructure of the somatic portion of the gonads in asteroids, with emphasis on flagellated-collar cells and nutrient transportSupported by Sigma Xi Grant-in-Aid (Cornell University); Central University Research Fund and Hubbard Fund (University of New Hampshire) to C. W. Walker. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 127-161 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Somatic portions of gonads in two phanerozonian sea-stars, Ctenodiscus crispatus and Hippasteria phrygiana, were similar in all aspects of gross structure and histology seen previously in both forcipulate and spinulosan asteroids. For the first time, detailed ultrastructural observations have been made of cells and tissues that reveal several features believed to be of universal occurrence in the gonads of asteroids. These include flagellated-collar cells in the visceral peritoneum and other coelomically derived epithelia, muscular-flagellated-collar cells in the visceral peritoneum and genital coelomic (perihaemal) sinus, the digestion of collagen fibers by cells in the connective tissue layer, and the intimate relationship of the genital haemal sinus and the entire germinal epithelium.Structural and functional compartmentalization are discussed in relation to major activities of the gonad throughout the annual reproductive cycle. The distinctive ultrastructure and current generation of flagellated-collar cells found in the visceral peritoneum are analyzed relative to their role in nutrient transport to gonadal tissues. The single flagellum of each flagellated-collar cell beats in coordination with those on neighboring cells to produce extremely rapid, oriented currents of coelomic fluid. The form of beating in an individual flagellum is planar, and the resulting synchronized activity of many adjacent flagella is non-metachronal; both of these characteristic aspects of current production have, thus far, been encountered together only in the Echinodermata. Flagellated-collar cells are efficient in generating currents which mix contents of the coelomic fluid, and they can presumably supply themselves with nutrients. It is concluded that nutrients so obtained are generally not passed through the wall of the gonad to the germinal epithelium and, as a result, have little to do with nutrition of somatic and germinal cells of the germinal epithelium. Alternatively, well-developed genital portions of the haemal system of the sea-star are advanced as the major channels supplying nutrients to germinal epithelia during gametogenesis.
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    The structural organization of the pineal complex in the domestic goose (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 221-247 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The light and electron microscopic structure of the pineal complex of the domestic goose was studied. The complex is tubulofollicular but there is no direct connection between the constituent system of ducts and the third ventricle of the brain. Within the pineal, blood vessels accompanied by sympathetic nerve bundles are confined to the connective tissue. Other nerve fibers and occasional nerve cell bodies, however, do occur among the pineal cells.Three basic pineal cell types were distinguished: (1) elongate epithelial cells which are arranged around follicles and ducts and resemble degenerate photo-receptor cells; (2) intramural supportive cells which are interspersed with elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells; and (3) small supportive cells which lie between the bases of the elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells. The follicular structure, vascularization, presence of secretory granules, and the nature of the elongate epithelial cells indicate that the pineal complex is primarily endocrine though a possible photoreceptive function cannot be ignored. Vesicles, 100-300 and 40-100 nm wide, were found within nerves and intramural supportive cells. The larger vesicles, present in pineals collected in the night, probably contain peptidic hormones. The smaller vesicles present in both day and night samples probably contain aminergic hormones.
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    Nature and cellular origin of the adhesive coats of the lamprey egg (Petromyzon marinus)Supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Grant A0657 to D. B. McMillan. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 313-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell surface coats are important in adhesion and other cellular activities. The lamprey egg possesses a surface coat that has been divided into two morphologically and functionally distinct regions. The amorphous apical tuft forms a cap over the animal pole, while the elaborately-textured adhesive coat covers the ventral two-thirds of the egg. This latter area is composed of saccules that form rosettes over the egg surface and is derived from the remains of specialized follicular cells which break down during ovulation. The adhesive qualities of these coats may be inhibited or abolished by various proteins and sulphydryl-blocking agents, thereby implicating, as a possible source of this adhesion, classes of acid and sulphated glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans which occur on the egg surface.
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    The wrist joint of two-toed sloths and its relevance to brachiating adaptations in the hominoidea (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 413-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two-toed sloths have evolved a wrist complex that includes the following traits: (1) diminution and distal migration of the pisiform, with a loss of contact with the ulna; (2) reduction of the distal end of the ulna to a styloid process; and (3) extremely reduced contact between the ulna and triquetrum. These traits were proposed by Lewis ('65, '74) to be indicative of brachiating habits and to be a unique adaptation of the Hominoidea. Cartmill and Milton ('77) recently found a similar complex in the wrists of the lorisines. Very similar adaptations of the wrist among the Hominoidea, lorisines, and two-toed sloths clearly refute contentions of Lewis and strengthen the hypothesis of Cartmill and Milton that the traits common to those animals are due to similar slow, cautious, but acrobatic locomotion.
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    Rosette glands in the gills of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. II. Premolt ductule reformation: Replacement of ciliary processes by cytoplasmic processes in relation to gland maturation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 69-77 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The events associated with premolt reformation of the cuticularized ductule in the underdeveloped (immature) branchial rosette glands, which are common in the gills of small (14-18 mm, total length) grass shrimp, are described and contrasted with the events of ductule reformation in the fully developed (mature) resette glands most common in larger shrimp. In immature rosette glands, two ciliary processes emerge from each of the component secretory cells and ascend into the basal luminal region of the old ductule. Subsequently a new ductule is formed around the old ductule, and the ciliary processes disappear, either because of degeneration or retraction. The transitory ciliary processes appear to prevent the old ductule from collapsing during the formation of a new ductule. Such transitory ciliary processes, however, are not found in association with premolt ductule reformation in the mature rosette glands; in their place are seen a number of microvilli-like cytoplasmic processes, which emanate from the apices of the secretory cells and from the channels of the central cell. These cytoplasmic processes in mature glands, like the ciliary processes in immature glands, are transitory and appear to prevent the collapse of the old ductule.Cytoplasmic processes comparable to those in mature glands, but relatively few in number and originating only from the secretory cells, are seen together with ciliary processes in some immature glands. The relative abundance of cytoplasmic processes in the mature glands, coupled with the observation that transitory ciliary processes occur in immature glands but not in mature glands, suggests that, during glandular maturation, transitory ciliary processes are replaced by transitory cytoplasmic processes.
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    Two sperm types in the spermatozeugmata of Tubifex tubifex (annelida, oligochaeta) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 123-136 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatozeugmata (sperm bundles lacking a distinct wall) from the spermathecae of Tubifex tubifex are composed of two different zones: an internal axial cylinder containing conventional spermatozoa and an external cortex composed of modified spermatozoa, tightly packed together. The conventional spermatozoa conform to the classical clitellate scheme: very long and thin with a complex acrosome, a filiform nucleus, small mitochondria, and a flagellum with Y links and β glycogen granules as accessory structures. The modified spermatozoa show “empty” acrosomes, degenerating nuclei, and tails which contain γ glycogen granules. The tails are helically wound around the spermatozeugma and are connected to each other by junctional complexes. The tips of the cortical tails are free and move with a metachronal wave. The presence of two sperm types in tubificids is discussed and a protective function for the modified cortical spermatozoa is proposed.
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    Development of the embryonic chick phagocytic system: Intraembryonic erythrophagocytosis induced by phenylhydrazine (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 183-194 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The intraembryonic reticuloendothelial response to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia was studied embryonic chicks (days 13-16) by light and electron microscopy and histochemical and biochemical assays for acid phosphatase. Phenylhydrazine was given on day 13 and tissue taken at 2, 5, and 10 h and at 1, 2, and 3 days after injections. The response varied in the three major reticuloendothelial organs. The spleen first demonstrated an increase in erythrophagocytosis that was accompanied by increased acid phosphatase levels. Erythrophagocytosis occurred primarily in the red pulp resulting in increased numbers of macrophages, increased size of macrophages, and retention of erythrocytes, which together combined to enlarge the spleens. By 2 days after phenylhydrazine injection, greatly enlarged macrophages began to migrate into the venous system, where some erythrophagocytosis continued to occur. The liver was also a major erythroclastic organ in which Kupffer cells became increasingly erythrophagocytic. However, erythrophagocytosis began later than in the spleen, and as measured by acid phosphatase levels, the liver was not as effective in removing damaged erythroid cells. Marrow erythrophagocytosis was only slightly enhanced; however, the marrow responded by increasing its production of red blood cells. Thus, the intraembryonic reticuloendothelial organs of the embryonic chick responded to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in much the same manner as might be expected of the adult bird.
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    The structure of the chambered nautilus siphuncle: The siphuncular epithelium (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 5-22 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The siphuncle of the chambered nautilus (Nautilus macromphalus) is composed of a layer of columnar epithelial cells resting on a vascularized connective tissue base. The siphuncular epithelium taken from chambers that have not yet begun to be emptied of cameral liquid has a dense apical brush border. The great number of apical cell junctions (zonula adherens) compared to the number of nuclei suggests extensive interdigitation of these cells. The perinuclear cytoplasm of these preemptying cells is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The siphuncular epithelium of both emptying and “old” siphuncle (which has already completed emptying its chamber) both show little rough endoplasmic reticulum but do contain extensive systems of mitochondria-lined infoldings of the basolateral plasma membranes. Active transport of NaCl into the extracellular space of this tubular system probably entrains the water transport involved in the chamber-emptying process. Both emptying and old siphuncular epithelium also show large basal infoldings (canaliculi) continuous with the hemocoel, which appear to be filled with hemocyanin. The apical cell junctions of emptying and old siphuncular epithelium contain septate desmosomes that may help to prevent back-flow of cameral liquid into the chambers.
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    Rosette glands in the gills of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. I. Comparative morphology, cyclical activity, and innervation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 41-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two types of exocrine rosette glands (called type A and type B), located in the gill axes of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, are described. The type A glands are embedded within the longitudinal median septum of the gill axes, whereas the type B glands typically project into the efferent hemolymph channels of the gill axes. Although both glands have certain common characteristics (i.e., a variable number of radially arranged secretory cells, a central intercalary cell, and a canal cell that forms the cuticular ductule leading to the branchial surface), they differ in the following respects. The type B gland is innervated, but the type A gland is not; axonal processes, containing both granular (ca. 900-1300 Å) and agranular (ca. 450-640 Å) vesicles, occur at a juncture between adjacent secretory cells and the central cell of the type B gland. The secretory cells of type A and type B glands differ in their synthetic potential and membrane specializations. These differences are more pronounced in well-developed, mature glands, most frequently encountered in larger (24-28 mm, total length) grass shrimp, than in the underdeveloped, immature glands that are most abundant in smaller (14-18 mm, total length) grass shrimp. Thus, in mature glands, the secretory cells of the type A rosette glands are characterized by extensive RER, abundant Golgi, and numerous secretory granules, whereas the secretory cells of the type B gland are characterized by extensively infolded and interdigitated basal plasmalemmas and by the presence of numerous mitochondria. In general, both types of glands exhibit increased secretory activity soon after ecdysis. The central and canal cells in both glands seem to have a role in the modification of the secreted materials. The possible functions assigned to the type A gland and the type B gland include phenol-oxidase secretion and osmoregulation, respectively.
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    Transformation of the intestinal epithelium of the larval anadromous sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. during metamorphosis (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 89-117 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The events in the transformation of the intestine of the larval lamprey into the adult intestine were followed through the seven (1-7) stages of metamorphosis in anadromous Petromyzon marinus L. Light and electron-microscope observations demonstrated that the processes of degeneration, differentiation, and proliferation are involved in the transformation. In the anterior intestine, degeneration of cells and the extrusion of others into the lumen results in the disappearance of secretory (zymogen) cells and the decline in numbers of endocrine and ciliated cells. Larval absorptive cells, with a prominent brush border, are believed to dedifferentiate into unspecialized columnar cells with few microvilli. Degeneration and removal of cells occurs by both autophagy and heterography and cells extruded into the lumen in the anterior intestine are phagocytosed by epithelial cells of the posterior intestine. The loss of epithelial cells during transformation results in the folding and degradation of parts of the basal lamina and in an extensive widening of the lateral intercellular spaces in all parts of the intestine. As metamorphosis is a nontrophic period of the lamprey life cycle, the possible morphological effects of starvation on the intestinal epithelium are discussed.The development of longitudinal folds is a consequence of the events of metamorphic transformation of the intestinal mucosa. Although an interaction between the epithelium and the underlying tissues is believed to be importent, the actual mechanism of fold development is unknown.The intestinal epithelium of adult lampreys develops from surviving cells of the larval (primary) epithelium. Unlike the situation in amphibians, there does not appear to be a group (nest) of undifferentiated larval cells which differentiate into the adult (secondary) epithelium. Instead, in lampreys, columnar cells that persist through the degradative processes seem to be the source of absorptive and ciliated cells and probably are responsible for mucous and secretory cells.Preliminary observations indicate that the intestinal epithelium of feeding adults is specialized into an anterior region which liberates a secretion, absorbs lipid, and possesses the machinery for ion transport. A posterior region absorbs lipid, secretes mucus, and likely is involved in some protein absorption.
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    The organization of the octavolateralis area in actinopterygian fishes: A new interpretation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 159-181 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The octavolateralis area of actinopterygian fishes can be subdivided into a dorsal lateralis area composed of first-order lateral line nuclei, and a ventral octavus area composed of nuclei receiving first-order input from the eighth nerve. Three patterns of organization of the lateralis area are recognized in the present study. The organization of this area in polypteriforms and chondrosteans is similar to that in chondrichthyans. On the basis of recent studies in chondrichthyans (McCready and Boord, '76; Boord and Campbell, '77; Bodznick and Northcutt, '80), it is hypothesized that this pattern reflects the subdivision of the lateral line system into mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive portions. As petromyzontid agnathans also share this pattern of organization, it is hypothesized that they are elecroreceptive. The lateralis area of holosteans and nonelectroreceptive teleosts exhibits a second organizational pattern that is hypothesized to reflect the loss of the electroreceptive portion of the lateral line system; it is suggested that electroreception was lost sometime between the chondrostean and teleostean radiations. Each group of electroreceptive teleosts is believed to have evolved electroreception independently (Bullock, '74), a situation that is reflected centrally by a third organizational pattern within the lateralis area, which is distinctly different from that of early radiations of electroreceptive fishes.The octavus area of actinopterygians exhibits two patterns of organization-that of polypteriforms, chondrosteans, and holosteans, and that of teleosts. The functional significance of these patterns has yet to be elucidated.
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    Differentiation of Acmaea digitalis oocytes with special reference to lipid-endoplasmic reticulum-annulate lamellae-polyribosome relationships (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 225-243 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During initial stages of oogenesis, many nucleoli are adpressed to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. Small nucleolar fragments appear to traverse the pores of the nuclear envelope and accumulate in the perinuclear ooplasm as fibrogranular bodies. Mitochondria become closely associated with some of the fibrogranular bodies. In addition to ribosomes and polyribosomes that are present in small oocytes, lamellae of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER) increase greatly in number during early stages of differentiation. Some individual lamellae are attached at their ends to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Many parallel lamellae of rER are then encountered as well as numerous circular profiles consisting of concentric loops of rER. Soon after the differentiation of the extensive system of rER, lipid droplets or spheres appear in the ooplasm and they are initially surrounded by many circular, concentric lamellae of rER. Initially, the number of concentric lamellae of rER surrounding a lipid droplet may vary from less than a dozen to more than two dozen. During middle and late phases of vitellogenesis, most of the lipid spheres that comprise the most numerous and significant component of the yolk are surrounded by only one or two concentric lamellae of rER (in some cases the lamellae are part rough-surfaced and part smooth-surfaced). In addition, annulate lamellae are then observed to be associated with a portion of the lipid droplet surface. The number of annulate lamellae that extend focally from the lipid sphere distally into the cytoplasm is variable; often two or three to more than a dozen lamellae. Small granules, many of which range from 6 to 12 nm and thin fibrils (approximately 2-3 nm in width) may be associated with the annulate lamellae. In addition, polyribosomes frequently appear to be continuous with the pore-associated material of the annulate lamellae. The ends of some annulate lamellae may extend as lamellae of the rER. The morphologic relationships and relationships and variations observed between the lipid droplets, rER, annulate lamellae, and polyribosomes during lipidogenesis in this oocyte are interpreted to support a recent hypothesis (Kessel, 1981a,b) that the pores of annulate lamellae may be involved in some manner with the processing of ribosomal subunits or precursors into functioning polyribosomes, and that their appearance in specific association with the surface of many lipid spheres and rER in the oocyte late in vitellogenesis may be related to the formation of additional functional polyribosomes necessary to complete the final synthesis of many lipid droplets that are present in the ooplasm of the full-grown oocyte.
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    Types of neurons and synaptic connections at hypostome-tentacle junctions in Hydra (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 119-128 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using transmission electron microscopy of thin sections we have examined neuronal concentrations at hypostome-tentacle junctions in Hydra littoralis. A total of 194 ganglion cells were counted in 587 serial thin sections of a single hypostome-tentacle junction. We found two distinct types of ganglion cells: those with and those lacking stereocilia. The majority of the neurons observed lacked stereocilia; in a single hypostome-tentacle junction only 37% of the ganglion cells possessed a kinocilium surrounded by rodlike stereocilia. Most of the ganglion cells (55%) were clustered together in the oral or upper epidermis of the hypostome-tentacle junction: Nineteen percent were in the lateral and 26% in the aboral or lower epidermis. The two types of ganglion cells did not differ significantly in their distribution. Both types of ganglion cell had synaptic contacts with other neurons and with epitheliomuscular cells. More than 85% of the neuroneuronal and 61% of the neuroepitheliomuscular cell synapses were located in the oral epidermis of a hypostome-tentacle junction. In addition, two-way chemical synapses and a gap junction between neurons were observed at hypostome-tentacle junctions. Our morphological evidence of synaptic connectivity in neuronal clusters at hypostome-tentacle junctions suggests that primitive ganglia are present in Hydra.
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    Abnormal development of vertebrae in paralyzed chick embryos (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ventral bars, cartilaginous projections from the ventral aspect of the synsacrum that contact and form a joint with the ilium, were found in all normal chick embryos of age E9 and older. Bars were absent in a number of embryos which had been paralyzed from age E4 by the use of the acetylcholine receptor blocker α-bungarotoxin. They were also absent in some embryos that had been paralyzed between ages E4 and E10 but allowed to move thereafter. The bars, already formed, remained present in a third group of embryos in which paralysis was initiated at age E10. Apparently, normal embryonic movements induce the formation of bars. In support of this conclusion is the observation that two of three embryos which had had their hindlimb buds amputated at age E3 lacked bars. In these embryos with amputations, the ilium was present at least in part, but the forces exerted on the region where the bars develop would have been greatly reduced because of the lack of hind limb musculature. It is concluded that the bars, which form part of the iliosynsacral joint, are induced epigenetically by normal embryonic movements.
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    Development of the crayfish retina: A light and electron microscopic study (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 101-118 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the crayfish retina was examined in embryos and first, second and third instars with both and light and electron microscope. Light microscopic observations indicate that differentiation begins at the posterior portion of the optic disc and progresses in an anterior direction. Development of screening pigment, dioptric elements, and rhabdoms all parallel this posterior to anterior gradient in the retina. Tracer studies in early embryos reveal that the retina is separated from the proximal neuropil regions by a distinct vascular space. This observation suggests that the source of new cells for the retina may not be the more proximal cell proliferation zone as previously indicated. It is proposed that mitotic activity within the retina and/or differentiation of cells from the anterior surface layer of the eye may be sources for addition of new cells to the retina. Proto-ommatidial clusters of seven retinula cells occur very early at the posterior region of the embryonic retina. Initially the receptor cells extend throughout the entire thickness of the retina, but later they withdraw from beneath the cornea to occupy only the proximal portion of the retina. Microvilli of the rhabdom arise from the centrally opposed membranes of the retinula cells in each cell cluster. Each new microvillus contains a core of fine filaments which extend out into the cytoplasm at its base. As development of the microvilli continues, the core filaments appear to be lost or altered, but the cytoplasmic bundles at the base of the microvilli persist.
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    A model for comparison of masticatory effectiveness in primates (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 139-149 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A model is presented to express how effectively animals increase the exposed surface area of their food by chewing. It includes a coefficient of masticatory effectiveness (E) the value of which increases with effectiveness of exposing new food surface area with each chew. Humans and other species of primates differ significantly in their values of E; among the nonhuman primates studies, Lemur catta has a higher coefficient than Lemur fulvus, and both have higher coefficients than either Varecia variegatus or Galago crassicaudatus argentatus. The differences among the coefficients to these prosimians are correlated with variations in specific features of the molar morphology.Of six lower molar shearing crests considered, the relative length of the post-metacristid correlates most highly with the coefficient of masticatory effectiveness for the prosimian species. Also, among comparable-sized prosimians, E correlates significantly with the absolute postmetacristid length. Both these findings indicate that the relative size of molar shearing crests is related significantly to how effectively an animal chews its food. There are also implications for an adaptation to a high-fiber diet.
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    A structural analysis of the freshly extruded spermatophore from the lobster, Homarus americanus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 193-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Freshly extruded spermatophores from the lobster, Homarus americanus, were examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The tubular spermatophore is trifoil in shape with two lobes tapered laterally from a third lobe situated ventrally. It is comprised of sperm surrounded by three acellular investments: (1) a primary spermatophore layer, (2) an intermediate layer, and (3) an outer bounding layer. The sperm are packed into a continuous tube contained largely within the ventral lobe and are embedded in a matrix of moderate electron density. The primary spermatophore layer is uniformly thick around the sperm mass and contains at its peripheral margins both ring structures and crystals in an amorphous matrix. The intermediate layer is thicker dorsally than ventrally. Dense granules dominate the ventral half of the intermediate layer while inclusions populate the dorsal half; both react positively to the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique. The innermost portion of the outer bounding layer is composed of parallel fibrils; a flocculent material is present peripherally. This flocculent substance is presumed to impart stickiness to freshly extruded spermatophores. These observations provide a basis for the future understanding of the mechanisms involved in long-term storage of sperm in spermatophores.
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    The early embryonic development of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis lssiki (lepidoptera, micropterygidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 259-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the early embryonic development of Neomicropteryx nipponensis from oviposition to the formation of the inner layer. Newly laid eggs are covered with many hygroscopic, gelatinous masses. The chorion is composed of a porous, spongy exochorion of variable thickness and of a thin endochorion. The eggs have a very thin periplasm and contain large amounts of yolk made of proteid and fatty yolk droplets. The processes of maturation division, fertilization, and cleavage are similar to those commonly found in lepidopteran eggs. The blastoderm of Neomicropteryx is very thin in comparison with that of other lepidopteran eggs. The small circular germ disk is formed on the ventral egg surface. It then invaginates deeply into the yolk to form a sac-shaped germ rudiment. The formation of the germ rudiment and of the embryonic membranes resembles that of swift moths, Endoclita (suborder Monotrysia) and of the caddisfly, Stenopsyche (Trichoptera), but differs from that of ditrysian Lepidoptera. As in other lepidopteran insects, the formation of the inner layer begins after completion of the germ band, which has a bilobed protocephalon and a slender protocorm. Unlike the situation in most lepidopteran eggs, yolk segmentation does not occur in N. nipponensis. During formation of the germ band, hydropyle cells are formed in the dorso-posterior region of the serosa; these are here reported for the first time in the eggs of holometabolan insects.
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    Development and metamorphosis of the feeding apparatus of the stone crab, Menippe mercenaria (brachyura, xanthidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of the feeding apparatus of the stone crab, Menippe mercenaria (Brachyura, Xanthidae), has demonstrated that substantial internal and external morphological alterations occur at metamorphosis and suggests that the mastication of food shifts from the mandibles to the gastric mill at that time. These changes correspond to the changes in environment and diet that take place at metamorphosis, when the previously planktotrophic larvae begin benthic life.A detailed account of the structure and development of the mandibles is presented. The mandibles of all zoeal stages are similar: The incisor process has a series of teeth and denticles and the prominent molar process appears to be well adapted for grinding food. Megalopal mandibles are transitional but have the form that is typical of all subsequent stages: The expanded incisor process is rounded and toothless and the molar process is less prominent and has lost its grinding denticles. The cardiac stomach of the zoeal stages has no gastric mill; the medial and lateral teeth of the mill first appear in the megalopa.A very simple procedure is described for preparing larval mandibles for scanning electron microscopy using the molted exoskeletons from larval rearing experiments.
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    The sensory systems and feeding behavior of leafhoppers. I. The aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons stål (homoptera, cicadellidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 361-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the sensilla, and other structures, within the stylets and precibarium of Macrosteles fascifrons were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Precibarium is a new term, defined here, for the canal that precedes the cibarium inside the leafhopper head. Within the precibarium are found 20 chemosensilla and a previously undescribed structure, the precibarial valve. Twelve mechanosensilla, three in each stylet, are found within the maxillary and mandibular stylets. The relationship between all of these structures and feeding by the insect is detailed in a feeding mechanism hypothesis. It is concluded that leafhoppers (and probably all homopterans) utilize the precibarial chemosensilla alone for gustatory discrimination, the stylet sensilla for proprioception, and the precibarial valve for regulation of fluid uptake and compartmentalization of the sensilla.
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    Histological and enzyme histochemical studies on the nephrons of the freshwater fishes, Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nephrons of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) were examined histologically and also histochemically for enzymes. In both species the distal and collecting tubules have much wider lumens than do the other renal tubules; thus urine probably flows more slowly in these larger tubules. Enzyme histochemistry shows that epithelium of the neck and proximal and intermediate tubules respires anaerobically. whereas that of the distal and collecting tubules respires aerobically. The distribution of Na-K-ATPase in the distal and collecting tubules indicates that they also transport sodium actively. The slow flow of urine and the energy produced by aerobic metabolism probably increase the efficiency of active transport.
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    Partial regeneration of the above-elbow amputated rat forelimb. I. Innate responsesSupported by the Veterans Administration Medical Research Program, Project Number 7004-04 and a Medical Investigatorship Award to P.P. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 427-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Although a number of recent studies describe the facilitation of limb regeneration by electrical and other forms of stimulation, little is known of innate regenerative capacity in the mammalian limb. The present report describes spontaneous regenerative responses following subtotal forelimb amputation in the young white rat. In one group of animals the forelimb was amputated through the lower humerus and the skin sutured closed. In a second group, adjacent muscle tissue still attached to bone at its origin(s) was interposed between the cut surface of the humerus and the skin. Among animals of the first group (skin closure only) bone growth and limb regenerative responses were generally not observed. Animals of the second group displayed significant elaborations of cartilage and bone at the limb terminus. The appearance and subsequent modification of these tissues suggest that some capacity for limb regeneration exists innately in the young rat and can be more readily evoked than has been recognized heretofore. It is concluded that extant and forthcoming reports of electrically stimulated skeletal tissue growth, repair and regeneration among eutherial mammals should be examined to determine whether reported responses to stimulation represent advances beyond what might be expected from innate replacement processes alone.
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    Fibrous and adhesive components of the orb webs of Araneus trifolium and Argiope trifasciata (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 17-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The minimum number of secretion products used by the spiders Araneus trifolium and Argiope trifasciata to construct their orb webs has been established by selective enzyme digestion and histochemical staining, as well as differential isotope localization in these webs. Three fiber types are present in the webs: (a) a major fiber found throughout the web, (b) a minor fiber found only in radial threads, and (c) the core fibers of the sticky spiral thread. Three nonfibrous secretions are found on these fibers. These include a water soluble viscid coating of the sticky spiral and two adhesives which fasten the threads of the web together; one found only at junctions of sticky spiral and radial threads and the other at all other thread connections. The possible glandular sources of these secretions are discussed.
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    Ultrastructure of calcified cartilage in the endoskeletal tesserae of sharks (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 75-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tesserate pattern of endoskeletal calcification has been investigated in jaws, gill arches, vertebral arches and fins of the sharks Carcharhinus menisorrah, Triaenodon obesus and Negaprion brevirostris by techniques of light and electron microscopy. Individual tesserae develop peripherally at the boundary between cartilage and perichondrium. An inner zone, the body, is composed of calcified cartilage containing viable chondrocytes separated by basophilic contour lines which have been called Liesegang waves or rings. The outer zone of tesserae, the cap, is composed of calcified tissue which appears to be produced by perichondrial fibroblasts more directly, i.e., without first differentiating as chondroblasts. Furthermore, the cap zone is penetrated by acidophilic Sharpey fibers of collagen. It is suggested that scleroblasts of the cap zone could be classified as osteoblasts. If so, the cap could be considered a thin veneer of bone atop the calcified cartilage of the body of a tessera. By scanning electron microscopy it was observed that outer and inner surfaces of tesserae differ in appearance. Calcospherites and hydroxyapatite crystals similar to those commonly seen on the surface of bone are present on the outer surface of the tessera adjacent to the perichondrium. On the inner surface adjoining hyaline cartilage, however, calcospherites of variable size are the predominant surface feature. Transmission electron microscopy shows calcification in close association with coarse collagen fibrils on the outer side of a tessera, but such fibrils are absent from the cartilaginous matrix along the under side of tesserae. Calcified cartilage as a tissue type in the endoskeleton of sharks is a primitive vertebrate characteristic. Calcification in the tesserate pattern occurring in modern Chondrichthyes may be derived from an ancestral pattern of a continuous bed of calcified cartilage underlying a layer of perichondral bone, as theorized by Ørvig (1951); or the tesserate pattern in these fish may itself be primitive.
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    Fine structure of the gills of some Indian air-breathing fishes (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 169-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed account is given of the structure of the gills of Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes (= Saccobranchus) fossilis, Channa punctata, Monopterus (= Amphipnous) cuchia and Boleophthalmus boddaerti, based upon light and electron microscopy. In all five species the basic organization into primary and secondary lamellae is apparent but the latter are very much more modified in Monopterus.Three main layers separate the water and blood on the surface of the secondary lamellae. The outer epithelium is usually two layered but may be multilayered close to the origin of the secondary lamellae from the gill filament. The basement membrane is relatively thin and a middle dense layer containing collagen fibrils separates two clear layers. The pillar cells, so characteristic of secondary lamellae, are present in all except Monopterus and flanges from these cells surround the blood channels with the exception of the marginal channels. The latter are lined by endothelial cells which line all the blood channels of Monopterus.The overall thickness of the three layers comprising the water/blood barrier ranges from 1.5 to 13 microns. A number of modifications to this basic organization can be related to the degree of dependence of the different species on air-breathing.Boleophthalmus is the only species commonly found in brackish water and its secondary lamellae have well developed lymphoid spaces between two layers of the epithelium. Special densely-stained regions of the pillar cell flanges were also present in this fish and may have a supporting function.
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    The effect of wear on the cheek teeth and associated dental tissues of the lizard Uromastix aegyptius (Agamidae) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serial coronal sections of the teeth and their surrounding tissues in the agamid lizard, Uromastix aegyptius, were examined with the light microscope in order to determine how these structures change as the teeth wear. Because new teeth are added only at the posterior end of the tooth row and older teeth are not replaced, the series of sections included the youngest as well as the oldest teeth. Two types of changes occur as the teeth become older: bone under the teeth changes from cancellous to compact, and the pulp chamber of the tooth is obliterated. Although the labial surface of the dentary lacks a periosteal covering and some of the bone lacks any covering at all, it remains functional throughout the life of the animal.
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    Fine structural studies of the nervous system and the apical organ in the planula larva of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 275-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nervous system of the planula larva of Anthopleura elegantissima consists of an apical organ, one type of endodermal receptor cell, two types of ectodermal receptor cells, central neurons and nerve plexus. Both interneural and neuromuscular synapses are found in the nerve plexus.The apical organ is a collection of about 100 long, columnar cells each bearing a long cilium and a collar of about 10 microvilli. The cilia of the apical organ are twisted together to form an apical tuft. The ciliary rootlets of the apical organ cells are extremely long, reaching to the basal processes of the cells adjacent to the mesoglea.All three types of sensory cells are tall and slender in profile and are identified by the presence of one or more of the following features: microtubules, small vesicles, membrane-bound granules and synapses. The interneurons are bipolar cells with somas restricted to the aboral end, adjacent to the apical organ. All synapses observed are polarized or asymmetrical.A diagram including all the elements of the nervous system is presented and the possible functions of the nervous system are discussed in relation to larval behavior.
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    Origin and fate of germ cells in male and female embryos of Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn) (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 323-343 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparison of germ cells in male and female embryos of the arrhenotokous thrips, Haplothrips verbasci, yields the following observations: A mean of 11 cleavage energids enter the posterior pole plasm of the egg after the sixth cleavage division and apparently become pole cells when they take up polar granules in their cytoplasm. The cells proliferate asynchronously prior to and during anatrepsis to yield a mean of 36 germ cells in male embryos and 31 in females. Visible sexual differentiation of germ cells begins during germ band elongation and is completed shortly after the appearance of appendages. Female germ cells are larger than those of the males and may contain two nucleoli. The germ cells separate into two groups just before katatrepsis and mesodermal cells collect about these to form the primary epithelial sheaths of the gonads and the primordia of the gonoducts shortly after revolution is completed. Each gonad contains a mean of 13 germ cells in male embryos and 7 in females - a number that persists until mitosis resumes after hatching. During ketatrepsis, a mean of 11 germ cells in male embryos and 2.6 in females fail to be enclosed within the gonads, become dispersed in the yolk and perhaps transform into vitellophages.Germ cell development in H. verbasci embryos resembles similar events taking place in psocid embryos, providing additional evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship between Thysanoptera and Psocoptera.
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    Presence and development of a sensory formation in the eyestalk of the crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Nordmann, 1842), during its embryonic, larval and adult lifeThis study was partially sponsored by C.N.R.S. (France) under grànt A.T.P. International 1976-2602. (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 39-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A sensory papilla is described in the eyestalk of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus during the last embryonic stages and during larval stages by light microscopy. This region was also investigated with the scanning electron microscopy, which showed sensory hairs in the postmolt adult; they disappear during intermolt and premolt. Simultaneous cyclic changes in hair papillae are observed in the hypodermis. The possibility of a chemoreceptive function is discussed.
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    Membrane production and yolk degradation in the early fly embryo (Calliphora erythrocephala meig.): An ultrastructural analysis (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 53-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Formation of nuclear envelopes during the last cleavage mitosis and the formation of the cell membranes during the cellularization of the blastoderm have been studied ultrastructurally in the blowfly egg. Dense bodies arising from yolk granules by budding could contain membrane material destined to be incorporated into the new membranes of the blastoderm. The presence of transitional structures indicates that these bodies can be converted into dark multivesicular bodies. Large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum are found around the mitotic nuclei. Clusters or branched chains of vesicles associated with this are interpreted as evidence for the formation of endoplasmic reticulum by the breakdown of dark multivesicular bodies. Nuclear envelopes of mitotic daughter nuclei probably originate from endoplasmic reticulum. The egg contains both intranuclear and extranuclear annulate lamellae.The main events of cytokinesis are furrow initiation and cell membrane growth during the slow first phase, but probably only cytokinetic movement during the rapid second phase. On the assumption that cell membrane growth occurs by incorporation of complete membrane pieces, the addition of coated vesicles and/or light multivesicular bodies is definitely most probable. Some intermediate profiles indicate that light and dark multivesicular bodies are related. The membrane needed for second phase cytokinesis could well be provided by the unfolding of surface microvilli and protuberances of the furrow canal.
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    Ultrastructural localization of glucose-6-phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the vaginal epithelium of rat (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of ovarian hormones on the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the vaginal epithelium was studied in immature and ovariectomized rats, using ultracytochemical techniques. Comparative studies were done on normal rats at the luteal phase and on day 14 of pregnancy.Various vaginal cells show different degrees of response to progesterone and diethylstilbestrol (DES) with regard to glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Intense glucose-6-phosphatase activity was observed in the cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum (rER), Golgi saccules and vesicles, and nuclear envelope of both basal cells and stromal cells of progesterone treated rats, whereas in the basal cells and stromal cells of DES-treated and control animals the enzyme was totally lacking. Detectable glucose-6-phosphatase activity was also observed, however, in the rER cisternae and Golgic complex of keratohyalin-secreting squamous intermediate cells of the vaginal epithelium of DES-treated rats. Alkaline phosphatase was observed in the plasma membranes of various cell types of vaginal epithelium in the normal, progesterone-, and DES-treated rats, Alkaline phosphatase was also found on the limiting membranes of secretory granules of mucocytes in animals at the luteal phase and during pregnancy. DES and progesterone in the doses used did not affect alkaline phosphatase activity in the rat vagina. Overall, progesterone enhances glucose-6-phosphatase activity in basal cells of the rat vagina prior to completion of mucification. Alkaline phosphatase was found in all cells involved in mucin secretion.
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    Morphology and distribution of chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland of cordylidae (Reptilia, Sauria): A comparative study (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 79-88 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of the adrenaline and noradrenaline chromaffin cells in the adrenal glands of 10 members of the family Cordylidae have been examined. In the genus Gerrhosaurus, all the catecholamine cells lie on the surface of the adrenal gland, forming a continuous envelope of one or two layers of cells that mainly contain noradrenaline (NA). In the genus Platysaurus, the chromaffin envelope is intermittent. There are relatively large tracts of interspersed interrenal tissue containing some adrenaline cells (A). Islets of chromaffin cells are scattered between these interrenal tracts. In the genus Pseudocordylus and the genus Cordylus, the superficial chromaffin cells tend to gather into a multilayered dorsal mass, containing mainly NA cells. Inside the interrenal parenchyma, there are always numerous chromaffin islets, containing mainly A cells.
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    Morphometric studies on tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 137-150 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Muscle spindles were studied histochemically in serial transverse sections of 42 cat tenussimus muscle specimens. Staining for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase was employed to identify nuclear bag1, nuclear bag2, and nuclear chain intrafusal muscle fibers. The nuclear chain fibers were further subdivided into three categories according to their polar length and the intensity of their staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase. A total of 430 spindle poles were surveyed. The mean spindle content of bag1, bag2, and chain fibers was established. The mean polar length of intrafusal fibers as well as that of the intracapsular and extracapsular spindle regions was determined. A cholinesterase (ChE) staining technique was used to demonstrate the termination sites of motor axons along intrafusal fibers. Two types of circumscribed ChE deposits, the “rim” and the “plate,” occurred on the fibers. The nuclear chain fibers usually carried both the ChE rims and plates, while most nuclear bag fibers displayed only the plates. The ChE plates were assessed in term of their appearance, staining intensity, length, and location along the fibers. The mean number of ChE plates found along the fibers was established for each of the various intrafusal fiber types.These histochemical observations are discussed with regard to the current concepts of cat spindle morphology and motor innervation. The results suggest a degree of predictability in the spindle fiber content and in the distribution of motor nerve terminals along intrafusal muscle fibers, at least in the tenuissimus muscle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710203
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    An ultrastructural analysis of isolated basement membranes in the acellular renal cortex: A comparative study of human and laboratory animals (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 195-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Freshly harvested kidneys from New Zealand white rabbits, Sprague-Dawley white rats, rhesus monkeys, and transplant-quality human kidneys were used in this study. Minced renal cortical tissue blocks (〈2 mm3) were treated with 1 mM EDTA, 3% Triton X-100, 0.025% DNAse, and 4% sodium deoxycholate in an effort to remove all cellular elements and leave the extracellular matrix (ECM) intact. These preparations showed remarkable structural preservation and all components of the ECM, including basement membranes (BMs), maintained their in vivo histoarchitectural relationships. By light microscopy, at least four major BM types were recognizable, including Bowman's capsular BM (BCBM), tubular BM (TBM), glomerular BM (GBM), and peritubular capillary BM (PTCBM). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that, despite the lack of supporting interstitium, GBMs in human, monkey, and rat (and rabbit to a lesser degree) exhibit intrinsic structural rigidity such that their convoluted spheroidal shapes are maintained following cell removal. Transmission electron microscopy showed that major BM types are morphologically heterogeneous and vary markedly within and between species. Randomized measurements showed that isolated BM thicknesses (lamina densa only) compared favorably with those reported in cellular preparations. Mean thicknesses of GBMs were within normal ranges in all species with or without power transformations to reduce right-sided skew of distribution curves. In all species, thickness of BCBM 〉 TBM 〉 GGBM 〉 PTCBM. The striking morphologic heterogeneity of major BM types demonstrated in the acellular renal cortex is not surprising in view of recent biochemical analyses that show that BMs derived from different sources are compositionally disparate. We conclude that BMs should be evaluated and characterized individually and that morphologic definition of isolated BMs is necessary prior to further analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710207
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    Morphology of the aedeagal gland of the male mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 259-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The aedeagal gland of male Tenebrio molitor consists of numerous acini containing several secretory units (organules) of three epithelial cells in series. The distal cortical cell and intermediate cell are secretory cells. Secretory products are passed into microvilli-lined extracellular reservoirs. From these storage areas products flow through minute canaliculi and into the efferent ductule. Canaliculi, cuticular trabeculae, and fibrillar material are characteristic features of the efferent ductules within the extracellular reservoirs of secretory cells. After passing from the secretory cells, the efferent ductule penetrates the basal ductule cell. The thin epicuticle that comprises the wall of the ductule is confluent with the epicuticle of the cuticular sheath forming the wall of the genital pocket. Secretory products flow from the cortical cell ductule into the intermediate cell and eventually empty into the genital pocket. A chemical reaction apparently takes place in the intermediate cell ductule, resulting in a frothy secretion product. When released from the ductule, this frothy product forms a foam-like layer that coats the inner wall of the genital pocket. Ultrastructural and probable functional aspects of this gland are described and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710303
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    Structure and evolution of tetraodontoid teeth: An autoradiographic study (pisces, Tetraodontiformes) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: For years teeth of tetraodontoid fishes generally have been considered coalescent even though “coalescence,” which also is found in fishes of other families, has never been well defined. This paper deals with some aspects of coalescence of the teeth in tetraodontoids and attempts to define this condition. The sites of osteodentinogenesis and the mechanisms by which hard tissues are formed, reabsorbed, and abraded during feeding were analyzed from semiserial decalcified sections and from ground sections, as well as from autoradiographs of the premaxilla and dentary bones of Sphoeroides greeleyi. The observations reported here, taken together with other data we have obtained on members of the Tetraodontoidei, permit clear definitions of “tooth” and “supporting bone,” and consequently the structural meaning of coalescence. From these data we hypothesize how coalesced masticatory structures may have evolved in this group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710304
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    Announcement (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 365-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710309
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    Mastication in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (reptilia: Rhynchocephalia): Structure and activity of the motor system (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 321-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The masticatory pattern of Sphenodon punctatus, the sole remaining rhynchocephalian, now restricted to islands off the coast of New Zealand, has been analyzed by detailed anatomy, cinematography, cinefluoroscopy, and electromyography. Food reduction consists of a closing, crushing bite followed by a propalineal sliding of the dentary row between the maxillary and palatine ones. The large, fleshy tongue can be protruded to pick up small prey, and also plays a major role in prey manipulation. The rotational closing movement of the jaw, supporting the basic crushing movement, is induced by the main adductor musculature. It is followed by a propalineal anterior displacement relying heavily on the action of the M. pterygoideus. The fiber lengths of the several muscles reflect the extent of shortening. The most obvious modification appears in the M. pterygoideus, which contains a central slip of pinnately arranged short fibers that act a period different from that of the rest of the muscle; their action increases the power during the terminal portion of the propalineal phase. This also allows the animal to use its short teeth in an effective shearing bite that cuts fragments off large prey.The action of single cusped dentary teeth acting between the maxillary and palatine tooth rows provides a translational crushing-cutting action that may be an analog of the mammalian molar pattern. However, this strictly fore-aft slide does not incorporate capacity for later development of lateral movement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710307
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    Architecture of the hind limb muscles of cats: Functional significance (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Force, velocity, and displacement properties of a muscle are determined in large part by its architectural design. The relative effect of muscle architecture on these physiological variables was studied by determining muscle weight, fiber length, average sarcomere length, and approximate angle of pinnation for 24 cat hind limb muscles. Muscle lengths ranged from 28.3 to 144 mm, whereas fiber lengths ranged from 8.4 to 105.5 mm. Generally, fiber to muscle length ratios were similar throughout a muscle. Estimated angles of pinnation of muscle fibers varied from 0 to 21° with most having an angle of less than 10°. The cross-sectional area of the knee extensors was similar to the knee flexors (16.43 vs. 16.83 cm2) whereas the cross-sectional area of the ankle extensors was more than six times greater than the ankle flexors (18.59 vs. 2.83 cm2). There was a 6.7-fold difference in the maximal force between muscles, when normalized to a constant weight, that could be attributed to architectural features. Rations of wet weight to predicted maximal tetanic tension for each muscle and group were calculated to compare the relative priority of muscle force versus muscle length-velocity for a given mass of muscle. These ratios varied from 0.4 to 4.84. The ratios suggest that velocity and/or displacement is a priority for the hamstrings, whereas force is a priority for the quadriceps and lower leg muscles. As much as a 12.6-fold difference in maximal velocity between muscles can be attributed to differences in fiber lengths. This can be compared to approximately a 2.5-fold difference in maximal velocity reported to occur as a result of biochemical (intrinsic) differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730206
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    Ultrastructural aspects of mechano- and chemoreceptors in Branchiobdella pentodonta (annelida, oligochaeta) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The surface receptors in Branchiobdella pentodonta consist of “sense buttons” prevalent on the prostomium, isolated sense cells all along the body of the animal, and free nerve endings. The “sense buttons” are uni- and multiciliated neurosensitive elements and supporting cells together with mucus glandular processes and muscle fibers. In the neurosensitive elements the cilia are always surrounded by cytoplasmic extroversion. The cytoplasm of the apical zone has abundant small dense granules, mitochondria, bands of tonofilaments, and microtubules. The cilium of uniciliated elements originates from three short roots. The highly vacuolated support cells surround the neurosensitive elements, separating them from each other. The “sense buttons” appear to be mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors, and the isolated sense cells tactile mechanoreceptors, as are the free nerve endings. The surface receptors are compared with those of other Oligochaeta and Hirudinea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730210
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    The cellular basis of the aggressive acrorhagial response of sea anemones (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 259-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Some sea anemones possess structures called acrorhagi at the base of the tentacles. The acrorhagi are utilized solely for aggression. Acrorhagial aggression involves very exquisite intra- and interspecific recognition. This study examined acrorhagi and putative acrorhagial analogues or homologues in four species of sea anemone. The morphology and ultrastructure of tentacles, pseudoacrorhagi, column vesicles, and verrucae (adhesive column vesicles) differed from that of acrorhagi. Coral capitate tentacles and acrorhagi have different surface morphology, nematocysts, and functions. Besed on morphology, acrorhagi seem more likely to be homologous to tentacles than to verrucae.Acrorhagial nematocyst discharge and ectodermal peeling, the culmination of the response, were shown to require prior acrorhagial expansion in Anthopleura krebsi and Bunodosoma cavernata. A mechanical mechanism is suggested where- by distention of the acrorhagus opens a ciliary pit on the nematocyte surface and exposes the pit wall and microvilli, which may contain the chemoreceptors for the peeling process, including nematocyst discharge. A similar system may also be responsible for changing the threshold of nematocyst discharge in sea anemone tentacles. A case of possible neurosecretion in an anthozoan was also shown in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730303
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740101
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    The ultrastructure of spermatogenesis in Labidocera aestiva (copepoda: Calanoida) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of spermatogenesis is described for the marine calanoid copepod Labidocera aestiva. The mature spermatozoon is a slightly flattened, disc-shaped cell without a flagellum or an acrosome.Primary spermatocytes in first meiotic prophase are characterized by large nuclei showing progressive condensation of chromatin. The cytoplasm contains free ribosomes, numerous mitochondria, cytoplasmic vesicles, centrioles, and perinuclear nuage. Densely staining cisternae are associated with the nuage of pachytene and diplotene primary spermatocytes. This association may represent the temporary differentiation of an acrosome. Synaptonemal polycomplexes are frequently present in the nuclei of zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene primary spermatocytes. Many of the intercellular bridges which join the germ cells throughout spermatogenesis appear occluded by systems of transverse membranous cisternae. After the second meiotic telophase, spermatids are incorporated into nongerminal accessory cells that may facilitate the release of spermatids from the testis and regulate the rate of spermatogenesis by phagocytosis.During spermiogenesis the mitochondria become closely applied to the nuclear envelope, the nuclear envelope fragments and forms an elaborate membrane complex, a pentalaminar plasma membrane develops, and electron-dense material accumulates on the inner and outer surfaces of the plasma membrane in the mature spermatozoon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740102
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    Hamster nasal glands: Their structure, sialic acid content, and vulnerability to actinomycin D (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 79-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study examines the structure of mucosal glands in the walls of the hamster maxillary recess, compares the histochemical appearance of nasal glands to their sialic acid content, and determines the vulnerability of nasal glands to actinomycin toxicity. Observations were made on plastic-embedded tissue with light and transmission electron microscopes. Determinations of total sialic acid in mucosal samples were conducted with thiobarbituric acid. Experimental hamsters were administered 0.2 μg of actinomycin D (IP)/gm body weight/day for five days. Types of granules present in the lateral nasal gland (LNG) and glands of the maxillary recess (MRGs) include: 2.0 μm lightly basophilic, lightly electron-dense granules and 1.5 μm strongly basophilic, electron-dense granules in the same acinar cell type in both the LNG and MRGs; 1.5 μm metachromatic granules in some acinar cells of the LNG; 1.0 μm moderately electron-dense granules in cells of MRG ducts; and 0.7 μm electrondense granules in cells of LNG intercalated ducts. Acid glycoproteins, demonstrable by histochemistry, are present in the LNG but not in the MRGs. However, the total sialic acid content of tissues from MRG tissue is greater than that of other tissues measured. A minor number of LNG acini, those with metachromatic granules, have branching basal cytoplasmic projections. Many dark cells are present in striated ducts of the LNG. Histological alteration due to actinomycin-D toxicity, conspicuous in parotid salivary parenchyma, is greater in MRG than in LNG tissue.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740107
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    The structure of the head kidney in the mudskipper, Periophthalmus koelreuteri (pallas) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The head kidneys of adult Periophthalamus koelreuteri contain many functional glomerular nephorns which on the basis of this histochemical study, are indistinguishable from those of the typical opistonephros of marine teleosts. The anterior lobes resemble, in location and in the presence of intertubular erythropoeitic tissue, the pronephros in other species. The single nephron found there, however, does not differ significantly from the other nephrons of the head kidney. It is suggested, therefore, that the nephrons of the head kidney in this species are opisthonephric in origin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740109
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