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  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
  • 1975-1979  (235)
  • 1915-1919
  • 1978  (235)
  • 1
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    Holography and LDV techniques, their status and use in airfoil research (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The measurement capabilities of laser velocimetry and holographic interferometry in transonic airfoil testing were demonstrated. Presented are representative results obtained with these two nonintrusive techniques on a 15.24 cm chord airfoil section. These results include the density field about the airfoil, flow angles in the inviscid flow and viscous flow properties including the turbulent Reynolds stresses. The accuracies of the density fields obtained by interferometry were verified from comparisons with surface pressure and laser velocimeter measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 589-599
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  • 2
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    Instrumentation, techniques and data reduction associated with airfoil testing programs at Wichita State University (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Two dimensional airfoil testing was conducted at the Wichita State University Beech Wind Tunnel for a number of years. The instrumentation developed and adapted during this period of testing for determination of flow fields along with traversing mechanisms for these probes are discussed. In addition, some of the techniques used to account for interference effects associated with the apparatus used for this two dimensional testing are presented. The application of a minicomputer to the data reduction and presentation is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 539-558
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  • 3
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    The Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) subsystem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The infrared radiation from the earth in two spectral bands during both day and night portions of the orbit is measured. Pictures of cloud cover, three dimensional mappings of cloud cover, temperature mappings of clouds, land, and ocean surface, cirrus cloud content, atmospheric contamination, and relative humidity are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide 247-262 (SEE N79-20148 11-12)
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  • 4
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    The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Ocean momentum and energy transfer parameters on a nearly all weather operational basis are obtained and used. The winds, water vapor, liquid water content, temperature, and mean cloud droplet size are derived from low altitude parameters.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 213-246
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  • 5
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    The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The CZCS is used to map chlorophyll concentration, sediment distribution, gelbstroffe concentration, and temperature of coastal waters and the open ocean. The data processing techniques used to enhance contrasts over the ocean and to remove the effect of the backscattered atmosphere are presented. The multi-channel scanning radiometer of CZCS is described. The content of water is determined primarily by the CZCS measurement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 19-32
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  • 6
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    DSN water vapor radiometer development: Recent work, 1978 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A water vapor radiometer (WVR) was developed that measures the atmospheric noise temperature at two different frequencies near 22 GHz. These noise temperature are used in empirical-theoretical equations that yield tropospheric range delay, in centimeters, through the atmosphere along the beam of the WVR. This range correction is then applied, as needed, to measurements concerning spacecraft range and to VLBI baseline determinations. The WVR design and calibration techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 129-135
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  • 7
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    Frequency selection and calibration of a water vapor radiometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The calibration coefficients of existing water vapor radiometers are dependent upon meteorology profiles. This is shown to be due mainly to incorrect frequency pairs. By properly selecting an optimum frequency pair, the dependency can be reduced to a relatively small amount which can be handily adjusted by surface measurement alone. Hence, a universal calibration equation is applicable to all environmental conditions - site, seasonal and diurnal variations. Optimum frequency pairs are systematically searched. Error analysis indicates that calibration for the water vapor phase delay accurate to less than 2 cm is possible at all elevation angles greater than 15 degrees.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 67-81
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  • 8
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    Preliminary design work on a DSN VLBI correlator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Deep Space Network is in the process of fielding high-density digital instrumentation recorders for support of the Pioneer Venus 1978 entry experiment and other related tasks. It has long been obvious that these recorders would also serve well as the recording medium for very long base interferometry (VLBI) experiments with relatively weak radio sources, provided that a suitable correlation processor for these tape recordings could be established. The overall design and current status of a VLBI correlator designed to mate with these tape recorders are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 90-98
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  • 9
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    Development of a drift-correction procedure for a photoelectric spectrometer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique has been developed to automatically correct for drifts in the radiometric sensitivity of the detector channels in a direct-reading emission spectrometer. The method utilizes a 1000 W tungsten-halogen reference lamp to illuminate the detectors through the same optical path as that traversed during the analysis of the sample. Detector channel responses to the light are compared to those for the same light intensity at the time of analytical calibration. This corrects for the drift. It is noted that with the exception of positioning the lamp, the procedure is fully automatic.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy; 32; Jan
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  • 10
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    Gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics: Future role of scintillation detectors (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The future role of conventional scintillation detector telescopes for line gamma-ray astronomy is discussed. Although the energy resolution of the germanium detectors now being used by several groups is clearly desirable, the larger effective areas and higher efficiencies available with scintillation detectors is advantageous for many observations. This is particularly true for those observations of astrophysical phenomena where significant line broadening is expected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 438-449
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  • 11
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    Capabilities of germanium detectors (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The gamma ray detection efficiency and energy resolution of germanium detectors is reviewed. A general sensitivity equation for gamma-ray detectors is presented and calculated sensitvity curves are shown for a large volume balloon-borne spectrometer using germanium detectors. Improvement anticipated from a planned satellite experiment using germanium detectors is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 450-461
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  • 12
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    Development of 1366 K /2000 F/ strain sensor and biaxial strain transducer for use to 1033 K /1400 F/ (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 13
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    Infra-red measurements of stratospheric composition. I - The balloon instrument and water vapour measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design and construction of a balloon-borne instrument for remote-sensing of stratospheric composition is described. Thermal emission from the constituents is detected and the spectral selectivity of the instrument is tailored to a specific gas by the use of a cell of the same gas in the optical path of the radiometer. The pressure of the gas in the cell is cycled and the resultant transmission function is shown to be highly selective to radiation from the same gas in the atmosphere. The first flight of the instrument and the retrieval of a water vapour profile in the range 15-40 km is described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 14
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    Detected noise levels guide radiometer design (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey of component demands and design techniques for radiometers is presented. The design of a typical radiometer is traced from the antenna through the video and data-collection stages. Key design equations are given. An example is considered that shows how IF amplifier gain must be chosen to mask video noise. The influence of front-end losses on back-end design is studied.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: MicroWaves; 17; Sept
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  • 15
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    Visualization of relaminarizing flows (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The experiments described in the present paper provided conclusive evidence for the feasibility of achieving reverse transition by several different mechanisms. Turbulent-to-laminar transition in water was visualized by injection of purple and green dyes. Air flows were visualized by colored schlieren photography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 16
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    Coded aperture imaging with uniformly redundant arrays (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses uniformly redundant arrays (URA) as applied to coded aperture imaging. The URA system offers the high-transmission characteristics of random arrays as well as a flat sidelobe advantage. The high-transmission yields the imaging of very low-intensity sources and the flat sidelobes provide the suppression of inherent noise which obscures low-contrast sources. Simulations have shown that the URA with shot and background noise produces a better reconstructed object than random arrays without shot or background noise. The URA also offers an arrangement which involves a mosaic of basic URA patterns forming a circular correlation of the object on the picture plane. Thus the information needed to reconstruct the object is contained in an area equal to that of the basic aperture pattern. This smaller required detector is important in applications including X-ray astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Feb. 1
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  • 17
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    Design criteria for reflection polarizers and analyzers in the vacuum ultraviolet (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Reflection polarizers and analyzers for the extreme UV spectral region are discussed. The conditions for optimum polarization are presented, and the polarization characteristics of a number of metal coatings, including gold and some of the platinum metals, are given. The performance of three- and four-mirror polarizers, using these metal coatings, is discussed. The properties required of a polarization analyzer are presented, and the performance of single and three- and four-reflection analyzers are discussed in terms of the optical properties of coating materials that might be useful for analyzers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Apr. 15
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  • 18
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    Upconversion of broadband infrared spectra (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experimental device successfully upconverts IR radiation in the 3.2-5.0 micron wavelength range simultaneously to visible light at 0.80-0.88 microns, while preserving frequency coding and is thus applicable to IR spectroscopy. The 1.8-micron bandwidth of IR radiation that is upconverted without temperature or phase match tuning is the largest yet reported. The over-all system quantum efficiency of the upconverter/spectrometer system is 0.01% and could be improved to 0.4%.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Apr. 15
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  • 19
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    A 10 micron laser heterodyne spectrometer for remote detection of trace gases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy provides a means of measuring the intensity profiles of individual rotation-vibration spectral lines with high sensitivity. Considerable effort has been expended on optimizing these instruments for remote measurements of gases in planetary atmospheres with the result that present-generation spectrometers are beginning to provide new and startling results on the planets. The fundamental principles of laser heterodyne spectroscopy are discussed. Detailed considerations of the optical design and the electronic design of the spectral-line receiver are given. Representative results obtained with this spectrometer are discussed, including precision frequency measurements of NH3 (nu-2) lines, detection of auroral emission from Jupiter, and measurements of terrestrial O3 and CO2.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 17; Jan
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  • 20
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    Ultraviolet spectrophotometer for measuring columnar atmospheric ozone from aircraft (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UVS) to measure downward solar fluxes from an aircraft or other high altitude platform is described. The UVS uses an ultraviolet diffuser to obtain large angular response with no aiming requirement, a twelve-position filter wheel with narrow (2-nm) and broad (20-nm) bandpass filters, and an ultraviolet photodiode. The columnar atmospheric ozone above the UVS (aircraft) is calculated from the ratios of the measured ultraviolet fluxes. Comparison with some Dobson station measurements gives agreement to 2%. Some UVS measured ozone profiles over the Pacific Ocean for November 1976 are shown to illustrate the instrument's performance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; May 15
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  • 21
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    A spectroradiometer for airborne remote sensing (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A remote sensing system for use in light aircraft is discussed with attention to its applications in measuring geologic zones of alteration, vegetation canopies, and the spectral properties of water bodies. A parallel electro-optical input spectroradiometer configuration with 500 channels operating in the 400-1100 nm region is described. A resolution of 18 meters square from an altitude of 600 m at 200 kmh is obtained with 4-digit spectral radiance data at 2.5 spectra/sec on a 9-track tape in computer compatible format.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Apr. 197
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  • 22
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    Comparison between photographic and photoelectric measurements of the solar aureole almucantar radiance (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; July 1
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  • 23
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    Electronic heterodyne recording and processing of optical holograms using phase modulated reference waves (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of a phase-modulated reference wave for the electronic heterodyne recording and processing of a hologram is described. Heterodyne recording is used to eliminate the self-interference terms of a hologram and to create a Leith-Upatnieks hologram with coaxial object and reference waves. Phase modulation is also shown to be the foundation of a multiple-view hologram system. When combined with hologram scale transformations, heterodyne recording is the key to general optical processing. Spatial filtering is treated as an example.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 24
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    Effects of accumulated film layers on the accuracy of quartz film thickness monitors (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of accumulation layers on the accuracy of quartz thin-film thickness monitors is evaluated. Use of an expanded plane wave ultrasonic propagation theory correctly accounts for observed experimental data. The magnitude of the maximum errors calculated for simply reversing the order of a series of aluminum gold deposits is on the order of 5%. If one totally neglects intervening layers, multiple film propagation and nonlinearity can produce errors greater than 50%.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 25
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    Stratospheric trace gas sampling with chemical absorption filters (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent interest in stratospheric chemistry, sparked in part by the suggested roles of atomic chlorine (Cl) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the catalytic destruction of ozone (O3), has made sampling and measurement of trace constituents above the tropopause highly desirable. An ongoing research program in the In Situ Studies Project at the National Center for Atmospheric Research carries out aircraft and balloon-borne stratospheric chemical sampling at regular intervals by using chemically impregnated filters to collect particles and reactive gases.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atmospheric Technology; Spring 1
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  • 26
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    Improved apparatus for trapped radical and other studies down to 1.5 K (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A Dewar system and associated equipment for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of trapped free radicals and other optical or irradiation experiments are described. The apparatus is capable of reaching a temperature of 1.5 K and transporting on the order of 20 W per K temperature gradient; its principal advantages are for use at pumped cryogen temperatures and for experiments with large heat inputs. Two versions of the apparatus are discussed, one of which is designed for EPR in a rectangular cavity operating in a TE(102) mode and another in which EPR is performed in a cylindrical microwave cavity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Dec. 197
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  • 27
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    X-ray reflectometer for optical efficiency and scatter measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An instrument has been developed to determine the reflection efficiency and scatter characteristics of optical samples at X-ray wavelengths from 1.5 to 113 A. The reflectometer operates in an oil-free vacuum chamber and measures the reflection efficiency and scatter characteristics as a function of the angle of incidence. The reflection efficiency is given for 8.34-A radiation incident on a fused silica sample finished to a flatness of one-tenth of a wavelength. The experimental reflection efficiency is compared with the theoretical data. The scatter curves are given for the direct X-ray beam and for the beam reflected from the fused silica sample at an angle of incidence of 50 arcmin. The full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) resolution of the instrument is approximately 13 arcsec, as determined by a least-squares smoothing of the experimental data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Dec. 197
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  • 28
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    An evaluation of electrochemical concentration cell sonde measurements of atmospheric ozone (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Using Dobson spectrophotometer measurements of total ozone as a comparison, an analysis of the Electrochemical Concentration Cell (ECC) ozonesonde's measurement accuracy is presented. Days of conjunctive ECC-Dobson observations (from 1970 to 1976 at Wallops Flight Center) provide a set of 123 pairs of total ozone values. Sample set statistics are generated with means and standard deviations of total ozone values and differences being noted. An in-depth study of factors such as time differences between associated observations, integration techniques used, assumptions used in calculating residual ozone and other possible sources of errors are examined. Short-period changes in total ozone using Dobson data during the observational period are also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; Oct. 197
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  • 29
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    Phase insensitive acoustoelectric transducer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Conventional ultrasonic transducers transform acoustic waves into electrical signals preserving phase and amplitude information. When the acoustic wavelength is significantly smaller than the transducer diameter, severe phase modulation of the electrical signal can occur. This results in anomalous attenuation measurements, background noise in nondestructive evaluation, and in general complicates data interpretation. This article describes and evaluates a phase-insensitive transducer based on the acoustoelectric effect. Theory of operation of the acoustoelectric transducer (AET) is discussed, and some optimization procedures outlined for its use. Directivity data for the AET are contrasted with a conventional piezoelectric transducer. In addition, transmission scanning data of phantom flaws in metal plates are presented for both transducers and demonstrate a significant improvement in resolution with the AET.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 64
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  • 30
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    Extending the field of view of KD/asterisk/P electrooptic modulators (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of KD(asterisk)P as a polarization rotator has been limited to small field of view instruments. To investigate this limitation, the index ellipsoid is used to describe the optical properties of KD(asterisk)P and to calculate the retardance and fast axis as a function of the angle of incidence and voltage. Computed converging light patterns are then compared with observed intensity patterns formed by KD(asterisk)P. Finally, computed intensity patterns are used to demonstrate how the field of view of KD(asterisk)P can be increased when properly aligned with a positive uniaxial crystal.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Sept. 15
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  • 31
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    Balloon-borne photoionization mass spectrometer for measurement of stratospheric gases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A balloon-borne photoionization mass spectrometer used to measure stratospheric trace gases is described. Ions are created with photons from high-intensity krypton discharge lamps and a quadrupole mass analyzer is employed for ion identification. Differential pumping is achieved with liquid helium cryopumping. To insure measurement of unperturbed stratospheric air, the entire system is contained in a sealed gondola and the atmospheric sample is taken some distance away during descent. The photoionization technique allows the detection of a low ionization potential constituent, such as nitric oxide, at less than a part in one billion in the presence of the major atmospheric gases and their isotopes. Operation of the mass spectrometer system was demonstrated during a daytime flight from Palestine, Texas on 26 April 1977. The sensitivity achieved and the unique selectivity afforded by this technique offer a capability for trace constituent measurement not possible with the more conventional electron impact ionization approach.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Aug. 197
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  • 32
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    Narrow zone heating by a new radiation focusing technique - Toroidal ellipsoid furnace (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the design of a toroidal ellipsoid furnace for narrow zone heating of materials in sealed transparent ampoules. The heater is a toroid flattened to an elliptical cross section like a partially inflated inner tube resting on a horizontal surface. The foci of the ellipsoid are two concentric rings. The outer focus is occupied by a heater wire, and the inner focus is arranged to fall on the surface of the cylindrical ingot within its transparent capsule. One advantage of the new furnace is that the wire heater closely approximates the ideal shape, lying along an extended line focus, as opposed to the elusive point source of the Costello furnace. Also, the ingot is heated uniformly around its circumference.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Aug. 197
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  • 33
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    A method of determining spectral analytical dye densities (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A straightforward method for the user of color imagery to determine the spectral analytical density of dyes present in the processed imagery is presented. The method involves exposing a large number of different color patches on the film which span the gamut of the film's imaging capabilities. From integral spectral density measurements at 16 to 19 different wavelengths, the unit spectral dye curves for each of the three dyes present were determined in two different types of color films. A discussion of the use of these spectral dye densities to determine the transformation between integral density measurements and analytical density is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Oct. 197
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  • 34
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    A portable hypergolic oxidizer vapor sensor for NASA's Space Shuttle program (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design and performance characteristics of an electrochemical NO2 sensor selected by NASA for the space shuttle program is described. The instrument consists of a sample pump, an electrochemical cell, and control and display electronics. The pump pushes the sample through the electrochemical cell where the vapors are analyzed and an output proportional to the NO2 concentration is produced. The output is displayed on a panel meter, and is also available at a recorder jack. The electrochemical cell is made up of a polypropylene chamber covered with teflon membrane faceplates. Plantinum electrodes are bonded to the faceplates, and the sensing and counter electrodes are potentiostatically controlled at -200 mV with respect to the reference electrode. The cell is filled with electrolyte, consisting of 13.5 cc of 23% solution of KOH.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the NASA(Fla. Inst. of Tech. Environ. Eng. Conf. on Nitrogen Tetroxide; p 1-10
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    X-ray source characteristics and detection efficiencies of prototype Lixiscopes (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The radioactive X-ray sources and scintillator screens used in prototype Lixiscope units are described. Some of those considerations necessary for the optimization of future Lixiscope designs are stressed as well as some semi-quantitative information on the present prototype devices.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 11-14
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    Orthopedic evaluation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The clinical performance of the Lixiscope in orthopedics was compared with routine radiography. Portability and size were the major advantages of the Lixiscope. The main disadvantage at this point in time was the Lixiscope's inability to study large areas.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 31-35
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    Some contemplated improvements to the prototype Lixiscope (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some contemplated improvements on the Lixiscope are described. These can be divided roughly into two categories: those which are well within existing technology, and thus can be implemented immediately; and those which are more at the state-of-the-art level, and which are directly related to applications in X-ray and gamma ray imaging in astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 15-18
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  • 38
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    Dental research: Preliminary observations and projections (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The potential applicability of the Lixiscope in dentistry was investigated. Conceptual limitations on basic design requirements common to the Lixiscope are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 37-41
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    Podiatry (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of the Lixiscope in podiatry was preliminarily evaluated. It is concluded that the possibilities for the Lixiscope's clinical use in podiatry seems endless.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 61-64
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    Maxillo: Facial diagnosis (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The application of the Lixiscope in dentistry was studied. Due to a problem in resolution, it is concluded that, at this present time, the Lixiscope can only be as a previewing device for conventional radiography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 45-49
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    Theoretical calculations and instrument development and test characterization of low intensity X-ray imaging devices (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The characteristics of the Lixiscope when excited by X-rays produced by conventional electrically powered X-ray generators are explored to determine the optimum X-ray spectrum and mode of operation of the generator, which yields satisfactory Lixiscope images of medical and industrial specimens.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 7-10
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    Pediatrics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The utilization of the Lixiscope in pediatrics was investigated. The types of images that can presently be obtained are discussed along with the problems encountered. Speculative applications for the Lixiscope are also presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 51-59
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    Future progress in the development of the Lixiscope (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some of the potential of the lixiscope in astrophysics as well as in space medicine are reported. The positioning of the lixiscope as a sensitive detector placed at the focal plane of a focusing or collimating X-ray telescope, and studies of the inter-coastal spacing during weightlessness are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope 5-6 (SEE N80-12384 03-35)
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    Dosimetric considerations in dental applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The integration of the Lixiscope into dental procedures was studied and compared with conventional dental radiographic techniques. It was found that through the use of intraoral sealed sources in conjunction with microchannel plate technology, the Lixiscope gives increased diagnostic information with decreased radiation dosage.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 43-44
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  • 45
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    A comparison of the Lixiscope with other X-ray imaging systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The imaging techniques relevant in the determination of the clinical potential of the Lixiscope are reviewed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 19-27
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  • 46
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    The Lixiscope concept (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A portable X-ray imagery instrument which utilizes a converter phosphor or scintillator to convert the X-ray image into visible light image is described. The potential medical as well as industrial applications of the Lixiscope are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 3-4
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  • 47
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    Preliminary design of the cryogenic cooled limb scanning interferometer radiometer (CLIR) (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The preliminary design of the cryogenic cooling system for the Cryogenic Cooled Limb Scanning Interferometer Radiometer (CLIR) instrument to be flown on the Atmospheric Magnetospheric Physics Satellite (AMPS) was studied. The top level trade studies were extensive due to the instrument requirement for cooling at three temperature levels as opposed to the two levels initially described for the instrument. Approximately 12 different combinations of cryogens were investigated. The basic lifetime requirement for the instrument was 30 days. However, studies were also conducted for a follow-up mission requiring a 1 year lifetime. The top level trades led to the selection of a single stage supercritical helium baseline.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-166684 , LMSC-D626264
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    Cloud Top Scanning radiometer (CTS) (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A scanning radiometer to be used for measuring cloud radiances in each of three spectral regions is described. Significant features incorporated in the Cloud Top Scanner design are: (1) flexibility and growth potential through use of easily replaceable modular detectors and filters; (2) full aperture, multilevel inflight calibration; (3) inherent channel registration through employment of a single shared field stop; and (4) radiometric sensitivity margin in a compact optical design through use of Honeywell developed (Hg,Cd)Te detectors and preamplifiers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-159954 , HONEYWELL-7804-5
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    Preliminary design of the cryogenic cooled limb scanning interferometer radiometer (CLIR), phase 2 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cryogenic system to be utilized with a mounted pointing system is designed. The analysis indicates that the resulting design is significantly heavier than previous design due to the increased diameter of the system, resulting in greater tank and vacuum enclosure weights. Additional weight is also required in the area where the payload is attached to the pointing system in order to provide additional stiffness to the payload. The vacuum shell required to enclose the instrument is shorter and therefore an attendant reduction in instrument package weight would be expected. The primary resonance of the cooler instrument package occurs at 21 Hz, a mode in which the flexibility of the vacuum shell allows motion of the cryogen tank and instrument, and which can be increased by additional stiffening in the region of the pointing system vacuum shell connection at the cost of additional weight. The second resonance at 59 Hz is due to vibration of the helium tank on the fiberglass support tubes. The parasitic heat load can be reduced to 0.28 W by the utilization of a sandwich support tube structure in place of the monocoque structure assumed in the design.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-159992 , LMSC-D633472
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  • 50
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    Measurements of pulse-height defect in Au-Si detectors for H, He, C, N, O, Ne, Ar, Kr from about 2 to 400 keV/nucleon (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We report measurements of pulse-height defects in Si surface-barrier detectors for a variety of ions and energies. We find: (1) for ions up to Ne our measurements agree remarkably well with calculations based on energy loss and nuclear defect theory, (2) for heavier ions we find systematic deviations, (3) there is no evidence of a dead layer at the Si-Au interface, and (4) our measurements are consistently reproducible for detectors fabricated in our laboratory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 154,; 1978
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    The Palermo four-color far infrared program (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A four-channel far-IR photometer designed for use with a balloon-borne 102-cm telescope is described. The data analysis system for this photometer is discussed, and a typical observational program is outlined. Possible objects that may be observed with the four-color far-IR photometer include molecular clouds, the galactic-center region, H II regions, quasars, Seyfert galaxies, and BL Lacertae objects.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Theory of crossed-beam diffraction gratings (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The operation of crossed-beam gratings is analyzed in terms of diffraction efficiency and beam quality, following Solymar's method's. General solutions for arbitrary beam widths, general beam profiles, and illumination with two beams are derived. A scheme for improving the beam quality of these gratings is proposed. The analysis should be useful in integrated optics for designing beam expanders, beam contractors, and mirrors, and for analyzing waveguide interferometers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-14; Dec. 197
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    Improved detectivity of pyroelectric detectors (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High detectivity single-element SBN pyroelectric detectors were fabricated. The theory and technology developments related to improved detector performance were identified and formulated. Improved methods of material characterization, thinning, mounting, blackening and amplifier matching are discussed. Detectors with detectivities of 1.3 x 10 to the 9th power square root of Hz/watt at 1 Hz are reported. Factors limiting performance and recommendations for future work are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-158917
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    Dust adhesion on Viking lander camera window (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Studies of dust impingement on a duplicate Viking Lander camera window indicated the possibility of window obscuration after several days of exposure even at low dust concentration levels. As a result the following corrective measures were recommended: (1) The clearance between the housing surface and the camera post should be eliminated by using an appropriately designed plastic skirt: (2) The three horizontal ledges below the window inside the cavity act as bases for pile-up of dust that slides down the window surface; they should be replaced by a single inclined plane down which the dust will slide and fall out on the ground: (3) Adhered dust on the window surface can be removed by high pressure CO2 jets directed down against the window; the amount of CO2 gas needed for the entire mission can be carried in a 3 1/2-inch diameter sphere equipped with a remotely programable valve. These measures were incorporated in the design of the lander camera system. The continued high quality of photographs transmitted from the Viking spacecraft several months after landing attests to their effectiveness.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78782
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    Magnetometer with a miniature transducer and automatic scanning (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The magnetometer is based on the time variation of the magnetic permeability in the magnetic material of its transducer; however, its operation is substantially different from the ordinary flux-gate magnetometer. The transducer uses 0.05 mm diameter plated magnetic wire and is made flat enabling it to make measurements of transverse magnetic fields as close as 0.08 mm from the surface, and it has very good spatial resolution because of its small active region of approximately 0.64 mm by 0.76 mm. The magnetometer uses an inexpensive clip-on millimeter for driving and processing the electrical signals and readout. It also utilizes an automatic scanning technique which is made possible by a specially designed transducer holding mechanism that replaces the ink pen on an X-Y recorder.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Instruments for measuring the amount of moisture in the air (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A summarization and discussion of the many systems available for measuring moisture in the atmosphere is presented. Conventional methods used in the field of meteorology and methods used in the laboratory are discussed. Performance accuracies, and response of the instruments were reviewed as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each. Methods of measuring humidity aloft by instrumentation onboard aircraft and balloons are given, in addition to the methods used to measure moisture at the Earth's surface.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78190
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    A Microwave Pressure Sounder (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An instrument to measure atmospheric pressure at the earth's surface from an orbiting satellite would be a valuable addition to the expanding inventory of remote sensors. The subject of this report is such an instrument - the Microwave Pressure Sounder (MPS). It is shown that global-ocean coverage is attainable with sufficient accuracy, resolution and observational frequency for meteorological, oceanographic and climate research applications. Surface pressure can be deduced from a measurement of the absorption by an atmospheric column at a frequency in the wing of the oxygen band centered on 60 GHz. An active multifrequency instrument is needed to make this measurement with sufficient accuracy. The selection of optimum operating frequencies is based upon accepted models of surface reflection, oxygen, water vapor and cloud absorption. Numerical simulation using a range of real atmospheres defined by radiosonde observations were used to validate the frequency selection procedure. Analyses are presented of alternative system configurations that define the balance between accuracy and achievable resolution.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-157567 , JPL-PUB-78-68
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    Holographic analyzer and image scanner (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The characteristics, components, and operating procedures are described for a holographic camera real images projection displayer and scanner unit having the capability to upgrade to multiple types of automated raster scan patterns. Schematics of the optical components are included with a diagram of the electric circuit connections.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-150624
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    Investigation of a high speed data handling system for use with multispectral aircraft scanners (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A buffer memory data handling technique for use with multispectral aircraft scanners is presented which allows digital data generated at high data rates to be recorded on magnetic tape. A digital memory is used to temporarily store the data for subsequent recording at slower rates during the passive time of the scan line, thereby increasing the maximum data rate recording capability over real-time recording. Three possible implementations are described and the maximum data rate capability is defined in terms of the speed capability of the key hardware components. The maximum data rates can be used to define the maximum ground resolution achievable by a multispectral aircraft scanner using conventional data handling techniques.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78689
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    A method of calibrating wind velocity sensors with a modified gas flow calibrator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A procedure was described for calibrating air velocity sensors in the exhaust flow of a gas flow calibrator. The average velocity in the test section located at the calibrator exhaust was verified from the mass flow rate accurately measured by the calibrator's precision sonic nozzles. Air at elevated pressures flowed through a series of screens, diameter changes, and flow straighteners, resulting in a smooth flow through the open test section. The modified system generated air velocities of 2 to 90 meters per second with an uncertainty of about two percent for speeds below 15 meters per second and four percent for the higher speeds. Wind tunnel data correlated well with that taken in the flow calibrator.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78707
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    NASA ground-based and space-based laser ranging systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Laser ranging is expected to help unlock the mysteries of the earthquake phenomenon by producing unique results of crustal motions of the Earth. The current state of the art and future projections are presented, including principal applications and characteristics of typical systems.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1149 , G-7802-F03
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    Effects of moisture in infrared thermography of resin matrix composites (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Several multiply graphite polyimide composite specimens were examined by real-time infrared thermography in order to study the effects of moisture on their thermograms. Heat was injected from one side and IR emission detected on the opposite side using AGA Thermovision System-680. No differences between the thermograms of dry and water containing specimens were detected for defect-free specimens. However, the presence of trapped water in defective specimens modified the thermographic contrast significantly. It is concluded that: (1) IR thermography can be used to detect moisture in defective composites, and (2) because of the possibility of moisture camouflaging defects, IR thermography for subsurface defect detection should be supplemented by other techniques - such as acoustical imaging and X-radiography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78649
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    Recovery and radiation corrections and time constants of several sizes of shielded and unshielded thermocouple probes for measuring gas temperature (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Performance characteristics were experimentally determined for several sizes of a shielded and unshielded thermocouple probe design. The probes are of swaged construction and were made of type K wire with a stainless steel sheath and shield and MgO insulation. The wire sizes ranged from 0.03- to 1.02-mm diameter for the unshielded design and from 0.16- to 0.81-mm diameter for the shielded design. The probes were tested through a Mach number range of 0.2 to 0.9, through a temperature range of room ambient to 1420 K, and through a total-pressure range of 0.03 to 0.2.2 MPa (0.3 to 22 atm). Tables and graphs are presented to aid in selecting a particular type and size. Recovery corrections, radiation corrections, and time constants were determined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1099 , E-9289
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    Advanced Multispectral Scanner (AMS) study (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The status of aircraft multispectral scanner technology was accessed in order to develop preliminary design specifications for an advanced instrument to be used for remote sensing data collection by aircraft in the 1980 time frame. The system designed provides a no-moving parts multispectral scanning capability through the exploitation of linear array charge coupled device technology and advanced electronic signal processing techniques. Major advantages include: 10:1 V/H rate capability; 120 deg FOV at V/H = 0.25 rad/sec; 1 to 2 rad resolution; high sensitivity; large dynamic range capability; geometric fidelity; roll compensation; modularity; long life; and 24 channel data acquisition capability. The field flattening techniques of the optical design allow wide field view to be achieved at fast f/nos for both the long and short wavelength regions. The digital signal averaging technique permits maximization of signal to noise performance over the entire V/H rate range.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-151753 , MA-183T
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    Calibration of longwavelength exotech model 20-C spectroradiometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A brief description of the Exotech model 20-C field spectroradiometer which measures the spectral radiance of a target in the wavelength ranges 0.37 to 2.5 microns (short wavelength unit), 2.8 to 5.6 microns and 7.0 to 14 microns (long wavelength unit) is given. Wavelength calibration of long wavelength unit was done by knowing the strong, sharp and accurately known absorption bands of polystyrene, atmospheric carbon dioxide and methyl cyclohexane (liquid) in the infrared wavelength region. The spectral radiance calibration was done by recording spectral scans of the hot and the cold blackbodies and assuming that spectral radiance varies linearly with the signal.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-156940 , INPE-1296-PE/114
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    A feasibility study of ion implantation techniques for mass spectrometer calibration (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of using ion-implanted filaments doped with either an alkali metal or noble gas for in situ recalibration of onboard mass spectrometers during extended space missions. Implants of rubidium and krypton in rhenium ribbon filaments were subsequently tested in a bakeable 60 deg sector mass spectrometer operating in the static mode. Surface ionization and electron impact ion sources were both used, each yielding satisfactory results. The metallic implant with subsequent ionization provided a means of mass scale calibration and determination of system operating parameters, whereas the noble gas thermally desorbed into the system was more suited for partial pressure and sensitivity determinations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1185 , L-11920
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    A small gas inlet system for orbital mass-spectrometer calibrations (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A gas inlet system is described for generating precise gas pressures that are to be used as calibration references for the mass spectrometers aboard the dual air density Explorer satellites. This gas inlet system was developed as an inflight calibration technique in which a known amount of onboard gas is released in the satellite cavity and is detected by the mass spectrometer. Although several flight mass spectrometer experiments have been proposed, none make use of the inflight calibration technique described in this report. Laboratory measurements and calibration of the metering leak technique for the gas inlet systems are discussed. The systems tested have metering leak rates between 2 and 4 microliters/sec at 298 K for argon-40, and they produce molecular flow up to 100 torr, which is the highest test pressure in this experiment. Test data show that metering leak rates are reproducible within 1 percent of established means for helium-3, helium-4, and argon-40.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1170 , L-11988
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    An evaluation of electrochemical concentration Cell (ECC) sonde measurements of atmospheric ozone (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Using Dobson spectrophotometer measurements of total ozone as a comparison, an analysis of the electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde's measurement accuracy is presented. Days of conjunctive ECC-Dobson observations (from 1970 to 1976 at Wallops Flight Center) provide a set of 123 pairs of total ozone values. Sample set statistics are generated with means and standard deviations of total ozone values and differences being noted. An in-depth study of factors such as time assumptions used in calculating residual ozone, and other possible sources of errors are examined. A study of ECC ozone profiles is also presented with an evaluation of sonde measurement of seasonal trends, altitude or peak ozone concentration, and other important ozone parameters. Short-period changes in total ozone using Dobson data during the observational period are also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-2973
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  • 69
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    Manufacturing techniques for Gravity Probe B gyroscopes (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Additional and improved techniques for the manufacture of Gravity Probe B gyroscopes are reported. Improvements discussed include the redesign of the housings, new techniques for indentation of the electrode surfaces, and a new rotor ball lapping machine. These three items represent a significant improvement in operation of the gyroscope and also make possible the fabrication of a gyroscope which will meet flight requirements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78159
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  • 70
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    Angle detector (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An angle detector for determining a transducer's angular disposition to a capacitive pickup element is described. The transducer comprises a pendulum mounted inductive element moving past the capacitive pickup element. The capacitive pickup element divides the inductive element into two parts L sub 1 and L sub 2 which form the arms of one side of an a-c bridge. Two networks R sub 1 and R sub 2 having a plurality of binary weighted resistors and an equal number of digitally controlled switches for removing resistors from the networks form the arms of the other side of the a-c bridge. A binary counter, controlled by a phase detector, balances the bridge by adjusting the resistance of R sub 1 and R sub 2. The binary output of the counter is representative of the angle.
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  • 71
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    Total ozone measurement: Intercomparison of prototype New Zealand filter instrument and Dobson spectrophotometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A five month intercomparison showed that the total ozone amounts of a prototype narrowband interference filter instrument were 7% less than those of a Dobson instrument for an ozone range of 0.300 to 0.500 atm cm and for airmasses less than two. The 7% bias was within the intercomparison calibration uncertainty. An airmass dependence in the Dobson instrument made the bias relationship airmass-dependent but the filter instrument's ozone values were generally constant to 2% up to an airmass of four. Long term drift in the bias was negligible.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1277
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  • 72
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    Microcomputerized electric field meter diagnostic and calibration system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computerized field meter calibration system which includes an apparatus for testing the calibration of field meters normally utilized for measuring electromagnetic field potentials is described. A reference voltage is applied to the field meter for causing signals to be produced on the output terminals thereof. A bank of relays is provided for selectively connecting output terminals of the field meter to a multiplexer by means of a digital voltmeter and an oscilloscope. A frequency-shift-keyed receiver is also connected to one of the terminals of the field meter for transmitting and converting a frequency shift keyed signal to a digital signal which is, subsequently, applied to the multiplexer.
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    Remote water monitoring system (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A remote water monitoring system is described that integrates the functions of sampling, sample preservation, sample analysis, data transmission and remote operation. The system employs a floating buoy carrying an antenna connected by lines to one or more sampling units containing several sample chambers. Receipt of a command signal actuates a solenoid to open an intake valve outward from the sampling unit and communicates the water sample to an identifiable sample chamber. Such response to each signal receipt is repeated until all sample chambers are filled in a sample unit. Each sample taken is analyzed by an electrochemical sensor for a specific property and the data obtained is transmitted to a remote sending and receiving station. Thereafter, the samples remain isolated in the sample chambers until the sampling unit is recovered and the samples removed for further laboratory analysis.
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  • 74
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    An anemometer for measuring velocities on the .25 to 4.25 M/sec range (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A vane type anemometer was developed as a secondary standard for the on site calibration of wind velocity sensors. The instrument outputs an electrical pulse for each interruption of a light source by an eight vane fan. The pulse rate is proportional to the fan's angular speed and linearly related to wind velocity over the range 0.25 to 4.27 m/sec.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78725
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  • 75
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    Polymeric electrolytic hygrometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An improved flow-through electrolytic hygrometer is described which utilizes a long lasting oxidation-resistant, hollow fiber formed from persulfonic acid substituted polytetrafluoroethylene having closely spaced noble metal electrodes in contact with the inner and outer surfaces of the fiber. The fiber is disposed within a chamber so that the moisture-bearing gas passes in contact with at least one surface of the fiber. The electrodes are connected in series to a dc voltage supply and an ammeter. As the gas passes through the chamber, moisture absorbed into the wall of the fiber is electrolyzed to hydrogen and oxygen by the closely spaced electrodes. The amount of electricity required for electrolysis is proportional to the absorbed moisture and is observed on the ammeter.
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  • 76
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    Non-destructive method for applying and removing instrumentation on helicopter rotor blades (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A nondestructive method of applying and removing instrumentation on airfoils.
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  • 77
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    A system for extracting three-dimensional measurements from a stereo pair of TV cameras (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Obtaining accurate three-dimensional (3-D) measurement from a stereo pair of TV cameras is a task requiring camera modeling, calibration, and the matching of the two images of a real 3-D point on the two TV pictures. A system that models and calibrates the cameras and pairs the two images of a real-world point in the two pictures, either manually or automatically, was implemented at JPL. This system is operating and provides three-dimensional measurement resolution of plus or minus 5 mm at distances of about 2 m.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Computer Graphics and Image Processing; 7; 1978
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  • 78
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    The calibration of the quartz crystal microbalance cascade impactor using the berglund-liu monodisperse aerosol generator for aerosol studies in the atmosphere (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Quartz Crystal Microbalance was calibrated and its response to particle size and mass concentration was determined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-158624
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  • 79
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    The calibration of photographic and spectroscopic films: 1: A microscopic analysis of IIaO films. 2: The effects of agitation and soaking on IIaO films. 3: The effects of electric field on IIaO films. 4: The effects of X-ray radiation on IIaO films (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The grain structure of the emulsion using both reflected and transmission light was examined along with the effects of soaking. The effect of a static charge by a Tesla-coil, and the effects of airport equipment, and dental X-rays on the film were also analyzed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-158048
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  • 80
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    Electronically scanned pressure sensor module with in SITU calibration capability (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This high data rate pressure sensor module helps reduce energy consumption in wind tunnel facilities without loss of measurement accuracy. The sensor module allows for nearly a two order of magnitude increase in data rates over conventional electromechanically scanned pressure sampling techniques. The module consists of 16 solid state pressure sensor chips and signal multiplexing electronics integrally mounted to a four position pressure selector switch. One of the four positions of the pressure selector switch allows the in situ calibration of the 16 pressure sensors; the three other positions allow 48 channels (three sets of 16) pressure inputs to be measured by the sensors. The small size of the sensor module will allow mounting within many wind tunnel models, thus eliminating long tube lengths and their corresponding slow pressure response.
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  • 81
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    Versatile LDV burst simulator (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A device for generating burst signals is reported that can be used to determine whether or not a laser Doppler velocimeter is operating properly. A high frequency signal which corresponds to the information frequency of the laser Doppler velocimeter is modulated by a low frequency signal to provide an envelope for the high frequency signal. The high frequency signal is modulated by any modulator means such as, for example, an analog multiplier. The low frequency signal is added to the modulated signal to provide pedestals for the resulting series of burst pulses. The means are provided for selecting different combinations of these burst signals. Also means are provided for making the burst signals asymmetrical as desired. In addition, means are provided for varying the frequencies, and amplitudes of the information, envelope and pedestal frequency signals in the burst signals.
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  • 82
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    Thermocouples of molybdenum and iridium alloys for more stable vacuum-high temperature performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Thermocouples providing stability and performance reliability in systems involving high temperatures and vacuums by employing a bimetallic thermocouple sensor are described. Each metal of the sensor is selected from a group of metals comprising molybdenum and iridium and alloys containing only those two metals. The molybdenum, iridium thermocouple sensor alloys provide bare metal thermocouple sensors having advantageous vapor pressure compatibility and performance characteristics. The compatibility and physical characteristics of the thermocouple sensor alloys result in improved emf, temperature properties and thermocouple hot junction performance.
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  • 83
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    Indicated mean-effective pressure instrument (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An apparatus for measuring indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of an internal combustion piston or rotary engine or of an external combustion engine such as a stirling engine is disclosed. An optical shaft encoder measures crankshaft angle of the engine. Changes in volume with respect to changes in crank angle of one or more cylinders (dV/d theta) is determined either empirically or algebraically from engine geometry and stored in a memory. As the crank angle changes, dV/d theta) is read from the memory and multiplied by chamber or cylinder pressure. The product (P dv/d theta) is then added to the total previously accumulated in the cycle. Each time theta changes by an amount equal to delta theta, the process is repeated. At the end of each engine cycle, the total is equal to the IMEP value for that cycle.
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  • 84
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    Instrumentation for measuring the dynamic pressure on rotating compressor blades (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: To establish the capability for measurement of oscillatory pressure on rotating blades, miniature fast response semiconductor strain gage pressure transducers (2mm x 0.33mm) were mounted in several configurations on thin titanium and steel compressor blades and subjected to pressure cycles from 1 to 310 kPa during static tests and spin tests. Static test conditions included 20 C to 150 C, 0 to 3000 tensile microstrain, -1000 to +1000 bending microstrain and + or - 650G vibration. The spin test conditions included 20 C to 82 C at 0 to 90,000G. Durability was excellent. Pressure transducer sensitivity changed by only a few percent over this range of environmental conditions. Noise signal due to oscillatory acceleration normal to the diaphragm was acceptable (0.33Pa/G). Noise signal due to oscillatory strain was acceptable (0.5 Pa/microstrain) when the transducer was mounted on a 0.05mm rubber pad, with a total buildup of 0.38mm on the measure surface. Back mounting or partial recessing to eliminate buildup, increased the strain effect to 1.2 Pa/microstrain. Flush mounting within the blade to eliminate buildup reduced the strain effect, but required development of a special transducer shape. This transducer was not available in time for spin tests. Unpredictable zero drift + or - 14 kPa ruled out the use of these mounting arrangements for accurate steady-state (D.C.) measurements on rotating blades. The two best configurations fully developed and spin tested were then successfully applied in the NAS3-20606 rotating fan flutter program for quantitative measurement of oscillatory pressure amplitudes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-159466 , PWA-5558-12
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  • 85
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    Laboratory demonstration of aircraft estimation using low-cost sensors (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Four nonlinear state estimators were devised which provide techniques for obtaining the angular orientation (attitude) of the aircraft. An extensive FORTRAN computer program was developed to demonstrate and evaluate the estimators by using recorded flight test data. This program simulates the estimator operation, and it compares the state estimates with actual state measurements. The program was used to evaluate the state estimators with data recorded on the NASA Ames CV-990 and CESSNA 402B aircraft. A preliminary assessment was made of the memory, word length, and timing requirements for implementing the selected state estimator on a typical microcomputer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-152049
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  • 86
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    An electro-optic, high-voltage, transient probe (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A newly developed electro-optic voltage transducer is described. It is capable of measuring 30 ns rise time, floating or single-ended, 0 to 20 kV transients in a high noise environment such as a fast discharge laser or energetic switch system. The voltage transient is detected by a specially developed resistor in series with a light emitting diode. The light output (proportional to voltage) is transmitted remotely via a fiber-optic cable to a detector and recorder. Typical signals and comparison with commercial probe system signals are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-79019 , E-9588
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  • 87
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    Analytical models and system topologies for remote multispectral data acquisition and classification (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simple analytical models are presented of the radiometric and statistical processes that are involved in multispectral data acquisition and classification. Also presented are basic system topologies which combine remote sensing with data classification. These models and topologies offer a preliminary but systematic step towards the use of computer simulations to analyze remote multispectral data acquisition and classification systems.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78795
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  • 88
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    Feasibility study for the application of the large format camera as a payload for the Orbiter program (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The large format camera (LFC) designed as a 30 cm focal length cartographic camera system that employs forward motion compensation in order to achieve the full image resolution provided by its 80 degree field angle lens is described. The feasibility of application of the current LFC design to deployment in the orbiter program as the Orbiter Camera Payload System was assessed and the changes that are necessary to meet such a requirement are discussed. Current design and any proposed design changes were evaluated relative to possible future deployment of the LFC on a free flyer vehicle or in a WB-57F. Preliminary mission interface requirements for the LFC are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-151848 , ITEK-78-9549A-2-REV-A
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  • 89
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    Pseudo continuous wave instrument (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Acoustic properties and their changes in a sample of liquid, gas, plasma or solid are measured by applying a variable frequency source to the sample by means of a transducer to produce sound waves within the sample. The application of the variable frequency source to the sample is periodically interrupted for a short duration. Means are connected to the transducer for receiving the resulting acoustic signals during the interruptions for producing a control signal indicative of a difference in the frequency of the output of the variable frequency source and the frequency of a mechanical resonant peak in the sample. The control signal is applied to the variable frequency source to maintain its output frequency at the frequency of the mechanical resonant peak. The change in frequency of the variable frequency source indicates the shift in frequency of the mechanical resonant peak and the amplitude of the acoustic signals indicates the attenuation of the acoustic signals in the sample.
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  • 90
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    Method of obtaining intensified image from developed photographic films and plates (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method is explained of obtaining intensified images from silver images on developed photographic films and plates. The steps involve converting silver of the developed film or plate to a radioactive compound by treatment with an aqueous alkaline solution of an organo-S35 compound; placing the treated film or plate in direct contact with a receiver film which is then exposed by radiation from the activated film; and developing and fixing the resulting intensified image on the receiver film.
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  • 91
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    Polarized vacuum ultraviolet and X-radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The most intense source of polarized vacuum UV and X radiation is synchrotron radiation, which exhibits a degree of partially polarized light between about 80-100%. However, the radiation transmitted by vacuum UV monochromators can also be highly polarized. The Seya-Namioka type of monochromator can produce partially polarized radiation between 50-80%. For certain experiments it is necessary to know the degree of polarization of the radiation being used. Also, when synchrotron radiation and a monochromator are combined the polarization characteristic of both should be known in order to make full use of these polarization properties. The polarizing effect of monochromators (i.e., diffraction gratings) have been measured at the Seya angle and at grazing angles for various spectral orders. Experimental evidence is presented which shows that the reciprocity law holds for polarization by reflection where the angle of incidence and diffraction are unequal. These results are reviewed along with the techniques for measuring the degree of polarization.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 152; 1978
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  • 92
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    Comprehensive analysis of gratings for ultraviolet space instrumentation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Comprehensive measurements in the vacuum UV range of 1200-3000 A of efficiency, polarization, and scattering of classically ruled and photoresist gratings are reported. The results show that the art of ruling gratings for vacuum UV use has reached a high level of sophistication and that careful analysis of grating properties can lead to useful improvement of the ruling art.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Oct. 1
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  • 93
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    Central swath mapping by a future satellite-borne fan-beam microwave scatterometer for inferring global ocean wind fields (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Seasat-A satellite scatterometer is a microwave sensor designed to provide a capability for mapping the global ocean surface wind speed and direction. Four fan beams whose major axes are oriented at + or - 45 deg and + or - 135 deg to the flight vector cover a swath width of 1900 km, but a central region remains that is inadequately mapped. In this paper, two additional fan beams for a future scatterometer are suggested which provide more complete coverage of the central region.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering; OE-3; July 197
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  • 94
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    Performance characteristics of high-conductivity channel electron multipliers (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper describes a new type of continuous channel multiplier (CEM) fabricated from a low-resistance glass to produce a high-conductivity channel section and thereby obtain a high count-rate capability. The flat-cone cathode configuration of the CEM is specifically designed for the detection of astigmatic exit images from grazing-incidence spectrometers at the optimum angle of illumination for high detection efficiencies at XUV wavelengths. Typical operating voltages are in the range of 2500-2900 V with stable counting plateau slopes in the range 3-6% per 100-V increment. The modal gain at 2800 V was typically in the range (50-80) million. The modal gain falls off at count rates in excess of about 20,000 per sec. The detection efficiency remains essentially constant to count rates in excess of 2 million per sec. Higher detection efficiencies (better than 20%) are obtained by coating the CEM with MgF2. In life tests of coated CEMs, no measurable change in detection efficiency was measured to a total accumulated signal of 2 times 10 to the 11th power counts.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Aug. 197
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  • 95
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    Improvements in a calorimeter for high-power CW lasers (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A technique for improving the measurement certainty with the BB series (Smith et al., 1972) of electrically calibrated calorimeters used in high-energy lasers is described. The technique is based on monitoring the energy which is backscattered from the meter and monitoring the overspill radiation impinging on the calorimeter at the entrance aperture. The design and performance of a second generation BB meter is discussed and compared to that of the original device in terms of number of electrical calibrations, the residual standard deviation of electrical calibration, the calibration constant for laser energy, the correcting factor for systematics, inaccuracy, imprecision, and uncertainty.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: PB-285319 , IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement; IM-27; Mar. 197
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  • 96
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    Viking Orbiter stereophotogrammetry (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Orbit characteristics of the two Viking Orbiter spacecraft made possible the acquisition of high-resolution imagery of the Martian surface, resulting in many excellent convergent stereopairs. Evaluation of these stereopairs presented a few unconventional problems because the routine relative orientation was not feasible, mainly due to a lack of good passpoints and to the technical peculiarities of TV vidicon imaging techniques. One of the ways to circumvent these problems is to use the orbital and navigational parameters of the spacecraft for an external 'forced' relative orientation. This approach requires a number of rotations and counter-rotations between various coordinate systems, which may make the involved mathematics look rather complicated, but its computational applications become very simple, fast, accurate, and inexpensive.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Mar. 197
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  • 97
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    Are two photographic infrared sensors required (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The possible redundancy of photographic infrared (0.70-1.00 micron) sensors for monitoring vegetation and plant stresses was investigated using previously published data and the analysis of in situ narrow bandpass spectral data from experimental grass plots. Results of the analysis showed that a 0.76-0.90 micron photographic infrared sensor would combine excellent general vegetational utility with the ability to discriminate photographic infrared plateau-rounding stress conditions. A 0.76-0.90 micron sensor is therefore suggested for Landsat-D.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Mar. 197
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    Recent developments in the measurement of space time curvature (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Development of a highly sensitive resonant capacitor displacement sensor and a multistage suspension system for a low-temperature gravitational radiation antenna is discussed; the antenna is suitable for studying gravitational collapses. The sensitivity limit of the device is assessed as a function of preamplifier noise. Experiments indicate that an electric field of about 160,000 v/cm may be applied to the resonator surface without a significant increase in Brownian noise. Use of the resonant capacitor sensor with very high Q antennae is also considered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Image registration - Similarity measure and preprocessing method comparisons (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental comparison of several similarity measures and preprocessing techniques used for the registration of temporally differing images is carried out. It is found that preprocessing of the images via a gradient operator improves the registration performance. This is in agreement with a derived optimal processor based upon image and temporal difference characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-14; Jan. 197
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    Self-scanned photodiode array - High performance operation in high dispersion astronomical spectrophotometry (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A multichannel spectrophotometric detector system has been developed using a 1024 element self-scanned silicon photodiode array, which is now in routine operation with the high-dispersion coude spectrograph of the University of Texas McDonald Observatory 2.7-m telescope. Operational considerations in the use of such arrays for high precision and low light level spectrophotometry are discussed. A detailed description of the system is presented. Performance of the detector as measured in the laboratory and on astronomical program objects is described, and it is shown that these arrays are highly effective detectors for high dispersion astronomical spectroscopy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Feb. 15
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